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Untitled - Student Resources Centre
Letters to the editor on this matter in the last edition of Prep Talk, with interest. At the other end is the issue of the delay in the grant of bail to persons without being subjected to trial proceedings. The Supreme Court intervened and threw light on the matter. The ground for grant of bail is humanitarian. Change is the way of life No one is indispensable. No one can permanently be in the coveted position for long. The write-up on the take-over of the Supreme Office in Tata Sons amply illustrates this truth (PrepTalk last edition). The profile of Cyrus Mistry was enlightening. Here is one of those rare instances where dynastic succession is done away with. The issue elucidated on the state of affairs prevailing in the Tata Empire. I was made aware of the ticklish issues surrounding the 3G licensing subject, which is taxing the incumbent government. The matter of the falling rupee made me sit up and think deeply on the ever-changing scenarios in the world of finance and commerce. The magazine was abounding in articles of varied interests, ranging from best-selling books to facets of MHCET, interspersed with the thoroughly enjoyable fare on the Tintin saga. The coverage on the various happenings, nationally and globally, enhanced my awareness. – Gurbaksh Singh Bhalla, Chandigarh The division of UP is not warranted UP is already split into Uttaranchal and Uttarakhand areas. The division has not brought in any appreciable change in the quality of administration. The proposal to further divide the state is harebrained. I gather these views after reading the thought-provoking article 02 PT’s PrepTalk – Dec 2011 - Jan 2012 on the subject in the last edition of Prep Talk. The Winter Session of Parliament did not bid good farewell to the year gone by. Many key items on the agenda were unattended. I shudder to think of the criminal wastage caused as a result of this. However, some landmark bills were tabled. The plight of Kingfisher is manmade, although critical. It is a classic case of being recklessly indulgent. The edition gave exhaustive coverage on the cause and the repercussions of such a situation. The issue of Prep Talk came out with useful stuff on vocabulary. – Pradip Mohanty, Raipur The entrepreneurial drive of Vikram Akula is inspiring Although he left the company that he founded, Vikram Akula is not the person to be inactive. I read the article The cover story was readable. Times ahead for Cyrus Mistry are daunting. Yet like his eminent predecessor, he would steer the company to greater heights. The issue also did justice in covering subjects like Parliamentar y proceedings, aspects of various entrance tests and events in national and international spheres. The feature on English usage and vocabulary was enjoyable. Kaushika Subbarayudu, Bhopal FEEDBACK ! Your comments and views on PrepTalk are needed to help Us make it better. Which articles did you like? Which columns do you like to read regularly? Which are the best parts of the magazine? Which are not? How to improve? Send feedback to: [email protected] Take Quote Dear Readers, 2011 was an eventful year, with Ups and Downs taking place in various fields and sectors of significance for the nation, and for the planet at large. While happenings, developments and achievements were a matter of cheer, heralding promising projections for 2012, some were accompanied by disappointment and apprehension, with grim portents in the year just begun. A graphic overview of incidents and events of 2011, which happened in a large spread of areas ranging from Economy to Entertainment, with prospects, portents and projections for 2012, forms the Cover Story of this edition of Prep Talk. Problems of Naxalism, inland, and Euro crisis, overseas, which are festering in nature and threatening in impact, would require an in-depth knowledge and understanding. Sufficient thought is suffused in order to create the desired sensitization towards them. The tremor that jolted Reliance Industries Limited (RIL) and the state of the yuan are described in this issue of Prep Talk. 2012 would also be dotted with elections, be they taking place in our country for State Assemblies or for the President in the U.S.A., with the citizens all out to assert the power of Vox Populi. Some space is devoted towards speculation of the outcome of the U.S. Presidential elections. Many among you would be preparing for the next phase of selection, for seeking admission in the coveted institutions and centres of learning. In order to strengthen your Current Awareness and power of expression, with due emphasis laid on the usage of English, a section is devoted towards them. Many among you would be focusing and working out strategies on ‘Call Conversion’, using every possible arsenal provided to you. Effective Communication is the tool needed, to create the desired impact and impression during the crucial and decisive phase of the Selection Process. Positive outlook, poise, adaptability, fortitude and courage should be the virtues accompanying you in the journey ahead. Treat setbacks and failures as minor irritants, ensuring that some learning is acquired. Each stumble and each slippage is a Stepping Stone towards the attainment of success. Move on fully charged and energized! Kar Ke Dikhayenge! With truckloads of luck, Sandeep Manudhane “When one door of happiness closes, another opens; but often we look so long at the closed door that we do not see the one which has been opened for us.” – Helen Keller “Peace cannot be kept by force. It can only be achieved by understanding.” – Albert Einstein “Leave nothing for tomorrow which can be done today.” – Abraham Lincoln “Meditation is not a means to an end. It is both the means and the end.” – Jiddu Krishnamurti “Some people are so afraid to die that they never begin to live.” – Henry Vandyke “Faith furnishes prayer with wings, without which it cannot soar to Heaven.” – St. John Climacus “No one can make you feel inferior without your consent.” – Eleanor Roosevelt “It is my conviction that it is the intuitive, spiritual aspects of us humans-the inner voice-that gives us the ‘knowing,’ the peace, and the direction to go through the windstorms of life, not shattered but whole, joining in love and understanding.” – Elisabeth Kübler-Ross PT's PrepTalk – Dec 2011 - Jan 2012 03 Contents Simplifying knowledge dissemination Managing Editor Sandeep Manudhane Marketing and Sales : Cover Story: q Portending 2012 : a panorama .............................................. 05 Amit Garg - 97555-99510 Volume 10. Edition 06. Dec 2011 - Jan 2012 Editorial Office PT education Headquarters, Yeshwant Plaza, Opp. Railway Station Indore - 452001 Current Events q India ........................................................................................ 11 q World ...................................................................................... 13 q Business and Economy.......................................................... 17 Ph : 0731-307 00 00 Fax : 0731-3070099 E-mail : [email protected] © 2008 All rights reserved. Reproduction or translation in any language in whole or in parts without permission is prohibited. Articles and contributions – courier or emails – should be addressed to PREP-TALK DEPT., c/o Mr. B. S. Supekar. Unaccepted articles may not be returned. Published by Manish Saraf on behalf of PTETSL, Yeshwant Plaza, Opp. Railway Station, Indore 452001. Disclaimer : The information given in this magazine is true to the best of our knowledge. However, PT or any of its associates will not be responsible in any manner for inadvertent errors that may have crept into this publication. PT does not take responsibility for returning unsolicited publication material. “To be a world class training and education organisation shaping careers through innovative products and services & the use of human technologies.” Regulars q In the wonderful world of words .......................................... 22 q Reliance is jolted.................................................................... 23 q Ramble through para jumble ............................................... 25 q What is Holistic Healing?...................................................... 30 q Current Awareness ................................................................ 31 q Bollywood Films of 2011........................................................ 41 q English’s acid test!................................................................. 44 q Insurgency in India – Naxalism............................................ 51 q The race to the White House-the U.S. Presidential elections .................................................... 53 q Thought Stimulant................................................................ 55 q Yuan’s Appreciation ............................................................... 57 q Understanding the Euro crisis ............................................. 59 q Grey-headed Flying Fox ........................................................ 64 Cover Story Portending 2012 : a panorama A t the beginning of the year, it is always fashionable to look ahead and crystal-gaze what will happen in the coming months. Also, given the kind of volatility one has seen both in the economic numbers and the projections made by analysts, it makes an interesting exercise to do so. We can try and assess intelligently what things will look like in 2012. Most likely, 2012 will be the year in which the Indian economy may slip into a minor abyss. There will be fewer job opportunities for those seeking high-value work and lower increments for those who are already employed. Inflation will remain high-around 7 per cent, eroding the standards of living of the middle class. If inflation doesn’t go away, interest rates will continue to remain high, making car loans and home loans unaffordable. Overall, consumption, a key driver of the economy, will slow down sharply. Faced with low demand and a high cost of borrowing, India Inc, which is more confident after two decades of liberalisation, will continue to look for greener pastures abroad. Investment in India will crumble. Globally, job markets are trapped in clouds of uncertainty owing to credit crisis in US and Europe. The Indian employment market, too, has gone in a state of cautiousness. Industry experts constantly try to figure out what may happen. As the economy grows (may not be at the pace of 2011), the recruitment will continue to see upward trend. Hiring at entry and junior levels will probably grow at a higher pace than the recruitment for senior positions. JOB MARKET IN 2012 A self-perpetuating vicious cycle may be set in motion. That may result in 6 per cent growth and above 7 per cent inflation, something that has not happened in any single year, in more than a decade. The prosperity of the middle class acquired through the 2000s will be seriously dented. Service sector including IT and ITes and BPO/ KPO will continue to grow in 2012 thereby being one of the key contributors to the growth in employment. Retail services, Food Processing and Packaging, Energy, Infrastructure, Utilities, and Chemicals will be some other sectors where we may see good growth in the employment. Agriculture and related industries, being the largest employment sectors, will probably see stagnation and may not add large numbers. This scenario will unfold not because of possible double dip recession in the US or an imminent collapse of the Eurozone. It will more likely unveil itself courtesy the UPA government. Its dithering, nearly paralytic style of governance over the last 12 months has cost the country high. Its continued state of denial about the precarious state of the economy and its own role in bringing things to such a pass could damage the economy deeply in 2012. After all, if the government does not accept that things are broken, it will make no attempt to fix them. Everything that has derailed the India story is known. But the govt fears even acknowledging the known. The 2010s should have been the decade when India attained 10 per cent growth. It may slide to 6 per cent instead. “In 2012, the first six months may not be very good for hiring.” Says V. Suresh, Executive Vice-president of naukri.com, “There is already a clear slowdown at the middle and higher levels. So far, campus recruitment prospects seem okay.” Says Gaurav Lahiri, Managing Director of management consulting firm Hay Group, “The first quarter of 2012 is extremely uncertain, all companies are on wait and watch. A lot of companies are also choosing to hire as and when a requirement comes in. They are not hiring in anticipation.” Goel says that he expects salary hikes to be between zero and 15 per cent. With inflation hovering at close to 10 per cent, most employees can expect a fall in their real income in 2012. Goel is hopeful the second half of 2012 may be better for the job market. But that depends on a recovery in growth. PT's PrepTalk – Dec 2011 - Jan 2012 05 2012 TO BOOST SERVICE FRANCHISE FORTUNE The year 2012 is set to immensely increase the popularity of the concept of franchising. A detailed survey by Francorp brings out the facts and figures about the expected growth of franchising especially in the service sector during 2012. Franchising business growing by an estimated 25-30 per cent in 2012 can be seen as a sign of high optimism in both the franchisors and investors alike. To cross check the confidence of the industry stakeholders, brands and investors in franchising, a survey was conducted by Francorp India. The study revealed that 2012 is predicted to be a boom for franchising in Indian service sector, with new and exclusive opportunities. The year 2012 will see a shift towards enhanced capacities and structured approach, accommodating the varied interests of the stakeholders. The focus would be more on efficiency and effectiveness. ROARING SERVICE SECTOR The year 2012 will see the horizontal expansion of the service sector, with many new and unique services being offered for the first time, on that scale and level. Over 62 per cent brand franchisors in the survey were from the service segment and 38 per cent from the products segment. Amongst the products segment, food and beverage is the single largest segment with over 16 per cent of the franchisors. However, there are certain categories in this wide service sector which are predicted to be more successful than the other segments. These are: Education sector: Over 68 per cent of the brands in the survey were related to education sector alone. Beauty and wellness: Grabbing the second position, beauty and wellness sector saw over 11 per cent of the franchisors. Business services: This sector followed at the third place, with eight per cent. Health-care: Around over four per cent covered by healthcare, this segment is included in the list of top service sectors. The franchising industry in India is set for an above average growth rate in 2012, with the stakeholders confident about the 06 PT's PrepTalk – Dec 2011 - Jan 2012 immense potential of the model. Moreover, with the recent policy, economic and socio-cultural developments in India, there are unbounded opportunities, both for the franchisors as well as the investors. As India’s government prepares to submit its approach paper for its 12th five-year plan (a plan which covers years 2012 to 2017), the Planning Commission’s focus on instilling “inclusive growth” is making headway. “Rural infrastructure, which serves 70 percent of the population, doesn’t get the attention it deserves. As the Planning Commission sets out to draft the country’s planned investments for the next five years, it is important to take note of this gap, and the innovative solutions needed to fill it.” INNOVATION IN 2012 In 2011, we saw amazing growth in the number of organizations pursuing Innovation Excellence around the world. Clearly, the innovation movement is picking up momentum, with companies of every stripe and from every industry trying to bring in innovation into the DNA of their organizations and make it a deep enterprise capability. 2012 will be the Year of Open Innovation. As more and more organizations build their internal innovation capabilities and feel comfortable soliciting ideas from employees, we will see more organizations in 2012 open up their quest for continuous innovation to ideas from suppliers, partners, and even customers or the general public. This will cause an increase in the competition for ideas, which means that organizations must be much more deliberate and systematic in how they approach their community of potential open innovation partners. In 2012, companies that failed to innovate in 2011 will continue to fail. In 2011, we saw the acquisition of Motorola Mobility by Google and of Blockbuster by Dish Network, the absorption of Sony-Ericsson into Sony after a buyout, accompanied by the failure of Borders. All of these companies were once very successful and even innovative, but missed a wave of innovation in their industries and left themselves weak and vulnerable. All successful companies were innovative at one time. The trick is to create an organization with the ability to continuously renew, reinvent, and reconsider what will make the organization successful and innovative in the future. In 2012, eBooks will reinvent the traditional book publishing industry Of course, we don’t doubt for a moment that 2012 will continue to see traditional print sales collapsing and bookstores closing, while e-books’ sales rise exponentially and selfpublishing becomes more popular with both new and veteran authors. But there’s also a chance that traditional publishers will finally start to catch up, learning to embrace the “strange new digital world” instead of denying that it’s actually destroying them. Having seen the future, in the shape of the iPad and the growing array of multimedia eBook apps on Apple iTunes, not to mention the array of new SW tools now available to the selfpublishing crowd for creating more sophisticated ebooks, the publishing industry will be forced to use its financial muscle to innovate and improve the quality of its own products. 2011 was a tough year for many in talent management, but despite compressed budgets, organizations continued to hire and develop talent. One factor that seemed to invade nearly every high-level functional discussion was social media. It’s clear that Facebook, LinkedIn, and Twitter will play a dominate role in recruiting and development best practices, in years to come. 2012 Will Be “The Year of the Mobile Platform” By the end of 2012, even the skeptics will have to admit that the mobile platform will have become the dominant communications and interaction platform by adopting best-practice organizations early. Users of smartphones and tablet devices are growing immensely day by day. Long after unified in-boxes have existed for the desktop, smart device users would see all incoming email, social messaging, text messaging, and voice and video messaging in a single place. Tablets will become the virtual classroom, and an emerging class of tools will let employees manage almost every aspect of their professional life digitally. During the next year, talent management leaders need to invest heavily, supporting execution of talent management initiatives across mobile telephony. Mobile phones will penetrate deeper into the villages. Indians are hungry to learn and grow. They will embrace the iPad, Facebook and miscellaneous electronic toys avidly. Rural markets will grow, albeit slowly. INDIAN FOREIGN POLICY IN 2012 Indian foreign policy is l i ke l y t o f a c e s e v e r a l challenges in 2012 arising out of a swiftly changing global security environment, the global economic slowdown and an unpredictable neighbourhood. Dealing with them will become that much more difficult against the backdrop of India’s own economic slowdown. CHALLENGES BEFORE INDIAN FOREIGN POLICY As we prepare for the year ahead, the concern is how India would acquit itself in dealing with the formidable challenges looming on the foreign front. On present reckoning, the big tests for India in 2012 would be relations with China and the United States, and neighbourhood ‘management’. Against the above geopolitical backdrop, Indian foreign and security policies will face several challenges. Foremost among them would be managing relations with an assertive China; safeguarding national security against a backlash from an unstable Pakistan; calibrating policies towards a restive West Asia; rejuvenating Indo-US relations; stepping up engagement with ASEAN, Japan, South Korea, and Australia; and playing an effective and constructive role at multilateral fora on issues of global governance. While India’s ability to handle the challenges may be constrained by a slowing economy, it would need to manage them through requisite diplomatic skill and finesse. PT's PrepTalk – Dec 2011 - Jan 2012 07 The success of Indian foreign policy is clearly linked with continuing high economic growth. India is also currently facing the prospects of an economic slowdown. A slowdown in economic growth could have an impact on India’s standing abroad. The lack of resources could also constrain spending in the defence sector. Domestic factors are becoming increasingly important in India’s foreign policy. For example, the government was unable to sign the Teesta water-sharing agreement with Bangladesh because of domestic factors. The decision to permit FDI in the retail sector had to be reversed due to the lack of domestic political consensus. There are also doubts whether foreign investment in the nuclear energy sector would materialize on account of protests against nuclear energy. India may face serious power shortages in the near future. This will further impact the economy. New challenges are arising on the global governance front. India played an active role in the UN Security Council during 2011. It is under pressure from Western countries to align its positions on critical global issues with theirs. The Durban conference on Climate Change concluded with mixed results. A notable development at Durban was that parties to the UNFCC have agreed to negotiate a legally-binding emissions reduction agreement by 2017. India may be compelled to show flexibility in its negotiating stance shown at the Durban platform on climate change negotiations. INDIA AT THE 2012 SUMMER OLYMPICS India is scheduled to compete at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London, United Kingdom from 27 July to 12 August 2012. Indian government has allocated a sum of Rs 60.85 million to train 22 sports persons of different individual disciplines to ensure that India is able to get maximum possible medals in this event. Having had great achievements in the field of athletics, archery, boxing, shooting and swimming, glorious victories are expected within the same periphery. 08 PT's PrepTalk – Dec 2011 - Jan 2012 LOKPAL IN 2012 If a Lokpal is finally appointed in 2012, it will be after numerous failed attempts, stretching back decades, to bring in the institution. If not, it will still be a raging topic as it was for most of 2011. The protagonists, Team Anna and the political parties, will make sure of that. At a time when corruption dominates the headlines, from the 2G case to mining scams, a powerful institution whose single-point agenda is to uncover and act against corrupt bureaucrats and politicians will be a much-watched one. The performance of whoever is appointed will be tracked minutely and constantly over the year. As regards the passage of the bill, much depends on Congress’ reading of the public mood. The educated guess is that the political class won’t dismissively put Lokpal in the freezer. But the final contours of this institution will call for plenty of more negotiations. If Lokpal bill is passed, then begins the equally fascinating and crucial process of selecting the head and other members. WORLD ECONOMY IN 2012 The world economy will lose momentum in 2012 but it will keep moving in the right direction, according to Reuters polls of around 600 economists which said that crisis-hit Europe would drag on global growth. Asian economies will again power the expansion of the world economy in 2012, but with relatively subdued performances. The United States, meanwhile, should continue to contribute modest growth that will easily outpace its recessionhit European peers. Brazil will be one of the few big economies that will pick up steam this year, outshining slower Latin American stablemates Mexico and Argentina. A Reuters poll that covers all of the top 20 developed and emerging economies, as well as some others in Asia, suggests that global economic growth will slow to around 3.3 percent this year from an estimated 3.7 percent in 2011. before it can repay 14.5 billion euros ($18.5 billion) of bonds falling due in March 2012. That is more optimistic than the latest forecast from the World Bank, which predicted that the world GDP would rise only 2.5 percent this year. “The seeming inability of euro zone policymakers to get on top of the region’s sovereign debt crisis is threatening to exact a toll on economic growth well beyond its peripheral economies,” said Mark Cliffe, Chief Economist of ING Group. Although the euro zone’s sovereign debt crisis represents a huge risk to the world’s economic health, there have at least been promising signs of life from the United States. “We’re fairly optimistic on the U.S., and we’re in the softlanding rather than the hard-landing camp for China,” said Investec economist Victoria Cadman, whose forecast for global growth in the high-three percent range is slightly more optimistic than the consensus. “(That’s) notwithstanding the huge risks that the euro crisis poses if a more disorderly fallout results.” China will again top the economic growth charts this year with growth of 8.4 percent, although that is only a little over the 8 percent mark which economists deem necessary to create enough jobs to satisfy the country’s fast-growing population. India’s economy will not be far behind, expanding 7.0 percent in the 2012 fiscal year, although that would still be its worst showing in two years, thanks to tight monetary policy and political deadlock. Brazil’s fervent domestic demand and credit growth should propel the economy to growth of around 3.3 percent in 2012, and 4.5 percent in 2013. DIFFICULT TIMES This year looks certain to be difficult for the rich developed economies. The world’s largest, the United States, should grow around 2.2 percent in 2012. While fairly modest by historical standards and compared to its emerging peers, that would be vastly better than the 0.3 percent contraction expected for the euro zone economy. The immediate risk to Europe’s economy would be a disorderly sovereign debt default from Greece that would hammer the European financial system. Athens is bargaining with its private creditors on a bond swap deal which is needed Germany will probably be the only major economy in Europe to rise above stagnation this year, although not by much economists expect its economy to expand by 0.5 percent in 2012. Even Japan, mired in deflation and struggling to overcome the economic shock of the earthquake and tsunami last March, will easily outstrip European economies, with growth of around 1.8 percent in its fiscal year 2012-13. That is the lowest forecast since the aftermath of last year’s natural disasters, however, underscoring how over-optimistic some commentators were in expecting reconstruction to fuel a rapid expansion. Backed by a mining boom, Australia’s resource rich economy should lead the developed world in terms of growth, with a hearty 3.4 percent expansion this year. CONCLUSIVE NOTE Whether the world economy will recover The answer is yes, but it will be a slow one, since it has to be driven by the US in the west and the emerging markets on the other side of the ocean. The American economy is currently chugging along but would be constrained on the fiscal side with a distinct conflict between the Republicans and Democrats, who separately favour expenditure cuts and tax increases. The euro region, especially the PIIGS (Portugal, Ireland, Italy, Greece and Spain), will have to resort to austerity to ensure that their budgets are under control -— or else could be repercussions in terms of the financial assistance that other nations are willing to provide. Therefore, growth has to be from within rather than any kind of fiscal stimulus. Whether inflation will come down Inflation will move downwards, as can be seen from recent food inflation numbers. However, sticky issues still remain for the government. This year, the Food Security Bill could be passed in the Indian Parliament, which means there will be more PT's PrepTalk – Dec 2011 - Jan 2012 09 However, there is no certainty about the pace of recovery. Lower interest rates should aid investment. A lot will also depend on whether the government will return to the path of reforms this year. While there will be opposition to some of the reforms like retail FDI, some other action may be expected. Whether liquidity will be adequate demand for foodgrain procurement. Can this be inflationary? The present stocks with the Food Corporation of India can actually meet this target (for one year) and hence need not be an immediate concern. Further, will the Indian government raise prices of petroproducts this year? Probably it will do so once the elections are over, which will have an impact on prices. Lastly, core inflation today is up more due to rupee depreciation as global prices are benign and there are no signs of excess demand in an environment of lower industrial growth. Therefore, there can still be pressures on prices. The comfort is that two successive high base years will lead to lower inflation numbers. But, price levels will still be high and affect household spending. Whether the industrial climate will improve Interest rates are one part of the story, but more importantly, there has to be movement on both demand and supply. India has not really been hit by the global slowdown directly in a significant manner, which means that the recovery will be a tad easier. Therefore, consumer demand should pick up along the way while investment activity should be buoyed by lower rates. Greater demand from the government as well as the private sector will put pressure on banks. Banks will also have to brace themselves for meeting Basel III standards, which involve building Tier I capital. This sector holds the clue to future growth of the country, as banks have to not only finance growth but also meet their capital norms. Liquidity will, therefore, continue to be under pressure and government bond yields will remain in the range of 8-8.5 percent for 10-year securities even if the RBI lowers rates. Whether the Indian economy will perform better in 2012 There is a strong reason to believe that the Indian economy will do better this year relative to 2011, as some of the daunting issues like inflation seem to be moderating. The Reserve Bank and the government can now focus on bringing the economy back on rails. Growth should pick up, albeit gradually, and one can actually see us move towards the 7.5 percent mark in terms of GDP growth, provided the external environment remains stable. With the state elections out of the way, we may see Parliament debating economic issues and passing some of the more pressing bills. As usual, a lot will depend on how the monsoon directs farm prospects, the policies pursued by the government in its budget and the RBI’s policy stance. Facts to feed upon Business q q q q q q q When Scott Paper Company first started manufacturing toilet paper, they did not put their name on the product because of embarrassment. 7-11 sells 10,000 pots of coffee an hour, every hour, every day. 90% of all restaurants fail during their first year of operation. Colgate's first toothpaste came in a jar. Cow is a Japanese brand of shaving foam. If Wal-Mart was classified as a country, it would be the 24th most productive country in the world. Walt Disney World generates about 120,000 pounds of garbage every day. 10 PT's PrepTalk – Dec 2011 - Jan 2012 a Current Events India COMPANIES BILL The Union Cabinet approved the Companies Bill, 2011, which aims to update corporate laws in the country and introduce modern concepts like mandatory CSR and class action suits. Intended to replace the existing half-a-century-old Companies Act, the Bill has undergone several modifications, in view of the Rs 14,000-crore Satyam accounting fraud. Besides strengthening the provisions to check fraud, the Bill has introduced ideas like mandatory Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), class action suits and a fixed term for independent directors. Among other things, it also proposes to tighten laws for raising money from the public. The Bill also seeks to prohibit any insider trading by company directors or key managerial personnel by treating such activities as a criminal offence. Further, it has proposed that companies should earmark two per cent of their average profits of the preceding three years for CSR activities and make a disclosure to shareholders about the policy adopted in the process. PENSION BILL GETS CABINET NOD The Union Cabinet has given its approval for the Pension Fund Regulatory and Development Authority Bill, which seeks to establish an authority that will develop, promote and regulate old-age income security. The Bill doesn’t mention the extent of foreign ownership to be allowed in Indian pension funds and in a central record-keeping agency. But in August 2011, the Finance Ministry had proposed to cap foreign investment in the pension sector at 26%, a suggestion accepted by a Parliamentary panel that was examining the Bill. Allowing 26% foreign direct investment in pension management would help the government claim its economic liberalization in proceedings. The process, begun in 1991, has dramatically changed India by allowing formerly State-owned industries to flourish in private hands. But many restrictions remain in place in key sectors, including finance, where restrictions on foreign ownership remain. India also is eager to expand pension coverage to more of its 1.2 billion citizens and to create a market for longer-term debt that pension funds often like to hold. INDIA RANKED 134TH ON UN HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX India is ranked 134th among the 187 countries assessed for their performance in three key areas of human development – education, health and income. The UNDP Global Human Development Index (HDI) 2011 places Norway, Australia and The Netherlands on top of the charts, while Congo, Niger and Burundi fare the worst in the annual rankings. India’s place remains unchanged because the index includes 18 new countries this time as against just 169 in 2010, when India stood at rank 119. This year, though, India is placed behind all its partners in BRICS, where Russia is the leader at number 66, followed by Brazil at 84; China at 101 and South Africa at 123. Within the South Asian Region, too, India is not in the lead, whereas Iran, at 88th position, fares at the top. Bhutan, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal and Afghanistan are placed below India in HDI rankings and values. On Gender Inequality Index (GII), India is ranked a poor 129th in the world. It is ahead of only Afghanistan in South Asia PT's PrepTalk – Dec 2011 - Jan 2012 11 on an indicator which measures gender parity in education, reproductive health (maternal mortality and adolescent fertility rate) and representation of women in national Parliaments and participation of women aged above 25 years in the country’s labour force. Department spokesperson Victoria Nuland said at her daily news conference last evening. Her remarks came as she announced the posting of the new and corrected maps of India on the website of the State Department and its travel-related sites. On the inequality-adjusted indices for education and health, India fares poorly in BRICS nations and South Asia’s Sri Lanka and Bangladesh. It loses substantial HDI value – 28.3 per cent – when internal inequalities in health, education and income are calculated. The previous controversial maps, which showed portions of Jammu and Kashmir as part of Pakistan, were removed by the State Department after India’s strong objection. India maintains that the entire state of Jammu and Kashmir is an integral part of the country. “I’m thrilled and relieved to tell you that we have now put the revised maps up on our website,” Nuland said. ROADMAP TO BOOST TIES WITH MALDIVES During his visit to Male, viewing the Indian Ocean region as part of India’s “extended neighbourhood”, Pr i m e M i n i s t e r Manmohan Singh spelt out initiatives spanning student scholarships, banking and finance credit lines worth $100 million, infrastructure projects and security and climate change cooperation in his address to People’s Majlis, the Maldivian Parliament. Making clear India’s interests in this strategic chain of islands straddling key shipping and trade routes, Prime Minister Singh told People’s Majlis that “The President and I have signed a historic framework agreement on cooperation for development”. The 70-odd members of Maldivian Parliament heard Singh in pin-drop silence as he outlined a powerful vision to integrate India and Maldives politically and economically. With China also perusing aggressive diplomacy in the island nation, India’s footprint in this archipelago has vital foreign policy dimensions. US STATE DEPT POSTS NEW INDIA MAP ON ITS WEBSITE The US State Department has posted on its website a new map of India reflecting its long- standing position on the country’s geographical boundaries, acknowledging that it had earlier made a “goof up” that triggered strong protest from New Delhi. “We made a goof up and we fixed it and we’re now back in compliance with our own cartographical policy,” State 12 PT's PrepTalk – Dec 2011 - Jan 2012 “What you will see when you look at these maps is that they reflect the fact that the United States takes no position on the dispute and urges all the parties to seek a peaceful resolution to resolving the claims,” she said. “What you’ll see on the maps is consistent with what the US geographic position has been consistently: that there is a dashed line representing the 1972 Line of Control, reflecting Kashmir’s unresolved status,” Nuland said. “We neglected to actually label that dotted line in the last round of maps. It has now been labeled. The maps also add to our standard disclaimer with regard to Kashmir that says that names and boundary representations are not necessarily authoritative. As I said, that reflects the fact that this is in dispute and the US takes no position on the dispute,” she said. a q The Union Finance Ministry has increased the investment limit for Foreign Institutional Investors (FII) in government securities (G-secs) and corporate bonds by $5 billion each, a move that will enhance capital flows and increase the availability of resources for Indian corporate. FIIs can now invest up to $15 billion in G-secs and $20 billion in corporate bonds. q According to a global survey, “Quality of living survey, 2011” Bangalore has emerged as the best city to live in India. Vienna has been ranked as the world’s best city to live in, followed by Zurich, Auckland, Munich and Dusseldorf. q The island nation of Kirabati has become the first to declare that its territory has become uninhabitable due to global warming. They have asked for help to evacuate the population. Current Events World TUNISIA ENTERS NEW ERA OF DEMOCRACY Tunisia entered a new era of democracy with the inaugural session of its democratically-elected Constituent Assembly, ten months after a popular uprising ended years of dictatorship. The 217-member Assembly is the first elected body produced by the Arab Spring. At the inauguration, the lawmakers, who will be tasked with drafting a new constitution and paving the way to fresh elections, sang the national anthem as the session got under way in the Bardo palace. “This event is like a second independence for Tunisia,” said Ahmed Mestiri, an iconic figure in the struggle for Tunisia’s 1956 independence from France. Despite assurances, some Tunisians have expressed concern that an Islamist-dominated Tunisia could roll back hard-earned rights such as the Code of Personal Status, seen notably as one of the Arab world’s most progressive sets of laws on women. US SECRETARY OF STATE HILLARY ON HISTORIC VISIT TO MYANMAR US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton was in Myanmar, on the first toplevel US visit for half a c e n t u r y, s e e k i n g t o encourage a “movement for change” in the militarydominated nation. Myanmar, formerly known as Burma, has surprised observers with a series of reformist moves in the past year, including releasing opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyi from house arrest and nominally ending decades of military rule. President Barack Obama had personally announced Clinton’s trip during a visit to Asia earlier, citing “flickers” of hope. But his administration sought to keep expectations low, mindful of other false dawns in Myanmar. Hillary said that the United States and other nations hoped that the flickers “will be ignited into a movement for change that will benefit the people of the country.” INDIA PIPS CHINA TO UN POST India beat China fair and square in a rare direct fight for a key post in the UN, signalling that for all the display of Chinese hard power, India retains a fair bit of international clout. India will now serve a five-year term in the Joint Inspection Unit, the UN’s only external oversight body. India’s candidate, A. Gopinathan, envoy to the UN in Geneva, convincingly defeated the Chinese candidate, Zhang Yan, China’s envoy to New Delhi, winning 106 votes against Zhang’s 77. China has held the post for the past 10 years. India will get the post after 35 years. The vote was a shot in the arm for India’s multilateral diplomacy, but, more specifically, for India’s UN diplomats, particularly the UN mission in New York, under Hardeep Puri. India had put a well-oiled election and lobbying machine to work, told all its heads of missions to go all out to pitch for its candidate and demarched other missions at least three times. Gopinathan is one of India’s finest diplomats and he enjoys a great deal of support within the cadre. China is ready for ‘code of conduct’ in South China Sea. On the back-foot after most ASEAN countries, including India pressed for a discussion on the South China Sea disputes at the East Asia Summit in Bali, China said that it was willing to work out a code of conduct with them, pending settlement of the row. Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao signalled the climb-down after two days of wrangling, which included unsuccessfully pressuring India to resolve the issue bilaterally. The topic had PT's PrepTalk – Dec 2011 - Jan 2012 13 been a thorny issue, with China laying claim to all of the resource-rich South China Sea, while Vietnam, Philippines and Malaysia, among others, claim parts of it. Australia, had met Australian Prime Minister Julia Gillard and unveiled plans to station 2,500 US marines in the Northern Territory within five years. China and ASEAN countries signed the Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea, testifying to the fact that the freedom of navigation in the area “has not been affected whatsoever”, Wen said. In a remark aimed at keeping US out, Chinese assistant foreign minister Liu Zhenmin said that China insisted the issue to be confined to talks between the parties directly involved, through negotiation. He confirmed Australia’s strategic importance in an AsiaPacific century, dominated by the growing power of China and India. ASEAN REWARDS MYANMAR FOR REFORMS Myanmar won approval of ASEAN to chair Southeast Asia’s regional bloc in 2014, in a reward for hints of reform from its new government, after decades of military rule. Despite warnings from the US that the move was pre-mature, leaders of ASEAN handed Myanmar the diplomatic prize at their summit held on the Indonesian island of Bali. In 2006, Myanmar was forced to renounce the ASEAN rotating presidency in the face of criticism over its human rights record and the ruling junta’s failure to shift to democracy. But since elections a year ago, the military-backed government held direct talks with opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyi, freed 200 dissidents and froze work on an unpopular mega-dam. Rights campaigners feared that the reform drive could be reversed, now that the government had won the coveted chairmanship, removing the incentive for more fundamental change. Malaysian Prime Minister NajibRazak, however, said that Southeast Asian leaders were satisfied with the momentum in Myanmar. Along with the ASEAN chairmanship, the decision means Myanmar will host the East Asia Summit in 2014, which brings ASEAN members together with US, China and Russia, among others. CHINA WARNS AUSTRALIA AGAINST MILITARY PACT WITH US China warned Australia that it might be “caught in the crossfire” if the US used new Australia-based military forces to threaten its interests, a day after Canberra and Washington renewed a defence pact. US President Barack Obama, on his first official visit to 14 PT's PrepTalk – Dec 2011 - Jan 2012 SAARC SUMMIT, 2011 The 17th summit of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) was held at the Addu atoll, in Maldives. In its 26th year, SAARC has finally taken the shape of a cohesive grouping of nations willing to cooperate in key areas to boost their economic clout. The Addu Declaration that the leaders agreed upon focused on the theme of “Building Bridges.” The leaders committed to work towards a huge boost in intra-SAARC trade, improving air, rail, motor and water transport connectivity between member countries and putting their heads together to solve common developmental concerns. Four agreements were also signed that included a rapid response mechanism to deal with natural disasters, an agreement to establish a SAARC Seed Bank and two agreements on harmonising regional standards for goods and products. Yet, SAARC still has a long way to go. Many of the leaders complained that while there were plenty of big ideas to move ahead, implementation of these had been slow. As Pakistan’s Gilani said, “The gap between the promises made at SAARC and the reality needs to be bridged.” Sri Lanka’s Rajapaksa echoed similar sentiments when he said at the plenary, “What is evident around us is a mood of urgency and even impatience. This is especially so because a large and influential part of our societies consists of young people inspired by new ideas and looking forward with enthusiasm to a promising future for themselves. They cannot be kept waiting for long. Their patience is not infinite.” Sensing the mood, Prime Minister Manmohan Singh announced that in a major effort to liberalise trade in the region, India had issued a notification to reduce the sensitive list under the South Asian Free Trade Area Agreement (SAFTA) from 480 tariff lines to just 25 for the five Least Developed Countries (LDC) of the region – Nepal, Bhutan, Afghanistan, Bangladesh and Maldives. He said that zero- basic customs duty access will be given to all items removed with immediate effect. The main reason why SAARC has met with only moderate success is that it has tried to do many things that has resulted in somewhat diffusing its focus. Experts feel that it should focus on key areas such as trade liberalisation and making SAFTA a reality, improving connectivity through transport by having air, rail and motor vehicles agreements and taking steps to enhance agricultural productivity and ensuring food security. The Addu declaration rightly emphasises these priorities and needs to be urgently implemented. SUPREME COURT ORDERS PROBE INTO MEMOGATE In a major setback to Pa k i s t a n ’ s e m b a t t l e d government, the Supreme Court ordered a time-bound probe into the memo scandal, a decision that could add more pressure on President Asif Ali Zardari and Premier Yousuf Raza Gilani. “The court has established a commission for the investigation into the memo case. The Chief Justice of the Baluchistan High Court will lead this commission,” Attorney General Maulvi Anwar-ul-Haq told reporters outside the Supreme Court building. The scandal had exposed the deep fissures between the Pakistani civilian government and the powerful Army. The memogate scandal pertains to a memo delivered by Pakistani-American businessman Mansoor Ijaz to the Pentagon, with a plea for U.S. help to stave off a feared military coup after the raid that killed Osama bin Laden on May 2, 2011. The former Pakistani envoy to U.S., Husain Haqqani, was forced to resign over the issue. Pakistan’s political system was caught in whirlpool on October 10, 2011, after Ijaz wrote that a senior Pakistani diplomat had asked that a memo be delivered to the Pentagon. Ijaz claimed that Zardari feared that the military might overthrow his government and accused Haqqani of crafting the memo with the President’s support. Since then, both the government and the military were seen to be at loggerheads, with rumours of coup also coming into play after Zardari suddenly left for medical treatment in Dubai, earlier this month. Reacting to the order, Haqqani’s lawyer Asma Jehangir said, “This is a black day. This is very disappointing judgment”. “Today we feel that the military authority is superior to the civilian authority. Today, the struggle for the transition to democracy has been blocked,” she said. The powerful security establishment and the government had also taken diabolical stands over a number of petitions filed before the Supreme Court, seeking a probe. The government had opposed a probe saying that it was unnecessary since Parliament was already looking into it. On the other hand, Army chief General Ashfaq Parvez Kayani and ISI head Lt. Gen. Ahmed Shuja Pasha wanted a thorough probe into the entire matter. While ordering the setting up of the commission, the court asked them to complete the probe in four weeks. ISTANBUL CONFERENCE ON AFGHAN SITUATION A decade after the Taliban government was ousted from power, regional leaders pledged to find ways to improve security and economic development in Afghanistan, as international combat forces prepare to leave by the end of 2014. The one-day conference in Istanbul followed the September 2011- assassination of an Afghan peace envoy and other highprofile assaults in Afghanistan that diminished prospects for a negotiated settlement and intensified suspicion of Pakistani support for the insurgency, an allegation that the Pakistan’s government denied. In an opulent hall on the shores of the Bosporus Strait, delegates delivered speeches, promising support for Afghan sovereignty, and endorsed a transition to Afghan security leadership, efforts for a political solution to the war and economic development. As a show of solidarity, the meeting was a success, but it was also a reminder of how much remained unsolved. In all, 14 countries agreed at the conference to cooperate in building the future of war-torn Afghanistan. Among the countries involved are Turkey, Iran, Pakistan, China, Russia and India, and several Arab States. Demanding an end to external interference in Afghan internal affairs, India stressed on the need to eliminate safe havens and sanctuaries, a stand that was reflected in the outcome document. On its part, Afghanistan termed the cooperation with New Delhi as a “turning point” and pitched for a bigger role for India in the region for desirable reasons. PT's PrepTalk – Dec 2011 - Jan 2012 15 PAKISTAN WOULD SUPPORT AN AFGHAN-LED RECONCILIATION aimed at allowing Pakistanis to mollify their inflamed public opinion. Prime Minister Yousuf Raza Gilani said that his country will support any reconciliation process in Afghanistan that is Afghan-led and Afghan-owned and does not destabilise Pakistan. SUDANESE ARMY KILLS LEADER OF DARFUR REBEL GROUP Pakistan does not want a repeat of the situation at the time of the Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan, Gilani said during a meeting with Tholhath Ibrahim, the Defence Minister of Maldives. At that time, Pakistan was “left alone in the lurch to bear the burden of three million Afghan refugees whom the world had forgotten”, he said. Gilani said that Pakistan was keen to see Afghanistan as a stable, prosperous and independent country because “Pakistan’s stability was intertwined with the stability of our western brotherly neighbour”. He further said that Pakistan wanted to improve its relations with its neighbours, especially the SAARC countries. IN A FRESH SALVO, US BLAME PAK FOR NATO AIR STRIKE Any hope that the US military would temper its aggressive approach towards Pakistan as a matter of courtesy or tactical need in Afghanistan was again laid to rest when the Pentagon insisted that it respected all “rules of engagement” and “international law of conflict” during the border spat, in which NATO forces killed 24 Pakistani soldiers. Washington came close to casting the incident as an act of war. “You misbehaved and provoked us and we shot you. If you do that again, the response will be the same” might well have been the summation of the US investigation report into the incident. Pentagon spokesman captain John Kirby said that the report was delivered to General Kayani by a US officer in Islamabad, who explained the findings to the general. “We wanted General Kayani to be able to see the entire thing,” he said. But aghast Pakistani officials, evidently stung by the blunt and unapologetic tone of the report, plus its content being leaked to the American media beforehand, told a wire service that no such report had been delivered to Kayani, nor any briefing given to him personally. “The report was delivered to the concerned department (of army headquarters) but not to the chief,” one official was quoted as saying. The report was unsparing in its defence of US tactics, while largely blaming Pakistan, despite some acknowledgement about misunderstanding and miscommunication, evidently 16 PT's PrepTalk – Dec 2011 - Jan 2012 The Sudanese army said that its forces had killed Khalil Ibrahim, the leader of the main Darfur rebel group, in an attack west of the capital Khartoum. Ibrahim led the Darfur-based Justice and Equality Movement, or JEM, which did not join a peace deal with Khartoum. The army statement, said that Ibrahim was killed in North Kordufan state, at Wad Banda, a town 440 miles (700 kilometres) west of the capital Khartoum. It said that Ibrahim was killed “with a group of his leadership.” The army said that the Darfur rebels attacked three areas in North Kordufan, killing an unspecified number of civilians. The U.N. says 300,000 people have died in the government’s war on Darfur since 2003. RIOTS ROCK OIL-RICH KAZAKH REGION Unprecedented riots in Kazakhstan’s oil-producing western region have claimed at least 12 lives and left dozens injured. Eleven people died and almost 90 were wounded in the town of Zhanaozen, near the Caspian Sea, said the office of K azakhstan’s Prosecutor General. Unrest flared up in Zhanaozen, a town of 80,000, when a group of people wearing oil workers’ uniform stormed an outdoor stage and smashed sound equipment, set up to mark the 20th anniversary of Kazakhstan’s independence. The rioters then went on to set on fire the city hall and the local office of the KBM oil company. Troops rushed to the city, opened fire and dispersed the rioters. Hundreds of KBM workers were fired in May after they had struck for months, demanding higher pay. However, Kazakh prosecutors said that the riots were started by a group of “hooligans” dressed in oil workers uniform. President NursultanNazarbayev declared a 20-day state of emergency and a curfew in Zhanaozen. a Current Events Business and economy WORLD THIS MONTH q q q q q q q q Cyrus Mistry, the younger son of construction tycoon Pallonji ShapoorjiMistry, was chosen to succeed Ratan Tata as the Chairman of the Tata group. He took over in December 2011. He is the sixth and the youngest Chairman of the Tata group, and only the second non-Tata, after Sir Nowroji Saklatvala, to head the group. Jaxtr Inc., founded by Sabeer Bhatia and Yogesh Patel, announced the launch of JaxtrSMS, a cross-platform, open-texting application to send SMSs to anyone in the world for free. The Tokyo and Osaka stock exchanges have agreed to merge in 2013 to create the world’s third-biggest bourse, with listed stocks worth around $3.6 trillion. The combined value of stocks listed on exchanges would trail only NYSE Euronext, at $12 trillion, and NASDAQ OMX Group Inc, at nearly $4 trillion. Adidas, the German sportswear and equipment maker, is set to launch a shoe costing one dollar a pair in India. The shoe will be sold in villages through a distribution network. California-based mobile video service provider, Vuclip, launched India’s first independent mobile movie portal — Starlight Cinema. This would offer users the options of watching shortened feature films, movie clips, songs, reviews and trailers. Titan Industries, India’s largest organised watches retailer, decided to acquire heritage Swiss watch brand, Favre Leuba, for two million euros. Created in 1737, Favre Leuba is one of the very first watch making companies in Switzerland. Professional social networking site LinkedIn has opened a Research and Development (R&D) centre in Bangalore. This is the California-based company’s first R&D centre outside North America. Tropicana 100%, the juice brand from PepsiCo, launched a new campaign—Now Breakfast shall Win. The new campaign metamorphically depicts everyday battles between breakfast and the interruptions that lead to a rushed morning. q q In the Fortune list of most powerful business women in India, ICICI Bank CEO Chanda Kochhar was listed as the most powerful business woman in India. Former ICICI executive and Axis Bank MD and CEO, Shikha Sharma, was at the second spot. Mukesh Ambani-owned Infotel acquired a 38.5% stake in digital learning solutions from Extramarks Education. Reliance Brands, a unit of Reliance Industries Ltd, struck a deal with NYSE-listed American fashion retailer Kenneth Cole to open stores in top Indian metros. BOARD FOR RECONSTRUCTION OF PUBLIC SECTOR ENTERPRISES RECOMMENDS RS 257 CR PACKAGE FOR NEPA The Board for Reconstruction of Public Sector Enterprises (BRPSE) recommended a financial package of Rs. 257 crore to nurse back to health the sick newsprint unit NEPA. The suggestion was made to NEPA’s administrative ministry, the Department of Heavy Industry. The move came after the government shelved its plan to divest majority stake in the company and revive it through a joint venture with the private sector. The government holds 97.75 per cent in NEPA. The Board suggested to the department to infuse Rs 175 crore in the form of fresh equity to meet part-finance of total expenditure of Rs 318 crore for Revival and Mill Development Plan (RMDP). RELIANCE TO FUND NEW-GENERATION NUCLEAR REACTOR ALONG WITH GATES, VINOD KHOSLA, EX MS HONCHO Reliance Industries has joined hands with Bill Gates, Vinod Khosla and Nathan Myrvhold - the former Microsoft tech honcho, maths whiz and master French chef - to fund the development of a nuclear reactor, with the potential to revolutionise power generation. PT's PrepTalk – Dec 2011 - Jan 2012 17 The MukeshAmbani-promoted company bought a minority stake in Terra Power LLC, based in Washington, US, and founded by Myrvhold’s Intellectual Ventures. Gates is the primary investor and chairman in the company, and Khosla and Charles River Ventures are investors. Terra Power is developing an ultra-modern reactor, using the ‘travelling wave’ technology. Traditional reactors need to be refuelled every few years, generate enormous amounts of waste and feed on enriched uranium. Travelling wave reactors, on the other hand, use depleted uranium and don’t need to be refuelled for at least 40-60 years. Reliance Industries, through one of its subsidiaries, made a minority investment in Terra Power LLC. This is one of the various investments that Reliance made in the broader energy sector. Terra Power is a nuclear design and engineering firm. Mr. Ambani was personally invited by Bill Gates to join the company. “He is on the board,” said a person familiar with the matter. March 2010’s horrific nuclear accident off Japan’s west coast triggered worldwide concerns over the safety of nuclear plants in general, and the role played by nuclear reactors, many of which were developed more than 20 years ago. Germany became the first big country to scrap plans for nuclear power plants, while some other countries did extensive safety reviews. The Kudankulam nuclear power plant on the eastern coast in Tamil Nadu - the first nuclear project to come up after the Fukushima accident - has been hobbled by strident protests from local villagers. All this has come at a time of worsening global power shortages. With coal being shunned due to its impact on climate, and gas not available in abundance, N-power is one of the few alternatives that could ensure steady electricity supply, experts said. As an energy player with global ambitions, Reliance has been eager to understand and capitalise on new energy technologies being developed around the world. In the past one year, it has agreed to invest $3 billion in shale gas joint ventures in the US. The new technologies of fracking and horizontal drilling have completely changed the global energy dynamics, turning America into the world’s biggest producer of natural gas, with potential geopolitical implications. “Everything depends on how nuclear energy capacity grows in India. If it comes back on track, in the long term perspective, the acquisition is a good idea,” said Amol Kotwal, Deputy 18 PT's PrepTalk – Dec 2011 - Jan 2012 Director, Energy and Power Systems Practice, at Frost & Sullivan. Terra Power, if successful, would enable Reliance to understand and get access to fourth-generation nuclear reactor technology. But it will have to wait quite a bit, as the prototype is expected to be built only after 2015, and commercial generation may happen by 2020. “It is too far off,” said Sudhinder Thakur, Executive Director, Corporate Planning, Nuclear Power Corporation of India (NPCIL). “I don’t see it making much of an impact as far as India is concerned,” he added. NPCIL runs some of its plants using the fast breeder reactor technology, which relies on thorium instead of uranium. SONY TO SELL LCD STAKE TO SAMSUNG FOR $940M Sony Corp agreed to sell its nearly 50 per cent stake in an LCD joint venture with Samsung Electronics to the South Korean company, for $940 million, as it struggles to reduce huge losses at its TV business. The seven-year-old venture cut its capital by 15 percent in July 2011 and industry sources had said that Sony had negotiated an exit, aiming to switch to cheaper outsourcing for flat screens for its TVs, while Samsung pushed ahead with next-generation displays. “In terms of direction, it was a positive (for Sony),” said Keita Wakabayashi, an analyst at Mito Securities in Tokyo, about the deal. “But if they were making a loss on the sale, one could ask why they didn’t make this decision sooner. Their biggest problem is that they are not making a profit even though they don’t have many plants,” he said. In November, 2011, Sony, the world’s third largest flat panel TV maker, had warned of a fourth straight year of net losses for the financial year to March, 2012, with its TV unit alone set to lose $2.2 billion, on tumbling demand and a surging yen. The company said that it would review its earnings forecast to reflect 66 billion yen in impairment losses from the transaction, as well as expected future cost savings. While the sale is seen as a move in the right direction for Sony, it would not be good for Samsung, analysts said. Sony may shift to Taiwanese LCD makers should they offer cheaper prices,” Song Myung- sup, an analyst at HI Investment & Securities, said in Seoul. Shares in Sony ended 1.6 percent higher, compared with a 1 percent gain in Tokyo’s benchmark Nikkei average, while Samsung Electronics shares fell 0.2 percent. Sony’s panel venture with Samsung, S-LCD, was established to secure stable supplies for Sony’s flat-screen TVs at a time of shortages. Once a symbol of Japan’s high-tech might, Sony sold off TV factories in Spain, Slovakia and Mexico in the past few years and outsourced more than half of its production to companies including Hon Hai Precision Industry, the contract electronics maker, that also counts iPhone maker Apple Inc as a key customer. Sony retains four TV plants of its own – in Japan, Brazil, China and Malaysia. Some analysts say that the $100-billion LCD TV market peaked last year and had forecast that it will shrink 3 to 4 percent annually, as consumers in advanced countries had already traded in their bulky cathode-ray tube TV sets for flat screens, while the LCD market was in a glut since last summer. WORLD ECONOMY TO TRUDGE ON IN 2012 DESPITE EUROPE CRISIS Europe faces another year of dismal economic performance in 2012 that will weigh on global growth, but emerging markets and the United States should at least keep the world economy moving in the right direction. There are several reasons why 2012 may be nothing to look forward to. Many of the world’s biggest developed economies are heading into recession, global stock markets look set to recoup only a fraction of their heavy losses in 2011, oil prices will head lower, and asset managers are unsure where best to invest. And these could be the best-case scenarios. Most economists base their assumptions on the hope that the euro zone’s sovereign debt crisis will not boil over into a new global economic crisis, having already dented growth in major exporters to Europe. Still, most of the major emerging market economies like Brazil and China should pick up speed later in 2012. All of them have suffered from slowing economies in recent months, caused mainly by tightening monetary policy in the face of high inflation. “It’s important to stress that the world economy is still growing. But it’s a tale of two worlds,” said Gerard Lyons, Chief Economist at Standard Chartered Bank. “The storyline for 2012 is that Europe drags the world down in the first half of the year, and China drags it up in the second half of the year.” Enormous political risks cloud the outlook further, with elections and leadership changes in the most powerful countries and the prospect of continuing turmoil in the Middle East. Still, there are glimmers of hope. The United States’ economy has performed better than most had hoped over the last quarter, and economists show it growing around 2.2 percent in 2012, compared with zero growth in the euro zone. “The big unknown in Europe and the U.S. is that big companies, with balance sheets in good shape, have the ability to invest at home if they want. It’s more likely that will take place in the U.S. rather than Europe,” said Lyons. European Union leaders took a historic step towards greater fiscal integration earlier in December, 2011, but economists have been clear that this would not ease a debt crisis entering its third year and still hogging the headlines in 2012. Polls show real concern that leaders are doing far too little to stimulate growth, with the likes of Spain and Italy destined for long and painful recessions. The euro zone as a whole, meanwhile, is probably in a moderate recession right now that will last midway into 2012. “The euro area continues to be a source of economic and financial instability for the rest of the world,” said Juan PerezCampanero, economist at Santander, in a research note. “We could be facing a more permanent and lasting decline in growth capacity in developed economies and, particularly, the euro area.” Whether Spain and Italy will need to seek funding from the euro zone’s bailout facility next year is open to question, with a very slim majority of economists polled this month - 27 out of 56 - saying not. And a November 2011 survey of 20 top economists and former policymakers in academia and respected research institutes showed that 14 of them do not expect the euro zone to survive in its current form. PT's PrepTalk – Dec 2011 - Jan 2012 19 Even in Japan, where economists have downgraded growth forecasts relentlessly, the economy is expected to pick up in the fiscal year from April 2012 and expand 1.8 percent. Japan should narrowly avoid a recession, but polls show little hope that it will emerge from deflation any time soon. The severe uncertainty surrounding 2012 is perhaps best reflected by Reuters’ asset allocation poll of more than 50 leading investment houses in the United States, Europe and Japan. Investors raised their cash balance to the highest in a year in December 2011, as they prepared for a jittery 2012, although they also moved back into cheap equities. OREO, SUNFEAST BITE INTO BRITANNIA MARKET SHARE The Rs 3,600-crore premium cream biscuit market has turned hyper competitive, with Cadbury’s Oreo and ITC’s Sunfeast brands biting into the share of Britannia Industries, and Parle Products planning to enter super-premium creams. The numbers reveal how Oreo and Sunfeast( DarkFantacy, Dream Cream and Premium Cream) creamed Britannia to garner shares of 6% and 10.6%, respectively, during January 2011 to September 2011. The Sunfeast portfolio gained the most, with 7% jump in value share. Britannia’s combined value share of the premium cream biscuit portfolio (Bourbon and Treat) declined from 18% in January 2011 to 14.7% in September 2011. This has narrowed the share gap in premium creams between Britannia and ITC. “The cream category contributes less than 20% to the overall Britannia business. However, in the recent past, key brands like Bourbon and Treat have found much stronger traction and appeal with consumers and have grown faster than the overall biscuit market. Bourbon, in fact, has almost doubled and held on to its share of 9% year-to-date (9.2% last year),” said a Britannia spokesperson. “Competitive activity has also been there in different categories including a high decibel launch of Oreo, which has a share of 1 % in the biscuit market year to date,” the Britannia 20 PT's PrepTalk – Dec 2011 - Jan 2012 spokesperson said, adding, “with innovative and superior consumer delivery, Britannia creams will sustain pricing.” Oreo, which was launched early this year, is said to have clocked in sales on the back of high consumer spends, which went up by 51% in the second quarter ended September 30, 2011, as compared to the first quarter. ITC investments behind Sunfeast premium cream biscuits were even higher at 114% in the last two sequential quarters. In contrast, Britannia’s spends on the premium cream biscuits increased just 6%. Oreo hit the market with an aggressive introductory offer of Rs. 10 per pack, a level most Indian households can afford to splurge on. Cadbury India, which is now owned by Kraft, adopted a strategy to drive awareness and rapid trials. “We reached out to consumers across 14 cities through our ‘Oreo Togetherness’ campaign. We also leveraged the digital medium in a big way,” said Chandramouli Venkatesan, Director, Snacking and Strategy, Cadbury India. Oreo’s price was gradually upped to Rs. 12, based on the consumer response. ITC too upped the ante with its premium range of cream offerings, receiving “positive response from consumers, with sales volumes recording impressive growth”, according to Chitranjan Dar, Divisional Chief Executive, ITC Foods division. Parle Products, the largest domestic biscuit maker, plans to enter the super-premium cream segment. BEARING MAKER SKF GETS 5.2 BILLION SEK CHINA DEAL World number one bearing maker SKF said that it had signed a deal with a Chinese truck group, worth around 5.2 billion crowns ($752 million), sending its shares higher. The company said that it would supply SKF truck hub units, tapered roller bearings and seals for the latest models produced by China National Heavy Duty Truck Group Co, Ltd, one of China’s top three truck manufacturers. The bearings and units will be manufactured in a factory currently under construction in Jinan, Shandong. “China is a key growth market for the SKF Group and we continue to make significant investments in manufacturing, research and development and in our employees,” Tom Johnstone, SKF’s CEO, said in a statement. Shares in SKF were up 1.4 per cent at 137.90 crowns. Industrial firms in general have been doing strong business over the last year, but debt problems in Europe and sluggish US growth have dimmed global economic prospects. In October, 2011, SKF, the Swedish bellwether whose bearings are used in products from aircraft to hairdryers, said that it expected slightly lower demand in the fourth quarter, compared with the third. FOOD SUBSIDY OF RS 45,125 CR RELEASED TILL DEC 15, 2011 Against the food subsidy budget of Rs 60,572 crore for the current fiscal, the government released Rs 45,125 crore towards it by December 15, 2011, the Rajya Sabha was informed. The Food Subsidy Bill was Rs 62,929,56 crore in 2010-11 and Rs 58,242.45 crore in the previous fiscal, Food and Public Distribution Minister K V Thomas said. The difference between economic cost of food-grains and Central Issues prices fixed for Targeted Public Distribution System (TPDS) and Other Welfare Schemes (OWS) is incurred by the central government as food subsidy. Food subsidy is released to Food Corporation of India and state governments undertaking procurement of food-grains under Decentralised Procurement Scheme. During the current fiscal, 488.74 lakh tonnes food-grains have been allocated to the beneficiaries under the TPDS, the Minister said. The Centre provides food-grains at subsidised prices to the targeted population under TPDS and OWS. The Minister said that Uttar Pradesh had given the highest quantity of subsidised food-grains (71.13 lakh tonnes) followed by Maharashtra (46.47 lakh tonnes).Talking about leakages, the Minister said that strengthening and streamlining of the system was done on a continuous basis. “The government also issues instructions from time to time to states/union territories to strengthen the functioning of TPDS by improving monitoring mechanism and vigilance, increase on a regular basis,” he added. RUSSIA’S WTO ENTRY POSITIVE IMPACT FOR INDIA TRADE Russia’s membership of WTO will have a “positive impact” in boosting its bilateral trade with India, which is currently hovering around 10 billion dollars a year, far below their potential, according to Indian officials. The officials said that Russia’s formal accession into the World Trade Organization(WTO) after 18 years of negotiations was a bright spot amid the turbulence in the European economy. The Russian entry into WTO will have a “positive impact” on bilateral trade and investment with India and also be “a considerable positive enabler”, according to Foreign Secretary Ranjan Mathai. Prime Minister Manmohan Singh welcomed Russia’s entry into the WTO but he voiced concern over the current level of Indo-Russian trade volume. By contrast, the Russia-China trade is around 60 billion dollars each year. Indian and Russian officials during talks between Prime Minister Singh and President Dmitry Medvedev in Moscow were one in agreeing that there was a huge potential to expand bilateral trade for which an ambitious target of 20 billion dollars has been set for 2015. Pharmaceuticals is one area which India is targeting for greater exports to Russia. While closer integration with the global trading system will bring economic benefits to Russia, some estimates claim that it will give the economy a boost equivalent to the value of 1 percent of GDP per year; the rest of the world also stands to gain. Although the tariff rates for imported goods have been declining ever since Russia first began its transition to a market economy 20 years ago, WTO membership will further accelerate the process of trade liberalization. Tariffs on over 700 categories of products will be abolished or reduced, with the average import tariff rate expected to fall from 10 percent to 7 percent. India expressed its readiness to enter into a Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement with the Customs Union comprising Russia, Belarus and Kazakhstan and has already decided to set up a Joint Study Group in this regard. a PT's PrepTalk – Dec 2011 - Jan 2012 21 In the wonderful world of words 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 22 PT's PrepTalk – Dec 2011 - Jan 2012 a ~ Answers ~ a 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 2. This word of Greek origin describes a handsome young man. What is the word? One who stays calm in any situation is said to be ………… (P........c) The four-lettered word means “of ”, “like” or relates to the wing. What is the word? This six-lettered word describes a strong, tall and masculine woman. What is the word? One who speaks learnedly is said to be ……… The science of causes of diseases is called …….. A mock sea battle is called …….. The doctrine that personal liberty is the highest value, is called …….. What name do we give to the origin and evolutionary development of plants? A vegetable which is in the same category as eggplant, brinjal, guinea squash and melon gene is ……. A jazz dance featuring rapid shaking of the body is called …….. A person who has acquired wealth recently but lacks the social skills to go with the new status, is called …….. Find the odd word out among Bilious, Bilk, Visceral, Lipid, Detritus What is common among Rite, Shibboleth, Bibelot, Totem and Consanguinity? When a person comes across words like Colophon, Denouement and Missive, he is being exposed to the world of …….. Words like Ludic, Caprice, Euphoria, Empathy and Sublimation would be in the lexicon of a person hailing from the field of …….. What is the expression of Latin origin which stands for an auspicious or a wonderful year, with great happenings? Any high-class dress maker, a trend- setter of high-class fashion will have this word of French origin tagged with his or her enterprise. What is the word? This is a German word used for a person of integrity and honour. What is the good word? Adonis, who was loved by the Greek goddess of love. Phlegmatic Alar Amazon Doctiloquent Etiology Naumachy Libertarianism Phytogenesis Aubergine Shimmy Parvenu Bilk, which relates to Civil Law, while the remaining words relate to Biochemistry. They pertain to Anthropology. Literature. Psychology Annus Mirabilis Haute Couture Mensch Bravado Cantina Arrivederci Passe Rucksack, of German origin 1. 20. This word of Spanish origin is bravery which is not genuine. What is the word? 21. What is the seven-lettered word of Spanish origin meaning a bar or a wine shop? 22. What is the word of Italian origin standing for a farewell remark? 23. What is the five-lettered word of French origin which stands for something outdated? 24. This word stands for a bag carried by a strap around the back or shoulder. What is it? 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. DIRECTIONS: Answer the questions, as directed, as per the clues. Reliance is jolted T he last stock market session of the year 2011 delivered an unexpected headline: Mukesh Ambani no longer runs India’s most valuable company. Reliance Industries Ltd., his oil-to -retail conglomerate, was stripped of that title by Tata Consultancy Services, the outsourcing behemoth that is part of the Tata Group, according to data released by SMC Global Securities Ltd. Reliance’s market value reached 2.269 trillion rupees (about $42.8 billion) while TCS’s market value touched 2.272 trillion rupees in the Friday trading of the week in question. Of course, on Monday, the second of January, 2012, Reliance would have regained the crown. But the news nonetheless caused a slightly anticlimactic end of the year 2011 for Mr. Ambani, after glowing news reports in the preceding week about the possibility that he and his brother, Anil, had settled their famous differences. The two men, and their mother Kokilaben, attended a celebration in Gujarat for the 80th anniversary of the birth of their late father – a rare show of family unity. Talk of Ambani brothers’ reunion had been percolating for months and speculation had grown that they would once again team up in business. But the market’s numbers were clear. Ratan Tata, the head of India’s flagship conglomerate, became the ultimate overseer of India’s most valuable firm. It’s perhaps ironic that Mr. Ambani was not knocked from his perch by a young upstart but by a man many years his senior. Indeed, it meant that Mr. Tata went into his final year at Tata’s helm, with the imaginary trumpets blaring. It’ll fall to TCS’s management and Mr. Tata’s chosen successor, Cyrus Mistry, to ensure that TCS stays where it is. NO SMOKE WITHOUT FIRE Reliance Industries (RIL) wanted a hike in the price of natural gas to resume drilling in the KG-D6 fields, which had seen a sharp drop in output due to drilling of less wells than committed, investment research group Sanford Bernstein & Co said. “We believe that RIL doesn’t believe it is worth its while to invest additional capital in drilling wells when the price at the beach remains at US $4.20 per million British thermal units,” Neil Beveridge, a Hong Kong-based analyst for Bernstein, said in a report. Gas output from the Dhirubhai-1 (D1) and D3 fields in the KG-D6 block had steadily risen to 53 million standard cubic metres per day (mmscmd) in March 2010, but had dropped to below 42 mmscmd, instead of rising to the projected level of 61 mmscmd. Another 8 mmscmd was produced from the MA field in the same block, taking the total output from KG-D6 to about 50 mmscmd. The fall in output due to drilling of fewer wells had earned RIL the ire of the government and the regulator DGH. While the DGH pressed RIL to drill more wells outside the main channel that is currently producing, the government put pressure on RIL by directing it to supply gas to priority sectors like fertiliser and power and cut off sales to refineries and petrochemical plants, including its own. “We believe that this is a proxy fight between the government and RIL,” Bernstein Research said. “Lower production output is primarily a function of the hiatus in development drilling,” it said. While it seems likely that the reservoir is more complex than originally anticipated, performance on a per well basis has not been too dissimilar to the original field development plan. “Instead, the lower number of development wells drilled PT's PrepTalk – Dec 2011 - Jan 2012 23 (18 versus 22 planned) is primarily the reason for the underperformance,” it said. regulator, had said. RIL was to have submitted a drilling plan in two weeks, he had said on May 2, 2011. Bernstein said that completion of Phase-I drilling plus initiation of Phase-II drilling, when the total number of wells could reach up to 50, would restore output growth. “We believe that the natural rate of the decline in production for the KG-D6 wells is around 20 per cent annually, or around 5 per cent per quarter, not substantially different from similar fields around the world,” it said. The government had in 2007 fixed the price of gas produced from the KG-D6 block, at $4.205 per mmBtu for the first five years of production. RIL began output on April 2, 2009, and the price is valid till March 31, 2014. “Though Dhirubhai (gas fields) are turning out to be more complex than originally anticipated, there is a broader problem – gas pricing,” Bernstein said. “While there are technical issues with D6, what is being played out is a negotiation by proxy between RIL and the government on gas pricing.” “In case RIL doesn’t take any more action on the drilling of wells and connecting those to the reservoir and continues operating with 18 wells, we expect the production to reach a level of around 37-38 mmscmd by FY13,” Bernstein said. “The government has asked the company to drill 11 wells by the fiscal-end to take the total number to 31, as had been planned, when RIL won approval for investing US $8.8 billion,” SK Srivastava, the Director General of the country’s oil Lower gas output is not good for RIL shareholders as well as India Inc, which has to import more gas in the form of liquefied natural gas (LNG). Reliance Industries Limited has received a dent which would need to be removed in order to salvage its reputation and credibility. Facts to feed upon Country q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q There are more than 150 million sheep in Australia, and only some 20 million people Singapore has only one train station The United States consumes 25% of all the world's energy There is a town called Paradise and a town called Hell in Michigan! There are more female than male millionaires in the United States Almost half the newspapers in the world are published in the United States and Canada! The Zip Code 12345 is assigned to General Electric in Schenectady, New York The United States produces more tobacco than it does wheat The city of Las Vegas has the most hotel rooms in the world The average U.S. farm has 467 acres; the average Japanese farm has 3 acres Mexico City is sinking at a rate of 18 inches per year! It is illegal for tourists to enter Mexico with more than 2 CDs! India has a Bill of Rights for cows In which country will you find the most Universities? India In Kentucky, 50% of the people who get married for the first time are teenagers Politics q q q President George W. Bush and Playboy founder Hugh Hefner are cousins! Jimmy Carter is the first U.S. President to have been born in a hospital When George W. Bush was 30 years old, he was arrested for driving under the influence of alcohol 24 PT's PrepTalk – Dec 2011 - Jan 2012 a Ramble through para jumble All questions are based on latest pattern of questions set in national-level MBA entrance tests DIRECTIONS: Choose the option which has the sentence which does not fit in the arrangement of each of the sentences A, B, C, D andE,givenbelow,informingacogentparagraph. 1. A. B. C. D. E. 2. A. B. C. D. E. 3. A. B. C. D. A village merchant trusted him and gave him a bag to keep, which contained some silver coins. From that day, the poor farm worker’s happiness vanished. He was involved in some unethical practice and wanted his act to be unnoticed. There was a hardworking and poor, but wellcontended farm worker. He buried the silver coins, under the ground. (1) E (2) C (3) D (4) A In fact, never choose an activity just because it is good for you. Anything you do that gives you some form of mental relaxation and peace will benefit your heart and body. If you can combine these with enjoyment as a routine, then so much the better. By all means, do some relaxing exercises, even tiring yourself to some extent perhaps, though not indulging in too hard exercises, taking care to pay heed to the warning signals from your body. Thus you will be freed from the boredom that follows. (1) D (2) A (3) B (4) E The father felt the need of company for his son. A few days later, all the bananas got spoiled. His father was much worried that his son fell into bad company of village boys. The boy understood the required lesson which his father wanted to give him. 4. E. In order to teach a lesson to his son, he gave him a few good bananas along with a rotten one. (1) A (2) C (3) D (4) E A. B. She thought of a plan to get the monkey over her place. One day she pretended to be very ill and started shedding tears. She said to her crocodile husband, “The doctor says that I can get well only if I can eat the monkey’s heart.” The crocodile was very sad when she heard this. She could not think of doing her friend any harm. Lady crocodile was cruel and wicked. (1) B (2) A (3) D (4) E C. D. E. 5. A. B. C. D. E. The rich analyses of Fernand Braudel and his fellow ‘Annales’ historians have made significant contributions to historical theory and research. Braudel was the first ‘Annales’ historian to gain widespread support for the idea that history should synthesize data from various social sciences, especially economics, in order to provide a broader view of human societies over time. Braudel has been faulted for the imprecision of his approach. In a departure from traditional historical approaches, the ‘Annales’ historians assume (as do Marxists) that history cannot be limited to a simple recounting of conscious human actions, but must be understood in the context of forces and material conditions that underlie human behaviour. However, Febvre and Bloch, founders of the ‘Annales’ school, had originated this approach. (1) E (2) C (3) D (4) A PT's PrepTalk – Dec 2011 - Jan 2012 25 6. 7. A. You are afraid of an automobile coming rapidly down the street. B. The only fears you need to avoid are heavy fears which urge you to do what you should do. C. You need some fears to keep you from doing foolish things, which is sensible. D. You wait until it is out of the way, before crossing. E. Of course, it is silly to try to overcome fears that keep us from destroying ourselves. (1) E (2) C (3) B (4) A A. B. C. D. E. 8. A. B. C. D. E. 9. A. The company mattered less than its stock. The era of long-term investing ended sometime in the 1970s, and we are still recovering. What that meant, from the perspective of big picture, was that ability to trade rapidly grew in importance. For the first time, it was no longer important how a company made money, only that it was able to do so. Switching in and out of risk groups became the newest investment fashion. (1) E (2) C (3) D (4) A They make their decisions by touching the cursor arrow to the icon on the screen. Nevertheless, these equations increasingly are behind the movement of money, since the equations, not the traders, are the drivers, as finance becomes more high tech. It actually takes very little time. More and more, as traders enter electronic space from their computers, they are conducting their business with the aid of Nobel Prize-winning equations. Traders do not necessarily know what the equations are doing or how they work, just as most drivers do not know how the engines of their cars operate. (1) D (2) A (3) B (4) C Computer programs are not trading currencies, since the currencies the programs buy and sell are simply monies to be turned over, in order to gain a certain rate of return. 26 PT's PrepTalk – Dec 2011 - Jan 2012 B. C. D. E. 10. A. B. C. D. E. 11. A. B. C. D. E. The futures markets are only convenient places to shop. And they are not trading futures products. The computers are simply making transactions, moving tokens across the megabyte economy. The global electronic economy has made this possible. (1) A (2) E (3) D (4) C But what about the fallacy of composition? They don’t wonder about how their actions will affect the overall economic organization of society, as they are not programmed to do so. The machines of the information age are not contemplating investments but only trying to match random numbers strewn across the global landscape by looking at quick fixes and high rates of return. They don’t question the overall impact of such a move. When something fits their terrain maps, they buy it. (1) A (2) B (3) D (4) E According to the report, the six countries Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, South Korea and Russia will grow on average by 4.7% annually between 2011 and 2025. The projected changes in the global economy are fundamental. To sustain growth and cope with more complex risks, economies that are home to emerging growth poles need to reform their domestic institutions, including those in the economic, financial and social sectors. China, Indonesia, India and Russia all face institutional and governance challenges, with human capital and ensuring access to education becoming a matter of concern in some potential growth poles, particularly Brazil, India and Indonesia. The most-likely global currency scenario in 2025 will be a multi-currency one, centred on the dollar, the euro and the reminbi. (1) A (2) B (3) D (4) E 12. A. B. C. D. E. 13. A. B. C. D. E. 14. A. This will dismantle rigid hierarchies and conventional protocols. How will it change? This would also build networks of self-managing teams with access to whatever information they may need in order to respond as quickly as possible to customers and colleagues. The measure of success is defined by outcomes, not obedience. First, efficiency of resource use, speed of innovation, responsiveness to customer and employee needs, intentional knowledge management and distribution will be essential. (1) E (2) D (3) B (4) A A related argument centres on the demand side of the economy. One can imagine that these obstacles are imposing in industries such as steel production, automobiles, electronics and parts of the textile industry. There are arguments relating to the state participation in economic development. In many underdeveloped countries, the state plays an important and an increasingly-varied role in economic development. The entrance requirements in terms of financial capital and capital equipment are very large in certain industries, and the size of these obstacles will serve as barriers to entry on the part of private investors. (1) A (2) D (3) B (4) C Many animal species disappeared as the food chain was snapped at its base. B. Palaeontologists initially dismissed the theory, arguing that existing dinosaur records showed a decline, lasting millions of years. C. Since 1980, the notion that mass extinctions at the end of the Cretaceous period 65 million years ago resulted from a sudden event has slowly gathered support, although even today, there is no scientific consensus. D. Beyond the immediate effects of fire, flood and storm, dust darkened the atmosphere, cutting off plant life. E. In the Alvarez scenario, an asteroid struck the earth, creating a gigantic crater. (1) A (2) E (3) D (4) B 15. A. This kind of incompetence will disappear only when the curricula of our architecture schools devote less time to so-called artistic considerations and more time to the basics of good design. Our architecture schools must be doing something wrong. In their pursuit of some dubious aesthetic, architects design buildings that sway, crumble and even shed windows into our cities’ streets. There has been a sharp increase in the number of schools that give valuable training and exposure to those interested in pursuing the discipline of architecture. Almost monthly, we hear of domes and walkways collapsing in public places, causing great harm to human life. (1) A (2) B (3) D (4) E B. C. D. E. 16. A. B. C. D. E. Granted, coffee shops, especially multinational chains, do give you good value for money, depending on the way you like your coffee to taste. Coffee today seems to be all about the big brands. Some coffee aficionados swear by smaller, more intimate establishments, which may just be coffee snobbery, or imply a genuine difference in the quality of the coffee available at a big chain café or a smalltown, single outlet one. If you’re out on a cold day and all you want is something to warm you up, you have a choice between Starbucks, Costa Coffee, Nero’s and whatever local chain is brave enough to attempt to get into the game with these giants of the coffee shop industry. The brand is especially popular in Australia, enjoying a significant presence in all the major towns and cities. (1) A (2) C (3) E (4) B PT's PrepTalk – Dec 2011 - Jan 2012 27 17. A. B. C. D. E. 18. A. B. C. D. E. 19. A. B. C. D. E. Nor was death always unexpected. Nonetheless, most people are more likely to fear being killed by a stranger in an unfamiliar situation than by a friend or relative at home. In one study, about half the murder victims in a particular city had called for police protection at least five times during the 24 months before they were murdered. Statistics show that more than half of the nation’s murder victims knew their assailants; in fact, 24 percent last year were killed by relatives. Murders and organized crimes have been on the rise since the influx of immigrants. (1) E (2) C (3) B (4) A It will increase the load-carrying capacity of these freight-only lines. It will help finance the 343- kilometre Khurja-Kanpur section. The 1,800-kilometre Eastern Dedicated Freight Corridor (DFC) is being constructed for freightspecific transport of commodities by Indian Railways, between Delhi and Howrah. It will further allow enhanced speeds of up to 100 kilometres per hour. The current loan has a maturity of 22 years, with a grace period of seven years. (1) A (2) E (3) D (4) C This group will gain by increasing the size of their share of the nation’s wealth. Generally, the pattern of income distribution tends to become more unequal than it was before inflation. The savers lose purchasing power; their ability to buy things falls. These often increase in value faster than the rate of inflation. If the rate of inflation is high, individuals with money tend to buy real assets such as property, gold and antique. (1) E (2) C 28 PT's PrepTalk – Dec 2011 - Jan 2012 (3) D (4) A 20. A. B. C. D. E. 21. A. B. C. D. E. 22. A. B. C. D. Millions of computers threaded together through ten of millions of miles of cable make up the neural network of money. This information, along with other information, is sent out along the world’s data highways. It is complicated and complex. That system resembles a snowflake, an elaborate fibre-optic pattern of connections, with nothing at the centre. Paradoxically, it is both strong and fragile. (1) E (2) C (3) B (4) A Among currencies with distinctive identities, only the pound sterling has its symbol printed on the notes. The symbol would lend a distinctive character and identity to the currency and further highlight the strength and global face of the Indian economy. Though the symbol will not be printed or embossed on currency notes or coins, it would be included in the ‘Unicode Standard’ and major scripts of the world to ensure that it is easily displayed and printed in the electronic and print media. Besides this, state governments would be asked to proactively promote the use of the new symbol. It is a big statement on the Indian currency. (1) D (2) E (3) C (4) A Scientists at the University of Sheffield found the stellar giant- named R136a1- using the European Southern Observatory’s Very Large Telescope in Chile and data from the Hubble Space Telescope. The biggest star, with a mass 320 times greater than the sun’s, has been discovered at the edge of our galaxy by British astronomers. Previously, the heaviest known stars were around 150 times the mass of the sun, and this was believed to be close to the cosmic size limit. The star is located in the Tarantula Nebula in the Large Magellanic Cloud, a small “satellite” galaxy, which orbits the Milky Way. C. D. E. The phrase “human rights” is relatively modern. The modern concept of human rights developed in the aftermath of the Second World War. Respect and realization of human rights requires evolving a culture that is more sensitive to the basic needs of every human being. However, respect for human rights as a part of its social philosophy has existed in the Indian ethos for a long time. Its intellectual foundations can be traced through philosophy and time-honoured concepts of natural law and liberty. (1) E (2) C (3) D (4) A 24. A. This interest subvention is provided to those farmers who pay their short-term crop loans on time. B. The government has been providing crop loans at concessional interest rates since 2006-2007. C. Over the years, agriculture credit flow has registered significant jump. D. In the current financial year (2011-12), the government has provided interest subvention by 3%, thus bringing down the effective rate of interest to 4% per annum. E. In 2009-10, the subvention rate for timely repayment of crop loans was 1%, which was raised to 2% in 201011, and further to 3% this year. (1) D (2) A (3) B (4) C 25. A. Where the socio-economic pressures on the country’s forests are tremendous, India has instituted a treeplanting system to combat land degradation and desertification, including windbreaks and shelter belts to protect agricultural land. C. D. E. At the dawn of human history, the forests did not offer favourable conditions for the development of civilization. India is a country of 1.2 billion people who continue to put pressure on forests especially in densely populated areas, where people are cultivating on marginal lands and where overgrazing is contributing to desertification. Three-fourth of this loss occurred in the last two centuries, as land was cleared for farming and to meet demand for timber. The world’s forests have shrunk by 40%, since agriculture began. (1) E (2) C (3) B (4) A a ~ Answers ~ Ans(2). DAEB is the sequence. Ans(4). BDCA is the sequence. Ans(1). CEBD is the sequence . Ans(3). EABC is the sequence. Ans(2). ADBE is the sequence. Ans(3). ECAD is the sequence. Ans(3). BEAC is the sequence. Ans(4). DAEB is the sequence. Ans(2). ACBD is the sequence . Ans(1). CEDB is the sequence. Ans(1). ECDB is the sequence. Ans(2). BEAC is the sequence. Ans(1). DCEB is the sequence. Ans(4). CEDA is the sequence . Ans(3). BECA is the sequence. Ans(3). BDAC is the sequence. Ans(1). DACB is the sequence. Ans(2). CBAD is the sequence . Ans(2). BEDA is the sequence. Ans(3). ADCE is the sequence. Ans(1). EBCA is the sequence. Ans(4). BADC is the sequence . Ans(3). BAEC is the sequence. Ans(4). BDAE is the sequence. Ans(3). CAED is the sequence. 23. A. B. B. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. E. As the stars get more massive, the amount of energy created in their cores grows at a faster rate than the force of gravity, which holds them together. (1) C (2) D (3) B (4) E PT's PrepTalk – Dec 2011 - Jan 2012 29 What is Holistic Healing? WHAT HOLISTIC HEALING MEANS Holistic healing means taking a holistic approach when seeking treatment for imbalances and choosing to live a more balanced lifestyle. What primarily distinguishes holistic healing apart from alternative medicine, complementary medicine and integrative medicine is that physical health is not necessarily the main focus. Even so, it is often the experience of physical discomfort that will first prompt a person’s pursuit of holistic healing. It is true that our pains and other physical discomforts demand our attention. This is where the saying “sticking out like a sore thumb” originated from. It is difficult to ignore the obvious when we are physically hurting. Common sense tells us that we should seek help to alleviate our discomforts. Holistic healing is not an “alternative” to conventional medical care. Sometimes, going to a medical professional is the best solution to addressing a disease. Physical illnesses are the symptoms of a greater imbalance that may or may not have a root cause in the physical. Holistic or “wholistic” healing addresses all parts of the individual, not just the physical aspect of a person, where manifested illnesses are most apparent. Holistic healing is not intended to serve as a band-aid or a one-time fix. It is an ongoing journey of discovery in search of more answers and ultimately; living better, being healthier and striving for wholeness. HOLISTIC HEALING GOES BEYOND THE MIND-BODY CONNECTION Holistic healing is really a lifestyle approach. The holistic approach goes far beyond the Mind-Body connection of finding and maintaining wellness. Overall wellness and “wholeness” is highly valued. All parts of a person’s life (physical healing, mental health and wellness, emotional well-being, and spiritual beliefs and values) are considered. Taking a holistic approach involves seeking the tools that will help us attract our desires and find personal power. A person who embraces the desire to find wholeness within his own being soon learns the importance of tending to 30 PT's PrepTalk – Dec 2011 - Jan 2012 relationships, caring for the planet and our environments, having compassion for humankind in general, and accepting and tolerating differences among a diverse population of people. ROLE OF THE HOLISTIC HEALER The holistic healer recognizes that our discomforts or pains are merely symptoms of an imbalance. The imbalance could be a physical issue, the result of abusing the physical body through an unhealthy diet, lack of exercise, or too little sleep. Or, the imbalance may be the result of mental, emotional, or spiritual needs not being met. No aspect (mind, body, spirit, or emotions) of a person is overlooked when a holistic treatment is sought. The holistic healer looks at the “whole person” in order to make his or her complete evaluation and uses all information gathered before suggested treatments to the client are offered. Not all holistic healers are equal; each has his or her own speciality or expertise to offer. It will benefit one to shop around for a good fit. Choosing to go to a holistic healer is no different from choosing a medical professional. TYPES OF HOLISTIC HEALING THERAPIES AND TREATMENTS The types of holistic therapies available are extensive. Among them are: q q q q q q q q q q q q q aromatherapy Ayurveda medicine natural diet exercise counseling herbal remedies homeopathy acupuncture naturopathic medicine bodywork energy-based therapies prayerful intention Chinese medicine a Current Awareness Very useful for GK section of entrance tests, especially for CMAT etc. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Libya was in news in 2011 because of (1) natural disasters that devastated the country. (2) Western powers and vested interests that conspired to upset the establishment. (3) depletion of resources that resulted in the falling of the country’s economy. (4) Gadaffi deciding to step down but with no successor. (5) None of these. 6. Which of the following reasons were responsible for the fear of the radioactive leak in Japan, in March 2011? (1) Japan had become the nuclear state. (2) High traces of radioactive iodine were found, which could debilitate the sea-food industry, besides affecting marine life. (3) Neighboring countries were provoked to indulge in retaliatory measures. (4) There was a fall in the number of tourists that visit Japan during the period in question. (5) Mounting costs to repair and maintain the damaged reactors had crippled the Japanese economy. Which of the following statements about the Indian Economy is correct? (1) Indian economy is as developed as that of China. (2) About 70% Indians are involved in some type of selfemployment and are the owners of some or the other micro or small enterprise. (3) In India, the single biggest employment is agriculture and allied activities. (4) About 48% Indian workforce is employed in foreign countries or in organizations assisted by foreign capital. (5) None of these. 7. Growth plan of the State Bank of India for the financial year 2011-12 would be funded mainly by (1) hike in interest rates. (2) Government borrowings. (3) bonds from overseas markets. (4) coming out with public issues. (5) exercising credit control and going in for selective credit. DRDO conducts successful maiden flight test of Kaveri Engine, which is developed for fighter aircraft, at Gas Turbine Research establishment in (1) Baikanur. (2) Bangalore. (3) Pune. (4) Hyderabad. (5) Sriharikota. 8. The Railway Board came out with a new computerized pass system. It is named as (1) AAS (2) PRAYAS (3) KARAWAS (4) ATITHI (5) PRAVAS 9. To track the movement of Naxalities in the Naxaliteaffected areas, ISRO would deploy which satellite? (1) SAT NAX (2) SAT MOB (3) SAT NAV (4) SAT RED (5) SAT TRA “Sedition as a charge cannot be whimsically instituted; it has to be imputed judiciously”. This observation of the Supreme Court was made in April 2011, with reference to the case concerning (1) Afzal Guru (2) Binayak Sen (3) Sohrabuddin (4) Aseemanand (5) Charles Sobhraj With a view to grapple with high inflation in property and food prices, the Chinese government implemented tightening measures in 2011, which resulted in (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) the slowing down of the country’s property price. the migration of rural people to cities. the overproduction of automobiles. the middle-class people being out of jobs. the large-scale exodus of Chinese to Europe and Australia. PT's PrepTalk – Dec 2011 - Jan 2012 31 10. Which one of the following is not matched correctly? (1) Georgia = Rose revolution (2) Tunisia = Jasmine revolution (3) Ukraine = Orange revolution (4) Serbia = Tulip revolution (5) None of these. 11. Who is the founder of the country’s first and the only Sanskrit daily Sudharama? (1) Nadadur Varadaraja Iyengar (2) K.V. Sampath Kumar (3) Pandit Jasraj (4) Chidananda Sharma (5) Annappa Shastri 12. Pandit Bhimsen Joshi, the legendary Indian Classical Singer, who passed away on January 24, 2011, was conferred the Bharat Ratna in the year (1) 2001 (2) 2003 (3) 2006 (4) 2007 (5) 2008 13. As per the statement of the government made in February 2011, what amount has been offered as compensation to the states for transiting to the GST regime by April 1, 2012? (1) Rs. 17000 crore per year (2) Rs. 15000 crore per year (3) Rs. 14000 crore per year (4) Rs. 13000 crore per year (5) Rs. 12000 crore per year 14. Who among the following has been honoured with the 2011 Gwangju Prize for Human Rights, South Korea’s most prestigious award for those working on peace, democracy and justice in Asia? (1) Anna Hazare (2) Binayak Sen (3) Aung San Suu Kyi (4) Irom Sharmila (5) Xanana Gusmao 15. Endosulfan, the pesticide, was in news during April 2011, for (1) its exorbitant price, pinching the farmers and agriculturists. (2) its ban on its use by environment activists and political parties, in view of its adverse effect on health. (3) its constitution, which is disapproved on grounds of baneful effects it would have on crops. (4) being contested by foreign firms over patents. (5) the scientists doubting over its potency to kill pests. 32 PT's PrepTalk – Dec 2011 - Jan 2012 16. The Chinese government’s move to boost the number of “blue sky” days would be best achieved through which of the following? (1) Banning the setting up of industries that give out harmful effluents. (2) Removing 4,00,000 polluting cars from the roads of its cities, by 2015. (3) Planting trees and creating botanical parks at some places. (4) Control on noise pollution by restricting the use of public address systems. (5) All of these. 17. With what do we associate the Cauvery Polar basin? (1) Residents of Machilipatnam who became adaptive to rages of the river. (2) Reliance group that discovered gas in it. (3) Excavationists who unearthed traces of Vijay Nagar during the period of Krishnadevaraya. (4) Agitators of the Sanketi community, opposing the construction of Chinchinkatte dam. (5) Members of the Gampradaya tribe who were evacuated by the prosperous Rayadus. 18. Air India Express, the low-cost arm of the state-owned carrier Air India, opened its first Gulf base in (1) Bahrain. (2) Dubai. (3) Muscat. (4) Doha. (5) Riyadh. 19. Identify the correct statements relating to Apple. (1) Close to oblivion in 1997, it is now the second-most valuable company after Exxon Mobil Corporation. (2) Its net income was $5.99 billion for the period January-March, 2011. (3) It shipped a record of 18.65 billion iPhoneS during January-March, 2011. (4) It surpassed Microsoft both in technology and income. (5) All of these. 20. Identify the statements which are true, relating to Afzal Guru. A. He is the disciple of Osama bin laden of Al Qaida. B. He is the main accused in the attempt to blast Parliament on December 13, 2001. C. Although awarded death sentence, his mercy petition for President’s Amnesty is yet to be decided. (1) B, C (2) A, C (3) A, B (4) All of A, B, C (5) None of A, B, C 21. Jastropha holds potential of (1) being a right medicine for those struck with migratory arthritis. (2) being an effective catalyser in the synthesis of aromatic compounds. (3) being a sustainable aviation fuel. (4) being a forceful laxative. (5) being an effective mosquito repellent. 22. Which of the following isn’t characteristic of Fairy Bridge in China? (1) It spans the Buliu River in Guangxi. (2) It is the world’s largest natural bridge. (3) It has a width of 400 feet. (4) None of these. (5) All of these. 23. Why was the Indian government not in favour of an immediate ban on endosulfan even though the Stockholm convention had abolished or restricted in using this harmful chemical? (1) Rise in food prices could result from such a ban. (2) Chemicals are needed for efficient agriculture. (3) The country’s economic interests would be hurt on account of the ban. (4) Only overuse of endosulfan would be harmful whereas endosulfan would not be that harmful, when safely handled. (5) All of these. 24. “Dreams from my father- A story of Race and Inheritance” is the autobiography of (1) Abraham Lincoln. (2) Marthin Luther King. (3) Barack Obama. (4) George W Bush. (5) Mao Zedong. 25. The 25th anniversary of the Chermobyl disaster was marked by (1) prayer and solemn religious ceremonies in Greece and Malta. (2) appeal from victims of the Chernobyl disaster to heads of government to go for safety measures. (3) statement of pledges by world leaders to uphold scientific pursuits without putting the lives of citizens in danger. (4) anti-nuclear protests in western Europe. (5) None of these. 26. Why was Abbotabad in news during May 2011? (1) It was frequented by tourists on account of it being a summer resort of Pakistan. (2) It was home to military men in Pakistan who served in the then British Government, as it was close to Islamabad, 60 kilometres north. (3) It was the place where Osama bin Laden was given shelter by the Pakistan government. (4) The university, which was founded by Lord Abbot, celebrated its second centennial. (5) The place was struck by a disastrous earthquake in March 2011. 27. Which of the following is true of Arunachal Pradesh, with respect to flyers? (1) Flying across the state has been a thrilling experience for many trainee pilots. (2) The state has a training academy which addresses the skills and training needs of the pilots. (3) The state has become a graveyard for flyers since World War II. (4) Many eminent pilots both in defence and commercial sectors had their careers begun in this state. (5) None of these. 28. After Greece and Ireland,------- became the third country to get financial help, with a 7.8 billion euro bailout. (1) Germany (2) Spain (3) Turkey (4) Portugal (5) Italy 29. Which of the following isn’t among the blocks which the coal ministry cancelled in their allocation to the state-run power producer NTPC? (1) Chatti Bariatu (2) Chichiro Pastimal (3) Kerandari (4) Brahmani (5) None of these. 30. Which of the following is not characteristic of “Picasso”, the robot used by a team of Japanese and Australian researchers to bring to light the marine life and organisms in the Great Barrier Reef in Antarctic waters? A It is 220 kg in weight. B It is 2.2 long and 0.8 m high. C It can be submerged in the oceanic bed. (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) All of these (5) None of these PT's PrepTalk – Dec 2011 - Jan 2012 33 31. According to scientists, unlike their parents who wielded their massive strength and size to kill large prey, young tyrannosaurs were careful predators, which relied on ………….. rather than power. (1) herd instinct and blind following (2) quickness and agility (3) precise attack and forceful blow (4) stealthy movement and lightning attack (5) None of these. 32. Which country is also known as the ‘Rainbow Nation’? (1) Australia (2) United Kingdom (3) Switzerland (4) South Africa (5) New Zealand 33. LinkedIn Corporation increased its planned IPO, valuing the largest professional social networking website at more than (1) $ 2 bn (2) $ 3 bn (3) $ 4 bn (4) $ 5 bn (5) $ 6 bn 34. Which Asian city was formerly known as ‘Batavia’? (1) Yangon (Myanmar) (2) Hanoi (Vietnam) (3) Jakarta (Indonesia) (4) Beijing (China) (5) Manila(The Philippines) 35. On account of its numerous temples, which city is also known as the ‘Cathedral City of India’? (1) Madurai (Tamil Nadu) (2) Haridwar (Uttarakhand) (3) Bhubaneswar (Orissa) (4) Varanasi (Uttar Pradesh) (5) Ujjain (Madhya Pradesh) 36. ……. was initially convicted by a German Court of Nazi war crimes, especially the killing of 27,900 Jews in Sobibor, but was later released, seeing his advanced age of 91 years. (1) Edmund Filbritch (2) Desmond Karman (3) John Demjangjuk (4) Theodore Fluviello (5) Isaac Gowlie 37. Which of the following is true for Rome, when 22 quakes hit Italy in May 2011? (1) Heavy destruction 34 PT's PrepTalk – Dec 2011 - Jan 2012 (2) (3) (4) (5) High exodus of citizens Education coming to be affected. Economy Suffered There was no effect. 38. The ‘Python goods train’, which is a milestone achievement for Railways to combine two container loaded trains into one ‘python train’, was in news in May 2011, for (1) its journey from Wadi Bunder, in Mumbai, to Kandla Port, in Gujarat, carrying a load of 70 containers wagons. (2) its journey from Paradip Port, in Orissa, to Kakinada port, on the Circar coast, carrying a load of 80 container wagons. (3) its journey from Mangalore Port, in Karnataka, to Pamban, in Tamil Nadu, carrying a load of 85 container wagons. (4) its journey from Gogha in Bhavnagar district, Gujarat, to Porbandar, Gujarat, carrying a load of 87 container wagons. (5) its journey from Mundra Port in Kachh district, Gujarat to Bhildi, in Rajasthan, carrying a load of 90 container wagons. 39. The Supreme Court in May 2011 slapped exemplary costs for (1) motivated PILS. (2) contempt of Court. (3) untrue testifications. (4) harassment of witnesses and people giving evidences. (5) loiterers and jay-walkers in court premises. 40. As per the report of Falcon and Associates, an independent strategic implementing company, which of the following regions would usher in the new world economy? (1) Dubai (2) Malaysian (3) Uruguay (4) Toronto (5) Zimbabwe 41. On the lines of New Delhi-Jaipur expressway, which was fast tracked by Planning Commission and Ministry of Highways, a similar expressway costing Rs. 8000 crores would connect which of the following places? (1) Delhi with Chandigarh, along the Yamuna. (2) Delhi with Lucknow, along the Gomti. (3) Delhi with Allahabad, along the Ganges. (4) Delhi with Haridwar, along the Sirhind. (5) Delhi with Kanpur, along the Kosi. 42. As per news of May 2011, Samoa’s decision to move its clocks 24 hours forward, would (1) in effect change the Pacific region’s international date line, which is already zigzagging. (2) bring the island chain onto the same business day as Australia, New Zealand and the trading partners in Asia. (3) reverse its decision, which it made 119 years ago to align with the American trading hours. (4) None of these. (5) All of these. 43. British scientists, along with those of NASA, planned to build the first “extra terrestrial boat” to sail on the ………….. lake of Saturn’s largest moon……….. to explore chances of life there. (1) Salt ; Neon (2) Propane ; Frens (3) Ethane ; Titan (4) Benzene ; Orchid (5) Toluene ; Zion 44. Formula One is the premier international motor racing championship. Identify which of the following is true about Formula One. (1) Fiat is the controlling share holder in Ferrari, which runs the race. (2) Formula One is owned by CVC Capital Partners, a private equity firm. (3) Bernie Ecclestone turned the sport into a global hit. (4) News Corporation and Exor, the investment company of Fiat’s founding Agnelli family, set up a consortium for developing Formula One. (5) All of these. 45. After being in power for twenty years, Idriss Derby was reelected as President of Chad for the fourth term, with ……………… of votes cast. (1) 89 (2) 90 (3) 93 (4) 94 (5) 97 46. For what reasons were Banks of Britain in news, during May 2011? A For giving up their legal challenge to claims that they had miss-sold Payment Protection Insurance (PPI), covering sickness and unemployment, on credit cards and mortgages. B They compensated customers, for which Lloyd’s Banking Group set aside $ 5.2 billion to settle its Payment Protection Insurance complaints. C For moving UK courts for defending the allegations made. (1) A, B (2) A, C (3) B, C (4) All of these. (5) None of these. 47. In the wake of worldwide protests, the Ugandan Parliament, in May 2011, (1) approved the bill that called for death penalty for homosexuals. (2) rejected the bill that called for death penalty for homosexuals. (3) suspended the bill that called for death penalty for homosexuals. (4) sought the opinion of the electorate, as regards the bill that called for death penalty for homosexuals. (5) None of these. 48. Why were Fatah and Hamas in news during May 2011? (1) For continuing their feud for over five years. (2) For sustaining the feud between Israel and Arabs. (3) For signing an agreement to back a government of national unity, much to Israeli Prime Minister’s annoyance. (4) For resolving to avenge the death of Osama bin Laden at the hands of the US. (5) None of these. 49. Why was Deutsche Bank in news during April 2011? (1) America’s Justice Department filed a lawsuit against it for reportedly concealing the poor quality of some of the mortgages, which it submitted to be covered by a federal mortgage insurance scheme. (2) It failed pay $ 386 million to the American government, as part of its contractual obligations. (3) Many of its customers were persons of controversial background. (4) Its bad loans increased and became unmanageable. (5) All of these. 50. Myanmar’s military did which of the following in May 2011? (1) Handed over power to the nominally elected civilian government, after being almost 50 years in power. (2) Denied power to the duly elected party and insisted on continuing the rule. (3) Strengthened itself to counter rebellions and resistances from the opposition. (4) Asked the United Nations to intervene to help resolve the stalemate that had affected the nation. (5) Clamped the emergency, which prevented citizens to express their views in a free and democratic way. PT's PrepTalk – Dec 2011 - Jan 2012 35 51. Consider the following statements relating to Dominique Strauss-Kahn. A. Strauss-Kahn was arrested but released on bail. B. Strauss-Kahn resigned as IMF Chief. C. Strauss-Kahn was contender for the post of President of France in the elections, along with Sarkrozy. Which of the following statement (s) is / are correct? (1) B, C (2) A, B (3) A, C (4) All of these. (5) None of these. 52. As per news of 2011, India and Bangladesh were jointly involved in which of the following acts? (1) Celebration of the 150th birth anniversary of Rabindranath Tagore. (2) Felicitating one another for successfully hosting the Cricket World Cup 2011. (3) Commemorating Sheikh Mujibur Rehman, the founder president of Bangladesh, who had his initial education in Kolkata. (4) Organising a musical programme of Rabindra Sangeet and folk songs. (5) None of these. 53. Identify the statement which is incorrect, as regards Tiger Paradox? A. Tigers have increased from 1411 to 1706, in number. B. Tiger areas have decreased from 9 million hectares to 7 million hectares. C. Tigers are vulnerable to weather changes, despite their massive build. (1) A (2) C (3) B (4) All of these. (5) None of these. 54. One of American’s most prolific and controversial novelists won the Man Booker International Prize of 60,000 pounds but stirred the judge’s wrath. Identify the person from among the following. (1) Zen Robinson (2) Philip Roth (3) Sarah Balmer (4) Frank Domsdell (5) Eric Clayton 55. Which of the following isn’t true about Kim Davy, who was in news during 2011? (1) He was the main accused in the 1995-Purulia-armsdrop case. 36 PT's PrepTalk – Dec 2011 - Jan 2012 (2) The CBI team went to Denmark to apprehend him. (3) The warrant for his arrest had expired, thus the CBI could not arrest him. (4) The Danish government did not show the required cooperation. (5) None of these. 56. Why was Ras Al Khaimah in news during May 2011? (1) For its proximity with Dubai, it being barely 100 kms. (2) For its possibility to serve as a bridge between West and East markets. (3) For its invitation to India to invest in infrastructure. (4) All of these. (5) None of these. 57. Which of the following isn’t among the symptoms that characterize Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (CTS)? (1) Numbness felt in hands and fingers. (2) Shooting pain up from the wrists to the arms is felt. (3) Burning sensation is felt in fingers. (4) Cramps are felt in hands. (5) None of these. 58. Which of the following is characteristic of the Economy Class Syndrome, experienced when undertaking long air journeys? (1) Stiff, throbbing limbs and numb lifeless feet. (2) Itchy scalp, with hair-fall. (3) Tiring eyes, with burning sensation felt in them. (4) Gastric disorders, with bouts of vomiting. (5) Unbearable headache and high palpitation. 59. During May 2011, which of the following was short-listed by the United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organisations (UNESCO) into its World Heritage list? (1) The Sunderbans (2) Western Ghats (3) Coal mines of Dhanbad (4) Red Hills of Coimbatore (5) Imam Baras of Lucknow 60. The Commonwealth Writers’ Prize was won by Aminatta Forna, the British-born novelist from ……… , for the novel “The Memory of Love”, written in the aftermath of the country’s civil war, in which many people were killed. (1) Lisbon (2) Chechen (3) Croatia (4) Sierra, Leone (5) Egypt 61. Identify the incorrect statement with respect to Intel, the computer chip manufacturer. A. It has planned to come out with a new transistor, called TriGate. B. TriGate would be a 3-D structure. C. It invited skilled technologists and IT wizards to come out with their ideas, designs and plans. (1) C (2) B (3) A (4) All of these. (5) None of these. 62. China’s soaring economy has created a class of wealthy entrepreneurs who have plenty of money to spend on one of the ultimate symbols of success, which is (1) Jet travel in Executive Class. (2) A night out in the famous Shanghai Night Club. (3) Owning a luxurious dwelling in the posh localities of Beijing. (4) Farming on a large scale. (5) Proprietor of a diamond store. (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) Praveen Kumar Arora Sushil Kumar Roongta Praful Parikh Chuni Dastidar Gaurang Sawant 67. In order to help them tide over the financial crisis, builders in big cities have turned to being (1) commission agents of wholesale grain merchandise. (2) small- town brokers and small entrepreneurs. (3) promoters of educational and vocational institutes. (4) politicians, confined to regional domain. (5) speculators in stocks and shares. 68. As per Thai scientists, recent research on fossil found in the North-east Thailand suggested a ………, which might have roamed the region 10 million years ago. (1) mastodon- like Jumbo (2) water-consuming dinosaur (3) flying horse-like animal (4) slimy crocodile-like animal (5) None of these. 63. According to researchers of Montreal University, under the influence of the drug metyra phone, the recalling of painful memories ……. the brain’s ability to re-record the negative emotions that are associated with them. (1) enhances (2) diverts (3) reduces (4) has no effect on (5) No conclusive findings have been arrived as yet 69. According to scientists, ……… may be harnessed more easily to generate energy after finding about how they naturally let off tiny electrical charges. (1) microbes (2) bacteria (3) stem-cells (4) zygotes (5) pulsars 64. In order to attract the African youth, India is making use of its (1) IT sector. (2) agricultural sector. (3) sports and games. (4) rich forests and attractive landscapes. (5) sanctuaries and wildlife reserves. 70. The use of Global Positioning System (GPs) in ……. demands higher accuracy and reliability in determining position than a mobile phone user would need. (1) marine navigation (2) space expeditions (3) military encounters (4) civil aviation (5) oceanographic explorations 65. As per the study conducted by the Pampa Parirkashana Samiti (PPS), the river Pampa is threatened by which of the following? (1) People pollute the river. (2) Aquatic life has reduced. (3) Cadomba weeds have spread fast. (4) The river is in spate. (5) None of these. 66. Former chairman of SAIL, …….., became the Managing Director of Vedanta Aluminum, a group firm of London Stock Exchange-listed Vedanta Resources. 71. Identify the correct statements. A Video games, by themselves, result in unproductive man hours. B Relaxing video games can make people happy and kind C Violent video games lead people towards more aggression and anger. (1) A, C (2) A, B (3) B, C (4) All of these. (5) None of these. PT's PrepTalk – Dec 2011 - Jan 2012 37 72. Twitter is in tight-spot in England over issues of (1) obscenity. (2) privacy. (3) subject content. (4) maturity of users of the social site.. (5) cyber regulations. 73. Stock markets in USA showed lack of stability, with Dow Jones Industrial Average showing its biggest single day drop, on account of which of the following? (1) Unemployment. (2) Weak data on economy and housing. (3) Political changes in Obama’s administrative set up. (4) Storms and tornadoes attacking some states. (5) Outsourcing of Jobs. 74. Which of the following isn’t among the predictors which are used to forecast monsoon? (1) Surface temperatures of the North Atlantic Ocean, equatorial South East Indian Ocean and Central Pacific Ocean. (2) Air temperatures of North-West Europe. (3) Warm water volume of the equatorial pacific, air pressure over the North Atlantic and East Asia. (4) Wind patterns over the North-Central Pacific Ocean. (5) None of these. 75. Why was the thirteen year-old by boy Hamza al-Khatib in news during June 2011? (1) For resisting the Syrian forces in his native town. (2) For being tortured and killed at the hands of the security service. (3) For being the youngest hacker, affecting many persons. (4) For being a prodigy in being able to interpret ancient Egyptian works. (5) None of these. 76. Jack Kevorkian, who died on June 3, 2011, was which of the following? (1) Crusader for renewal of corruption. (2) One who encouraged unconventional enterprises. (3) Motivator of underdogs. (4) One who discouraged tobacco consumption. (5) Champion of Voluntary euthanasia. 77. With attrition becoming a critical issue, many multinationals use social networks, blogs, online communities, gaming and other collaborative learning technologies to create a learning and comfortable work atmosphere to …………… talent. 38 PT's PrepTalk – Dec 2011 - Jan 2012 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) retain improve remove expose understand 78. India urged its neighbours to sign an MOU to protect dugongs (commonly known as sea cow) in its waters, as its numbers are less than ……………………. (1) 300 (2) 250 (3) 200 (4) 150 (5) 100 79. According to International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), the Great Indian Bustard is …………….. (1) thriving, with more birds spotted. (2) on the brink of extinction. (3) shifting its habitat to less cold places. (4) adapting to different life styles. (5) None of these. 80. According to the United Nations Food & Agriculture Organization (FAO), climate change will make ……………… less available for farmers to produce food crops, in years to come. (1) Soil (2) Fertilisers (3) Water (4) Sunlight (5) None of these. 81. Chamber of Small Industry Association (COSIA) asked the RBI to put a ceiling on the interest rates charged by banks on …… (1) Corporate borrowers (2) Small and medium enterprises (3) Priority sector lending (4) Professional and Self employed people (5) Export business 82. As regards the Umpire Decision Review System (UDRS), which is not widely believed to be fool-proof among the cricketing fraternity, the Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI) has …… it (1) supported (2) opposed (3) Neither supported nor opposed. (4) Not taken any decision on it. (5) There is no such stand taken by the Board. 83. …… governments are turning to more sophisticated techniques to block internet sites and bloggers, who they perceive to be a threat. (1) South African (2) South American (3) South Asian (4) South Korean (5) South Chinese 84. As per study, a daily cup of …… helps shrink cancer cells. (1) orange juice (2) gingered lemonade (3) peppered honey (4) black tea (5) carrot juice 85. For what reasons was Gyanesh Pandey in news, in June 2011? (1) For helping his company Husk Power Systems, Bihar, build 65 power plants across the state. (2) For making these plants run on gasified rice husks and embedded local grids. (3) For hiring in people to help in the operation of these plants. (4) None of these. (5) All of these. 86. Which of the following holds true for Spider Man, the character of Marvel Comics? (1) He is the alter ego of Peter Parker, the high school student bitten by a radio-active spider. (2) His wall-climbing and web-clinging antics have made him the touchstone of Marvel Comics’ universe of heroes and villains. (3) He met his end, succumbing to one of his most pernicious toes, the Green Goblin, in the final issue of Ultimate Spider Man, which was out on 22 June 2011. (4) None of these. (5) All of these. 87. Which of the following isn’t among the Indian languages which the internet search-engine giant Google included when expanding its translation services? (1) Bengali and Gujarati (2) Kannada, Tamil and Telugu (3) Malayalam and Sindhi (4) All of these. (5) None of these. 88. The International Merlin Award or the Magicians Oscar Award for 2010-11 was won by (1) Gopinath Muthukad. (2) Gogia Bashir. (3) Mondla Sen. (4) Brajesh Gunjal. (5) Yogesh Jain. 89. As part of its centenary celebrations, ………….. joined hands with Retina India, an organization of persons with retinal impairment to create a technology, which would help visually-challenged students find suitable volunteers to write their exams, read books and other study materials for them. (1) IBM (2) Wipro (3) Infosys Technologies Limited (4) TCS (5) Cognizant 90. The illness Japanese Encephalitis (JE), which is widespread in Andhra Pradesh, is caused by mosquitoes which are infected by which of the following? (1) Horses (2) Goats (3) Pigs (4) Bulls (5) Dogs 91. As per news of June 2011, the International Cricket Conference (ICC), relenting after severe criticism, decided to include 4 associate nations in the 2015 World Cup. This would make the marquee event a ….. team tournament. (1) 16 (2) 15 (3) 14 (4) 13 (5) 12 92. In June 2011, which of the following countries banned female genital Mutilation? (1) India (2) Sri Lanka (3) Nepal (4) Bhutan (5) South Africa 93. According to the scientists, insomnia can lead to ….. (1) amnesia (2) constipation (3) depression (4) hyperactivity (5) phantasmagoria 94. Scientists have stated that the breast cancer “wonder-pill” is effective against all types of ….. (1) clot (2) septic (3) malignancies (4) infection (5) tumor PT's PrepTalk – Dec 2011 - Jan 2012 39 95. In June 2011, Pandit Amardeva was in news for which of the following reasons? (1) For being the doyen of modern Sinhala music. (2) For being a celebrated musician and Magsaysay award winner. (3) For being honoured by India, as part of celebration of 6 decades of excellence in music and to underline the deep cultural and civilization links which the two countries share. (4) All of these. (5) None of these. 96. Within a week of arrest of 14 Somali pirates in ….., in Junagadh’s district of Gujarat’s Saurashtra region, 18 more Somali pirates, along with three other African nationals, were located and arrested. (1) Una (2) Keshod (3) Delvada (4) Khijadiya (5) Dhasa 97. The organization of Islamic Conference, an umbrella organization, representing 57 Muslim nations, would change its name to Organization of Islamic ….., retaining the same acronym, OIC. (1) Confederation (2) Cooperation (3) Conclave (4) Corporation (5) Conglomeration 98. With what do we associate Christiane Desroches Noble Court, who was in news in June 2011? (1) She died on 25 June 2011, at the age of 97 years. (2) She was a pioneering French Egyptologist. (3) She persuaded General Gamal Abdel Nasser to help salvage Nubia’s vaunted antiquities. (4) None of these. (5) All of these. 99. The tyre and rubber manufacturer Bridgestone decided to expand its concept stores in ……. (1) China (2) Bangladesh (3) Myanmar (4) India (5) Kazakhstan 100. The region of Southern Pacific had its airspace obscured, resulting in the grounding of flights in the far south of the world, on account of a volcanic eruption in …….. which sent plumes of ash. (1) Peru (2) Argentina (3) Chile (4) Uruguay (5) The Andes a ~ Answers ~ 1. 2 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. Ans.(5) Ans.(2) Ans.(3) Ans.(2) Ans.(1) Ans.(3) Ans.(2) Ans.(2) Ans.(3) Ans.(4) Ans.(1) Ans.(5) Ans.(2) Ans.(2) Ans.(2) Ans.(2) Ans.(2) 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. Ans.(4) Ans.(1) Ans.(2) Ans.(3) Ans.(5) Ans.(5) Ans.(3) Ans.(4) Ans.(3) Ans.(3) Ans.(4) Ans.(5) Ans.(3) Ans.(2) Ans.(4) Ans.(2) Ans.(3) 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. Ans.(3) Ans.(3) Ans.(5) Ans.(5) Ans.(1) Ans.(1) Ans.(1) Ans.(5) Ans.(3) Ans.(5) Ans.(1) Ans.(1) Ans.(3) Ans.(3) Ans.(1) Ans.(1) Ans.(4) 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. Ans.(1) Ans.(2) Ans.(2) Ans.(4) Ans.(4) Ans.(5) Ans.(1) Ans.(2) Ans.(4) Ans.(1) Ans.(1) Ans.(3) Ans.(1) Ans.(3) Ans.(2) Ans.(2) Ans.(1) 69. 70. 71. 72. 73. 74. 75. 76. 77. 78. 79. 80. 81. 82. 83. 84. 85. Ans.(1) Ans.(4) Ans.(4) Ans.(2) Ans.(2) Ans.(5) Ans.(2) Ans.(5) Ans.(1) Ans.(3) Ans.(2) Ans.(3) Ans.(2) Ans.(2) Ans.(1) Ans.(4) Ans.(5) 86. 87. 88. 89. 90. 91. 92. 93. 94. 95. 96. 97. 98. 99. 100. Ans.(5) Ans.(3) Ans.(1) Ans.(1) Ans.(3) Ans.(3) Ans.(5) Ans.(3) Ans.(5) Ans.(4) Ans.(1) Ans.(2) Ans.(5) Ans.(4) Ans.(3) 40 PT's PrepTalk – Dec 2011 - Jan 2012 Bollywood Films of 2011 B ollywood is increasingly getting cosmopolitan. It is ready to shed inhibitions and embrace the approach to cater to the entertainment needs of every strata of society. grossing film of all time. At the time of release, it became Salman Khan’s second back-to-back <100-crore-plus film. q Ra.One has netted <114,78,00,000, making it the fourth highest-grossing film of all time. It set the record for a single-day collection, netting <22.8 crore on its second day. Upon release, the film became the first <100-crore-plus film for Shah Rukh Khan, his highest-grossing film till date and Kareena Kapoor’s fourth straight <100-crore-plus film. In the process, Kapoor equaled yesteryear superstar Hema Malini‘s record of four back-to-back films in the top ten highest-grossing Bollywood films of her time. q Don 2 has netted <103,18,00,000 in its three weeks (and is still running at theaters). This marked Shah Rukh Khan’s second back-to-back <100-crore-plus film, and he joined Salman Khan to become the only actors who have delivered two <100-crore-plus films in a single year. This film also marked Priyanka Chopra’s first <100-crore-plus film. q Singham has grossed <97,87,00,000, making its eighth highestgrossing film of all time. The film became Ajay Devgan’s biggest commercial success till date. It feels as if the so-called intellectual and perennial supporters of coochie-cooing and lovey-dovey cinema are too up for variety of cinema. Evocative, vivid and authentic portrayal, which is neither euphemistically shown nor sugar-coated but presented with genuine crux, refurbished with aesthetically appealing histrionics. Several commercially and critically successful films were released during the year. Six releases of 2011 have made it into the List of highest-grossing Bollywood films A film-by-film analysis for the most financially successful films is given below:q q Bodyguard is the year’s highest grosser, with a total net of <140,95,00,000. Within the first day of its release, it became the highest opening day grosser as well as the biggest grosser ever for a single day, breaking the records earlier held by Dabangg. The film went on to break many collection records, netting <21.25 crore on its opening day, <85.50 crore in its extended opening weekend and <109.47 crore in its extended first week of business, and is currently the second highest-grossing Bollywood film of all time. This film marked the third straight <100 crore-plus film for Salman Khan and Kareena Kapoor. It is Bollywood’s second highest-grossing film ever, after 2009’s 3 Idiots. Ready has netted <121,26,00,000 in its theatrical run, making it the third highest- But that is a strange irony that Indian audience still does not have an eye for wellmade and sensible cinema even if it is a low budget film. Hardly few takers one gets for the gritty authenticity and real performances because of the predominance of glam and glitter and cash in on brand-cum-snob-value mentality. Salman Khan has become an epidemic. Shahrukh Khan is born with the tactic to PT's PrepTalk – Dec 2011 - Jan 2012 41 bold journalist and Vidya Balan for playing the real fighter, seeking justice for her murdered sister Jessica, are worthy of applause. Indian audience really needs to pull up their socks in order to afford (mentally) to understand such movies. ZindagiNa MilegiDobara - The film beautifully captures man’s true affinity towards nature and soulful indulgence in nature activities is given more importance over materialistic prosperity and earthly pleasures. Hostel – Although the star cast was ordinary, the story, plot, execution and narration was outstandingly great. People will only understand this kind of film when they have the ability to identify substance even in the de-glamorized setting. popularize his mannerisms and hypnotize the beguile world. No One Killed Jessica (moderately hit) Aarakshan (moderately hit) Murder 2 (moderately hit) and Hostel (flop) were such movies which deserved far more accolades than the so-called hit movies as Bodyguard, Ready, Don 2 or Ra.One. We are picking up a few movies that actually were worthy of much attention. Turning 30 - How a single career-oriented and maverick woman has to fight the odds of life, cunning sharks, on her way to corporate hierarchy, and social pressure and topsy- turvy love life. Gul Panag deserves standing ovation for portraying a gogetter, gutsy, flamboyant lady who too gets down, upset and emotionally drained at times because of the insurmountable troubles but rebounds as well seeming. No One Killed Jessica – Women of prowess with great substance and power pack performance was a unique element to be influenced over. Rani Mukherjee for playing a role of real and 42 PT's PrepTalk – Dec 2011 - Jan 2012 Singham - A very justified success that the finest, seasoned and high quality actor like Ajay Devgan truly deserves, for playing the role of an intrepid officer perfectly. Murder 2 - Prashant Narayanan for playing the role of a psychopath killer and misogynist should be given standing ovation. Imran Hashmi has grown and gone an extra mile as an actor. Mohit Suri, the director, deserves accolades for giving a macabre and repulsive subject a stylishly glamourised look and keeping audience glued till the end with the riveting execution, situationally permeated music, action, thrill and suspense. Aarakshan - Cogent and situation appropriate dialogues. The real issues smoldering in society for decades are clamoring to be talked about. Prakash Jha deals with the topic very sincerely and seriously doing justice with the subject, narration, execution and climax. Amitabh Bachchan proves his substance once again by getting in to the skin of the character. DirtyPicture - The protagonist does not have any qualms in bring explicitly raunchy/sexually outrageous. Gone are the days of coy mannerisms, bashful sensuality when females were never vocal about their sensuous side, but now the upright raunchy attitude is in, and they are merrily and honestly unbridled. One cannot maliciously bask in the glory of acclaimed cinema, as there is a flip side as well. The industry is mired with mediocrity big time. Run-of –themill and cliché cinema, rampant nepotism, plastic dolls donning fashion levels touted as actresses without any substance, amateurish lads publicizes as hunks have become the norm. The much-patient audience has to acquiescently glorify them too and far better real talents die the death of dogs on Mumbai streets. Therefore, we would love to hurl our sarcasm on the making of the following movies: Rockstar - How long will we simply keep on tolerating this anorectic kid (Ranbeer Kapoor) to be touted as the ever flamboyant hunk with star appeal and acting skills? Mere Brother Ki Dulhan - The ever celestial beauty (Katrina Kaif) but alas! The dumbest actress of the history of Indian film industry is striving so hard to make people laugh but she miserably fails. We sympathise. Dhobi Ghat - The most intellectual couple of the industry (Aamir Khan and Kiran Rao) do not have the right to potray themselves as super abstract and enigmatic and leave it on the audience to understand that what the movie was all about (Poor audience overburdened with the supremely intellectual aura of the couple). PLAGIARISM Imitating blindly from the west and then making an inferior version of the same had been the practice last year. The outcome was sheer fiasco. Such films could not even recover their costs of making. Dil Bole Hadippa inspired from Hollywood film “She is man” could not be digested by the audience. Aabra ka Dabra inspired from Harry Potter miserably failed to catch the fancy of viewers. Tees Mar Khan directed by Farah Khan , which was inspired from British-Italian film “After the fox” collapsed completely. Director Harry Baweja made a frivolous remake of the Hollywood science fiction film Time as Love Story 2050. But the change in the basic story and bad special effects led to its inevitable disaster. The movie “Killer” was a remake of a hit Hollywood movie “Collateral” but it could not stand anywhere. The 30-crore budget film could not even recover its cost. We can conclusively say that the finest lead actors of the year were Ajay Devgan and Vidya Balan, taking acting to new heights and corroborating their stature as highly versatile and enormously talented actors to register their presence and single handedly pull off the movie and leave the audience enthralled. A big salute indeed goes to them. There has to be an equally rewarding recognition for the musicians, choreographers, writers, cinematographers, sound recordists, singers and various significant artists behind the curtain. We wish filmmakers for coming up with more authentic, artistic, real and creative issues and justifying them with gritty vividness, creative imagination and originality. We do not require replicating the West. India offers a fascinating potpourri of elements that can be captured by the directors. a PT's PrepTalk – Dec 2011 - Jan 2012 43 English’s acid test! All questions are based on latest pattern of questions set in national-level MBA entrance tests DIRECTIONS:Choose the best option which logically completes thepassage. 1. 2. Nehru’s was a many-sided personality. He enjoyed reading and writing books as much as he enjoyed fighting social and political evils or resisting tyranny. In him, the scientist and the humanist were held in perfect balance. While he kept looking at social problems from a scientific standpoint, he never forgot that we should nourish the total man. As a scientist, he refused to believe in a benevolent power interested in men’s affairs, but as a self-proclaimed nonbeliever, he loved affirming his faith in life and the beauty of nature. Children he adored. Unlike Wordsworth, he did not see them as trailing clouds of glory from their recent sojourn in heaven but saw them as blossoms of promise and renewal. (1) He was of the opinion that they should be handled delicately. (2) He never underestimated the worth and potential of children. (3) He was childlike in nature and was attracted to the company of children. (4) He saw them as the only hope for mankind. The train was on time. Mrs. Tickoo picked up her suitcase and got into a first-class compartment. There was a woman with a baby in the compartment. Mrs. Tickoo put her suitcase under the seat and sat near the window. Just then, a boy and a girl rushed up. The girl cried,”We nearly missed saying goodbye to you”. The boy said, “Our car broke down fifty yards from the station and we ran all the way.” “Where is your mother?” asked Mrs. Tickoo. “She can’t run like us,” said the boy. At that moment, the guard blew the whistle and waved the green flag. “Thank you very much for seeing me off,” said Mrs. Tickoo. (1) “Had you informed me that you would be coming to the station, I would have caught the next train and would have spent some time with you all”. (2) Now you go and attend to your mother, who must be struggling to keep pace with you”. 44 PT's PrepTalk – Dec 2011 - Jan 2012 (3) But you shouldn’t have run all the way; say goodbye to your mother for me”. (4) However, I would have been happy if I had met your mother”. 3. Laws of nature are not commands but statement of acts. The use of the word “law” in this context is rather unfortunate. It would be better to speak of uniformities of nature. This would do away with the elementary fallacy that a law implies a law-giver. If a piece of matter does not obey a law of nature, it is not punished. (1) This is the paradox which cannot be explained. (2) On the contrary, we say that the law has been incorrectly stated. (3) Rather, ways are shown by nature to entities to comply with her requirements. (4) On the other hand, such entities face the consequences of such non-compliances. 4. Harold, a professional man who had worked in an office for many years, had a fearful dream. In it, he found himself in a land where small slug-like animals with slimy tentacles lived on people’s bodies. The people tolerated the loathsome creatures because after many years, they grew into elephants, which then became the nation’s system of transport, carrying everyone to the desired destination. Harold suddenly realized that he himself was covered with these things, and he woke up screaming. In a vivid sequence of pictures, this dream dramatized for Harold what he had never been able to put into words. He saw himself as letting society feed on his body in his early years. (1) He hoped to be carried by it when he retired. (2) He was apprehensive that society would get the better of him in his waning years. (3) He was gratified to find that he was of some use to society. (4) He knew that he would be discarded by society when he would be in a state of disuse. 5. 6. 7. Providing economic access to food is the second part of the concept of food security. This can be best obtained by adopting a cost-effective technology in production so that the real price of food grains come down and more people have access to it. In case it still fails to reach the larger sections of the population, the government can directly subsidize food for the poor, launch a drive to augment their incomes, or try a combination of the two strategies. (1) India does not attach importance to these measures. (2) India would find it difficult to implement these policies, given her diverse set up. (3) India has followed both these policies. (4) India should learn from the experiences of the western nations, as regards this. Gandhiji recognized that while all men should have equal opportunity, all did not have the same capacity. Some had the ability to earn more than others. But he believed that those who had talent would be performing the work of society if they used their talent wisely and well. Gandhiji said that he would allow a man of intellect to earn more and not suppress his talent. But it was his view that the bulk of his larger earnings should go to the common fund. Those with talent and opportunity would find their fulfillment as trustees. (1) Gandhiji, however, had misgivings and reservations as regards the role of the trustees. (2) Gandhiji, thus, outlined the importance of trusteeship, which, as a notion, was unprecedented. (3) Gandhiji extended this concept of trusteeship to cover all fields of life. (4) Gandhiji did not want those talented to be isolated and exclusivists. Nationalism, of course, is a curious phenomena, which at a certain stage in a country’s history, gives life, growth and unity at the same time. It has a tendency to oneness, because one thinks of one’s country as something different from the rest of the world. A person’s perspective changes, making him think continuously of his own struggles and virtues and making him fall to the conclusion of others’ thoughts. The result is that the same nationalism, which is the symbol of growth for people, becomes a symbol of cessation of that growth in the mind. Nationalism, when it becomes successful, sometimes goes on spreading in an aggressive way and becomes a danger internationally. Whatever line of thought you follow, you arrive at the conclusion that some kind of balance must be found. (1) Otherwise, people will become impulsive both in thought and action. (2) Otherwise, people will be zealots in and for situations, unwarrantedly. (3) Otherwise, people will cease to appreciate the goodness and niceties of other nationalities. (4) Otherwise, something that was good can turn into evil. 8. Since the world has become industrialized, there has been an increase in the number of animal species that have become either extinct or have neared extinction. Bengal tigers, for instance, which once roamed the jungle in vast numbers, now number only 2300 and by the end of the year 2025, their population is estimated to be down to zero. What is alarming about the case of Bengal tiger is that this extinction will have been caused almost entirely by poachers, who, according to some sources, are not interested in material gain but in personal gratification. This is an example of human callousness. (1) This causes human insensitivity, which is vitiating in effects, ecologically. (2) This is part of what is causing the problem of extinction. . (3) No amount of laws and legislations can address this state of affairs. (4) Appropriate awareness campaigns and activisms are called for. 9. In the final analysis, the new vision of development we are imagining would refuse to be measured, quantified and controlled by the State. Instead, concrete and creative humans as collective subjects would come forward to decide their own fates. It is high time we began to realize that socialism-a lofty goal that we often envisage-is impossible to achieve, unless each and every individual is endowed with the creative right to prevent the expert-no matter, whether he is a technocrat, an economist, a statistician –from denying his or her uniqueness, identity and authenticity. There is fear of freedom everywhere. Perhaps the time has come to celebrate what Gandhi intended to communicate. (1) There is thus to be created a Utopian order where such a chord is possible. (2) History has shown that such a state is difficult to establish, although it is not impossible. (3) There have been instances where such a state did not sustain for long, when established. (4) There is no dichotomy between a democratic, egalitarian social order and a gentle humane anarchy. PT's PrepTalk – Dec 2011 - Jan 2012 45 10. Through the break between the trees, she looked into one of the lighted windows above the shop. She could see the cartons of biscuits neatly piled near the far wall. Against her conscious wishes, Cissy’s salivary glands started pumping fluid into her mouth. She felt her heart beating strongly from the top of her throat into the back of her mouth. “There is nobody,” she thought. “I can dash in, take a box and dash out again. I know it is a sin. (1) But the lord will not punish us if we are so hungry.” (2) But the laws and the authorities would take a lenient view of my act.” (3) But I can justify and defend my act on grounds of hunger.” (4) But I am not the only sinner in this planet to feel heavy in my heart for my act.” 11. Nehru, as well as his daughter and successor, Smt. Indira Gandhi, was well aware that only a firm anchorage in the Indian identity could unite the nation and enable it to make an impact on the world. In these days of mutual interdependence, the western powers and America cannot afford to ignore what is happening in this region. It is possible that the fate of the Asian democracies would one day be decided on the banks of the Ganges. If India fails to remain a democracy, this would trigger the fall of the whole of South and South-east Asia. That is why the Indian Prime Minister has to play a role which goes well beyond duties related to internal affairs only. (1) Hence only persons of sound credentials and antecedents should occupy this august office. (2) Thus the choice of the Indian Prime Minister poses challenges and is daunting. (3) It has to align with the secular and harmonious feature of the polity. (4) It is of international political significance. 12. Everybody knows that success does not go to those who never struggle. The point to be noted here is that one should always be ready to put in hard work. The attitude for hard work cannot be cultivated by spending money. Will power emanates from the soul and a confident heart is needed for that. Success demands hard work, struggle and sacrifice in almost equal measure. Emily Dickinson famously said, “Success is counted sweetest by those who never succeed.” While this is true, success is counted sweetest also by those who struggle, and there can be no exception. Nothing is impossible because if one’s will is strong, one can achieve almost anything. (1) Faith can move mountains. 46 PT's PrepTalk – Dec 2011 - Jan 2012 (2) Faith in God is meaningless if there be no faith in one self. (3) After all, where there is a will, there is a way. (4) Nothing can undermine the strength of a person who has loads of self-esteem. 13. The primary reason for the poor state of the nation in sports is the apathy on the part of the sports-governing authorities. One key reason for this is that most of the top positions in such governing bodies are occupied by bureaucrats rather than those who know about sports. This results in very poor coordination between the top- l e v e l and the grassroots-level sports authorities. Lack of funds is invariably cited as the prime factor; but the fact is that no amount of funds can be adequate for the purpose, due to the burgeoning corruption in these bodies. In fact, it is not the lack of funds but the lack of responsibility on their part. They go about their job in a casual manner. (1) They do not feel the urge to be specialists or trained personnel. (2) Yet they have some social respectability and enjoy eminence. (3) Hence, they need to be dealt with tactfully and wisely. (4) They never care for the national pride associated with sporting glory. 14. Consider first, what a better life and death would look like, then how to get there. There are five main types of misery that make old age worse than it need be, and win less attention from researchers than the big killers. Alzheimer's disease and other brain disorders can slowly rob life of all meaning by disintegrating the mind. Osteoarthritis can mean almost permanent pain. Osteoporosis - thinning of the bones - makes stumbling a serious danger and so makes the old less active because of their fear. Deafness is deeply isolating in another way. Incontinence is a humiliating reminder of the loss of control. Research into the killers obviously needs to continue - for one thing; cancer is the- second biggest killer of children in rich countries. But the misery makers need more attention too. And the use of new medical techniques and devices should be guided by a simple principle: (1) Do not make life too comfortable that pain is not realized. (2) Do not extend life at the cost of worsening it. (3) Do not experiment with human lives at the cost of permanently damaging it. (4) Do not underestimate the power of human will. 15. The branding opportunities are staggering and the marketing blitzkrieg is a sure sign of the potential the sport could unleash for sponsors. Formula One, with all its luxury trappings, could well be a game-changer for Indian brands that are keen to be seen as inventive and progressive. The Commonwealth raised the bar for India in 2010 and the inaugural Grand Prix goes a step further in promoting India as a viable international sporting venue. (1) Formula One, however, would face difficulty in promoting India on the lines as stated afore. (2) Let Formula One take place, with people expecting and waiting with their fingers crossed. (3) The country can ill-afford such an extravaganza. (4) Formula One would, however, not enjoy wholehearted support from the sports lovers. 16. This is exactly what Chetan Bhagat is doing. You could well conclude that he is desecrating literature as we know it. Or you could simply sit back and have fun reading what he writes with such amazing conviction, and commercial success. You can also marvel at the kind of readership he is bringing to Indian fiction in English. No, these are no longer old-fashioned lovers of literature like you and I. These are real people looking for a quick, fun reading that does not test your intelligence. (1) But which artfully tells you a story that you can identify with. (2) But which goads a person given to no reading to read. (3) But which compels you to read for extracting the value of the money put in to buy it. (4) But which nevertheless makes you rich in vocabulary and way of expressing. 17. There is not much of the modern King, but we do see a cheeky side. There is a picture of a young girl wearing a necklace with miniature phalluses to ward off the evil eye and the door to a village home with a gigantic phallus drawn on it. There is the red-carpet being rolled out for him at the airport as a sign of welcome as he descends from the plane and a buffalo with his mouth open, probably in astonishment that he is a royal subject. The King can rule as well as he shoots. (1) Only that he would do well to apportion the time for these two areas. (2) The country is in safe hands. (3) But the people would need something more than just these skills. (4) The King would need to do something more broad and deep to leave behind as a legacy for his successors. 18. Another kind of stress is subjective. In the outer world, there are only situations; in the physical world, there is no stress, no tension. The strain that we feel, which is so exhausting, is not because of the outer situation but because of our inner reaction to that situation. When does the outer situation become a problem, a threat? Worry and anxiety arise from our inability to face a particular situation and to deal with it effectively. This is the stress we feel in many forms and we try to relieve in many ways. Anxiety comes when we are unprepared. If a student has studied well, is the examination a problem for him? (1) No, because he would have become familiar with the trend of questions set. (2) No, because he would have developed the knack of outsmarting the system. (3) No, because he is well prepared. (4) No, because he would have become used to the system of evaluation. 19. The negation of the active participation by concrete humans in the process of development has led to three major crises in our society. Firstly, the feeling that the world is beyond one’s understanding gives birth to a survival mentality. Everyone tends to think of his or her limited and fragmented existence. Since things are beyond one’s control, the urge to get adjusted to the status quo becomes the primary motive. Today, there is enough knowledge and information about corruption, violence and moral decay. But what is lacking is a sense of inspiration. This is understandable; a sense of powerlessness and impotence has entered deep inside our psyche and the initiative required to give a jump into the realm of creative action is hard to recover. What destroys everything is a growing sense of insecurity. As Raymond Williams said “It is very difficult, for example, to live in a modern industrial society and not feel the force of the individual and society distinction. There is a deeply felt discontinuity for most of us, between what we as individuals desire to do, and what, by some apparently mysterious process, actually happens ‘out there’ in society … individuals feel radically insecure when their lives are changed by forces which they cannot easily see or name. (1) This is made worse by their urge to be pretentious and in contrast with their innate nature.” (2) This is self-made or artificially induced, for which a way to come out of this state has to be worked.” (3) This is further compounded by societies becoming larger and more complicated.” (4) This is further complicated by the isolation and estrangement of man from his true self.” PT's PrepTalk – Dec 2011 - Jan 2012 47 20. In industrial items, India is nowhere near the top, being No. 11 in cement, No.7 in iron ore and No.5 in manganese ore, though we are supposed to be among the top 15 industrial countries of the world. In per capita terms, the picture is even more depressing. Nearly every country in the world, with the exception of Burma, Bangladesh and China, consumes more sugar per head than we do, and also more energy (in terms of coal equivalent). In terms of crude steel, we do a little better, but not much, and even Egypt consumes nearly three times as much steel per head as we do. Whether it is passenger cars, radio sets or telephones, only Burma and Bangladesh seem to be doing worse than us, which is not much of a consolation for a country of our size and potential. Most of us tend to blame the general sluggishness in development on the abnormal increases in population, which devours whatever is produced and leaves next to nothing for development. (1) But this may not be entirely true. (2) But this gives rise to contention and is needlessly disturbing. (3) But this needs to be taken bravely. (4) But the findings reveal a situation that does not call for a lame-duck attitude on part of the administration. 21. If the above arguments are valid for the primary sector, similar arguments, hold good for the secondary or industrial sector. Improving the quality, setup cost, and efficiency of production of manufactured goods would very obviously have far-reaching effects. No one can argue that we don’t need more and better cement, paper, or fertilizer that computerized factories would give us. This might in fact make the difference between deficit and surplus in s e v e r a l e s s e n t i a l c o m m o d i t i e s . To s u m u p , computerization of the service sector is important. (1) However, there would need to be great efforts to implement this idea. (2) Strangely, planners and administrators are inspired by t h e re j e c t i o n o f t h i s i d e a b y d e v e l o p e d economies. (3) But no less important is the need for computerization in the first two sectors. (4) But computerization isn’t a solution to cater to the problems and constraints faced by the different sectors. 22. The final stage in writing came when people learned to draw pictures to express their ideas. In Ideography, each picture conveyed an idea. Ideography enabled people who 48 PT's PrepTalk – Dec 2011 - Jan 2012 do not speak the same language to communicate with each other. Then people learned Logography, expressing ideas indirectly by using science to stand for words of the idea. Gradually, people learned to use a syllabic system in which a sign that stood for one word could be used not only for that word but also for any phonetic combination that sounded like that word. That is what we call ‘rebus’ writing. If we used rebus writing in English, we could draw a sign for the word ‘bee’, followed by a sign for ‘leaf ’ to stand for the word ‘belief ’. Finally, people developed alphabets. (1) In these, individual signs stood for particular sound. (2) In these, the ability to draw free strokes became the guiding principle. (3) In these, the ambiguities that arose from incoherent sound utterances were done away with. (4) In these, there was some logic and intelligible basis. 23. Around 1500 A.D., the power centres of the time were Ming China; the Ottoman Empire and its Muslim offshoot in India, the Moghul Empire; Muscovy; Tokugawa Japan; and the cluster of states in west central Europe. At the beginning of the sixteenth century, it was by no means apparent that the last-named region was destined to rise above all the rest. But, however imposing and organized some of those oriental empires appeared by comparison with Europe, they all suffered from the consequences of having a centralized authority, which insisted upon a uniformity of belief and practice, not only in official state religion but also in such areas as commercial activities and weapons development. The lack of any such supreme authority in Europe and the warlike rivalries among its various kingdoms and city states stimulated a constant search for military improvements, which interacted fruitfully with the newer technological and commercial advances that were also being thrown up in this competitive, entrepreneurial environment. Possessing fewer obstacles to change, European societies entered into a constantly upward spiral of economic growth and enhanced military effectiveness. (1) This was the biggest blunder, which was the undoing of the act of the rise to power by them. (2) This over time was to carry them ahead of all other regions of the globe. (3) This, however, gave rise to instability and unrest among them. (4) This necessitated an aggressive and an imperious approach among members of those societies. 24. Life is dearest most to all living beings. Notwithstanding age, ailment or deformity, nobody wants to die and longs to live till eternity. May be, human beings want to enjoy the marvels of the universe to its maximum, over the longest period of life. There have been instances when people took recourse to all sorts of potions and medications, including sorcery, to stretch life span. (1) There were no laws or legislations which encouraged people doing this. (2) People went to far-flung places to seek guidance and assistance. (3) Centres of learning and educational institutions had courses which enabled people to specialize in these areas. (4) This was irrespective of their age or indisposition. 25. As people, we seem to be content with marginal rates of growth, 1 per cent here, 2 per cent there, and we crow with delight at the slightest sign of a shift in the decimal point. This attachment to decimals is a peculiar Indian phenomenon. There is something in the Indian soul and possibly in the Indian soil which seems to be deeply dedicated to stability, another word for stagnation. Nearly everything is stable or stagnant, depending upon how you view it. Our growth rate has been stagnant at 3: 5 per cent a year, a rate that is lower than the rate of 90 other countries. All over the world and all over Asia, the percentage of workers in agriculture has been steadily coming down but not in India; it was 72 per cent in the census of 1911, that is 70 years ago, when the British were very much here, and it was 72 per cent in the 1981 census, 35 years after they had left our country. The number of the poor has remained at a steady level of 50 per cent all these years, though the planners keep on fiddling with the figures. The number of the unemployed has also remained stable at 8 per cent, year in and year out, no matter how you choose to define unemployment. "We are a very stable society," said a former Planning Commission member, "anything which is unstable somewhere, bring it here, we will make it stable." Is it too much to ask that a country of India's size and potential should aim, as a matter of natural right, at 10 gold medals, if not more, twice as many silvers and thrice as many bronzes in the international economic Olympics? India should be exporting at least 20 million tonnes of foodgrains a year after feeding every Indian at a much higher level of nutrition than at present. And it should be in a position to pepper the whole country with steel plants, for it has iron ore, coal and technical manpower to do so. There is surely something we can excel at, something we can do better than the rest of the world, something that can bring us more than a couple of piffling gold medals in nuts and tea. (1) Bricks, indeed. (2) Bolts, indeed. (3) Nuts, indeed. (4) Screws, indeed. 26. Whose obligation is it to secure adequate health care for those without it? There are several reasons to believe that the obligation rests with the federal government. First, the obligation to secure a just distribution of benefits and burdens across society is a general societal obligation. Second, the federal government is the institution which society employs to meet society-wide distributive requirements. It has the capacities to finance a hugely expensive program for guaranteed adequate health care. The government’s taxing power also allows the burden of financing health care to be spread across society and not to depend on the vagaries of how wealthy or poor a state or local area may be. The government also has the power to coordinate health care programs across local and state boundaries. This would reduce inefficiencies that allow people to fall between the cracks of the patchwork of local and state programs. (1) This would also ensure that there is no administrative sternness. (2) This would also ensure that no populist measures are resorted to by the government. (3) This would also ensure that there would be freedom of thought among party functionaries and politicians. (4) This would also ensure that there are not great differences in the minimum of health care guaranteed to all in different locales. 27. It is believed that interstellar gas is heated through two mechanisms: the motions of stars and matter ejected from them, and gravitational in-fall. Hot gas has been observed on a smaller scale, between stars in our galaxy, and in largescale structures (clusters of galaxies). On a smaller scale, supernovae, or exploding stars, probably create an interstellar medium of hot gas within galaxies; they may also drive gas out of galaxies. On a larger scale, gravitational in-fall may play a role in the heating of gas. (1) During this, gas escapes from the heavenly body. (2) During this, gas undergoes fission. (3) During this, gas slumps towards the center of a galaxy. (4) During this, gas synthesizes and becomes inflammable. PT's PrepTalk – Dec 2011 - Jan 2012 49 50 PT's PrepTalk – Dec 2011 - Jan 2012 a 1. Ans.(4). This is contextually most apt to end the passage. While (3) is most distant from the context, (1) and (2) are less precise than the chosen one. 2. Ans.(3). This is most appropriate to end the passage. The rest do not relate to the context. 3. Ans.(2). This is best to end the passage. The rest do not align with the contents of the passage. 4. Ans.(1). This is most appropriate to end the passage. (3) is next best while (2) and (4) do not align with the passage. 5. Ans.(3). This is most apt to end the passage, although the remaining options would seem to complete the passage fairly well. 6. Ans.(3). This logically extends the idea contained in the text and is apt to end the passage. (2) is next best; (1) goes against the context while (4) is not relevant. 7. Ans.(4). This is most appropriate to end the passage, although the remaining options align with the context. 8. Ans.(2). This would best end the passage, as it is an extension of the preceding thought. The remaining options are weak general statements, which pale out before the chosen one. 9. Ans.(4). Among the options, this is best to end the passage logically. Other options do not relate with the context. 10. Ans.(1). This ends the passage most aptly. While (4) is out of context, (2) and (3) are next best. 11. Ans.(4). This is most apt to end the passage logically. (1) is next best; (2) is not a bad choice, while (3) irrelevantly adds a new thought. 12. Ans.(3). This best ends the passage convincingly. (4) and (2) are not bad, only they are not that strong when compared with the chosen one. (1) is general and is no apt to end the passage. 13. Ans.(4). This is in immediate alignment with the context and is apt to end the passage. (3) is slightly close to the context, while (1) and (2) show no relevance to the context. 14. Ans.(2). This is most apt to end the passage. (1) is against the sense intended to be conveyed. (4) is a bit extreme when compared with the chosen one. (4) is out of context. 15. Ans.(2). This would best end the passage, as it aligns with the context in a matter-of-fact manner. The remaining options are not appropriate as they are negative in connotation, which the text does not suggest. 16. Ans.(1). This is best to end the passage, as it relates to the context. Remaining options are isolated from the context 17. Ans.(2). The simple thought contained in this option makes it apt to end the passage. The remaining options may be correct in themselves but are not appropriate to end the passage, as they have something additional, which does not align with the context. 18. Ans.(3).This is apt to end the passage, other options are needlessly complicated, containing ideas that are not relevant. 19. Ans.(3). Among the options, this is best to end the passage logically. Other options do not relate with the context. 20. Ans.(1). This option has a simple thought and is appropriate to end the passage. Other options are needlessly complicated and are unfit to end the passage. 21. Ans.(3). This is apt to end the passage. Other options have no relevance. 22. Ans.(1). This is apt to end the passage, as it functions as a sequel to the thought expressed all this while. (4) is next best; other options contain ideas that are not relevant. 23. Ans.(2). This option has a simple thought and is appropriate to end the passage. Other options are unfit to end the passage, as they go against the flow of thought and are contextually inappropriate. 24. Ans.(4). This is most apt to end the passage. (1) does not make sense. (2) and (3) are far-fetched and are not fit to end the passage 25. Ans.(3). This is apt to end the passage. Other options have no relevance. 26. Ans.(4). This is apt to end the passage, as it functions as a sequel to the thought expressed all this while. The remaining options contain ideas that are not relevant. 27. Ans.(3). This option has logic and is appropriate to end the passage. Other options are unfit to end the passage, as they are contextually inappropriate. ~ Answers ~ Insurgency in India – Naxalism THE BIRTH AND SPREAD OF NAXALISM ‘Naxal’, the name of the movement that is run by revolutionary communists born out of a split in the Indian communist movement, started as a proletariat movement in Naxalbari, a small village in West Bengal, where 49-year old Charu Mazumdar and Kanu Sanyal of Communist Party of India (Marxist) led a militant peasant uprising in 1967. Their aim was to promote and build a “revolutionary opposition” in order to establish “revolutionary rule” in India. Largely influenced by Mao Zedong (Mao Tsetung), father of the modern republic of China, Charu Mazumdar advocated that the peasants and lower classes must overthrow the government and upper classes that pursue a capitalistic culture in India by putting the proletariat in a state of plight. Under the leadership of Charu Mazumdar, the objective set by the Naxalite cadres was ‘seizure of power through an agrarian revolution’. Their motto was to replace the old feudal order with one that would implement land reforms and free the poor from the clutches of landlords. The tactics adopted to achieve their objective was guerilla warfare. The movement was planned as, almost, a replica of the communist movement under the leadership of Mao Zedong in China. They visualized ‘liberation’ of territories and they thus hoped to set up ‘liberated zones’ gradually in different parts of the country that would eventually merge into a territorial unit under Naxalite hegemony. It was the ineffectiveness of the communist movement and the callous attitude of the then communist leaders in highlighting and fighting for the issues and problems of the downtrodden classes like peasantry, dalits and tribal communities that insisted the young radicals in the left parties break out of the Marxist fold and form their own group on Maoist line of Revolutionary Communism. Born in a small village of West Bengal, the Naxalite ideology gained popularity among youth and intellectual circle in many parts of India within a few years. The Naxalites organized the All India Coordination Committee of Communist Revolutionaries (AICCCR) and peasants’ uprisings were organized in several parts of the country. On April 22, 1969, the Communist Party of India (MarxistLeninist) was formed by AICCCR to give the radical factions believing in the Naxal ideology a political platform to highlight various issues for political mobilisation. By the early 1970s, Naxalite movement had its presence in many states like Andhra Pradesh, Orissa, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh etc. For some time, the Naxalite guerillas had virtually set up alternate administrative machinery in Srikakulam of Andhra Pradesh, to which they referred to as `liberated zone’. In parts of Bihar and Uttar Pradesh, the Naxalites succeeded in mobilizing the peasantry to recover lands they had lost to the moneylender-cum-landlords whom they had mortgaged their properties in lieu of money. In Punjab, rich landlords and policemen were targeted by bands of Naxalites. In Midnapur and Birbhum of West Bengal, armed peasants’ struggle broke out. In Andhra Pradesh, Orissa and West Bengal, the Naxalites found their main support among the peasantry and the aboriginal tribal communities, who had been the most oppressed and marginalized segment of Indian society. TACKLING THE NAXALITE MENACE The popularity of Naxalbari movement and growing strength of Naxal groups alarmed the government of India to set up a committee for looking into the matter. The committee, in its report, revealed that the basic cause of unrest was the defective implementation of laws enacted to protect the interests of the poor farmers and tribals. But, instead of taking measures to safeguard the rights of farmers and tribals and make them believe the democratic system of governance, the government, worried over the law and order situation in the areas of Naxal influence, took reactionary steps by raising strong police action against the Naxalites. Through this, the government succeeded in weakening the Naxalite rebellion to PT's PrepTalk – Dec 2011 - Jan 2012 51 some extent. Charu Mazumdar was captured from a Calcutta hideout in July 1972 who died in police custody 12 days after his arrest. This incident raised suspicion about the treatment meted out to him by the police in the custody and the allegation of the ill-treatment meted to the detainees was made by intellectuals across the country, left wing politicians and scholars. However, these developments had a great role in carrying the Naxal message to people at the grass-root level of Indian society. The next hammer on Naxal movement and its cadres was the emergency imposed in 1975. Most of the elite members as well as grass-root level leaders of the movement were either put in jails; many veterans went underground to escape arrest. For some time, it seemed, Naxal movement would die in India. But it entered a new phase with the end of the Emergency and a new government came into power at the center after the 1977 general elections. The new and first non-congress government released Naxal leaders from jails, following a nationwide movement organized by various human rights groups in the country and abroad. ORGANIZATION AND FUNCTIONING A series of developments linked to the Naxal movement caused fragmentation in the ranks of Naxalism. But almost all the groups committed to the ideology of the movement traced their origin to the common political forum CPI (ML), which was not directly involved in armed rebellion but in propagating the ideology of Naxalbari movement and mobilising people in favour of it. On the other hand, the People’s War Group (PWG) in Andhra Pradesh and Maoist Communist Centre (MCC) in Bihar preferred to go on the path of guerilla warfare. During the last two decades since the 1980s, these two different streams of the Naxalite movement have been staging armed resistance and rebellion in their respective zones against police force, administration, landlords and business communities. During the past years, the armed Naxalite groups have emerged as the main challenge to the government of India. These groups have largely expanded their influence zone and Naxal movement in India is now recognised as a part of the Maoist activism world over. Organizations like, PWG, MCC etc. have established a network with ideologically similar organizations in Nepal, Bangladesh, Bhutan and Sri Lanka, under the aegis of the Coordination Committee of Maoist Parties and Organizations of South Asia (CCMPOSA). Moreover, all these South Asian Maoist organizations and 52 PT's PrepTalk – Dec 2011 - Jan 2012 parties are also members of an international organization, called the Revolutionar y Internationalist Movement (RIM). As MCC is banned in Bihar and Jharkhand and PWG is banned in O r i s s a , A n d h r a Pr a d e s h a n d Chhatishgarh, all the groups believing in Naxal ideology of liberation through guerrilla warfare have been united under one banner ‘Communist Party of India (Maoist) since September 2004. Now operating in West Bengal, Bihar, Andhra Pradesh, Orissa, Maharashtra, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh in full force, they have come out stronger. Now, the red cadres are trying to intensify their activities in Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Uttranchal and the already affected states. After the merger into CPI (Maoist), Naxalites have consolidated their front organizations into ‘Revolution Democratic Front’ (RDF) to intensify their mass contact programme. Creating new fronts and banners frequently and merging the groups into their fold has been the major instrument of the Maoists to escape from police action and political aggression. This has put the Police and the governments in confusion and a net of troubles on the way of curbing the Naxal movement. On the other hand, under new banners and fronts, the Naxal groups are making regular recruitment of cadres as armed Naxals, techie Cadres, informers, etc., on salary basis. An armed cadre joins at a monthly remuneration between 6000 and 10000 rupees whereas a qualified techie cadre starts at a salary between 8000 and 15000 per month, depending on their qualification, expertise and area of operation. Unlike other regular jobs, there is set an effective and lucrative system of incentives and cadre promotion based upon the performance and capability in handling different operations. As per the widespread belief, initial salary goes double in only three years for a cadre with a good performance record. Even, a number of children and women are engaged as cadre messengers. The Naxalite movement owing to its rightful cause and wide spread support has become very significant surpassing in scale and magnitude of freedom movements in Indian Held Kashmir (IHK) and northeastern states of India. Out of 630 districts the Indian government has declared 220 districts as the Maoist affected areas. As per government announced figures, more than 200 security personnel have been killed during the past six months, however, there is no official mention of collateral damage, civilian causalities and or losses suffered by Maoists guerillas. The fact of the matter is that India is fighting a bloody war against Naxalite freedom fighters. a The race to the White House-the U.S. Presidential elections T hough it is distressing to be enduring such a dismal election campaign, it is not unprecedented. As both parties prepare to spend a billion dollars either re-electing a president most Americans do not think deserves to be reelected, or a challenger most of his fellow Republicans don’t think can win (and as in most things, the public may well be right on both counts), it is easy to find the whole process discouraging. The liberal national media took dead aim at Mitt Romney when he emerged from the debacle of the 2008 McCain campaign as this year’s front-runner. Their great achievement has not been the serial assassinations of the non-Mitts, who were sitting ducks — Bachmann, Perry, Cain, Gingrich — but rather the deterrence of the people who could have generated real enthusiasm and have been in a position to exercise choice among stronger candidates than Romney: Jeb Bush, Daniels, Ryan, Rubio, Christie and Barbour. And their second great achievement has been responding to the meteoric rise of Newt Gingrich like Nike Zeus missiles, getting from the ground to 60,000 feet in three heartbeats. If Newt had lasted another month and won a couple of primaries before imploding, he might have deadlocked the convention and enabled R e p u b l i c a n re g i o n a l leaders to get behind one of the non-candidates. As a bonus, Newt, who professed to be surprised by the negative comments on some of the less salubrious aspects of his career, replied, and was joined by Governor Perry Newt Gingrich as he ramped up to his 1 percent finish in New Hampshire, by attacking Romney’s business record. Asset-stripping and the reconfiguration and re-launch of companies isn’t industrialism and job-creation like building Microsoft, but it is part of legitimate corporate rationalization, produced strong gains for Romney’s investors, and is a more estimable career than that of most politicians. Obama would have made the same points, but Newt’s gibbering will make excellent fodder for the president’s re-election advertisements against Romney, and an unseemly swan song Obama for Gingrich’s active political career. LOSER BEARS THE BRUNT The point is there are unimpressive candidates waging campaigns that duck the main issues. Obama is cranking up to inflict a class war on the country, with the assistance of the egregious huckster Warren Buffett, Omaha’s most overworked aphorist and noisiest municipal export since the B-29. The prospect is too much even for William Daley, outgoing White House chief of staff and scion of a family that has brought political chicanery and skullduggery in Chicago to the verge of immaculate corruption. Of course, there were other candidate droughts in the past. Most contestants for national office between Lincoln and Theodore Roosevelt were estimable Civil War generals who were not ambitious, but were prudent presidents who let America be America. Immigrants poured into the United States, commerce boomed, and what was already the world’s largest national economy put up staggering rates of GDP and productivity growth (i.e., a rate of about 8.5 percent economic growth in the 1880s). Innovative and imaginative presidents need not have applied, and didn’t. Despite the recent attempts to glamorize Calvin Coolidge (largely by the same people who have propagated the fraud that FDR exacerbated the Depression), the Twenties can be seen as a PT's PrepTalk – Dec 2011 - Jan 2012 53 America, though still the world’s greatest country, is in decline and retreat. Some of that may be prudent retrenchment, but it is overcommitted to the fraud of the service-industry economy that adds no value, and so conventional economic recovery won’t be enough. America has shot the spending bolt for inducing traditional economic recovery. And the administration is shrinking defense spending, the best form of economic stimulus, instead of reforming entitlements. It is chasing votes with a tawdry fable of redistribution. And the presumptive challenger came late and halfheartedly to tax simplification and is dancing around entitlement reform like a flameseeking moth, without alighting on it. time of inadequate leadership, though Herbert Hoover and his 1928 opponent, four-term New York governor Alfred E. Smith, were outstanding men in very different ways. Having defeated Woodrow Wilson’s attempt to bring America into the world and make it safe for democracy, and, through Prohibition, having handed one of America’s largest industries (alcoholic beverages) to the underworld, the Republicans allowed the growth of such a gigantic speculative bubble, especially in equity values, that when the bust came, a system that did not Mitt Romney guarantee bank deposits and had no direct relief for the unemployed could not withstand it. And in foreign affairs, the great vision of international organizations and collective security having been dismissively rejected, much was made of mindless naval disarmament (that greatly advantaged our subsequent enemies) and the harebrained Kellogg-Briand Pact that purported to outlaw war. Then as now, the reward for such vapid posturing was the Nobel Peace Prize, and Frank Kellogg’s was as dubiously earned as have been those given to Jimmy Carter, Al Gore, and Barack Obama. In foreign as in domestic matters, the price of poor and evasively procrastinating government proved to be desperately steep when the reckoning came. INDISCRETION IN THE FACE OF SLIDE So will it be again. It looks like Barack Obama and Mitt Romney: an incumbent who has the country hemorrhaging debt that has all the characteristics of massive money-supply increases versus an opponent whose plan to improve the economy is 59 clichés. Romney ran four years ago as someone who famously repeated, “I love data.” The data are simple and they are grim. Public education is in shambles; medical care is a feast for two-thirds and a famine for the rest. American lawyers are a steroid-bloated cartel and criminal justice is presided over by a judiciary that has been preening itself while the Bill of Rights has been shredded by the prosecutocracy. The financial industry is in a pale of disgrace as profound and richly deserved as the contempt almost uniformly attached to the political class. Everyone believes in the Constitution, but it isn’t working very well and none of the candidates is seriously addressing these points. Mitt Romney would be among the most improbable saviors any important country ever sent for. But he may now be all that stands in the way of an accelerating descent into nether regions. Certainly, the United States will revive and go on to great things. But while awaiting the gladsome day of that re-launch, it may be advisable to defy the national media’s ostentatious atheism and recognize the truth of the last czar’s last prime minister that “it is time to pray.” Voting seems not to be working. So, fingers are kept crossed till November 2012, when the U.S.A. would elect its next President. Facts to feed upon Celebrities q q q q q Oprah Winfrey makes $10 per second Virginia Woolf wrote all her books standing Brad Pitt has been smoking since the sixth grade! During his lifetime, Herman Melville's Moby Dick sold only 50 copies Albert Einstien never wore any socks 54 PT's PrepTalk – Dec 2011 - Jan 2012 a Thought Stimulant FDI IN RETAIL FDI POLICY WITH REGARD TO RETAILING IN INDIA In November 2011, to boost the economy and investor confidence, the government announced its big ticket reform - 51 per cent FDI in multi-brand retail. The doors were finally to be opened to the world’s biggest retailer WalMart, which boasts of sales of over US $ 400 billion through 9,600 retail units, operating in 28 countries. The government’s sale pitch was focussed - jobs will be created and the much needed investment in food processing and establishment of cold chains in agriculture will take place. It will be prudent to look into Press Note 4 of 2006, issued by DIPP and consolidated FDI Policy issued in October 2010, which provides the sector-specific guidelines for FDI with regard to the conduct of trading activities. But what the government was unable to foresee was the magnitude of the political storm over its decision. The principal opposition, the BJP, the Left Front parties and even UPA allies like the Trinamool Congress, aggressively protested against FDI in multi-brand retail. The entry of Wal-Mart was seen as a threat, not an opportunity. India’s manufacturing sector and millions of small jobs both in agriculture and retail were at grave risk, opposition parties countered. Why couldn’t the government invest in setting up cold chains, they asked? For the agriculture sector, the specific example of administered minimum support price protecting the interests of sugarcane farmers was highlighted. The Government seemed unable to defend its position. Even the UPA’s perennial trouble shooter, Finance Minister Pranab Mukherjee, was unable to get protesting allies back on board or opposition parties to end the logjam in Parliament. The FDI decision was finally put on hold, in a state of induced coma, at least till the completion of the politically important forthcoming Assembly elections in Uttar Pradesh and other states. (A) FDI up to 100% for cash and carry wholesale trading and export trading allowed under the automatic route. (B) FDI up to 51 % with prior Government approval (i.e. FIPB) for retail trade of ‘Single Brand’ products, subject to Press Note 3 (2006 Series). (C) FDI is not permitted in Multi Brand Retailing in India. FACTS AND FIGURES TO CONSIDER Consumption leads to demand, which encourages manufacturing and supply. This eventually leads to growth. And debt or borrowing is an integral requirement for boosting growth. Without capital, there can’t be growth. That’s basic economics. A cursory glance through the table published in the Website of the Global Finance Magazine, is fascinating, especially in the context of household debt, and is also of relevance to the India story. A basic analysis of the data reveals the following: 1. 2. Some of the most developed countries having large and industrialised economies are also countries with very high household debt. These include Germany, Japan, South Korea, Spain, Canada, USA, UK and Switzerland. The BRIC countries uniformly have significantly lower levels of household debt - Brazil, China,Russia and India. Given the facts, one is tempted to conclude the following the consumption-driven model of growth logically leads to high levels of debt at the government, business and finally the PT's PrepTalk – Dec 2011 - Jan 2012 55 Countries Government Nonfinancial business Households Financial Institutions 1 Japan (2009) 197% 95% 69% 110% 471% 2 UK (2009) 59% 110% 103% 194% 466% 3 Spain (2009) 56% 141% 87% 82% 366% 4 South Korea (2009) 31% 116% 78% 107% 333% 5 France (2009) 80% 114% 44% 84% 323% 6 Italy (2009) 109% 83% 41% 82% 315% 7 Switzerland (2007) 37% 75% 118% 84% 313% 8 USA (2009) 67% 79% 97% 53% 296% 9 Germany (2009) 73% 69% 64% 80% 285% 10 Canada (2009) 65% 56% 88% 50% 259% 11 China (2008) 32% 96% 12% 18% 159% 12 Brazil (2008) 66% 30% 13% 33% 142% 13 India (2008) 66% 42% 10% 11% 129% 14 Russia (2008) 5% 40% 10% 16% 71% household levels. Conspicuous consumption or demand for lifestyle goods and services can be a serious contributor in raising the level of household and individual debt. WHY INDIA SEEMS ATTRACTIVE India has traditionally been a savings-driven society and that’s one of the reasons why, many experts opine, we have sailed relatively smoothly as compared to others during periods of economic crises. This was true during the South East Asian crisis in 1997, then the economic embargo after the Pokhran Nuclear Tests, and the most recent one in 2008. Our middle class is huge (estimated at over 350 million), and we are traditionally a country with high savings. This makes us attractive to any multinational business house. Therefore, at the individual level, if we dramatically increase consumption and expenses primarily on lifestyle choices, logically we would be contributing to national and even international economic growth. So if we buy goods at Wal-Mart and enjoy the shopping experience, in reality, we would be actively contributing towards significant money transfer to a multinational based out of the 56 PT's PrepTalk – Dec 2011 - Jan 2012 Total USA, which after retaining profits, would end up sending majority of this money to China, where most goods are being manufactured. The government appears to be cognizant of this very issue, which is why they proposed that at least 30 per cent of the procurement of manufactured / processed products shall be from “small industries” (presumably this refers to “small industries” in India). However, the 30 per cent requirement, on the face of it, appears to be grossly inadequate to deal with the issue of foreign manufactured goods flooding the Indian markets through multinational retail chains. POINTS FOR QUICK GLANCE q q q q q q q An estimated 40 million Indians work in the Retail outlets whereas half a million work in the unorganized sector. Trade has 14% share in GDP and hence, can’t be avoided Our youthful and growing workforce is over 430 million Retail chains like Metro and Reliance fresh are encouraging kirana stores and vegetable vendors to buy in bulk from it for eventual retailing A decade ago, coffee growers earned $ 10 billion from the global market of over $ 30 billion but now they receive less than $ 60 billion out of a global market of $ 60 billion The cocoa farmers of Ghana now receive only 3.9% of the price of a typical milk chocolate bar but the retail margin hovers around 34.1% Top 5 retail brands and their investments: S.No. Retail chain In million US $ Domestic Foreign 1 Wal-Mart 2,56,329 79.10% 20.90% 2 Carrefour 79,609 50.70% 49.30% 3 Ahold 63,325 15.80% 84.20% 4 Metro Group 60,532 52.90% 47.10% 5 Kroger 53,791 100% 0 a Yuan’s Appreciation W ith a China currency bill having made its way through Congress, the debate over whether America ought to get tough with China was in news. The case for an aggressive American approach was a very weak one. It was believed that Chinese inflation had much of an effect on its export competitiveness – that is, it contributed to a real adjustment much larger than what’s observed in the nominal exchange rate. Economists compared CPI data in America and China and figured that Chinese prices had risen just 6.7% more than American prices since 2005 – less of a contribution to adjustment, in other words, than one might have assumed. from appreciation. It’s that an aggressive American approach seemed unlikely to generate appreciation over and above the current rate, at an acceptable cost. Based on IMF figures on consumer prices and GDP deflators, the differential in inflation between 2005 and 2011 was observed to be about 7 percentage points, according to the former, and 20 percentage points by the latter. An analysis of the real yuan-dollar rate revealed that real appreciation was significantly greater than nominal appreciation. From 2009 to early 2011, the analysis found, the yuan appreciated by just 4% in nominal terms, but by 17% in real terms, after accounting for inflation. The differential in wage growth was significant. A Bureau of Labour Statistics report found that between 2002 and 2008, American manufacturing wages rose by just 20%, while Chinese manufacturing wages doubled. Data released by the People’s Bank of China showed that Chinese financial institutions were net sellers of the yuan in October 2011 by a margin of 24.9 billion yuan ($3.9 billion), a reversal from September 2011’s net purchases of 247.3 billion yuan. For only the second time in more than a decade, China posted a net outflow of foreign currency, a fact that signaled an impending end of days for the Chinese yuan’s gradual appreciation, according to analysts. The net outflows were the first on a monthly basis since December 2007 and only the second recorded since December 2000, according to Credit Agricole CIB, which said that the shift hinted at major changes. BUSINESS IN CHINA IS NOT EASY A section of economists is of the opinion that a yuan appreciation would benefit both America and China. Another section is of the opinion that a dearer yuan might not lead to a big increase in Chinese imports and might not have much of an effect, in the absence of a broader Asian appreciation. A yuan appreciation would likely have little impact on American employment. The PBOC reports on changes in yuan holdings of the Chinese banking sector on a monthly basis, although the data don’t provide a detailed breakdown. Meanwhile, the yuan appreciated by a meaningful amount in nominal terms and by even more in real terms. Some set of potentially serious risks to America getting tough with China were perceived, which included the possibility of a major trade dispute between the world’s two largest economies, at a time of significant global uncertainty and broadly declining industrial output. “The Chinese yuan is vulnerable to global capital flows, and upward pressure is not as strong as it used to be,” Kowalczyk said, noting that the outflow came even as trade and fixed-asset investments were in surplus during the month. The issue is not that there’s no gain Credit Agricole CIB analyst, Dariusz Kowalczyk , said that the yuan selling by Chinese banks was a likely indication of investors pulling portfolio investments out of China. Funds that had been invested in China’s domestic debt and equity markets, and which exited the country, made up a chunk of the outflows, said Kowalczyk. PT's PrepTalk – Dec 2011 - Jan 2012 57 Average annual inflation rate 2000-10% 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 China’s yuan-dollar exchange rates Q1 2005-100 Russia 150 Argentina 140 Indonesia India 130 Brazil Real* South Africa 120 Nominal Mexico 110 Chile South Korea 100 Poland Thailand China Sources : IMF; Bureau of Labour Statistics; CEIC; Investors cashing out of real estate, even though foreigners were technically not allowed to invest in such asset classes, made up another portion of the outflows, he said. 90 2005 06 07 08 09 10 * Using relative unit labour costs in industry exporters,” Standard Chartered analysts, headed by Robert Minikin in Hong Kong, said. YUAN’S FALL PREDICTED While inflation was a major concern for Beijing earlier in the year 2011, making a rising yuan beneficial for China, economic growth and maintaining strong exports came into the spotlight. The upshot, Kowalczyk said, is that the Chinese yuan’s 5.5% annualized rise against the U.S. dollar since June 2010 was predicted to end. Instead, the Chinese currency was perceived to become more volatile, making it more risky for investors betting on appreciation. HSBC reported a preliminary reading of its monthly Chinese manufacturing survey, which showed a contraction for the key sector. The weak result “means China will be more concerned about its growth,” Kowalczyk said. Credit Agricole said that it was still revising its forecasts for the yuan’s future appreciation rate, and would take into account China’s slowing export growth and declining trade surplus, as well as easing inflation.”There’s less rationale for an appreciation in the currency, and there seems to be less market demand for it,” Kowalczyk said. Standard Chartered agreed, saying that yuan appreciation was set for a “significant slowdown” in the first half of next year, as inflation cools. The yuan was projected to rise only 3.3% in 2012, down from an expected 4.5% rise this year, Standard Chartered said. The bank expected the dollar to end 2012 at 6.12 yuan, as compared with its previous level around 6.36 yuan. “The pace of appreciation will be fast enough to appease overseas pressure, but not fast enough to damage China’s 58 PT's PrepTalk – Dec 2011 - Jan 2012 Export growth, though still positive, had slowed in recent months due to weakness in the global economy. The economic softness, coupled with the possibility of more net fund outflows, also had implications for monetary policy, with Credit Agricole’s Kowalczyk saying that odds were growing for some easing. In particular, the PBOC was likely to reduce in the coming weeks, the ratio of funds that banks are required to set aside as reserves. Deutsche Bank analysts said that a multiplier effect meant that liquidity in the banking system was expected to fall by roughly 3.7 times the nominal net outflows. A report from the state-run Xinhua news agency confirmed that the central bank had cut the reserve requirement for six small rural lenders, but also quoted a bank economist as saying further easing looked unlikely for the rest of the year. a Understanding the Euro crisis OBJECTIVES BEHIND THE FORMATION OF THE EUROPEAN UNION Since the coronation of Charlemagne as Holy Roman Emperor in 800 A.D., there have been numerous attempts to unify Europe. Philip II of Spain, Louis XIV, Napoleon and Hitler all came very close to success, but all ultimately failed. Currently, a fifth attempt is under way through the European Union (EU). Though not associated with a single great or powerful man, the ultimate objective of the EU is otherwise more or less familiar to students of European empires: no internal boundaries; a single currency; one parliament; one central government; one army; one foreign policy and a single political unit stretching from the Atlantic to the Urals. The 27 nations that currently comprise the EU would merge into one huge state, accounting for a population of some 500 million, approximately one fifth of global wealth and an even higher percentage of the world’s trade. Such a nation would take its place alongside the United States and China, as a superpower. This project, in its way both noble and visionary, is surprisingly close to being a reality. However, this point is not considered because there have been distractions by the headlines on financial pages, signalling daily woe and disaster for the euro zone countries. But these setbacks were long ago foreseen by the architects of the EU. Jacques Delors, the French politician, who, more than anyone else, was the architect of the single currency that is used today, is a highly intelligent man. He was warned many times by critics such as Margaret Thatcher that it was hopelessly premature to set up a monetary union without full political unification. He knew very well that there would be problems. But Mr Delors saw these problems as opportunities, that is, “beneficial crises”. These economic crises, he believed, could be exploited by the European governing class to expedite with extra urgency and dynamism their over-riding project of integration, and the creation of a single European state. An understanding of this background is essential for anyone wishing to come to terms with the speech in the City of London by the French Prime Minister, François Fillon. Most of the guests listening to Mr. Fillon would surely have expected at the very least, a substantial measure of alarm and contrition, in the wake of the devastating setbacks for euro zone countries such as Greece and Ireland, over recent months. Yet there was no sign of retreat, or even judicious contemplation. Mr. Fillon could hardly have been more bullish, upbeat or confident. “Europe is at a historic turning point,” declared the unaffected French premier. “The real question right now is whether to keep building on this adventure, or whether we leave it at that.” PT's PrepTalk – Dec 2011 - Jan 2012 59 His answer could not have been clearer: “We are going to move towards greater integration.” That means a deepening of the common social and economic regime which already binds Europe – as well as one potent extra element. Governments are to be stripped of their ability to tax and spend according to the democratic demands of their own voters. Instead, their budgets will be set for them by a greatly empowered common European government in Brussels. It must be acknowledged that, strictly within his own terms, Mr. Fillon is right. There is only one way to save the euro, and it is finally to resolve the problem so lucidly analysed by Mrs Thatcher in her conversations with Mr. Delors 20 years ago. Europe cannot survive with a single currency but a pluralist and diverse political system. So long as member states enjoy local autonomy, the currency is guaranteed to collapse. The euro will only survive if the power of national governments is destroyed. It is this basic fact which made the year 2011 such a critical year in the history of Europe – or “a historic turning point”. European leaders have no choice but to act at once. If they leave political and economic structures as they are, the single currency will collapse very quickly and the European project will fall. THE DELIBERATIONS AND BRAINSTORMING OF THE THINK-TANK European leaders are fully aware that they face this moment of decision. Two of the most basic ingredients of this new order were first discussed at a meeting between Angela Merkel and Nicolas Sarkozy in October 2011, as the scale of the Irish financial crisis was starting to become apparent. Mrs. Merkel and Mr. Sarkozy accepted that it was no longer possible to respond to euro zone crises in the ad hoc way with which they had responded to the Greek meltdown of May 2010. They recognised the need to create a new and more enduring structure. They decided that this meant, first, the creation of a massive fund to bail out failing members of the euro zone. Second, they discussed (but did not agree) the creation of common euro zone government bonds. These would prevent the markets focusing on the solvency of embattled individual states. Instead, traders would be obliged to focus on the creditworthiness of the euro zone as a whole. As a result, the kind of crisis which afflicted Greece and Ireland previous year, and threatens Portugal presently, would be prevented. 60 PT's PrepTalk – Dec 2011 - Jan 2012 In theory, these new structures would have worked easily. But they marked a fundamental and revolutionary change in the structure of the EU. Mr. Delors’s Maastricht Treaty envisaged each member state taking responsibility for its debts. The common bail-out fund and euro-bond set out by Mrs. Merkel and Mr. Sarkozy abandon that principle, though Germany has yet to fully acknowledge this killer point. Once implemented, all member states will take responsibility for each others’ debts. From that moment, Europe will transform once and for all into one country. This is the historic turning point that Mr. Fillon discussed, and he asked for Britain’s assistance. David Cameron pledged that Britain “will be a helpful partner”. However, the dogmatic adherence of the European elite to the single currency has had a devastating impact on many euro zone countries, converting Greece and Ireland into economic protectorates of Brussels, a fate likely to befall Portugal and Spain. THE EURO CRISIS IS NO LESS THAN A FESTERING, MALIGNANT WOUND With the euro staggering from one crisis to the next, the 17 euro-zone nations are facing some tough questions, but the most pressing one seems to be about scheduling: is it serious enough to warrant an emergency summit meeting? Plans for a gathering in Brussels were hastily rolled out, but when German Greek 10-year yields, from Bloomberg 30 30 25 25 20 20 15 15 10 10 5 5 2009 APR JUL OCT 2010 APR JUL OCT 2011 APR JUL OCT /H=FD Chancellor Angela Merkel nixed them soon, they were just as sharply postponed. If the euro zone’s leaders can’t even agree when to meet, what hope is there for the euro itself? think tank, says that Athens might ultimately require more than €400 billion ($565 billion) in official support — almost 200% of its GDP presently. But if Greece were forced to abandon the euro after a messy default, its nominal GDP would likely be halved. “In that case, the Greek government’s debt to its euro-zone partners would be equivalent to 400% of its GDP, very little of which would be repaid,” he says. On July 11, 2011, euro zone finance ministers all but conceded that Greece was likely to default as they tried to agree a scheme to encourage private and public sector bondholders to swap existing Greek bonds for new, longer-maturing bonds, thereby giving the country more time to pay them back. But the Greek default that they are hoping to head off is just part of the crisis that is threatening to contaminate other euro-zone members. Borrowing costs have soared for Italy and Spain — respectively the third and fourth largest economies in the euro zone — despite hasty pledges from their finance ministers to take further debt-cutting measures. Italy and Spain insist that they are secure, but their economies are increasingly seen by markets as the next in a line of dominos: yields on both of their 10-year bonds are now hovering around 6%, meaning that the interest rates on their debts are twice as high as those on Germany’s. They are nearing the unaffordable levels that could trigger talk of default. Despite With every passing day bringing ever-worse news, the leaders will doubtless be wondering how bad it can get. Crisis management is the euro zone’s current default mode — if the word “default” is not such a loaded term when it comes to the debts of certain embattled members of Europe’s single currency. Greece narrowly passed an austerity law aimed at securing key funding and buying precious time for the embattled euro zone, which struggled to put together a second Greek bailout package. Yet Portuguese 10-year yields, from Bloomberg the respite lasted only a brief moment before 14 the euro once again tumbled into a downward spiral that has shown no sign of recovering. Credit-rating agency Moody’s downgraded Irish government debt to junk status, following similar downgrades for Portugal previously and Greece the preceding year. Thanks to the growth-choking austerity demands of their bailouts, none of the three countries is expected to see a quick turnaround in their fortunes. According to analysis by Citigroup banking group, Greece’s ratio of gross debt to output will have risen to 180% by 2014, while Ireland’s will grow to 145% and Portugal’s 135%. Daniel Gros, director of the Centre for European Policy Studies, a Brussels-based 14 12 12 10 10 8 8 6 6 4 4 2009 APR JUL OCT 2010 APR /H=FD JUL OCT 2011 APR JUL OCT PT's PrepTalk – Dec 2011 - Jan 2012 61 Italian 10-year yields, from Bloomberg 7 7 6 6 5 5 4 4 2009 APR JUL OCT 2010 APR JUL /H=FD ! OCT 2011 this, Spain’s Finance Minister Elena Salgado has insisted that Italy and Spain had “strong economies” and that there was no logic to them being affected by market instability. The case of Italy is particularly worrisome for the euro zone: the country is a founding member of the European Union, a member of the G-8 and, by most accounts, the world’s eighth biggest economy. Italian officials point to their large, diversified economy and their high savings rate as reasons to dismiss the market jitters. But not only does the country have a debt-toGDP ratio of 120%, economic growth is anemic: In the first quarter of 2011, it was just 0.1%, well below the euro zone average of 0.8%. That helps explain why the odds have shortened on Italy being the next European economy to receive a bailout. Similar concerns are echoed by heavyweight financial institutions like the Royal Bank of Scotland (RBS), which is also critical of vacillation by Europe’s politicians. “We expect the crisis to continue deteriorating and threaten the entire euro area as European policy makers still misunderstand market dynamics,” RBS said in a July 13, 2011 briefing note. The bank is urging leaders to almost triple the €750 billion ($1.06 trillion) euro-zone bailout fund to some €2 trillion ($2.8 trillion). “A euro-wide policy response is required to address powerful contagion channels which are threatening the stability of the whole region,” it says. Such a response could mean the euro zone shifting towards fiscal unity. The bailout fund, set up in May 2010, is run under unanimity rules but is paralyzed by political interference, according to Paul De Grauwe, professor of international 62 PT's PrepTalk – Dec 2011 - Jan 2012 APR JUL economics at Leuven University in Belgium. “Each euro-zone member has a veto on the fund,” De Grauwe says. To act decisively, the euro zone needs to accept some transfer of sovereignty, like the IMF.” OCT But De Grauwe has doubts about whether the euro zone is ready for that step. “Our leaders have not been able to cope with this crisis,” he says. Until now, Europe’s leaders have navigated a tricky passage through a succession escalating crises. If they fail to take decisive action, they risk bringing the euro to its breaking point, De Grauwe warns: “This is a dangerous moment. One should be afraid for survival of the euro zone.” THE EURO CRISIS HAS BLOWN UP IN 2011 The borrowing rates of several peripheral Euro zone countries have surged from 2010 levels and have become simply unsustainable. At the end of 2010, the yields of the Greek 10-year debt were about 12 percent. At the end of 2011, they have doubled to 24 percent. Portuguese 10-year yields surged from six percent to 12 percent. Graphs 1 and 2 show these. These levels are clearly unsustainable, meaning governments cannot afford them. Governments get money to run their operations from two primary sources: taxation and borrowing. Under the rates of Greece or even Portugal, however, the interest payments alone would consume most or all of the tax revenues. It would also preclude these countries from borrowing for a while because their debt load would rapidly soar. Greece’s debt to GDP ratio was 140 percent at the end of 2010. Assuming the average interest rate of its debt is close to 24 percent, interest payments alone would account for 33 percent of GDP. Greece tax revenues at the end of 2009, however, were only 20 percent of GDP. In other words, this back-of-the-envelope calculation shows that Greece’s interest payments alone would exceed all of its tax revenues. 7 Greece and Portugal are way past six percent. Spanish and Italy yields have climbed close to six percent. Graphs 3 and 4 reflect these. 6 Contrastingly, the German and U.S. 10year yields are just a tad above two percent. Spanish 10-year yields, from Bloomberg 7 6 5 Woolfolk, like many other analysts, think Greece is beyond salvation and will default. 5 PORTENTS AND PROJECTIONS 4 4 2009 APR JUL OCT 2010 APR JUL /H=FD " OCT 2011 APR JUL OCT The key question for the euro crisis, however, is whether or not yields will rise to unsustainable levels for Italy and Spain, the third and fourth largest economies respectively of the Euro zone. Using the same back-of-the-envelope calculation for Portugal, interest payments would account for 11 percent of GDP while tax receipts are only 19 percent of GDP. Woolfolk’s central thesis is that Greece will default but the other peripheral countries – Italy, Portugal, Ireland and Spain – will not. Contrastingly, the U.S. interest expense on outstanding debt was $413 billion in 2010, which was only 2.8 percent of GDP compared to tax revenues of nine percent of GDP. He thinks the actions of Euro zone policy makers will eventually ring fence Greece and save the other peripheral countries. Michael Woolfolk, senior currency strategist at Bank of New York Mellon, said that while each country has a different tolerance level for borrowing costs, a 10-year rate above six percent could potentially be damaging to the economy. However, there is always the possibility that the “animal spirits” of investors will reject the government’s bailout measures and take the world to the break of another financial crisis, he said. Grim times ahead, indeed. a Shakespearean Sonnet From fairest creatures we desire increase, That thereby beauty’s rose might never die, But as the riper should by time decease, His tender heir might bear his memory: But thou, contracted to thine own bright eyes, Feed’st thy light’s flame with self-substantial fuel, Making a famine where abundance lies, Thyself thy foe, to thy sweet self too cruel. Thou that art now the world’s fresh ornament And only herald to the gaudy spring, Within thine own bud buriest thy content And, tender churl, makest waste in niggarding. Pity the world, or else this glutton be, To eat the world’s due, by the grave and thee. PT's PrepTalk – Dec 2011 - Jan 2012 63 Grey-headed Flying Fox GREY-HEADED FLYING FOX FEEDING Grey-headed Flying Fox is Australia’s largest bat (also one of the most common) and its scientific name is Pteropus poliocephalus. Grey-headed flying foxes feed on flowers and fruit. Though sometimes referred to as “fruit bats”, flying foxes mainly eat nectar and pollen, especially from native trees and shrubs such as Gum (Eucalyptus blossom), banksias, native figs, tic-trees, native fruits, and also orchard fruits, if necessary. To eat, the flying fox uses its strong teeth to crush the pollen, flowers and fruit, (but spits out fruit seeds). Flying foxes will do a lot of moving around to find these seasonal food sources, and often fly over 50 kms in one night to feed and then return to their camp. When food in that region becomes scarce, they will move camp to a new food source, and in this way, they are considered “Nomadic”. The transporting of seeds and pollen etc (from parent tree to trees many kilometres away) and dispersal over a wide region means flying foxes play a vital part in the diversity of our forests and wild flowers and forest regeneration. DISTRIBUTION AND HABITAT The grey-headed flying fox is found along Australia’s east coast from Rockhampton, Queensland in the North to Melbourne, Victoria in the south. The grey-headed flying fox is very mobile and migrates in search of food. It likes to “camp out” in trees, eucalyptus forests, rainforests, sclerophyll vegetation and usually near water or in mangroves. It will often share its camp with bat species like the black flying-fox and little red flying-fox. DESCRIPTION What makes this species easily identifiable is their grey head (fox-like, hence their name) with reddish (rusty brown) coloured fur around their neck. They are also the only species of flying foxes in Australia, with fur on their legs down to their toes. Dark fur covers their body, which is around 25cm long and their leathery wingspan can be up to 1 meter. The weight of this flying fox can range from 600gm to 1kg. One of the reasons flying foxes hang upside down is that their leg muscles are not very strong, so they do not support their body weight easily when standing upright. Bat wings and flying fox wings are made up of a twolayered, almost see-through able flap of skin, stretched between the lightweight bones of the hind limb, forelimb and tail. ROOSTING & CAMPING During the day, flying foxes literally “hang out” by roosting in trees, often in large numbers, hanging upside down with their wings wrapped around their body. These “camps” can be made up of thousands of individual flying foxes. These camps are normally in trees near water and grey-headed flying foxes often make joint camps with “black” and “little red” flying foxes. 64 PT's PrepTalk – Dec 2011 - Jan 2012 BREEDING Female grey-headed flying foxes reach maturity at the age of 3 years, and mate in April/May. Six months later, they give birth to one baby in October/November. The young Flying fox is born already totally furred, and will feed on milk from nipples near her mother’s wing-pits. For the first month or so, the baby stays constantly with the mother, even clinging onto its mothers belly whilst the mother forages for food. Then it will be left in camp when the mother goes out at night for more food, and the mother upon returning, can locate her infant by smell. The young flying fox learns to fly at around 3 months, and will remain dependent on its mother for 4 to 5 months, before joining her on food flights to learn the skills of feeding for itself. CONSERVATION THREATS The grey-headed flying fox is listed as Vulnerable under the Commonwealth’s Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act (1999). Loss of feeding and roosting areas due to forest clearing, commercial, agriculture and housing estates are of major concern to this animal, both for food and housing. Due to this, they are sometimes forced to feed off “Orchard fruits” and are then seen as pests by farmers and killed. It is sad that these agents of pollination and forest regeneration are treated thus. Hence there is need to protect these animals. a