seminar (9) _veranstaltung.indd

How to build Social Robots WS 2006/07
Veranstaltung 1:
(1)
(2)
(3)
Soziale Roboter als Interface zwischen Mensch und Maschine
Definition: Soziale Roboter
Typen sozialer Roboter nach Breazeal
Veranstaltung 2:
(1)
(2)
Anthropomorphismus
Klassifikation der Roboter nach Form
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Gestaltung von sozialen Robotern
Human
Application
Interface
1. Funktion
2. Form
3. Kontext
4. Kommunikation
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Virtueller Charakter als Roboter/Agent
Funktion
Form
Kontext
Virtueller Charakter
Emotion
Persönlichkeit
Werte, Ziele, Bedürfnisse
Bewusstsein
...
Mimik und Gestik
Verhalten
Kommmunikation allg.
...
Applikation
Rolle
...
}
}
}
Wie?
Was?
Warum, wozu?
Mensch
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Anthropomorphismus
„Es ist ein übliches Verfahren, das Bild von uns selbst in Dinge oder Funktionen von Dingen
in die Außenwelt zu projezieren. Diese Art der Projektion nenne ich Anthropomorphisierung.
Da wir alle Erfahrung von uns selbst haben, ist der unmittelbarste Weg zum Verstehen von X
für uns, eine Abbildung zu finden, in der wir uns durch X selbst dargestellt sehen können.
Dies wird deutlichst demonstriert dann, wenn wir bestimmten Dingen die Namen von Teilen
unseres Körpers geben, weil sie diesen strukturell und funktional ähnlich sind: Wir sprechen
vom Kopf einer Schraube, von den Backen eines Schraubstocks, den Zähnen einer Säge, vom
Hals einer Flasche, von den Beinen eines Tisches.“
Anthropomorphisierungen dienen in den meisten Fällen als hilfreiche Algorithmen zur Steuerung des Verhaltens.
H. v. Foerster, Wissen und Gewissen, 1993
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Anthropomorphismus - Beispiele
(1) Animal Farm
(2) Surrealismus
(3) Micky Maus
(4) Vegienaps
Beispiele: Der treue Hund, das edle Pferd, der stolze Löwe, der schlaue Fuchs und Gedächtnis bei Computern. Aber auch Micky Maus, Gott usf.
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Anthropomorphismus in der Robotik
„While anthropomorphism is clearly a very complex notion, it intuitively provides us with
very powerful physical and social features that are being implemented to a greater extent
in social robot research.“ (1)
- function as a mechanism (for design, for interpreting behavior, etc.) through
which social interaction can be facilitated.
Anthropomorphism... attribution of human qualities to nonhumans. (2)
- People attribute human qualities products and machines - and they design
products, and machines to enhance this process.
- Our anthropomorphic perception influences how we interact with products:
how much we like them, how much we trust them, and how much we rely on them.
(1) B. Duffy, Anthropomorphism and The Social Robot, 2003
(2) http://www.anthropomorphism.org
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Anthropomorphismus
Perceiving Humanlikeness:
Under which conditions do we attribute humanlikeness to nonhumans?
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
Having a human face
Physical appearance and social behavior
Social context cues
Social interaction
Personality
...
http://www.anthropomorphism.org
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Anthropomorphismus - Perceiving Humanlikeness
(a)
Having a human face
Faces acquire emotional and social significance (face = more humanlike).
Robotic heads with more facial features were rated as more humanlike.
C. DiSalvo et al, All robots are not created equal (2002)
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Anthropomorphismus - Perceiving Humanlikeness
(b)
Physical appearance and social behavior
Having a head, arms or legs, increases anthropomorphism, especially when
accompanied by „social“ movements like turning the head toward a person.
Sculpture, Ron Mueck
Sculpture, Antony Gormley
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Anthropomorphismus - Perceiving Humanlikeness
(c)
Social context cues
F. Heider and M. Simmel, An experimental study of apparent behavior (1944)
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Anthropomorphismus - Perceiving Humanlikeness
(d)
Social interaction
Humans form mental models of ourselves and others during social interaction. Anthropomorphism involves a mental model in which the nonhuman (animal or object) is thought
to have human attributes. For example, we may blame the animal or object for a mistake,
thinking it intended to act as it did.
When we are interacting with an animal or object, we can‘t think intellectually about what
is really going on, for instance, a biological animal or computer program. Instead we focus
on what the animal or object is doing and automatically make attributions as we do with
people.
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Anthropomorphismus - Perceiving Humanlikeness
(e)
Personality
People perceive animals to have personality traits (for example, extraverted dogs).
We often attach traits to animals and objects when their behavior matches our
stereotypes of these traits in people - doing so is probably automatic.
This helps us predict behavior and form expectations.
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Anthropomorphic Form
Anthropomorphism vs. Anthropomorphic Form:
The colloquial use of the word form emphasizes the physical shape of an object
but designers view form as the total expression of an object.
(a)
(b)
(c)
How is the human form imitated (qualities, material properties)?
What is the purpose of imitating human form?
What constitutes human form?
What aspect of human form is being imitated?
Four aspects of anthropomorphic form ( - not hard and fast categories):
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
structural anthropomorphic form
gestural anthropomorphic form
anthropomorphic form of character
aware anthropomorphic form
C. DiSalvo et al, Imitating the Human Form: Four Kinds of Anthropomorphic Form, 2005
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Anthropomorphic Form
(1)
Structural Anthropomorphic Form
Wooden figures
Sculpture, Antony Gormley
... imitates the construction of the human body with a focus on its materiality. The presence of shapes, volumes, mechanisms, or arrangements that mimic the appearance or functioning of the human body is evidence of structural anthropomorphic form. It draws from
knowledge of human anatomy and reflects the thingness of the human body.
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Anthropomorphic Form
(1)
Structural Anthropomorphic Form
Honda Asimo
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Anthropomorphic Form
(2)
Gestural Anthropomorphic Form
Macintosh: Login Screen
Chair
... imitates the ways people communicate with and through the human body with a focus
on human behavior. The use of motions that suggest human action to express meaning,
intention, or instruction is evidence of gestural anthropomorphic form. It draws from knowledge of human non-verbal communication and reflects the expressiveness of the human
body.
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Anthropomorphic Form
(2)
Gestural Anthropomorphic Form
Karl Sims (Thinking Machines), Evolved Virtual Creatures
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Anthropomorphic Form
(3)
Anthropomorphic Form of Character
Gaultier
... imitates the traits, roles or functions of people. It also emphasizes the purpose of individual action. The display of qualities or habits that define and describe individuals are
evidence of the anthropomorphic form of character. It draws from knowledge of societal
conventions and contexts and reflects the practices people engage in.
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Anthropomorphic Form
(4)
Aware Anthropomorphic Form
... imitates the human capacity for thought, intentionality, or inquiry. It also recognizes
the social qualities of being human. Unlike the anthropomorphic form of character, which
represents the individual in the society, aware anthropomorphic form emphasizes a common
nature of being human.
Currently, aware anthropomorphic forms live at the boundary between science fiction and
science fact. Many systems are being designed that imitate a form of being human through
programmed abilities to learn, adapt, reason, or interact sociably.
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Anthropomorphic Form
(1)
Structural
Is there a body or body parts?
Does it work like a human body?
Are the parts universal to all human bodies?
(2)
Gestural
Is there action or expression?
Does that action tell you something?
Could you assign human meaning?
(3)
Character
Does it imitate human relationships?
Could you describe its character or social role?
Does it relate to a human experience?
(4)
Aware
Does it appear to be aware?
Is there a simulation of human consciousness?
Do you relate to it as a human?
Relationships
(a)
(b)
(c)
Emphasis: Human Body, Human Being
Change
One artifact, multiple kinds of anthropomorphic form
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Form und Gestalt
„Form and Structure is important because it helps establish social expectations. Familiarity of a robot´s morphology can have profound effects on its accessibility, desirability, and
expressiveness.“ (1)
Mögliche Klassifikationen von Form und Gestalt:
(a) anthropomorphic
(b) zoomorphic
(c) caricatured
(d) functional
(a) human-like
(b) familiar animals as pets (dogs, cats)
(c) non-familiar animals as pets (seals, elephants)
(d) new characters and artificial animals
(1)
(2)
(1) T. Fong et al, A Survey of Socially Interactive Robots (2003)
(2) http://www.paro.jp/english/model01.htm
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Uncanny Valley Hypothesis (Masahiro Mori, 1970s)
humanoid robot
familiarity
industrial robot
human likeness
}
Uncanny Valley
stuffed animal
50%
100%
corpse
movement
appearance
Healthy Person
prosthetic hand
zombie
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Robots - Anthropomorphism / Human-Like
...
(1) Hiroshi Ishiguro
(2) Ever-1 (Eve -R 1)
(3) Hanson´s Einstein
(4) BARTHOC (jr.)
(1) http://www.ed.ams.eng.osaka-u.ac.jp/
(2) http://www.rhombos.de/shop/a/show/story/?809
(3) http://www.hansonrobotics.com/
(4) http://www.techfak.uni-bielefeld.de/ags/ai/projects/BARTHOC/
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Robots - Beispiel
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Robots - Beispiel
Hanson
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Robots - Beispiel
Hanson
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Robots - Beispiel
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Robots - Zoomorphic / Pets (familiar & non-familiar)
...
(1) Paro
(2) Sony Aibo
(3) Philips iCat
(4) Keepon
(1) http://www.paro.jp/english/index.html
(2) http://support.sony-europe.com/aibo/
(3) http://www.hitech-projects.com/icat/
(4) http://univ.nict.go.jp/past_pj/univ/research_06_e.html
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Robots - Caricatured / Artificial Animals
...
(1) Leonardo
(2) PaPeRo
(3) Kismet
(4) eMuu
(1) http://robotic.media.mit.edu/projects/Leonardo/Leo-intro.html
(2) http://www.incx.nec.co.jp/robot/english/papero2005/
(3) http://www.ai.mit.edu/projects/humanoid-robotics-group/kismet/kismet.html
(4) http://www.bartneck.com/work/researchProjects/socialRobotics/emuu/
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Robots - Beispiel
eMuu
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Robots - Functional
...
(1) ABB HM-05
(2) Artist Robot
(3) Rotundus
(4) PackBot EOD
(1) http://www.robot.lth.se/
(2) http://robotgossip.blogspot.com/2006/05/robot-as-artist.html
(3) http://www.rotundus.se/
(4) http://www.irobot.com/sp.cfm?pageid=138
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Robots - Beispiel
ABB - Eindhoven
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Robots - Science Fiction
...
(1) C3PO
(2) R2D2
(3) iRobot
(4) HAL
(1) http://www.jeffbots.com/starwars.html
(2) http://www.jeffbots.com/starwars.html
(3) http://www.rotundus.se/
(4) http://mitpress.mit.edu/e-books/Hal/
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