Minnesota Conservation Volunteer, March-April 2014

Transcription

DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES
MARCH–APRIL 2014
The
Orchid
chid
Bog 36
36
History Unearthed 8
Spruce Grouse Secrets 18
Contents
8
Uncovering History in Our
New Park
The late archaeologist Douglas George helped
discover outstanding archaeological sites at
Lake Vermilion State Park. By Dave Radford
Minnesota Conservation Volunteer, March–April 2014
Volume 77, Number 453
see more online
features
18
A Search for Secrets of the
Spruce Grouse
Researchers work to better understand the habitat
requirements and range of this wild fowl in
Minnesota. By Jason Abraham
26
Chirp, Croak, Snore
36
Bog Beauties
44
Young Naturalists learn about Minnesota’s 14
species of frogs and toads. By Mary Hoff
Marvel at native orchids that thrive amid moss, peat,
and ancient conifers. By Jim and Judy Brandenburg
Life and Death in Bird Art
John James Audubon’s paintings vividly depict the
beauty, diversity, and vitality of wild birds. By Don Luce
departments
2
4
6
54
56
72
This Issue
Letters
Natural Curiosities
Field Notes
Thank You
Minnesota Profile
THE ORCHID BOG
See the calypso and other
orchids photographed by Jim
and Judy Brandenburg at
www.mndnr.gov/magazine.
Minnesota Conservation Volunteer (usps 129880) is pub
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POSTMASTER: Send address changes to Minnesota
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© Copyright 2014, State of Minnesota, Department
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COVER PHOTOGRAPH: RAM’S-HEAD LADY’S
SLIPPER BY JIM BRANDENBURG. OPPOSITE
PAGE: DOUGLAS GEORGE BY DAVE RADFORD.
ABOVE LEFT: NORTHERN LEOPARD FROG BY BILL
JOHNSON. ABOVE RIGHT: CALYPSO ORCHID BY
JIM BRANDENBURG.
SMALL PURPLE FRINGED ORCHID BY JIM BRANDENBURG
This issue
How to Stay in Touch
Every year on a set weekend in mid-
January, my sisters and I drive west from
the Twin Cities to Brooten in the Bonan
za Valley of west-central Minnesota. No
matter what challenges the weather whips
up, we make the trip. We go because
our annual family quilting weekend has
become a tradition. Dreamed up by our
maternal aunts, the event draws nieces,
cousins, and in-laws to piece together a
quilt and recall family history.
My cousin Damon has dubbed the extrav
aganza Quiltstock, and it does have vague
similarities to Woodstock, the notorious
1960s music festival. At our aunt and uncle’s
house on the edge of town, a couple of dozen
people pack into a relatively small space.
After supper, as night falls and we quilters
settle into our stitching rhythm around the
quilting frame, Uncle Berdine brings out his
steel guitar and my sister Wanda unpacks her
accordion. Aunt Ramona picks up the tune
and starts to sing. Soon others join in.
2
Like any tradition, this one has room for
variations. This year Damon led an expedi
tion of the Weflen sisters to his farm for a
walk in the woods. On the way there, we
spotted a snowy owl, a first sighting for many
of us. At the farm, as we tromped along a
field of wind-glazed snow, my sister Nancy
remarked how the landscape looked like
photos in the Sense of Place issue. It was
true, and we thank our relatives for giving us
another way to stay in touch with this place.
Connecting with other people and nature
helps keep a person healthy. Numerous stud
ies, as well as personal experience, show this.
Minnesota Conservation Volunteer tells stories
that help connect readers to the outdoors.
And we are grateful for the many ways read
ers stay in touch with this magazine.
Thank-you pages in this issue are one sign
of reader support. Your contribution not only
ensures that the magazine arrives in your
mailbox, but it also makes you a partner in
our conservation mission. Whenever you
Minnesota Conservation Volunteer
tell someone about this magazine, you carry that mission
forward. About 4,000 new people sign up to subscribe each
year. Most have heard about the magazine from someone like
you. This past holiday season, 895 people gave gift subscrip
tions to 1,262 households.
Along with contributions, many of you send encouraging
words such as these: “I cherish the Sense of Place issue.” “We
want our children to have access to the quality writing about
our state’s outdoors that your magazine provides.” “The
grandkids sit still and actually talk about the articles.”
By writing letters to the editor, readers also talk to
each other. Like a lively conversation, letters present new
perspectives on a story. Hot topics, such as wolf manage
ment and proposed copper mining, spark letters that raise
questions and generate more ideas.
Curiosity moves people to write to Natural Curiosities. The
questions can make us puzzle, laugh, and sometimes groan.
One staff member said he’d be happy if we never got another
letter about squirrels. But you know we will, because people
will keep encountering these annoying, amusing, amazing
critters. Even my husband—whose bird feeders have invited
all the neighborhood squirrels to our yard—has threatened to
send us his how-to-outwit-a-clever-rodent question.
Occasionally, a piece in the magazine leads to talking in
person. After recounting his near drowning in “Paddler
Down,” managing editor Keith Goetzman received a speaking
invitation from the Forest Lake Lions Club, which had raised
money for the fire department airboat that had rescued him.
Online editor Mike Kallok connects with MCV’s 4,000
Facebook fans. His stories, such as “The Case for Copper,”
lead to correspondence with other hunters and anglers.
Art director Lynn Phelps, who lives by the adage that a
picture is worth a thousand words, selects photographs,
arguably the feature that readers admire and talk about most.
In customer service and circulation, David Lent and Sue
Ryan gladly take your phone calls.
All of us value your engagement with Minnesota’s lands,
waters, and wildlife. And we know that supportive, thought
ful readers like you are the best friends any publication
could have. Let’s keep in touch.
Kathleen Weflen, editor, [email protected]
March–April 2014
A reader-supported magazine encouraging
conservation and sustainable use of
Minnesota’s natural resources.
Magazine Staff
Editor in Chief
Art Director
Managing Editor
Online Editor
Database Manager
Circulation Manager
Kathleen Weflen
Lynn Phelps
Keith Goetzman
Michael A. Kallok
David J. Lent
Susan M. Ryan
Subscriptions and donations
888-646-6367
Governor Mark Dayton
Department of Natural Resources
www.mndnr.gov
Our mission is to work with citizens to
conserve and manage the state’s natural
resources, to provide outdoor recreation
opportunities, and to provide for commercial
uses of natural resources in a way that
creates a sustainable quality of life.
Commissioner Tom Landwehr
Deputy Dave Schad
Commissioner
Assistant Mike Carroll
Commissioners Barb Naramore
Erika Rivers
Communications Director Chris Niskanen
Division Directors
Steve Hirsch, Ecological and Water Resources
Ken Soring, Enforcement
Ed Boggess, Fish and Wildlife
Forrest Boe, Forestry
Jess Richards, Lands and Minerals
Laurie Martinson, Operation Services
Courtland Nelson, Parks and Trails
Regional Directors
Greg Nelson, Bemidji
Lori Dowling-Hanson, Grand Rapids
Dennis Frederickson, New Ulm
Keith Parker, St. Paul
3
Letters
“I suggest this magazine be sent to every address or household in
our state, paid for by Legacy Amendment funds.”
—Mildred Freeman
Amazing Privilege to See
I enjoyed reading “Bountiful Bobcats” (Jan.–
Feb. 2014). I regularly hunt deer and grouse
in northwestern Carlton County where I grew
up, an area that is identified in the article as
within the bobcat core area. Until the 2012 deer
season, I had never seen a bobcat in the wild
in over 60 years of deer hunting in that area.
On the opening weekend, I watched a bobcat
cut across two deer trails. A ruffed grouse was
feeding just behind my stand when the bobcat
passed close by. I fully expected the bobcat to
come over and try to catch the grouse, but it did
not. I learned later that bobcats rely mostly on
their vision rather than on their sense of smell
to find food, and apparently it did not see the
grouse grousing in the leaves so close by. What
an amazing privilege to see that beautiful but
secretive animal at such a close distance!
Norm Hanson, Roseville
Not So Awesome
The Jan.–Feb. issue was one of the most enter
taining and informative I have received to
date. However, I have to take issue with the
“Awesome Opossums” article, which men
tions that opossums rarely become ill with
rabies and other wildlife diseases that can pass
to people and pets. One of our horses, a prized
Arabian gelding, two years ago succumbed
to equine protozoal myloencephalitis, a dis
ease that is passed from opossums to horses.
According to the attending veterinarian, this
4
disease is carried by many local horses, which
are immune to varying degrees. Our horse,
having been recently acquired from Montana,
had probably not been exposed to the virus
and had not acquired immunity. Our other
three horses, all locally bred, were not affected.
Donna Nelson, Good Thunder
Filling a Void
I’d like to share how I use the Young Naturalists
section with my fourth-grade class. Most
fourth-graders lack exposure to good nonfic
tion literature. The Young Naturalists arti
cles help me fill this void and practice the
Minnesota Academic Standards. Each week
my readers learn vocabulary and comprehen
sion through MCV ’s full-color PDFs online.
We use them on our interactive whiteboard,
along with worksheets run off from the online
teachers guides. Thank you, MCV school
resources, for helping young readers grow.
Mike Kohnen, Circle Pines
People Need to Be Informed
I didn’t know your publication existed. While
waiting at the bank in Elk River, I saw a few
copies on the coffee table. It is a wonder
ful magazine. Your [DNR] mission state
ment reads: “Our mission is to work with
citizens to conserve and manage the state’s
natural resources, to provide outdoor rec
reation opportunities, and to provide for
commercial uses of natural resources in a
FEMALE SPRUCE GROUSE BY STAN TEKIELA
contributors
State park archaeologist Dave Radford,
page 8, has spent portions of four field
seasons at Lake Vermilion State Park, and
he has probably seen more of the park on
foot than just about anyone. “It is rugged
and beautiful,” he says. “It holds evidence
of its past history tightly in its landscape.”
DNR furbearer specialist Jason Abraham,
page 18, became interested in Minnesota’s
spruce grouse after a close encounter with
sage grouse while fly fishing in Wyoming’s
Big Horn Mountains.
MCV Facebook fan John Bowden photographed this mallard
landing on a newly frozen pond in November.
Share your photos of Minnesota wildlife at www.facebook.com/mcvmag.
way that creates a sustainable quality of life.” To that end, I
suggest this magazine be sent to every address or household
in our state, paid for by Legacy Amendment funds. People
need to be informed so they can understand what is hap
pening in our state and how it is affecting our environment.
Mildred Freeman, St. Michael
Where Is the Lost 40?
The location of the Lost 40 Scientific and Natural Area was
incorrectly noted on page 32 of the Nov.–Dec. 2013 issue.
This SNA, which is home to Minnesota’s largest red pine, is
in Itasca County.
write to us
We edit letters for accuracy, style, and length. Send your letter
and daytime phone number to [email protected] or
MCV Letters, 500 Lafayette Road, St. Paul, MN 55155-4046.
March–April 2014
Freelance writer Mary Hoff, page 26, loves
frogs and toads. Each spring she eagerly
awaits the first peep of the first chorus frog
in the pond outside her back door.
Jim and Judy Brandenburg, page 36,
often visit and photograph their private
orchid bog. Jim’s work has been published
in National Geographic and many other
magazines. His photography has won
multiple national and international awards.
Don Luce, page 44, is the curator of
exhibits at the Bell Museum of Natural
History at the University of Minnesota. He
first encountered the artwork of John James
Audubon as a child, but he didn’t realize
how amazing it was until he viewed the
museum’s set of original prints. He became
determined to share them with the public.
DNR INfoRmatIoN CeNteR
www.mndnr.gov
651-296-6157
Toll-free 888-646-6367
Volunteer Programs 651-259-5249
State PaRkS ReSeRvatIoNS
866-857-2757
www.mndnr.gov/reservations
5
Natural curiosities
raven antics flocking flickers lake bubbles
hearty robins snow fleas maple transplant scavenging owl
My 80 acres of prairie grass next to Nerstrand
Big Woods State Park has scores of flickers every
spring and early summer.Are they ground feeding
or mating? I want to plan periodic prairie burns.
Doug Jones, Nerstrand
JUSTIN EDMAN
Flickers gorge on ants, says DNR wildlife educa
tor Jan Welsh. That’s why you see them spending
so much time on the ground. They prefer tree
cavities for nesting, so the prairie burns you’re
planning shouldn’t be a problem for them.
I live 10 miles east of Cook. I am a year-round
runner so I get to see lots of wildlife. A couple
of winters ago, I saw a raven sliding down a
snowbank.The snowbank was about 3 feet high,
and the raven would slide down, flap its wings
a couple of times to get to the top, then slide
down again. Was the raven doing something I
don’t understand or just having fun?
Jack Frerichs, Cook
DNR bird expert Carrol Henderson says
the bird you encountered was probably just
having fun. Ravens are considered the most
intelligent of all bird species and are known
for their antics. Lucky you for having the
chance to watch such a fascinating example
of nature in action.
6
I was ice fishing in April 2013 in 10 feet of water.
I noticed bubbles coming up from the bottom.
They popped when they reached the surface.
What could they be from?
Julie Nordquist, Park Rapids
The bubbles were most likely methane or other
gases escaping from the sediment, says DNR
water educator April Rust. Microbes give off
gases as they break down dead plants and other
organic materials collected on the lake bottom.
I live in a senior apartment in Prior Lake. Very
few birds frequent the area. However, one day in
January, there were 16 to 20 robins dining on the
berries on the trees. I was surprised that the next
morning at minus 10 degrees they were still there!
Did they forget to go south?
Jeanne McKennon, Prior Lake
JUSTIN EDMAN
Robins are actually tolerant of cold weather,
says DNR wildlife educator Jan Welsh. Robins
are content to feed on seeds and berries during
the winter months, provided they have cover
from the wind. But when their food source
is unavailable because of the cold and snow,
they head south.
I see snow fleas on the ski trail when the temp
is around 32 degrees.Where do they come from?
What happens to them after their initial appear
ance? And what do they feed on?
Ray Maki, Aurora
“Snow fleas look like pepper on the snow,”
wrote naturalist Larry Weber in “The Wee
Wintry World of Snow Bugs” (MCV, Jan.–Feb.
1999). These insects in the Collembola family
live under snow and emerge in warm weather.
They spend snowless seasons in leaf litter. They
eat bits of decaying material trapped in snow or
on the ground. Also known as springtails, snow
fleas are not really fleas—though they hop like
fleas with help from a taillike body part.
I transplanted a maple out of the woods around
our townhome after our association decided to cut
March–April 2014
down our much older maple. I tried to nurture this
tree, but last spring I was perplexed to see leafless
branches at the very top of the tree.The branches
remain pliable, so the tree doesn’t appear to be
dying. Pardon the pun, but I’m stumped.
Richard Green, Eden Prairie
Transplanting wild trees is always tenuous,
says DNR urban and community forester Ken
Holman. Because wild root systems spread out,
some roots were left behind when you moved
the tree. The new roots that formed supported
the regrowth you do see. Holman suggests you
prune out the old, dead leader and leave the
most dominant live stem as the central leader.
Maintaining the central leader in the tree’s
formative years is most important.
Last spring we were driving in central Minnesota
when we came upon a road-killed deer in the
ditch. We were amazed to see a barred owl pull
ing for all it was worth, trying to get a chunk of
something free.This is the first time we have seen
an owl of any kind on a deer carcass. Rare or not?
Carl and Barb Soronen, Dent
Not as rare as you might think, says DNR
wildlife educator Jan Welsh. You’re correct that
an owl is more of a predator than a scavenger.
However, a meal like this has appeal in terms
of basic energy economics. A predator that
stumbles on protein that it doesn’t have to
hunt down and kill may just take advantage
of the situation.
ask us
Send questions and daytime phone number
to [email protected] or Natural
Curiosities, 500 Lafayette Road, St. Paul, MN
55155-4046. Or post at www.facebook.com/mcvmag.
7
Uncovering
History in
Visitors to Minnesota’s newest state park will tread places inhabited
by people more than 6,000 years ago.
TOP: JIM BRANDENBURG. BOTTOM, LEFT TO RIGHT: DAVE RADFORD, DAVE RADFORD, JIM CUMMINGS, JIM CUMMINGS
Our New Park
By Dave Radford
Archaeologists exploring Lake
Vermilion State Park (above) have
found ample evidence of human
activity going back thousands
of years. Below, left to right:
chert, a toolmaking stone, from
an ancient quarry; an iron-ore
prospecting pit from the late
1800s; a chert dart or spear point
that’s 5,000 to 7,000 years old;
and a flake of obsidian, another
toolmaking stone.
9
A
n archaeologist’s dream is a clean slate
of undeveloped land to explore and discover unwritten history. For me and three
other archaeologists from the Minnesota Historical Society, that dream came true
in the spring of 2010. Our assignment: Search for archaeological sites on 3,000 acres
of land recently designated as Lake Vermilion State Park in northeastern Minne
sota. We knew the fieldwork would be challenging yet rewarding on the rugged ter
rain with its bedrock ridges, wetlands, and five miles of Lake Vermilion shoreline.
Archaeological inventories or surveys are done in Minnesota state parks be
fore the Department of Natural Resources builds campgrounds, picnic shelters,
water accesses, and other facilities for visitors. Ground-disturbing construction
can destroy archaeological sites and erase unwritten history forever. State and
federal laws protect such cultural resources for future generations to learn from,
appreciate, and enjoy.
10
Archaeologists systematically look for signs of
long-ago human activity as they begin their survey.
PHOTOS BY DAVE RADFORD
Little was known about the history of the
new property. U.S. Steel Corp. owned it for
many years and had it logged to provide
support timbers for nearby Soudan Mine.
We researched historical accounts of Lake
Vermilion, scrutinizing old maps and ex
amining local histories. We met with Bois
Forte Band of Chippewa elders, who told us
their ancestors once had villages, gardens,
cemeteries, campsites, and places for wild
rice processing, maple sugaring, and fishing
along the shore and islands of Lake Vermil
ion. But no one had found evidence of any
of those sites within the boundaries of the
new state park. Our pre-field research iden
tified only one previously recorded archae
ological site in the new state park: a location
where a single stone tool had been found.
magnetism, so we each carried a GPS unit to
check our location as we scrambled through
dense vegetation and across steep slopes.
In areas with exceptional potential and
those proposed for park construction,
we performed shovel tests. We excavated
18-inch-diameter holes down to glacial till
or bedrock, usually 6 to 14 inches deep in the
shallow soils of Lake Vermilion State Park.
We then sifted the soil through quarterinch screen to find and collect artifacts.
We kept careful notes on provenience,
or where artifacts were found. Using a
GPS, we recorded the location of each cul
tural feature, surface artifact, and shovel
test. We must be able to relocate sites so
State park archaeologist Douglas George inspects
an iron-ore prospecting pit from the late 1800s.
The large tree stump is a sign of the pit’s age.
Natural Attractions. Places on the
landscape that people enjoy today are plac
es that people have appreciated for thou
sands of years. Lakeshores, riverbanks, and
high terrain with vistas were historically
used for harvesting food, building shel
ters, holding ceremonies, and traveling.
Because these landscape features occur in
the park, we knew we were going to find
archaeological sites. Other archaeologists
had recorded 57 sites on Lake Vermilion,
suggesting that the lake was home to many
groups of people for thousands of years.
We began by doing surface examinations
of moderate- to high-potential areas for ar
chaeological sites. Using parallel transects
spaced at 50 feet, we bushwhacked through
the terrain. Compasses don’t work well in
iron country because of the rocks’ strong
March–April 2014
11
we can manage and protect those war
ranting preservation. By the end of 2013,
we had discovered 18 archaeological sites.
Half of these sites are clusters of small ironore prospecting pits. Our surface inspection
between 2010 and 2013 had surprised us
by revealing the presence of more than 400
such pits. Prospectors dug the pits through
the glacial till and took bedrock samples to
test for ore content. Most of the pits were dug
in 1880 during an expedition led by geologist
Albert H. Chester. Hired by Charlemagne
Tower Sr., the namesake of the Iron Range
town of Tower, Chester discovered the site
that became Soudan Mine, Minnesota’s first,
oldest, and deepest iron-ore mine. One of 25
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national historic landmarks in Minnesota, it
is now in Soudan Underground Mine State
Park, next to Lake Vermilion State Park.
Microscopic Evidence. We identified
other archaeological sites indicating Ameri
can Indian heritage. Several contained handdug pits about 4 feet wide and 1 or 2 feet
deep. We were disappointed when shovel
testing uncovered no artifacts near the pits.
We continued our investigation by excavat
ing a portion of one of the pits and still found
no artifacts. We then took a cupful of soil
from the bottom of the pit, hoping it would
contain evidence of food storage. Scientists at
the PaleoResearch Institute in Colorado exMinnesota Conservation Volunteer
BOB BURGESS
DNR naturalist and archaeologist Jim Cummings records notes from a shovel test at Lake Vermilion State
Park. Shovel tests performed at sites of high interest can reveal artifacts and help archaeologists decide
whether to do more digging.
DAVE RADFORD
At Cable Bay, archaeologists found a boulder of chert that signaled an ancient quarry. A shovel test at
the site turned up 74 artifacts, including the stone tool shown in the inset. The unfinished tool, when
sharpened, could have been used for cutting or scraping skins, meat, wood, or other materials.
amined the soil and found small silica bodies
called phytoliths, which are found in various
parts of plants. Each plant species can have
phytoliths of different shapes and sizes. The
lab discovered phytoliths of maize, or corn.
This microscopic evidence solidified our in
terpretation that these were food storage pits.
Were Bois Forte Band members grow
ing maize at or near this site? Was the maize
harvested elsewhere and brought here for
later use? We may never know. But we know
from historical accounts that Bois Forte band
members were growing maize in the late
1800s and that American Indian people in
northern Minnesota and southern Canada
have used maize for more than 1,000 years.
March–April 2014
Ancient Quarry. During our initial
walkover of the Cable Bay shoreline and
ridges, archaeologist LeRoy Gonsior no
ticed a large piece of gray chert sticking out
of the ground. A sedimentary rock contain
ing silica, chert can be chipped or flaked to
form tools with sharp edges. Early people
used chert to make tools such as projec
tile points, arrowheads, knives, drills, and
scrapers. This piece of modified chert was
the first American Indian artifact found
during our park survey.
As we carefully combed the area, we
found other chert fragments, ranging from
gray to black in color, protruding from thick
vegetation on a hillside. Large boulders of
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the chert were at the base of the slope. Our
shovel tests turned up more chert flakes
and tools. All of this confirmed that we had
stumbled across an ancient chert quarry.
Here American Indian people mined
and gathered chert for making stone tools.
For years, archaeologists had seen artifacts
made from this type of chert from many
other sites around Lake Vermilion and in
the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilder
ness, but no one knew its source until now.
The quarry is the first evidence of mining
activity in the area. Additional surveys near
by uncovered more archaeological sites, all
having artifacts made from the gray to black
chert from the Lake Vermilion Formation.
14
Surprise at Armstrong Bay. While
shovel testing an area on the lake’s Arm
strong Bay, the archaeological team discov
ered an exceptional American Indian camp
site. Testing had revealed stone flakes and
fire-cracked rocks along a terrace above the
shoreline. To our surprise, one test contained
four flakes made from obsidian, a black vol
canic glass not native to Minnesota.
Obsidian naturally outcrops in and south
of the Rocky Mountains. In North America,
obsidian is one of the most highly prized
types of stone that ancient people used to
make tools. Our interest was piqued: Who
was using this foreign stone for toolmak
ing? When and how did it get here?
JIM CUMMINGS
Dave Radford uses a shovel to skim 5-centimeter layers of soil from an excavation unit at Armstrong Bay.
Radford and his fellow archaeologists had found obsidian, a highly valued toolmaking stone, in a nearby
shovel test and sought to find more obsidian artifacts.
DAVE RADFORD
While Radford digs, Douglas George (left) and Jim Cummings screen soil from the excavation unit, finding
obsidian flakes and tools. Later, lab tests traced the stone to a quarry in what is now Yellowstone National
Park. The archaeologists also found flint from western North Dakota and quartzite from eastern Wyoming.
To start finding answers, archaeologists
Jim Cummings, Douglas George, and I re
examined the site in November 2010 just be
fore the ground froze. We dug an excavation
unit, 1 by 2 meters, next to the shovel test that
yielded the obsidian. This opened an incred
ibly informative window into the past.
We did shovel skimming and troweling in
5-centimeter layers and then screened the soil
through one-eighth-inch mesh to recover as
many artifacts as possible. Because my fingers
weren’t working well in the frigid weather, I
vividly remember using tweezers to retrieve
hundreds of small flakes and burned bone
fragments from the screen. Within the first
10 centimeters of soil, we found hundreds
March–April 2014
of stone flakes, stone tools, fire-cracked rock,
and small pieces of burned bone. Most of the
stone artifacts were made from local materi
als, including quartz, Hudson Bay Lowland
chert, and Lake Vermilion Formation chert
from our newly identified quarry. Other
stone types not found locally included Knife
River flint from western North Dakota and
quartzite from eastern Wyoming.
With recovery of 155 obsidian artifacts,
the Armstrong Bay site has yielded more
obsidian than any other archaeological site
in Minnesota. Each obsidian source has a
unique chemical fingerprint, identifiable
with a specialized X-ray florescence analy
sis. Our obsidian was sourced to a famous
15
quarry called Obsidian Cliff in Yellowstone
National Park in northwestern Wyoming.
We don’t know exactly how these exotic tool
stones got to Lake Vermilion, but they must
have arrived through trade via networks that
crossed the continent hundreds of years ago.
Burned Soil. At the 10-centimeter depth,
we noticed bright orange soil. Having seen
this oxidized soil at other sites, we knew it
had been heated intensely and represented
the remains of a campfire or hearth. The
burned soil contained hundreds of very
small burned bone fragments. Archae
ologist David Mather examined them and
could identify only two. One bone came
16
from a bear paw, and the other was part of
a beaver’s vertebra. We sent the remaining
fragments to a lab to find the age of the fire
by radiocarbon dating. The date came back:
600 years old.
This date places the campsite’s use in
Late Woodland times. The people using the
campsite were likely of Cree or Assiniboine
ancestry. Bois Forte band members believe
Ojibwe people moved into this region by
the 1600s. This movement coincides with
the Ojibwe migration story that tells of their
journey from the Great Salt Sea (Atlantic
Ocean) to the Great Lakes region. Bands
eventually moved west, following rivers to
the Lake Vermilion region.
JIM CUMMINGS; PHYTOLITH INSET COURTESY OF PALEORESEARCH INSTITUTE
This flake (above left) is one of the obsidian artifacts found at Armstrong Bay. A different site near the bay
(right) turned up no artifacts, but a soil sample revealed a maize, or corn, phytolith (inset)—microscopic
evidence of a food storage pit.
DAVE RADFORD
These burned bone fragments (above left) turned up in the same excavation unit (above right) that yielded
the obsidian artifacts. Orange oxidized soil in the unit shows evidence of an ancient campfire or hearth
used in Late Woodland times—about 600 years ago—probably by people of Cree or Assiniboine ancestry.
The story, as seen through the window
of our excavation unit, is not quite done.
Under the hearth, we found a stone pro
jectile point. Its size, side notching, and
grinding on the base suggest a date be
tween 5,000 and 7,000 years old, Middle
Archaic times. The point probably was
hafted to a spear or dart shaft and used
for hunting. This find suggests the site has
at least two occupation periods—Middle
Archaic and Late Woodland. Thus the
small sample we obtained there yielded an
enormous amount of scientific data that
has made the Armstrong Bay site worthy
of preservation and eligible for placement
in the National Register of Historic Places.
March–April 2014
Archaeological work at Lake Vermilion
State Park continues. I have no doubt we will
uncover many more archaeological sites and
keep building the story of human habitation
at Lake Vermilion. Watch for interpretive
displays at the park to bring you updates on
our discoveries as we dig into the past. n
V
Lake Vermilion State Park is open for day use
and limited boat-in camping. The park is ac
cessible through Soudan Underground Mine
State Park or by water. If you find an artifact
in a state park, leave it in place and show a
park staff member where you found it. It is
illegal to remove artifacts from state land un
less you have a state archaeological license.
17
By Jason Abraham
A
Search
for
Secrets
of
the
Spruce Grouse
Pursued by birders
and sometimes by
hunters, this wild fowl
of evergreen forests is
also being studied by
researchers.
ight is giving way to an overcast dawn as Alex Fish’s
rubber boots finally halt atop a root-snarled hump. We’ve been
following his GPS receiver through dense tangles of a blackspruce bog for the past half hour. Now the search for spruce grouse
(Falcipennis canadensis) begins.
It’s late April, and we’re at Red Lake Wildlife Management Area, a
320,000-acre tract of black spruce, jack pine, aspen, white cedar, and
sedge meadows near the Canadian border in northwestern Minne
sota. Male spruce grouse, awash in reproductive hormones, are put
ting on displays of fluttering, strutting, and swishing to attract females
and intimidate competing males. This peak of courtship activity is
the best time to find and study these otherwise quiet boreal birds.
18
MALE SPRUCE GROUSE BY MICHAEL FURTMAN
N
March–April 2014
19
For the past six weeks, Fish, a seasonal
wildlife research technician with the De
partment of Natural Resources, has set out
in the predawn darkness for a plot of forest
to locate spruce grouse. When he reaches it,
he makes a few field measurements, such as
types of trees, density of underbrush, and
height of understory vegetation.
Then he follows his GPS to another 16
stopping points within the 158-acre plot. At
each one, he follows the same routine. First,
he listens for a few seconds as the forest
stirs. Then he takes weather readings. After
noting various birds he’s hearing, he opens
a small plastic amplifier that adds one more
sound to the cacophony of forest birds—the
hen spruce grouse’s call, known as a cantus.
A series of raspy warbles emanate from the
speaker, and Fish’s attention is immediately
drawn to the sound of wing beats 50 yards
behind us. After a few moments, we push
through a tangle of underbrush to a tiny
clearing where a male spruce grouse sits on a
branch about 20 feet up in a black spruce tree.
Seemingly oblivious to his early-morning
visitors, the bird stretches his body to make
the most of his 2-pound stature. Above his
eyes, two brilliant red combs form elegant
arcs. Beneath his chin, short feathers puff
out like a beard. His chest and wings are a
bold contrast of black and white; his orangetipped tail feathers rise and fall slightly as if
marking the seconds before a hen’s approach.
Detecting a spruce grouse on the first stop
is good, Fish says, because it could signal
an uptick in spruce grouse breeding activ
ity, and it means we’ll see more birds. Fish’s
fieldwork is part of a survey on Red Lake
WMA and the adjacent Beltrami Island State
Forest. One goal of the study is to evalu
ate techniques for locating spruce grouse in
20
future surveys. Additionally, researchers plan
to learn more about whether specific habitats
are especially attractive to spruce grouse dur
ing mating season. They’ll look at the num
ber of trees; the density of underbrush and
of groundcover such as Labrador tea, leath
erleaf, and sphagnum moss; and the number
and size of open areas. This data will help
wildlife managers understand how to im
prove habitat for this game bird, which was
once more plentiful in northern Minnesota.
With enough data on grouse detections,
researchers could one day create a computer
model for identifying ideal habitatsacross the
bird’s range, says Mike Larson, DNR forest
wildlife research group leader and a former
grouse biologist. “We would be able to esti
mate the probability of a stand of trees be
ing occupied by spruce grouse, based on the
characteristics of the forest around the stand,”
he says. These timber stands would vary in
size and contain suitable wintertime cover as
well as areas for courtship and nesting.
On Edge. Spruce grouse, which are at the
southern edge of their range in Minnesota,
face potential threats from changing forest
management practices as well as impacts
from projected climate change. For these
reasons, in 2008 the Association of Fish and
Wildlife Agencies recommended that states
in spruce grouse range develop formal sur
veys for monitoring population change and
conducting research on the effects of habitat
alterations and hunting.
While there is no sign that spruce grouse
populations are in trouble, biologists aren’t
certain of the bird’s abundance or specific
habitat needs in Minnesota. Citing this lack
of population trend data, as well as the bird’s
dependence on the conifer-dominated landMinnesota Conservation Volunteer
scapes of the boreal and near-boreal
forest, the DNR in 2006 listed the
spruce grouse as a Species of Great
est Conservation Need. The bird has
been on the sensitive species list for
Chippewa National Forest since 2004.
One of the reasons for the lack of
spruce grouse population data is the
secretive nature of the birds, Larson
says. “Ruffed grouse drum, sharptails dance, and prairie chickens
boom,” he says of the state’s other na
tive grouse species. “But the spruce
grouse puts on a much more subtle
display, fluttering its wings as it flits
from low tree limbs to the ground.
Because it’s less visible, it requires a
much more intensive survey effort,
and that’s one reason we have much
less data on the spruce grouse.”
Before beginning the current
study in 2011, Larson reviewed four
historic studies of spruce grouse in
Minnesota, done between 1951 and
1979. While each provided useful
information, they were limited to
unique study areas, making it diffi
cult, Larson says, to apply the results
to a broad geographic area.
While biologists focus on the
spruce grouse as an indicator species,
the bird is also a highlight species for
birders across the United States, says
DNR Nongame Wildlife Program
supervisor Carrol Henderson. The
spruce grouse is one of a handful
of boreal birds that can be reliably
spotted in northern Minnesota.
“The boreal biome is very special,”
he says. “It’s one of the few places
in the United States outside Alaska
March–April 2014
COURTESY OF ALEXANDER FISH
Lightly harvested
Minnesota hunters harvest about 10,000 to 20,000
spruce grouse each year under a daily bag limit of five,
according to DNR small-game harvest records. This
compares with an average of 500,000 ruffed grouse
taken annually. While many spruce grouse are likely
harvested mistakenly by hunters pursuing ruffed
grouse, some hunters enjoy hunting spruce grouse.
“Spruce grouse live in some of the wildest, most
remote places in the state. And some hunters are
attracted to the opportunity to pursue the bird
in those areas,” says Jay Johnson, DNR hunter re
cruitment and retention supervisor. “Other hunt
ers pursue spruce grouse because it’s a unique bird
that can be harvested in only a handful of states.”
Hunters have limited opportunities for prairie
chickens and sharp-tailed grouse and longer sea
sons for ruffed grouse and spruce grouse. North
western Minnesota is one of the few areas where
all four of the state’s native grouse species can be
harvested in a single season—a feat known in
some hunting circles as a Minnesota Grand Slam.
21
TONY RUSS
A female spruce grouse sits on a nest at the base of a black spruce in south-central Alaska.Throughout their range,
spruce grouse nest on the ground in locations with overhead cover, usually at the base of a coniferous tree.
where you can dependably see popula
tions of spruce grouse, pine grosbeak, and
great gray owl, among a few others.”
Fool Hen. If you’re fortunate enough to
find a spruce grouse, you’re likely to get a
very good look at it. Perhaps the best-known
feature of both sexes of spruce grouse is
their seeming total lack of fear of humans.
This unwariness has earned them the nick
name “fool hen.” Reports abound of hunters
approaching the birds and knocking them
dead with a stick. The female, slightly larger
than a pigeon, somewhat compensates for
her lack of caution with a brown, black, and
gray camouflage pattern that allows her to
22
blend into lichen-covered coniferous for
ests. The male, however, sports a loud con
trast of black and white bars with brilliant
red combs above each eye.
At the end of breeding season, hens cre
ate ground nests, often little more than a
slight depression in a bed of conifer nee
dles, under overhanging branches. A hen
lays as many as 12 eggs, which hatch in 24
days. The chicks can fly in about two weeks,
but they follow their mother until Septem
ber or October.
Spruce grouse are found in coniferous
forests in Canada and northern regions of
the United States. In Minnesota, Larson
says, the bird’s range has varied through the
TONY RUSS
The female spruce grouse lays as many as 12 eggs after selecting her nest location. Red squirrels are major predators
of spruce grouse eggs. If a clutch is lost early in the nesting season, the hen will lay again, but usually fewer eggs.
years, generally coinciding with the pres
ence of black spruce, jack pine, and white
cedar. The adult spruce grouse’s diet is made
up almost entirely of short conifer needles.
Coniferous trees also provide a place for
spruce grouse to escape predators such as
hawks, owls, fisher, martens, and fox. While
the birds show little fear of humans, the ap
proach of a predator or even a dog causes
the birds to flush wildly and dart high into
the nearest tangle of trees. In winter the
birds sometimes burrow into deep snow to
avoid predators and to stay warm.
In the 1800s, spruce grouse were found
as far south as Lake Mille Lacs. However,
according to a 1951 Conservation Volun
March–April 2014
teer article by area game managers Milton
Stenlund and Lester Magnus, spruce grouse
were nearly extirpated from Minnesota af
ter a period of intense logging and many
forest fires from 1890 to 1915.
In the 1940s, regenerating forests had
matured enough to support understories
of balsam fir, spruce, and jack pine, thus
prompting a resurgence of spruce grouse
populations. More recently, spruce grouse
have been most common in Lake of the
Woods and Koochiching counties and
the northern halves of St. Louis, Lake, and
Cook counties. The range also includes
eastern Roseau and northern Itasca coun
ties and parts of Beltrami County.
23
quarters, DNR area wildlife manager
Gretchen Mehmel is eager for more pre
cise information to help improve habitat
for spruce grouse populations. Mehmel
was the first in the DNR to suggest look
ing into what more could be done for their
habitat. She arranged funding for a large
portion of the study from income derived
from state management of federal land on
Red Lake WMA.
In 2011, the first year of the project, crews
detected 46 spruce grouse in about 978
systematically distributed points in 63 ran
domly selected plots centered on jack pine
and lowland black spruce. They also found
40 spruce grouse at incidental sites, which
weren’t part of the survey route. In 2012 they
detected 32 spruce grouse at 1,314 points in
83 randomly selected plots. Research will re
sume this spring under DNR grouse biolo
gist Charlotte Roy, who will lead the design
of a roadside survey to determine the distri
bution and population of the spruce grouse
across its range in Minnesota.
For Mehmel and other wildlife managers
in northern Minnesota, this study could help
answer some important questions about
managing forest habitat for spruce grouse in
the future. “Like the moose, spruce grouse
are kind of the canary in the coal mine for cli
mate change,” Mehmel says. “Because they’re
on the southern edge of their range in Min
nesota, whatever we can learn now about
spruce grouse habitat preference might be
valuable for wildlife managers in the future
who may need to protect those habitat types.”
Last Stop. On Red Lake WMA, Fish and
I have no difficulty locating spruce grouse
on this warm, overcast day. Before noon,
24
a single day so far this 2012 season. On our
way to our last stop, we sidestep numerous
pitcher plants on the moss-covered forest
floor. Fish notes a small patch of exposed soil
that is likely the result of repeated landings
of a male spruce grouse fluttering from the
trees. As Fish bends to snap a few photos, a
male spruce grouse darts through the under
brush on foot. Fish plays the cantus call to see
if the bird will return.
Although the male does not return, a hen
responds to the amplified song with her
own cantus. Because both encounters occur
away from a prescribed stop, Fish makes
note of them as incidental detections. They
are our last grouse encounters of the day,
as our remaining hours in the black spruce
bog pass uneventfully.
Back at the truck, with the sun still high
in the sky, Fish tallies the day’s spruce grouse
detections at nine. As a bonus, he also notes
golden- and ruby-crowned kinglets, boreal
chickadee, black-capped chickadee, redbreasted nuthatch, winter wren, dark-eyed
juncos, white-throated sparrows, hermit
thrushes, and yellow-rumped warblers. “Not
a bad day at the office,” Fish says. Before the
survey ends in the coming weeks, Fish will
visit at least 13 more plots.
After a day of winding my way through
dense tangles in Red Lake WMA, I see why
so little is known about the spruce grouse.
Gathering data on a bird that lives deep in
the forest and is nearly silent and secretive
for all but a few weeks each year is diffi
cult, painstaking work. In time, however,
this project and others like it will help un
ravel the mysteries of what this beautiful
bird needs to sustain itself in Minnesota’s
boreal forests. n
V
FEMALE SPRUCE GROUSE BY MICHAEL FURTMAN
Results. Back at Red Lake WMA head he’s recorded seven detections—the most in
March–April 2014
25
C
r
o
a
k
▼
Young
naturalists
Ch
irp
e
r
o
n
S
By
Mary
Hoff
26
The American toad can be found
all around Minnesota. It is the
state’s most common toad.
Spring brings a wakeup call
to Minnesota’s frog and
toad orchestra.
The sun is shining on frosty leaves littering
the ground near the edge of a pond. Hud
dled under leaves against a fallen log, a tiny
hibernating frog feels the slight change in
temperature. As the air about him warms,
he wriggles out of his winter nest, hops
around, and finds his way to the water. He
fills his throat with air from his lungs, mak
ing the skin beneath his mouth look like a
balloon being blown up.
“Bre-e-e-e-p!” he calls. Spring has
come to his world.
Minnesota has 14 species, or kinds, of
frogs and toads. All across the state, mil
lions of frogs and toads spend the cold
season—from about October to March or
April—hibernating in the ground or un
der water, rocks, logs, or fallen leaves. As
the air and water cool, their body temper
atures drop. Some frogs and toads freeze
solid, like ice cubes.
With not much going on inside them,
frogs and toads can survive on tiny
amounts of air that filter into their bod
ies. Then, when the weather warms, they
wake from their long naps. Their chirps,
croaks, and snores fill the air as they begin
a new cycle of life.
ALLEN BLAKE SHELDON
It’s the first warm day of April.
ans
i
b
i
h
Amp
Frogs and toads belong to a group of animals called amphib
ians, from Greek words meaning “two kinds of life.” Most frogs
and toads live part of their life in water and part of it on land.
New Life for Wood Frogs
cell. The male covers the eggs with a fluid
called milt that contains sperm. An egg
and sperm combine to make an embryo.
1
Have you heard a chorus of frogs or toads
calling from a pond? The males are calling
for female mates. When a female hears the
call, she hops over to the pond and finds a
mate. The male clings to the back of the fe
male as she releases her eggs—sometimes
thousands of them—into the water. Each
egg is a tiny ball of jelly surrounding a dark
5
28
2
The eggs are often attached to vegetation
in the water. Fish and ducks eat some of
them. In other eggs, the tiny dark cell
gradually changes shape. The embryo
becomes a fishlike tadpole. After a few
Just as some people like to live in the city
and others like to live in the country,
adult frogs and toads have many differ
ent lifestyles. Some species stay in or near
water. Others live in the forest. Others
thrive in dry fields and grasslands. Some
In Minnesota, wood frogs begin looking for
mates as soon as the ice disappears from
ponds between late March and early May.
PHOTOS BY ALLEN BLAKE SHELDON
days to a couple of weeks (depending on
the species of frog or toad), the tadpoles
inside the egg hatch.
4
There’s something fishy about tadpoles:
Like fish, they use gills to breathe and
a tail to swim. They move through the
water eating tiny plants and dead things
floating around them.
Imagine changing your shape completely
as you grow! That’s what happens to tad
poles. Gradually, the tadpole develops two
lungs and four legs, which it will need to
live on land. As the new body parts form,
the tail and gills disappear. Depending
on the species, a tadpole might take two
months or two years to become an adult
frog or toad.
eat insects. Some eat worms. Some even
eat birds and fish. All frogs and toads can
become food for other kinds of animals,
including raccoons, turtles, and snakes.
One to three years after they transform
from tadpoles, most frogs and toads
are old enough to make new frogs and
toads—and the cycle of life begins again.
How long a frog or toad lives depends on
the species and how well it avoids dan
ger. Some species live only a year or two.
Others can live four years or more.
3
March–April 2014
29
ily
m
a
F
of
True Frogs
True frogs have webs between their back toes. Most spend winter
on lake or pond bottoms. Measured from end to end (snout to vent),
female frogs are usually bigger than males are. True frogs on these two
pages are arranged from biggest (bullfrog) to smallest (wood frog).
Bullfrog (Lithobates catesbeianus)
Bullfrogs are native to Houston and Winona
counties in southeastern Minnesota. They live
in lakes, ponds, and rivers. This giant can be
8 inches long—big enough to eat fish, turtles,
and birds. Bullfrogs mate in June and July.
When calling, the male makes a deep “rum”
sound once a second, repeated five or six times.
He defends a territory up to 18 feet across.
Green Frog (Lithobates clamitans)
A green frog is not always green. It can also
look brown, bronze, or bluish. Green frogs
live in or near streams and other waterways in
eastern Minnesota. They like to eat fish. This
is the second-largest true frog, but it is only 4
inches long, half as long as a bullfrog. Males call
from June into July. The male calling for a mate
sounds like a banjo being plucked.
30
Northern Leopard Frog (Lithobates pipiens)
Leopard frogs have spots. They live through
out Minnesota in wet fields and all kinds of
water. They like to hop around in rain. On a
rainy night, you might see lots of them cross
ing roads. They can grow to be 3½ inches long.
They breed from April into May. A male’s call
sounds like snoring, followed by chuckles.
Mink Frog (Lithobates septentrionalis)
These medium-size frogs (about 3 inches) live
mainly in the northern half of Minnesota. They
spend most of their time in water. Look for one
sitting on a lily pad. If you caught one, you’d
discover it stinks like a mink. In late May or
early June, the male starts calling as he floats.
You might think his “knock, knock, knock” call
sounds like a creaky rocking chair.
Pickerel Frog (Lithobates palustris)
These frogs spend winter under water in the
southeastern corner of Minnesota. They like to
be in or near rivers and streams. A pickerel frog
is about the size of a chicken egg. Its skin gives
off a bad-tasting chemical that most predators
don’t like. Males begin making their deepsnore calls from shore or under shallow water
in late April or early May.
Wood Frog (Lithobates sylvaticus)
Who is that masked frog? The wood frog
hibernates in the woods under leaves and logs.
During hibernation it stops breathing, its heart
stops beating, and ice forms inside its body. In
spring the males head to a pond and start call
ing. They fill the air with their chuckling quacks
as early as late March.
Tree
frog
y
Famil
Treefrogs are tiny—some less than an inch long—and more often
heard than seen. They have toe pads that help them cling to trees
(and sometimes windows). Species with large pads can climb high
in tall trees to find insects to eat. In winter they hibernate in fallen
leaves or under rocks or logs. Female treefrogs lay their eggs one
at a time or in small clusters, attaching them to plants in the water.
Spring Peeper
(Pseudacris crucifer)
This tiny frog has a dark X on its back. It can
survive being partially frozen under leaves
or a log in winter. In early spring, it moves
into pools of melted snow in northern and
eastern woodlands. If you hear peeping like
baby birds in April, you might be listening
to male peepers calling. All together, they
sound like an orchestra of jingle bells.
Boreal Chorus Frog
(Pseudacris maculata)
This marble-sized frog, one of Minnesota’s
tiniest, has stripes. Though it’s a treefrog, it
is not a good climber. Once called the west
ern chorus frog, it lives in grassy wetlands
statewide. Males begin calling in late March
or early April. Like a chorus of singers, they
call in a group. If one chorus frog hears you
coming, he stops calling. Then the whole
chorus stays quiet for a while.
32
Eastern Gray Treefrog
(Hyla versicolor)
With big, sticky pads on its toes, this frog
can easily climb trees in the forests where
it lives. You might think it is gray because
of its name. But it can switch between gray
and green, depending on air temperature,
colors around it, and how active it is. Tad
poles have red-tipped tails and adults have
yellow inner thighs. In May the male calls
with a slow, musical trill.
Cope’s Gray Treefrog
(Hyla chrysoscelis)
Like the eastern gray treefrog, this frog is
a great climber. It can easily climb on win
dows. Tucked under leaves or logs, gray
treefrogs freeze almost completely in win
ter. The two gray treefrog species can look
alike. In spring, listen for the males calling
from wetlands. Eastern gray treefrogs have
a birdlike musical trill. Cope’s gray treefrogs make faster, buzzy sounds.
Blanchard’s Cricket Frog
(Acris blanchardi)
Once known as the northern cricket frog,
this thumbnail-sized frog lives in the
southern corners of Minnesota. It emerg
es from underground hibernation in late
April. A super jumper, it can leap 3 feet in
a single bound. Males call in a chorus from
the water or shore, often during the day.
The male’s “glick, glick, glick” call sounds
like two small stones clicking together.
March–April 2014
33
Tru
e
Toads
Toads are different from frogs in many ways. Toads have dry, bumpy
skin rather than smooth skin like frogs. With its short legs and plump
body, a toad can walk or hop. A frog can leap long distances with its
long legs. The female toad lays eggs in long strings rather than clusters
like a frog. Minnesota’s full-grown toads are about 3 inches long.
If a toad feels threatened, it tries to scare away the predator by inflating
its body and peeing. A bad-tasting liquid can form like sweat on its skin.
Touching a toad does not cause warts.
Toads burrow into the ground to hibernate in winter. Sometimes
they burrow in summer to escape the heat.
JEFF LECLERE, HERPNET.NET
STAN TEKIELA
34
Great Plains Toad (Anaxyrus cognatus)
These toads have dark spots with warts and a
white belly. They live in Minnesota’s western
grasslands. Thunderstorms in mid-May signal
this toad to come out from underground and
begin calling. The male calls with a long trill—
rrrrrrrr. The female lays eggs in wet farm fields.
This toad is most active at night and often goes
underground to stay cool during the day.
Canadian Toad (Anaxyrus hemiophrys)
This toad has a big bump between its eyes. Look
for Canadian toads near water in northwestern
Minnesota’s prairies and aspen parkland. In
winter these toads gather in mounds of soil,
perhaps made by gophers. Several hundred
toads might burrow into each mound. Males
leave the mound in late April or early May to
begin calling for a mate. The male calls with a
short trill that lasts 2 to 8 seconds.
American Toad
(Anaxyrus americanus)
These toads look like Canadian toads
without a bump between the eyes.
American toads live all over the state
in fields, woods, parks, and back yards.
They are most active at night. In spring
males call with a high trill—rrrrrrr—
lasting as long as 30 seconds. Females
lay up to 20,000 eggs at once. Like many
other frogs and toads, the American
toad snaps up insects with its tongue. n
V
ALLEN BLAKE SHELDON
BITS
Hear All About It! Watch videos of frogs and toads and listen to spring calls at www.herpnet.net.
For more information on frogs and toads, including updated names, see the 2014 book Amphibians and
Reptiles in Minnesota, by John J. Moriarty and Carol D. Hall, published by University of Minnesota Press.
Be a Frog Science Friend. You and a grownup can help keep track of
frogs and toads by volunteering for the Minnesota Frog and Toad Calling Survey.
Go to www.dnr.state.mn.us/volunteering/frogtoad_survey/index.html to learn more.
Note to Teachers
Find links to teachers guides for this and other stories at
www.mndnr.gov/young_naturalists.
A Thousand Friends of Frogs at the Center for Global Environmental Education
provides classroom resources online at http://cgee.hamline.edu/frogs/resources/tfof.
Learn
how to add
March–April
2014a pet to your classroom at www.dnr.state.mn.us/eco/nongame/classroom-pets.html.
35
Beauties
These Minnesota
native orchids
thrive amid moss,
peat, and
ancient conifers.
Photography by
Jim & Judy Brandenburg
37
Showy lady’s-slippers (Cypripedium reginae, above) bloom in a conifer swamp that
photographer Jim Brandenburg calls “the orchid bog.” Light rain dapples foliage
around a stemless lady’s-slipper (Cypripedium acaule, below).
38
The bluntleaved rein-orchid (Platanthera obtusata, above left) is usually pollinated
by mosquitoes. The ram’s-head lady’s-slipper (Cypripedium arietinum, above right) has an
unmistakable profile.
March–April 2014
39
A Boundary Waters lake is the
backdrop for these ram’s-head
lady’s-slippers (above), which are
rare and typically grow in swamp
forests. More subtle but also
exquisite are the tiny flowers of
the tall green bog-orchid (Planta
thera huronensis, far left and left)
and the lesser rattlesnake-plantain
(Goodyera repens, right). The
northern green bog-orchid can
grow as high as 2½ feet, while
the lesser rattlesnake-plantain
seldom reaches 8 inches.
March–April 2014
41
A rich conifer swamp provides ideal
habitat for orchids such as northern
small yellow lady’s-slipper (Cypripedium
parviflorum, top left), spotted coralroot (Corallorhiza maculata, middle
left), and rose pogonia (Pogonia
ophioglossoides, right). Crisscrossed by
ancient woodland caribou trails, the
orchid swamp has a log (bottom) that
Brandenburg calls “my psychiatrist.” n
V
Learn More
Native Orchids of Minnesota, by DNR bota
nist Welby Smith, is the only compre
hensive guide to the state’s orchids.
It’s available from University of Min
nesota Press and other booksellers.
Meet orchid enthusiasts through
the Minnesota Native Plant Society
and the Orchid Society of Minnesota,
which hosts the 2014 American Orchid
Society show, May 2–4, at Doubletree by
Hilton, Bloomington. Learn more at
www.orchidsagrowingobsession.com.
42
March–April 2014
43
LD
IFE AND
EATH
By Don Luce
IN BIRD ART
John James Audubon’s paintings vividly depict the beauty, diversity, and
vitality of birds. Audubon and the Art of Birds at the Bell Museum of
Natural History exhibits 35 of the original 435 prints in his famous doubleelephant folio. The show runs through June 8.
FROM AN EARLY AGE, John James Audubon had a passion to study
birds. He watched, collected, and drew them. But he was disappointed be
cause his drawings did not capture the sense of life and action he knew in
nature. Each year on his birthday, he burned his failed efforts and then start
ed anew. His father encouraged his interest in birds but told young Audu
bon it was not possible to capture the living essence of nature in a drawing.
Undeterred, Audubon continued his quest.
Like almost all naturalists of the late 18th and early 19th centuries,
Audubon killed birds. As well as for food and for sport, he shot birds because
he loved them and wanted to study them in detail. His great challenge as an
Audubon described the osprey as the “Imperial Fisher” with a “mild disposition.”
44
COURTESY OF THE BELL MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY, UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA
In his Ornithological Biography, Audubon
wrote about the birds he depicted in Birds
of America. He noted his difficulty find
ing North America’s largest owl (above).
Though he never traveled to Minnesota,
he knew the great gray owl inhabited the
woods north of Lake Superior. Audubon
gave detailed descriptions of the adult
male willet in spring plumage (opposite,
top left) and the adult female in winter
(top right).As for black-billed cuckoos (bot
tom), he said he honored the species “by
placing a pair on a branch of Magnolia in bloom,
although the birds represented were not shot on
one of these trees, but in a swamp.”
46
artist was to create the illusion
of life from the dead specimens
in front of him.
In his quest, he tried many
tactics. He strung up freshly
killed birds with thread and
drew them. The few surviv
ing examples of these draw
ings show the results were not
successful. He then decided
to make drawings in the field
as he watched birds. Because
birds of course move, he could
capture only sketchy outlines.
But this practice trained him to
observe and remember char
acteristic postures and man
ners of each species.
His bird drawings slowly be
came more lifelike. Finally, he
hit upon a method. Remember
ing the actions of the bird, he
would pin and wire a newly shot
bird to a board in a natural pose.
The board was marked off in a
grid. Using the same grid marks
on his paper, he could outline
the bird in correct proportion.
With this technical chal
lenge solved, Audubon was
freed to paint birds the way he
loved them, alive and moving
in nature. He created dramatic
compositions in which life-size
birds fly, dive, and swim in viv
id animation among flowers,
trees, and landscapes. He gave
the viewer a window into the
lives of his beloved birds. Birds
were no longer mere speci
mens to be cataloged. They
March–April 2014
47
IMAGES COURTESY OF THE BELL MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY, UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA
Audubon noted the similarity of turkey vultures
and black vultures (above). Turkey vultures rely
on smell to find carrion. Audubon described an
elaborate experiment that led him to conclude the
black vulture’s “ocular powers were much better than
his sense of smell.” He wrote: “I procured a skin of our
common deer, entire to the hoofs, and stuffed it carefully
with dried grass ... took it to the middle of a large open
field. ... I then retired about a hundred yards, and in the
lapse of some minutes, a Vulture, coursing round the field
tolerably high, espied the skin, sailed directly towards it,
and alighted within a few yards of it. ... He approached
the skin, looked at it with apparent suspicion, jumped on
it, raised his tail, and voided freely—then approaching
the eyes, that were here solid globes of hard, dried, and
painted clay, attacked first one and then the other.”
were beings leading interest
ing and intrinsically valuable
lives. This was a revolutionary
breakthrough, which ultimate
ly resulted in Birds of America,
his collection of 435 prints.
Break With Tradition
Before Audubon began his artistic pursuit of the living
bird, images of birds in art were all very similar: They
showed birds in stiff profile view. Naturalists and art
ists had few tools to help their studies. Binoculars and
photography had not been invented. The only way to
see the detail of a bird was to shoot it. Artists used pre
served skins and taxidermy mounts as models for draw
ing. Many were unfamiliar with birds in their natural
habitat. They failed to capture the bird’s behavior or
environment. At best, their illustrations served as “bird
maps” that showed the general shapes and color pat
terns needed for species description.
One of the first naturalists to break with this tra
dition was Mark Catesby, an Englishman who explored
the southern colonies in the early 1700s. He collected
and preserved specimens of plants, birds, and other
animals. Before sending the specimens to wealthy col
lectors in England, he made drawings and kept notes
on species habits. After returning to England, Catesby
spent the last 20 years of his life publishing his draw
ings and written observations. His bird images often
have a whimsical charm, but they are not particularly
accurate depictions of form and plumage.Though crude
by later standards, Catesby’s drawings show a spark of
life gained from observing birds firsthand. In only one
image did he draw the bird as he actually saw it, a dead
robin lying on its back with its feet in the air. It is one
of his most accurately rendered works.
50
Realistic View. Living closer
to nature than most people did,
Audubon understood that birds
do not have an idyllic existence.
Most birds need to kill to sur
vive. And they need to remain
vigilant against being eaten
by other creatures. Audubon’s
birds eat, feed each other, and
sometimes feed upon each oth
er. Few nature artists, then or
now, show these life and death
struggles. But Audubon rev
eled in the drama of predation,
depicting it in all its gory detail.
His exquisitely rendered
swallow-tailed kite holds a snake
writhing in the agony of death.
Looking skyward, a majestic
golden eagle grasps a hare in its
talons. Blood drips from the
hare’s mouth; a talon punctures
its eye.
The osprey, maybe Audu
bon’s most accurately drawn
bird, flies across the page while
the fish in its talons gasps its
last breath.
Audubon was particularly
fond of juxtaposing sharp beak
and dewy eyeballs. In his im
age of two black vultures, one
vulture is just about to use its
hooked beak to pluck the eye
IMAGES COURTESY OF THE BELL MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY, UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA
Audubon expressed surprise at find
ing the American avocet (above), a
shorebird, “breeding in the interior of our
country ... so far from sea.”Rhapsodizing
about watching wood ducks (left), he
wrote: “I have always experienced a pecu
liar pleasure while endeavouring to study
the habits of this most beautiful bird in its
favourite places of resort. ... The rustling of
wings comes sweeping through the woods,
and anon there shoots overhead a flock
of Wood Ducks. ... The Wood Duck passes
through the woods and even amongst the
branches of trees, with as much facility as
the Passenger Pigeon. ...At the approach of
night, it shoots over the trees like a meteor,
scarcely emitting any sound from its wings.”
March–April 2014
51
of a dead deer. Though poten
tially disturbing, the violence
lends a psychological power to
his work and possibly makes
the viewer think more deeply
about the nature of life.
In Audubon’s day, most Eu
ropean-Americans saw nature
as inexhaustible, something
to use, exploit, and tame. No
one thought much about pre
serving wildlife, because al
most everyone assumed there
would always be more to be
found farther west. But when
Audubon returned to the Ohio
River valley after more than
a decade away, he was struck
by how rapidly the landscape
was changing. The forests and
prairies where he once studied
birds in seclusion had become
farms, towns, and mills. The
great flocks of waterfowl and
other birds that he once hunt
ed with Indians were gone or
greatly diminished. On his last
expedition up the Missouri
River in 1843 in search of new
animals to depict, Audubon
mostly stayed in camp and
painted while other members
of his party went out to hunt
bison, elk, and other big game.
His later writing reflects his
concern for conservation.
Audubon died in 1851. By
the late 1800s, people were
beginning to see the loss of
wildlife and wilderness as a
problem. Audubon’s images
52
helped them see birds and
other animals as more than
just game, vermin, or curiosi
ties. People organized clubs
and campaigned to stop the
slaughter of birds. In 1896 the
first Audubon society formed
in Massachusetts to stop the
killing of birds for plumes to
decorate women’s hats. By
1898 other states, including
Minnesota, had followed suit,
establishing conservation so
cieties named after Audubon,
the hunter and wildlife artist.
Audubon’s dramatic, and
sometimes violent, images
continue to inspire people to
admire, care for, and protect
nature. n
V
This exhibition is a rare chance
to see original Audubon prints.
In 1927 the Bell Museum re
ceived a four-volume set of
Birds of America from the
William O. Winston estate. In
the late 1980s, curator Don
Luce had the set unbound in
order to conserve and show
individual prints. The Bell
Museum exhibited 25 prints
in a 1989 show. In 1993 it dis
played another 10. Audubon
and the Art of Birds is only
the third showing of a large
group of the original prints.
The exhibition travels to the
National Museum of Wildlife
Art in Wyoming this fall, then
to Louisiana and Oklahoma.
To depict this adult
female golden eagle
with a hare in winter,
Audubon obtained and
killed a caged bird. He
said he worked 14 days
on the drawing. He
wrote, “I had never be
fore laboured so inces
santly excepting at that
of the Wild Turkey.”
MARK HAUCK, DNR
Field notes
Municipal water towers on the horizon and an agricultural irrigator in the background show two uses of
water in Benton County, where this wetland is located.
Plan for Groundwater Use
During a typical Minnesota spring,
melting snow and soaking rains give a
boost to the state’s groundwater resources, as the water filters down through soil
and rock to recharge the natural aquifers
that provide much of our water. But the
54
combination of increased water use and a
changing climate can strain these groundwater supplies.
“Even in a water-rich state like Minnesota, there are limits to how much groundwater we can use,” DNR Commissioner
Tom Landwehr says. “We aren’t at this time facing an acute
shortage, but we can see the trend lines, and they’re going
in the wrong direction.”
Minnesota is using more ground water than ever before.
“It’s growing at about 3 billion gallons a year,” says Jason
Moeckel, natural resources program manager for DNR
Ecological and Water Resources. The state’s per-capita
water use—comprising not just household but also agri
cultural, industrial, and other consumption—continues to
rise, while per-capita water use in many states has leveled
off or declined.
Projected increases in Minnesota’s population, devel
opment, and agricultural and industrial water demands
add urgency to the issue. So does the potential for climate
change to create new rainfall and temperature patterns that
could affect groundwater recharge.
To ensure Minnesota’s use of ground water is sustainable,
the DNR has drafted a strategic plan for the agency’s
groundwater management program. All Minnesotans are
invited to read and comment on the plan through April 30.
The draft plan establishes three pilot groundwater
management areas: the Straight River area in northwestern
Minnesota, the Bonanza Valley area in west-central Minne
sota, and the northern and eastern portions of the Twin
Cities metropolitan area, including parts of Anoka County
and all of Washington and Ramsey counties.
In these areas, the DNR will take steps to better measure
and monitor complex groundwater systems and to maintain
stable aquifer levels. The agency will improve the way it
evaluates and enforces the well-pumping permits it issues
to large water users, and it will emphasize sustainable use
when making water management decisions.
“Minnesota is at risk of overusing its ground water,” says
Moeckel. “And it’s not going to get better if we don’t as a
state really start to talk about this.”
Join the conversation. Find the document at www.dnr.
state.mn.us/gwmp/planning.html.
To offer your feedback and suggestions on the plan, fill out
the online survey at www.dnr.state.mn.us/gwmp/index.html or
send an email to [email protected].
—Keith Goetzman, managing editor
March–April 2014
Outdoor
Benefits for
Military
As a gesture of appreciation to
members of the U.S.Armed Forces,
the DNR offers provisional licenses
and permits to state residents
who are military members on
leave, recently discharged
members, veterans, and Purple
Heart medal recipients. Spouses
are also eligible for select licenses.
Veterans will receive first
preference for drawings for special
deer hunts and bear and turkey
permits. Resident fishing licenses
are available to nonresident
military personnel stationed in
Minnesota and to patients at
any Veterans Administration
hospital in the state. Crosscountry ski pass exemptions and
state park vehicle permit fee
waivers are available to military
personnel and veterans. For
eligibility requirements,
restrictions, and paperwork,
visit www.dnr.state.mn.us/
licenses/military.
Celebrate Spring
Tapping maple trees to make syrup
is sweet, and state park visitors
can also celebrate spring’s arrival
by learning to fly-fish for trout,
identify birds, and identify constel
lations in the night sky. Parks offer
hikes with naturalists, instruction
in geocaching, and more. Find a
calendar of state park events at
www.mndnr.gov/ptcalendar.
55
Thank you
Thank you to every Minnesota Conservation Volunteer reader who gives a
subscription donation. We gratefully acknowledge the following supporters
who gave gifts of $50 or more in May – December 2013.
Anonymous (835)
Wayne J.Abdella
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Beckmann
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Berninger
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Brown Ltd.
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Rhoderick Brown
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Buisman
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Burggraf
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Burnside
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Charpentier
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Rudolph R. Chmelik
Nancy Christen
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Pheasant RunVineyard
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Christensen
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Christiansen
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Winnifred Conger
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Conzemius Ranch
Doug Cook
Marvin L. Cook
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Copeland
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Cormorant Lakes
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William Cornell
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David D. Dayton
57
Thank you
Edward N. Dayton
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Dorweiler
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Harold A.Doty
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Professionals
David Horn
59
Thank you
James Horn
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Horvath
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John D. Kotaska
Michael W.Kotchman
Terry Kotsmith
Katherine Kottke
Thomas Kottke
Debra Kovatovich
Steven A.Kozak
Harvey Kraabel
Ronald & Karen Kragt
Ron Krall
Delmar Kramer
Mariko Kramer Roush
Mark & Ellen Kramm
Lawrence A.Krantz
Kranz Flagpoles Inc.
Paul Kraus
Dave Krause
Leonard Krause
Sarah Krawczyk
Carol Krebs
Michael J. Krejci
Glen Krenelka
Lorraine A.Kretchman
Henry & Angela
Krigbaum
Arlene Kringle
Ellenor Kristiansen
Jordan Kronberg
Roger & Barb Kronholm
Jim & Lee Ann
Kronlokken
Josephine Kruempel
Richard Krupich
Dave Krupp
GARY ALAN NELSON
John Kruse
Michael P.Kruse
Kevin R.Krusmark
Joe &Sheila Kryjeski
David Ksiazek
Jim Kubes Jr.
Dr.William Kubiak
Matthew Kubly
Sandra Kuder
Larry & Carolyn
Kuechle
Hal Kuehn
Tom & Jean Kuehn
Donavon & Lois
Kuehnast
Steven R.Kufus
Rodney W.Kugler
Barbara J.Kuhnley
Carol A.Kuntz
Phyllis Kuss
Chuck Kutzera
David Kvam
Jonathan Kvam
Gregory Kvasnicka
Michael & Linda Laak
Joseph LaBore
Bob & Marjorie
Lackmann
Karen Lackner
Diane Lafontaine
Scott & Mary Lagaard
Jim Lageson
H.A.Lamb, Lambs Resort
Don Lamoureux
Steve Lampman
David L.Lande
Edward R.Landin
Mark B.Landreville
Paul Landry
Gary B.Langer
Richie Langseth
John &Andrea
Langworthy
Patrick & Emily Lanin
Bret &Wendi Lanning
Chuck &Vickie Lantz
Gerald & Judi Lapp
David LaRochelle
Joel M.Larsen
Bruce & Carol Larson
Sen.Cal Larson
Caroline Larson
Charles O.Larson
Dan &Sally Larson
Dave Larson
Doug Larson &
Leslie Watkins
Elizabeth Larson
Eugene Larson
Gregory V.Larson
James A.Larson
James G.Larson
Jon Gary Larson
Marcia M.Larson
Mark & Jayne Larson
Owen E.Larson
Robert E.Larson
Robert F.Larson
Wayne Larson
Lyle G.Lauber
Jack R.Laudenbach
Florian I.Lauer
Mark D.Laumann
Mike & Betty Lauritzen
Peter Lavanger
Timothy &Amber
Lavergne
Charles J.LaVine
John &Ann LaVoy
Pete & Kristi Lawless
Jerry Lawson &
Randy Eastlund
Glenn Lawton
Charles & Hope Lea
Keith LeClaire
Michael & Elizabeth
Lederle
Virginia Ledo
David J.Lee
Edward Lee Jr.
Jeffrey Lee
Linda Lee
Nadine Lee
Shirley A.Lee
Thomas Leeper
Mason Lees
John H.Leesch
Patricia LeFebvre &
Patrick Palan
Greg LeFevre
Gerald J.Legatt
Harold A.Legatt
David Legvold
Larry & Kaia Lehman
James G.Lehn
Michael G.Lehti
John J.Leinen Jr.
Anne Leino
Laurie K.Leitch
Vernon D.Leitch
Merlin Leitheiser
Mark L.Lekander
Carol S.LeMaster
Richard Lembke
Bill Lemmer
James Lenfestey
Richard Lenning
Patricia Lenoch
Richard W.Lenski
Ralph J.Lentz
Joe Lenz
Ron &Shelly Lenz
Susan Lenz
Jane Leonard
Jeff & Peggy LePage
Howard H.LePier
Larry & Carol Lessin
Carolyn Lester
Paul & Carol
Letourneau
Roma L.Leuty
Kevin Leverentz
Frank V.Lewandowski
Luverne Lewerenz
Glenn M.Lewis
Greg & Mary Lewis
Lee Lewis &Steve Bubul
Delmer &Theresa Leyh
Albert Libke
Kory Lidstrom
Mark Lidstrom
Donald C.Liebenstein
Bernard Lieder
Dale Lien
Ron & Kay Lien
Monte Lienau
Robert C.Light
G.Patrick Lilja
Joni R.Liljedahl
William Liljemark
Roger D.Lillemoen
Andre Lima
Clifford Lind
Ronald Linde
Dean &Stephanie
Lindeman
Steve Lindeman
Paul A.Lindfors
Victor Lindgren
John Lindholm
Alan Lindquist
Glenn Lindroos
Mr.& Mrs.William F.
Lindstrom
Carla Lininger
Eldon & Joann Linscheid
A.M.Lips
Brian Litchke
Roger Litchy
Eric & Susan Locher
Karen Locken
Alan Lodermeier
Don Loeb
Pat Loeppke
Ralph J.Logeais
Ronald M.Loidolt
Roger Loken
Pru Lolich
Larry & Claudia Loll
Marilyn
Lom-Grundmeier
Hildred Shelland Long
Katharine Longman
Donald D.Longrehr
Lance A.Lonson
Richard & Cheryl Loose
Chris Lorentz
Robert Loscheider
Donald J.Lovas
Jim Loving
John P.Lovly
Stephen Lowe
Suzanne & James Lowy
Tom Loxtercamp
Ludlow’s Island Lodge
Donald R.Lueck
Gladys Luecken
Juliana Lueneburg
Julian R.Luetmer
Al Luing
Donald Lukenbill Jr.
Anna Lund
Clifford W.Lund
Elizabeth Lund
Janice L.Lund
Randon R.Lund
Verena Lund
Edwin A.Lundberg
Carolyn & Marty
Lundeen
Allen L.Lundgren
Mary Lundgren
Bruce Lunning
Joe Luskey
Louie J.Lutz
Steve & Lynn Lutz
Gary Lyall
Marilyn Lynch
Peggy Lynch
Terese Lynch
David L.Lyons
Mary Lyslo
Dr.Robert L.MacCarty
Dave & Lorrie
MacGillivray
Leroy Machulda
John S.Maciejny
Donald R.MacInnis
Lyle MacIver
John Mackner
Larry & Carol Madison
Carole & Hans Madland
Irene Maertens
Hugh & Nancy Magill
Robert W.Magnuson
Stephan L.Maguire
John & Lynnette
Mahlke
Gerald Mahon
Jim Mahoney
Kenneth E.Maine
Scott Mainella
Mike Majerle
Liz &Al Makynen
Tom & Kathy Malaske
Bob Malat
Douglas B.Malchow
Louis S.Malchow
Katie Maldeis
Michael & Janet Malik
Kevin Mallory
Glen Malmquist
Bruce & Jan Malo
Catherine Malotky &
David Engelstad
Karl E.Mandelin
Gerry M.Mandsager
Don &Sue Manion
Gerald M.Manley &
Teresa Thomas
Bruce Mann
Janet &Thomas
Manthey
Robert & Julie Manuel
Gail Marchand
Charles & Paulette
Marini
Jeffrey P.Mark
Rodney Marklund
Daniel &Sharon Marks
Marquette Honey
Farms
Glenn Marrs
W.P.Mars
Alan Marschall
Kirk Marschel
Roderic Marschke
John & Dawn Marshall
Raymond O.Marshall
Edward C.Marsolek
Richard Marsolek
John Marszalek
A.J.Martin
Amber Martin & Paul
Robinson
Gordon & Jewell
Martin
Phyllis Martin
Richard W.Martin
Su & Pete Martinetto
Tom Marturano
William & Shirley
Maruska
Ethel & David Marx
Maryview Beach Resort,
Dale & Donna Lidberg
Stuart Mason
Jeff Masten
JamesA.Master II
Jennifer A.Mateer
Mark S.Mateer
Mark C.Mathias
John Matta
Brian Matteson
Mattson family
Dale R.Mattson
Gary Mattson
Paul J.Matuschek
MaryAnne Maurer &
Steve Smith
Corrine Maxwell
Michael T.Maxwell
Sheila Maybauks
Mayer Optical Shop
John P.Mayerle
Mary F.McBride
Donald J.McCall
John McCarthy
Patrick McCarthy
Walt R.McCarthy
Dan McClellan
Zelda M.McClellan
Robert S.McClocklin
Tim & Jeanne McCloskey
Bruce McClurg
Mary P.McConnell
Sheronne & Bruce
McCoy
Dr.Joseph McCulloch
Karen McDermott
Malcolm W.McDonald
Mary Ellen McFarland
Dennis J.McGovern
John M.McGrane
Mary Jane McHardy
Dan & Lucy McInerny
McIntosh Family
Jeffrey R.McIntyre
Thomas J.McIver
Ann McKenzie &
Jonathan Peterson
Stu & Mary McKie
Anne McKinsey
Deborah K.McKnight
& Jim Alt
Brenda L.McLaughlin
Charles & Mary
McLaughlin
Keith K.McLean
Wayne L.McMillen
David McNair
Jay T.McNamara
Ronald W.McNamara
Bion &Anita McNulty
Harry & Jane McPeak
Tom & Kim Medin
Jay Meekin
John L.Mehle
Grant Mehring
Lee Mehrkens
Jon & Pam Melander
Brian & Mary Meline
Bill Meller
Todd Meltzer
Henry & Mary Ellen
Menke
61
Thank you
Edna A.Menning
M.R. Merabella
Gene Merriam
Randy Merry
Adeline Meskan
Jeff Messerich
Jerome Messerschmidt
Karen Metcalf
Peter J. Metcalf
Craig T.Meyer
Rev. Fred Meyer
Jim & Betty Meyer
Lester F. Meyer
Michael C. Meyer
Nadine Meyer
Roger Meyer
Ron Meyer
Chet & Miriam Meyers
Helen R. Meyers
Anthony C. Michelich
Joel Mickelson
Mid-Central Federal
Savings
Mark Miklas
Bob & Nancy Milan
Jerry & Alyce Miley
Charles H. Miller
Clint & Patty Miller
Dana H. Miller
Daniel W.Miller
Gary Miller
Harvey D. Miller
Jacob H. Miller
Jerrold T.Miller
Richard L. Miller
Robert A.Miller Sr.
Thomas L. Miller
Willis A.Miller
Dennis Milotzky
Richard Miners
Minnesota Wastewater,
Operators Association
George P. Miserendino
Richard Misgen
Jim Mishek
Elizabeth Miskovich
family
Caren & Todd Mitchell
family
Douglas R. Mitchell
Janet Mitchell
Lucy & Bob Mitchell
Mancel T. Mitchell III
David E. Moeckel
Charles E. Moen
Michael & Beth Moen
Roger Mohror
Pete Mollick
Maureen & Bill Momsen
Robert C. Momsen
Mike Monahan
Darwin &Sandra Monson
Margot Monson
Mary Monte
Robert Montebello
Bruce Monteith
Jerry & Karen
Montonye
Bill Montroy
Kris & Dena Moody
Michael T.Moore
Stephen Moore
Robert W.Mordick
Dean Moren
Dan & Jean Moreno
Judy Morgan
William H. Morgan
Leroy H. Moritz
Greg L. Morrill
Jeff Morrison
Jean & Dick Morse
Dr. N.O. Morse
Ed & Beth Morsman
Carl “Rudy”Mortenson
Jerry Mortenson
John R. Morton
Mark Moser
John R. Moses
Dale Moss
Rosalie Mozinski
Robert Muehl & Julia
Foster
Julie Muehlberg & Don
Walvatne
Robert Mueller
Dennis Mulvey
Joyce E. Mundt
Len Munson
Duane Muri
Bob Murphy
Patrick & Harriet
Murphy
Robert Murphy
Jack Murray
Lynne Musil
Jim Mussell
Frank & Shirley Mustar
Egon Mutzke
Mason C. Myers
Elizabeth Myhre
Ken Myran
Jason R. Naber
Pearl Nagel
Theodore & Judy Nagel
Lisa Nahkala
Edward Naill
Richard J. Nalezny
Chris Nathan
M. Nation
National Eagle Center
Marlene & Ronald
Nauman
Michael Naumann
Paul M. Naumann
Wallace Neal
Ken Neihart
Bernard Nelsen
Bob & Kathie Nelson
Bonnie Nelson
Carl & Ruth Nelson
Clareyse E. Nelson
Darby Nelson
David Nelson
David & Julene Nelson
Dorothy A.Nelson
Gary & Carol Nelson
Gary D. Nelson
Gloria & Wyman Nelson
Gloria M. Nelson
Howard M. Nelson
J. Robert Nelson
Jane L. Nelson
John & Donna Nelson
Kathleen Nelson
Keith Nelson
Kristen Nelson
Lloyd & Donna Nelson
Margie & Dick Nelson
Mark W.Nelson
Orville T.Nelson
Richard D. Nelson
Robert Nelson
Rolf Nelson
Sally Nelson
Stan Nelson
Steven P. Nelson
Terry & Linnaea Nelson
Vordyn Nelson
Wade Nelson
Warren G. Nelson
Lee & Karen Nerison
Bloyd L. Ness
Nancy Ness
Ron & Doris Nessett
Paulette Nettestad
Tom & Jo Neubert
Claudia Neuhauser
James Neumann
Paul & Cathryn
Neumayer
John P. Newbauer
Robert & Dawna Newby
Jay Newcomb
Paul & Beth Newman
Bill L. Newton
David Newville
Jeff Niblack
Tracy Niebeling
Donald Niece
Ron Niedzielski
Dale E. Nielsen
Douglas L. Nielsen
Kenneth Nielsen
Gerald & Bonnie Niemi
Duane Niesen
Dr. Daniel Nietz DVM
Terry & Caroll
Niewolny
Nancy Niggley
Matthew Nigon
Richard Nigon
Gary R. Nikolai
Carole Nimlos
Richard J. Niss
Cyril & Nora Nix
William Nixon Jr.
Steven J. Noakes
Jeri Noble
R.J. Nodland
Mark Nolan
Mary Nolan
David & Mary Noll
Shauna Norby
Richard E. Nordin
Robert L. Norenberg
Phillip Norrgard
Robert J. Norstrom
North Star Resort
Steve North
Daniel P. Norton
Scott Norton
Norway Ridge
Supper Club
Glen & Yvonne Novak
Mike & Joann Novak
Tom Novotny
Tom Noyes
Roger Nundahl
Luanne Nyberg
Mark Nyberg
David Nycklemoe
John Nyhus
Norm Nystrom
Barbara & Peder Oase
Karen Oberhauser &
Don Alstad
Richard O’Brien
Andrew J. O’Connell
Tom & Pam Odland
Tom R. O’Donnell
Rosemary O’Donovan
Lavonne Oehmen
Michele Oelrich
Kris Oelschlager & Lise
Fohlmeister
Lee Oestreich
Nancy Oestreich
Dwaine Ogden
Dan & Ann Ogg
Megan O’Hara
Jim Ohman
Alan L. Oines
Douglas Oines
Dave Oium
Dan & Brenda Oleson
Robert G. Olijnek
William Olinger
Tammi Oliver-Vaught
Rick & Susy Olsen
Charles Olson
Curtis R. Olson
Daniel & Vicki Olson
David C. Olson
David E. Olson
David P. Olson
Deloresann Olson
Gary G. Olson
Gaylon Olson
Gen Olson
Glenn Olson
Herb Olson
James L. Olson
Jane & Terry Olson
John & Beth Olson
John P. Olson
John S.Olson
Kenneth E. Olson
Lloyd Olson
Marc Olson
Richard S.Olson
Maren Olson &
Jamie McBride
Keith & Libby Olstad
Lynn K. Olund
Janice Omacht &
Peter Anderson
Pat O’Malley
Laure Oostenink
Terry & Sue Orpen
David Orr
Larry & Kathy Ortloff
Kathy Osborne
Marylea Osier
Craig Oster
Steven Osterkamp
David L. Ostrander
James Ostrom
Karen Ostroot
Joanne Otis
Elva P. Otness
Roger Ottem
Ottertail Coaches Inc.,
Mike Clark
Edward C. Otto
Jim & Karen Otto
Lou & Jody Otto
Outdoor News Inc.
Larry Oveson
Mark Owens
Robert Owens
Kari Oxford
Michael & Pam
Pagelkopf
Irvin & Lyla Pagels
Warren W.Pakulski
Roberta Palen
Gregory & Kristin Palfe
Rodney Palmer
Bonnie Palmquist
Panger family
Robert & Carolyn Papke
Shar Paquette
Roger & Bev Parks
Charles & Joanne
Parsons
Carroll Partridge
David Pass
Darin Passer
Forrest H. Passer
Eugene C. Patten
Tom & Sally Patterson
Mark & Marybeth
Patton
Brian D. Patty & family
Kevin Patty & Mary
McDowall
Alice C. Paul
Kenneth Paul
Elaine Paulley
Dave & Jonni Paulsen
David M. Paulson
Dean R. Paulson
Duane & Julie Paulson
John G. Paulson
Lloyd W.Paulson
Lawrence L. Pavek Jr.
Chuck Pavlish
David Payne
Donald J. Pearce
Leland & Doris Pearson
Ellie Peden
Roy A.Pedersen
George & Mary Peichel
Kevin Pelkey
Pentair Equipment
Protection
Alice Pepin
Desmond & Mae Pepin
Rod & Carol Percy
Tony & Irene Perpich
David Perrin
Patrick J. Perro
Ethan Perry &
Meredith Cornett
Jon W.Perry
Lou Ann Perry
Tammy Perry
Rebecca Person
Tom & Suz Perusse
Tim Peschong
Russell Pesola
Germain & Annette
Petermeier
Robert L. Peters
Kernan T.Peterschick
Joe Petersen
Julia Petersen
Daniel K. Peterson
Dorothy Peterson
Harvey M. Peterson
GARY ALAN NELSON
Jerry & Donna Peterson
Kurt Peterson
Larry E. Peterson
Mark S. Peterson,
Traust Consulting
Phillip M. Peterson
R.W. Peterson
Richard & Leah
Peterson
Rolf & Kathy Peterson
Rollyn Peterson
Ronald A.Peterson
Sharon M. Peterson
Silas C. Peterson Jr.
Sylvia Peterson
T. Peterson
T. & C. Peterson
Joan & John Petroff
Leo M. Petroske
Roger W.Petry
Jerome M. Petsch
Robert A.Petzel
Amy Pfankuch
Charles C. Pfeffer Jr.
Tom & Betsy
Pfeifer family
Terri & Dan Phalen
Gloria Phelps
Matt Philippi
Dan Philippon
Everett Philipsek
Hugh K. Phillips
Sue Phillips
Bill Pickett
David A.Pickford
Doris A.Pierce
Dan & Cindy Pince
Pinedale Resort
Jon Pinkerton
Gregory Pinto &
Tammy Cheng
Greg & Sarah
Piotraschke
Nancy & Steve Piragis
John Pitera & Katherine
Patterson
Rebecca Planer
Robert G. Pleban
Robert L. Pletan
Irvin P. Plitzuweit
Lew A.Plonty
Susan & Peter Ploof
Peggy Plunkett
Rudy Pluth
Richard Poffenbaugh
Brad Point
Sally B. Polk
Leon Polley
Robert W.Polzin
Allan R. Poncin
Mark J. Ponsolle
Owen Pool
Craig Poorker &
Joanie Miller
George M. Pope
Judy Poplawski
Wayland K. Porter
Joseph G. Potter
Marion & Stephan
Potyondy
Dean Pouliot
Nancy L. Powell
Prairie Restorations
Arthur Pratley
Walter & Harriet Pratt
Loretta D. Prentice
Sara Preston & Don
Anselment
Brian Primozich
Darlene Primus
Curtis Pritchard
David Prosser
Tom H. Prusak
Marc Puhl
Tim Pulis
Terry Purcell
Anne & Brian Purrington
Doug Purrington
Clayton Pyche
Mike & Dolly Quaife
Ken & Bobbi Quass
Brad Quatier
Michael & Betty Quayle
Darryl Quern
Roger D. Quern
Pat & Michelle Quinlan
Thomas M. Quinn
Arthur J. Raak
John Rabe
Lyn C. Rabinovitch &
John W. Saxhaug
Darryl Radford
Steven P. Radjenovich
Colleen Radke
Olli Rahkola
William Rahm
Karl Raitz
Kelly G. Ramer &
Garwick family
Erich & Nancy Ramp
Bonnie J. Ramsey-Davis
Steve Ranallo
Gyles W.Randall
Victoria Rarick
Richard Raser
Bill Rasmussen
Christine & Don
Rasmussen
Sue & Greg Rasmussen
Beverly Rath
Matt Rauschke
Patti & Dick Raymond
Ernest E. Read
Dean Rebuffoni
Gary Rechtzigel
Marylee Reddie
Redwood County
Pheasants Forever
J. Hunter Reed
Kenneth W.Reed
David J. Reeder
Charles Reeve
Ralph & Ulla Reeve
Adam Reichow
Sharon Reid
James & Julie Reimer
Richard O. Reinhart
Bruce Reischl
Steve & Deena Reisman
David Reisner
David & Colleen Reitan
Otto Reitz
Dick & Adele Remme
Evelyn Remsberg
James C. Remsberg
Pamela Renkel
Steve Renner
Jean S.Replinger
Edward C. Resler
Ronald L. Ress
Susan Rettke
Alan R. Reuteler
James Rewey
Joe & Pat Reymann
Greg Reynolds
Bradley A.Riba
Angie Ribar
Grace V.Rice
Pat & Calvin Rice
Robert E. Rice
Maurice Rich
Ron & Mary Ellen
Richardson
William M. Richner
Charyl K. Richters
Sylvia J. Rick
Martha Ricke
Larry Ricklick
Ernest B. Ridens
David C. Ridler
Claude & Laurel Riedel
Kenneth H. Riedemann
Jim Riemenschneider
Sue Riester
Pat Riley
Steve Ring & Molly
Redmond
Richard A.Ringstad
David A.Rinke
Kent Rioux
Ritters family
Ron Rizzo
Jim Roban
Barry Robbins
James W.Roberts
Ralph & Estella Roberts
Jamie & Sally Robertson
Paul E. Robey
R.G. Robillard
Mike Roe
Daniel M. Roebbeke
Jon A.Roeder
Oliver Roen
Richard J. Roesler
Richard & Susan Roesler
Lloyd & Pat Rogers
Ronald Rogers
Jim Roggenbuck
Patricia Roggenkamp
Jim E. Rogne
Karen Harris Rognsvoog
Robert H. Rogotzke
Natalie Roholt &
Patrick Riley
Suzy Roiger
Jon S.Rollinger
Roger Roloff & Barbara
Petersen
George Roman
Dick Rominski
James Ronald
Ronald & Bettye
Ronning
Barbara J. Ronningen
Omar Rood
Nancy J. Rooney
S. Rorem
David R. Rosati
Robert W.Rosene
Robert & Alice
Rosengren
Jack Rosenkrans
Erma D. Rosenow
Randy C. Rosett
Brian & Kris Ross
Dan Ross
Thomas J. Ross
Vince Ross
Joe Rossi
S.J. Roste
Bill Rottschaefer
Mark Roubinek
Rowe Funeral Home,
Ken & Pam Spangler
Dr. Nathaniel H. Rowe
John E. Rubis
Larry F. Rucker
Tim & Carol Ruda
Laura G. Rude
Steven Rudenick
Harry Rudisill
Mark & Mary Rueter
Bob Ruff
Priscilla M. Runquist
Robert Rupp
Todd Ruppert
Mike Ruprecht
Tom & Lynn Rusch
Judith & Joseph Rush
Dr.Tom & Judie Russell
George O. Rust
Roger L. Rustad
Sue & Tom Rutledge
Alan & Sally Ruvelson
Dr. & Mrs.
J. Michael Ryan
Michael Ryan
Richard J. Ryan
Nancy Saathoff
Steig Sabee
Vern Salzl
Scott R. Salzman
Shaw Sampson
Dan & Mary Sand
Dolores Sande
John Sanders
Alyce & Dean
Sanderson
Darrell Sanderson
Lester Sanderson
Susan C. Sanderson
Ann Sandford
LeRoy Sandgren
David Sandstrom,
Diamond S Ranch
Dorothy & Lee Sanford
Paul Santo &
Donna Von Lehe
James Sargent
Alice Sarkela
Candyce L. Sartell
Alice M. Sateren
Linda Satrom
Jack W. Sattel
William B. Satterness
Jacque & Max Saucedo
Jerry Sauer
Cameron D. Saunders
Chris Saville
Diane M. Savino
Brad Savola
Timothy & Sally Sawyer
Mr. & Mrs.
Joseph A.Schaal
Dan Schadegg
V.J. Schaefer
Daniel K. Schaitberger
Craig & Janelle
Scheidecker
Harold E. Schepper
Greg Scherer
Don & Jean
Scherfenberg
Leslie Scheuble
Doug Scheunemann
Ronald Schibilla
Jerry Schiebe
Mike Schilett
Rob Schiller
Dan Schlauderaff
Kathy Schleichert
Rita Schlief
Lucy Schliemann
Lisa Schlingerman
Betty Schloemer
Betty Schlosser
Jonathan Schlueter
Tim Schmalz
Sharon Schmid
Art Schmidt
Bernie Schmidt
Craig Schmidt
J. Stephen Schmidt
John G. Schmidt
Steve Schmidt
Elmer Schmidthuber
Milan Schmiesing
Steven A.Schmit
Bob Schmitz
Charles P. Schneider
Heidi Schneider
Richard W. Schneider
Joy Schochet &
Jonathan Green
Kathy & Jeff
Schoenbauer
Virginia R. Schoenbohm
Herbert A.Schoening
Wayne Schoeppach
Nancy Schollett
Paul W. Schollmeier &
Christine M. Meyer
Dr.James Schorn
Pat Schott
Donald R.Schow II
Spencer Schram
Mike Schrank
Kim Schreur
B.E. Schrock
Cliff Schroeder
Ernie Schroeder
Fred & Jan Schroeder
Karen R. Schroeder
Kenneth W. Schroeder
Shawn M. Schroeder
Wes Schroeder
Russell Schroedl
Lloyd Schrum
Thomas Schrup
Curt & Bev Schrupp
David Schueller
Jennifer Schultz
Richard M. Schultz
Russel M. Schultz
Greg & Karen Schulz
Margaret Schumann
63
Thank you
Ralph & Sandra
Schuster
Thomas Schuster
Peter & Linda Schwamb
Hollis H. Schwartz
Paul Schwartz
Roger D. Schwartz
Janet Schwarz
Lola Schwarz
Robert Schwegel
Bob Scott
David R. Scott
Davis A.Scott
Jeffrey & Judy Scott
Robert J.Scott Jr.
Ron Scripture
Rod & Ruth Searle
Paul Seaton
Don O. Sebring
Sharon Sechrist
Maija Sedzielarz
David Seely
Steve & Mary Seidlitz
Walter G.Seidlitz Jr.
Bob & Marree Seitz
George G. Selcke
Isabelle Sellner
John J. Sells
Marianne Seng
Norman Senjem
Ron Sermon
Lonny & Barb Serreyn
Dr. Surendra Sethi
Dale & Michelle
Setterholm
Tom Severns
Janice Severs
Jim Severson
Lee & Jerry Shannon
Scott & Patricia Sharkey
Dennis L. & Yvonne R.
Sharp
Grace & Rick Sheely
Gary Sheets
Richard & Jo Ann
Sheldon
Carrolyn Shepherd
Charles H. Sheridan
Susan Sheridan
Alvhild M. Sherve
Wayne Sherwood
Fran Shimmin
Bonnie Shotliff
Pamela Shubat
Steve & Cathi Shure
James & Joyce Sidman
Kacey J. Siegel
Marla Siegler
Joe & Corrine
Sierakowski
Carolyn Sieraski
Rick Siewert family
Sara & Jimmy Siewert
Joan Sifford
Cheryl K. Sill
Mary H. Simmons
Miriam Simmons
Kirsten Simon
Susan Simon
Bob & Toni Simonson
Robert Sinave
Jimmy Single
Rolin R. Sinn
Katie A.Sipe
Tom & Barb Sipe
Dennis Sippel Sr.
Paul & Erika Sitz
William Sjobeck
Jack Sjoholm Jr.
Keith Sjostrom
Erven Skaar
Patricia Skarohlid
John D. Skildum
Dr.Steven & Corilee
Skildum
Dennis & Judy Skinner
Kenneth R. Skjegstad
Rick Skodje
Stephen H. Skogman
Peg & Lee Skold
Mike Skweres
Roger & Kay Slater
Steven H. Slatten
Joseph M. Slavec
Kent Slegh
Steve Slettedahl
Marlo Sloan
Dave Smiglewski
Chuck Smith
Dale L. Smith
Dave Smith
Dick & Shirley Smith
Ethel J. Smith
Greg & Laura Smith
Joan Smith
Joe & Caroline Smith
John G. Smith
Kathy & Brett Smith
Kirk Smith
Richard Hamilton Smith
Robert W. Smith
Shannon Smith
Steve Smith
Terry & Bonnie Smith
Virginia Smith
Richard Smolnik
Peter T.Smyth
Brad Snickers
Jim & Michelle Snyder
Pete J. Sobiech
Dan Soderholm
Glenn Soine
Robert E. Soleim
Donald L. Solem
Carol & Eugene Solheim
Keith & Karen Solimar
Barbara Jo Solvie
Don & Mary Somers
Peter & Kristin Somers
Joan Somes
Dale & Kathy Sommers
Michael Sommers
Paul Sommers
Melissa Sonnenberg
Diane Sorensen
Mark Sorensen
Lee & Yvonne Sorenson
Lowell F. Sorenson
Coralis Sowles
Natalie Spalj
Tim Spangenberg
Tom Spangler
Robert L. Spanjers
Kenneth Speake
Mary & Jack Spear
Richard J. Specht
Donald Spehn
Joseph A.Speldrich
Wayne H. Spindler
David Spinler
Mike Spittler
Thomas Spoden
Don Spolum
Grant & Pamela Springer
Brenda Sproat
Scott Squibb
St.Therese Catholic
School, Carla West
Edward D. Stack
Denise & Douglas
Stacklie
Larry M. Stafford
Lowell & Audrey
Stafford
Donald E. Stahlke
Ernest Stalock
Mike Stalpes
Jerry Stangel
Robert Stanger
Patrick Stanton
Franklin Star
David Starner
Bernadette Starr
Ernest & Jan
Stauffenecker
William M. Stauffer
Karla E. Stavos
Dick & Perian Stavrum
Jeff Stawarski
Ray & Helen Stawarz
Patricia Stearns
Thomas S. Steele
Tom Steen
John P. Steffen
Peter Steffens
Bob & Judy Steffes
Mark Steidl
Mike & Rocki Stein
Steven Stein
Stephen J. Steinhagen
Richard Stelling
Edwin J. Stellmach
Ashton R. Stenberg
Susan A.Stendel
Charles E. Stephan
Joyce L. Stephenson
Kathryn Sternberg
Shelley A.Steva
David R. Stevens
Dick & Eva Stevens
Nila Stevens
Sandra A.Stevens
Roger & Pat Stevenson
Tom Stewig
Gordon &
Mary Jean Stobb
Keith L. Stockdill
Millie Stockert
Stockham family
Peggy K. Stockwell
Neil Stokes
Jill Stoltenberg &
Paul Walker
Charles &
Danielle Stone
John D. Stone
Lynn & Frank Stone
Richard Stone
John Stoneburner
Dale & Chris Storebo
Richard & Joyce Storla
Kenneth R. Storm
Warren D. Stortroen
Lois Stoutenburg
Judith Stoutland
James Strahl
Bruce & Pat Strand
Dr.Roger W. Strand
Roger C. Strandlie
Tim Stratton & Suzanne
Wasilczuk
Bill & Charlotte Strei
Jim & Betty Stricker
Megan Strike
Judy M. Stringer
Charles Strinz &
Kathy Rice
Mark & Joan Strobel
Irving Strom
James C. Strom
Lester M. Strom
Pauline Strom
Rev.James S. Stromberg
Dan Stucky
Janice Stull
Walt & Jane Stull
Gary D. Stursa
Pete Sufka
Cher & Jim Sulerud
Gene Sullivan
Timothy A.Sullivan
Jeff Summerfield
William T.Sumner
Bob Sundberg
Elli Sundholm
Don & Stephanie
Supalla
Thomas Suther
Carolyn Sutherland
Phyllis Svingen
Renee L. Svoboda
Allan F. Swanson
Bradley & Joanie
Swanson
Danny Swanson
Dennis Swanson
Earl C. Swanson
Heimer Swanson
Jerome &
Margaret Swanson
Paul Swanson
Robert C. Swanson
Steven & Patricia
Swanson
Tom & Bonnie Swanson
Donald E. Sward
Jean Sweeney
Marie I. Sweeny
Connie & Arlan
Swenson
Duane Swenson
Gary A.Swenson
Lonnie Swenson
Susan Swenson
Michael C.Swift &
Dr.Anne Walter
Kent Sylvander
Emily & Nora Sylvestre
Gail Syverson
Ted & Cynthia Szczech
Alan S.Tague
Talarico family
Jeanne Tanamachi
Jerry Tangen
Joseph & Cynthia Tapp
Charles & Joan Taylor
Janet & Patrick Taylor
Tony Teale
Matthew & Jennifer
Teegarden
Michael Tegeder
Vel Teichroew
Norman W.Telander
Neil Tellijohn
Agnete C.Temali
Jerry Tempel
Philip C.Tennison
Donald R.Tessmer
Laurie L.Testin
The Jailhouse
Historic Inn
Mollie Theel
Ben Theisen
Tracy & Richard Theisen
Kellie R.Theiss
Sheryl A.Theuninck
Dennis Thielen
Kent Thielen
Valeria M.Thielman
Milly O.Thissen
Judith &
Johnson Thistle
Alan G.Thole
Gary Thomas
Gregory J.Thomas &
Carol M. Downie
Betty & Greg Thomes
Ami & Jon Thompson
Edward &
Kate Thompson
James E.Thompson
Jay & Susan Thompson
Jessica Thompson
John R.Thompson
Larry Thompson
Roberta R.Thompson
Wallace J.Thompson
Tom & Sandy Thomsen
Mike Thone
Mike Thor
Bruce M.Thorfinnson
Tom F.Thornton
Chris Thorsen
Ronald Thorsrud
Gary Thorstad
Robert Thour
Gene H.Thul
Greg Thurin family
Joseph R.Thurn
Lloyd N.Thyen
Rick J.Tibesar
Renee Tierney
Diane & Eugene Timgren
Jerry Timian
Bruce D.Timman
Ethel & Tom Tincher
Ken Tinderholm
Barbara Tindle
Stephen & Mae Tinguely
Orton R.Tofte
Fr.Frank S.Tomasiewicz
Kathy Tomlinson
Thomas Tommet
Donald & Sharon Tonn
Brian & Karen Tooker
Frank D.Topley
Barbara & Paul Toren
Charles Torrens
Lyndon Torstenson
Doris A.Towle
GARY ALAN NELSON
Richard Traen
Lorraine Tressel
Robert Treuer
Ernest J.Trimble
Terry Tripp
David G.Troen
David H.Trombley
Tony Trostem
Phil & Mary Troutwine
Jackie Trucker
Debra J.Trumm
Tom Trusty
John J.Tschumperlin
Betty J.Tuma
John Tuma
Randy J.Tuma
Neil A.Turgeon
Brian Turner
Lawrence J.Turner
Spencer A.Turner
John D.Turrittin
Paul & Dawn Tuttle
Betty Tveite
Ruth & Ole Tweet
David W.Twomey
George Tyrrell
James Tyvand
Dale W.Ulrich
Nels A.Ulsaker
Jerold Untiedt
Carol Upcraft
Gerald Urban
John & Jennifer
Urbanski
Paul E. Urdahl
Gordy Uttermark
Kirk & Susan Vadnais
Joan T.Vagt
Roy E.Vance
John & Darlene
Vandermyde
James Van Duyn
Gary Van Erp
Paul E.Van Gorp
Donald Vangundy
Jim Van Houdt
Josephine &
George Vania
Fred Van Krevelen
Eric & Mary
Van Norman
Willis & Irene
Van Norman
Ben & Mandy
Van Santen
Armin H.Vanselow
Linda & Jack
Van Straaten
Jim & Marcy Vavricka
James Vculek
Tom C.Veblen
Marilyn Vialle
Karen Vickberg
Dean F.Vikan
Myrtle Vikla
Leon & Marlene Visser
Susan Vitalis
Jeff Vlaminck
Adam S.Vogt
Brent Voight
Robert & Lois Vojtech
M.K.Volk
Teresa Vollbrecht
Robert & Luminita
Vollmer
Elmo & Julie Volstad
Fritz Voracek
Elizabeth Vosburgh
Daryl Voss
Steven & Connie Voss
Michael Votel
John & Jill Vuchetich
Jon H.Vukelich
Ed Wachutka
Gerald P. Waddick
Dave & Betty Wade
Michele D. Wade
Dick & Jane Wagemaker
Bruce & Karen Wagner
J. Scott Wagner
William Wagner
William C. Wagner
Daniel W. Waisa
Mark J. Waldo
Anne Walker
DeAnna Walker
Donald P. Walker
Robert A.Walker
William E. Walker
John Walkup
Evelyn Wall
Jon B. Wallin
Don & Carolyn Walter
John Walters
Ronald Walther
Walt’s In-Out Oil Change
Paul Walvatne
Chuck & Marge Wanous
Chuck & Kristie
Wanstrom
Thomas M. Wappes
Lynette & Tom Ward
Sharon L. Ward
Ann Ware
Duane R. Warfield
Howard E. Warnberg
Doug & Jill Warner
Richard D. Warner
Dorothy A.Warrant
Judy Warren
Steven E. Warren
Carol B. Waschbusch
G.M. Wasche
Carrie J. Wasley
William T.Wasnick
Ann & David Wasson
Mr. & Mrs. Robert R.
Watson
In Honor of
Fran Abbott, by Joe Kraker
Andy Allen, by Bob Schneider
Chuck & Loewy Anderson, by Paul & Sandra
Anderson
Jim & Susan
Weatherhead
George & Barbara
Weatherston
Jeanne Weber
William Weber
William B. Webster
Cameron Wedde
Rob Wedeking
Kenny Weekes
Aleta D. Wegner
Catherine B. Wegner
Meryl A.Wegner
Paul Wegner
Sharon Wehner
Richard & Karen Weiger
Mary K. Weimer
Laura Weinberger
Don Weirens & Leah
Meyer
Chuck & Myrlee
Weisbrod
Betty Weisjahn
Harry S. Weiss Jr.
Verne E. Weiss
Gary L. Welharticky
Mark & Cathy Welle
Tom & Barb Welle
Charles Welling &
Barbara Thoman
Larry J. Wells
Michy & Chip Wells
Ben & Pam Wellumson
Brenda Wendland
Lyle R. Wendroth
Dennis Wendt
Bob Wente
Paul Werler
Caryn Wermager
Nancy & Jim
Werner-Azarski
James & Susanne
Wernimont
Bruce Werre
Carol M. Westberg
Duane Westberg
Michael Westby
Barbara Westenberg
Don & Kathy Westerman
Michael Westfall
Don & Robin Westling
Mark Weston family
George P. Wetzel
Geo Weyer
Sandra L. Wheeler
Lawrence R. Whitaker
Bob & Faith Whitcraft
Irven C. White
Mark R. White
Nora K. White
Todd White
Jim Whitehead
Eric & Carrie Whitehill
Gilbert S. Whitson
Steve R. Whittet
Joe & Julie Wiatros
Donald Wicklund
Doug & Elise Widen
Mike & Pam Wiehe
G.T. Wier
Bruce & Rose Marie
Wignall
Steve M. Wilcox
Robert Wilder
Warren C. Wildes
David K. Wildung
Richard F. Wiley
Linda A.Wilford
Robert Wilke
Larry Wilkens
Matt Wilkens family
Roger & Ann Will
Gerald Willet
Mr. & Mrs.
Robert O. Willey
Donna Williams
Ronald M. Williams
Sonja Williams
Terry Williams
Terry J. Williams
F.A. Williamson
John Williamson
Bob Wills
Michael & Sandra
Wilson
Natalie J. Wilson
Rocco Wilson
Thomas Wilson
Sue Wiltgen
Michael A.Wiltse
Wayne R. Winick
Dan Winkel
Fred & Eleanor Winston
Kendra Winter
Michael Winter
Tom & Cindy Winter
Robert C. Wisen
Herman Wisneski
John S. Wisniewski
Paula J. Witt
Tom & Jackie Witty
Sherry A.Witzman
Bruce Wizik
August Wobeck
Mark E.Woell &
Naomi Loges
Calvin Wojahn
Paul W. Wojahn
Allan L. Wold
David J. Wold
John A.Wolf
Kellie A.Wolf
Marty J. Wolf
Sue Wolf
Louise C. Wolf-Novak
Eldon W. Wollmann
Joann Wolner
Marjory & Michael Wood
Duane, Lori, Wyatt, & Masha Anderson, by
Larry & Rose McLaren
Elwood & Jan Dzubay Anderson, by
Phil & Ranee Dzubay
Curt & Addie Ashenbach
Drew & Ericka, by Rick & Mary Augustyn
Roger & Lois Bailey, by Kevin L. Bailey
Laurel Woodruff
William W. Woods
Rev.Mark Woodward
Kathy Worden
Dale M. Wright
John S. Wright
Merlin J. Wynia
Don Yaeger
Jean Yager
Barb & Dave Yarusso
Jenny Yates
Alec Ybarra
Mike Ye
Karen Yeadon
Danny & Lai Ying
John Young
Kevin W.Young
Dana & Gordon Yurich
& Scott Ostrom
Mark Zack
Barbara Zahasky &
Bob Hogancamp
Judy Zaitz
Ken Zakovich
Larry & Jo Zambino
Lerton R. Zander
Juris A.Zankevics
David Zarkower
Robert C. Zaske
Marc W.Zastera
Nancy & Gene Zemske
Leon J. Zender
Michael C. Zicus
James & Jean Zieba &
John Zieba
Harrison V.Ziegelman
Robert Ziegeweid
Jerry Zierdt
Arlene Zimmerman
Gary G. Zimmerman
Larry Zimmerman
Jeremy Zimprich
Michael E. Zins
Tim Zinter
Nicholas Zissos
Jeff & Jeanne Zlonis
Gene Zopfi
Kurt E. Zuppke
Dennis Zuzek
Stephan & Erica Zweifel
Matching Gifts
Ameriprise Financial
General Mills
Foundation
Kraft Foods Group
Foundation
Microsoft Corporation
Prudential Foundation
Red Wing Shoe Company
Toro Foundation
Dr. Bruce Balow, by Doug & Anna Balow
Ruth Bank, by Gary T. Bank
Phyllis Banks, by Christie Furber
65
Thank you
Eli Bauer-Clapp
Tyler & Noah Bechtold, by
Roger & Linda Bechtold
Alex Beckman, by Kathy Beckman
Clarice Bergin
Bongers grandchildren, by Mary Bongers
George & Rosemary Borgerding
Dylan B. & Ethan F., by Gana Boyd
Bob Brandt, by Tom Solei
Lucian & Mary Brown
John Patrick Budd, by Pat Budd Zachau
Dorothy Burggraff, by Bill & Chris
Barb Byron, by Nate & Liz Dybvig
Sr. Michea Byron, by Nate & Liz Dybvig
Dr.Tom J. Casperson, by Chas & Jordan
Central Lakes College,
Natural Resources Club
Arlene Cherney, by Joe Matteson
Orville Christianson, by
Milton & Corrine Haugen
Doug Cole, by Dennis Levendowski &
Lisa Knazan
Gerald H. Cross, by Tim & Karla Cross
Our children & grandchildren, by
Gary & Dorie Cummins
Patricia Dale
Brooke & Dylan, by Jeff & Cindy Dalen
Speed Dauwalter, by Kevin & Toni Dauwalter
Bob A. Dey, by Vicki Leinonen
James Dirnberger, by Gene Dirnberger
Drained wetlands
Bonnie Durand, by Dennis Durand
Daniel & Terry Dybsetter, by Anne
Dybsetter & Jeff Vetsch
Walt & Natalie Dygve, by
Doug & Vicki Dypwick
David N. Eckman, by Kate Eckman
Conrad, Alice, & Richard Eidem, by
Chuck & Sandi Eidem
Judith Eisner, by Dennis Levendowski &
Lisa Knazan
Clarence Ellinghuysen, by
Susan Ellinghuysen
Peter Engstrom, by Mom
Our parents, by MJ & Al Fales
Nancy Falkum
Doris Fellows, by David E. Fellows
Karen Filardo, by Keith Lillquist
Craig Foss, by Arlen Foss
Tom Fournier, by Thomas Fournier
Dr. Calvin Fremling, by Lyelle Palmer
Andy & Lori, by Al & Bonnie Frieland
Robert Gefvert, by Bruce Gefvert
Warren Y. Gore, by Paul Gore
Lily Grace, by Hanna Barker
Mary Green, by Bob & Erin
Karol Gresser, by Tom Margevicius
Dorothy D. Gunderson, by
Michael J. & Valinda Littfin
Margaret Haapoja, by Mona Will
Thomas Hansmeyer
Robin Hanson, by Don Uhlhorn
Hassett grandkids, by Lois Hassett
Joanna & Roger Haugen, by
Bernhard Molldrem
Cindy Hazel, by Skip Hazel
Chod Hedinger, by Tom Coffee
Jon Hendrickson, by Jim & Anne Eidsvold
Marion Herman, by Leroy Herman
Diane Hertle, by Clinton Hertle
Daniel Martin Hiller, by
Mark E.Woell & Naomi Loges
Hillesheim family, by Arnold family
Mable Hjelmen, by Gary Medgaarden
Bob Howie, by Tom & DeeAnn Kraemer
Donald E. Hughes, by Helen M. Hughes
Marilyn Hughes, by Kieran Hughes
Grace Hultquist, by Diane Kessler
Glenda Huston, by Dr. Dick Huston
Douglas G. Isackson
Marcella Janovec, by David MacMullan
Jim & Hazel Johnson, by Mike Johnson
Patty Johnson, by G. Rolf Svendsen
Wayne Johnson
Jim Junker, by Mike & Laura Junker
Robert Kaiser, by Jim Kaiser
Tom Kalahar, Conservationist, by
Jerry Rode S.H.
Claude J. Kalla, by Joe & Bonnie Kalla
George E. Karp, by Jeanne M. Oelfke
Doug Keller, by Bill Shea
Jack & Harriet Kent
Michael King, by Michael King
Betty Kjellberg, by Kjellberg family
Marge Knowlton, by Ken Knowlton
Jim Kocherer, by Bridgette Robinet
Audrey Kohlgraf, by
Dennis & Louise Kohlgraf
Kent S. Kokko, by Maggie Moris
James Kolkind
Ethan Krecklau, by Myron Krecklau
John & Carol Kwiecien, by Mary Ann Laes
John W. Ladwig, by Todd I. Ladwig
Jessica Lais, by Wayne & Stephanie Lais
Violet Lappin, by Greg Lappin
Eva Sue Larson, by Donna Brundage
Jan Lee, by Roger Lee
Mr. & Mrs. Ronald Lentsch, by the Webers
Andrew Lien, by Conrad Aas
Herb Lien, by Nanette Lien
Victor Loke, by Kathy Loke
Marley Madson Jr., by Madson family
O.C. Marquardt, by Chris Marquardt
David Martin III
Ruth Marvinney, by
Don & Denny Marvinney
Lillian Mathews, by children
Lee A. Mattson, by Steven P. Mattson
Marissa Mattson, by Tyler Mattson
Wally Mattson
Glenn Maxham, by Arnold Overby
Marilyn McFarlane, by Craig & Lori Myhre
Wendell & Cleo Mensink, by Craig Mensink
Joel Mielke
Patty Murphy Millard
Becky Lynn Miller, by Ralph Miller
Gordon Miller, by Don H. Miller
Everyone at MCV, by Ron Knox
Minnesota Conservation Volunteer Staff,
by Susan Omoto
Kathie Moberg, by Pete Moberg
Mr. Moose, by Elisha
Muriel Mullin & family, by
Pat & Robert Ahrens
Pauline Nash, by Timothy Nash
Natural Creations, by Seth & Jess Midura
Alexis, Ella, Abigail, & Grant Nelson, by
Gerry & Jan Nelson
Deborah L. Nickel, by James Nickel
Nix Werner wedding, by Deb & Randy Bradt
Simon, Declan, Ellen, Olivia, & Cameron, by
Gail & Jerry Noller
Jack & William O’Brien, by
Kristen & Terry O’Brien
William T. O’Brien, by Sean P. O’Brien
Irene & Byron Ogren, by
Wendie & Tim Madigan
Douglas Olson, by Kris Olson
Paul H. Olson, by John Olson
Eloise & Ruth, by Karen & Richard Oothoudt
Colton Oquist
Bruce Orud, by Patricia Orud
Carl & Dorothy Ostrander
Ken Page, by Ken Page
Urban A. Panther, by Robert & Joanne Panther
Tom Parduhn
Jim Patterson, by Dianne Walsh
Our grandchildren, by Kathie & Gary Payne
Dale & Jane Pederson, by Maurice Coughlin
Lakota Pierson
Jordan, Kensi, & Kennedy, by
Malinda Powell
Dale C. Price, by Charles D. Price
Honora Quicksell, by Donald Quicksell
Gloria Raskovich
Wally Reichert, by Jim Reichert
Richard & Elly Reichle
Henry & Mariana Remple, by
Lucy & Loring McAllister
Michael V. Rich, by Lawrence M. Doe
Raymond S. Richard, by Cindy Richard
Evelyn Riebel
Ross Robinson
Dr. Kirk J. Rodysill, by Rebecca Shank
Adam Roerish, by Gordon Christenson
Chris Roff, by Chris Bureske
Lynn Rogers & Sue Mansfield,
Wildlife Research Institute &
North American Bear Center
All our grandkids,
by Grandma & Grandpa Ross
Marc P. Rozycki, by Nancy P. Rozycki
Mr. & Mrs. O. Ruschmeyer
Gordon & Carol Rustad, by
David & Patty Rustad
Jose Santiago, by Norbert & Evelyn Kappes
My children, by Dick Sarafolean
Darrell Schaub, by Dan Schaub
Our parents, by Cheryl & Earl
Schindeldecker
Dr. & Mrs. Herbert Schmidt, by
Dr. William A. Schmidt
Sieg Schmidtke, by Sonya & Antonio Rosadio
Ervin Schraut, by Gary Schraut
Heather & McKenna Sheedy, by
Larry M. Smith
John R.Sheppard, by Martha Sheppard
Ronald D.Sheridan, by Gary L.Sheridan
Ava & Cole Kragthorpe Shirley, by
Grandma & Grandpa Kragthorpe
Delbert Siemers, by Angela Urban
Dr. Paul Sifford, by
Drs.Linda Sifford & Tom Sautter
Roland Sigurdson, by Barb Kiukkonen
William Slathar, by Mike & Melody Slathar
Victor Slowinski, by Charles L.Slowinski
All U.S.A. soldiers
Helen Stange, by Mark Stange
Jackson & Matthew Stavros, by
Grandma Jan
Marge Steffen, by Cal Steffen
Burt Sunquist
Brent Swanson, by Richard Swanson
Helen Sworsky, by Tony Sworsky
The Strawberry Basket, by
Brad Munsterteiger
Violet Thilmony, by Cheryl & Gregg Feigum
Vera Thran, by Helen Thran
Emily & Maddy Tibbetts, by
Jim & Amy Tibbetts
Nan Upin, by Ed Murphy
Mark Vale, by Todd Lund
GARY ALAN NELSON
David Van Sant
Vanderwiel boys
Ardella Von Ohlen, by Lynnis Von Ohlen
Jim Walker, by Sherry Wold
Tom Walkington, by
Maya Walkington-Stauber
Larry Walsh, by Louie Walsh & J. Rathbun
Marjorie Ward, by
Lynn & Wren Brandenburg
Dr.Virgil A.Watson, by Martha Brown
Jeff Weihrauch, by Don Girtz
Joseph Welch, by Joseph M. Love
Spud Welinski, by Joel Smetanka
Graden West, by Donald & Susan Anderson
Ben & Noah Westrum, by
Rod & Char Westrum
C.R.Widder, by Michele & Bob Engberg
Gene Zabinski, by Ed & Mary Pat Zabinski
Margo M. Ziegler, by Bruce D. Ziegler
In Memory of
Arden Aanestad, by Ann & Chris Aanestad
Marie Abel, by William Abel
Ed Abrizenski Sr., by Ed & Robyn Abrizenski
Milton Adams
Dean Aeling, by his grandchildren
William J.Alden, by Alice L.Alden
Ken L.Alexander, by Beverly Alexander
Harvey Alleckson, by Jon Alleckson
Albert Almendinger
Andy Altavilla, by Jane Altavilla
Allan Anderson, by Skip & Cindy Anderson
Ann Anderson, by Carol Pioske
Gary W.Anderson, by
Marian & Walter Anderson
Hans & Helen Anderson, by
Carole & Roger Anderson
John A.Anderson, by Rick and Polly Anderson
Lesley Anderson, by Skip & Cindy Anderson
Lloyd E.Anderson, by Jeff Nelson
Louise Anderson, by Judy Rankin
Marshall Anderson, by Jerry Anderson
Norman Anderson, by Debbie Johnson
Ray Anderson, by Jon & Amy Anderson
Richard A.Anderson, by Todd C.Anderson
Rodney F.Anderson, by Donna M.Anderson
Scott D.Anderson, by Paul & Carol Anderson
Tigra & Shadow Anderson
Wenzel Anderson, by Gene D. Flaten
Winfred T.Anderson, by John T.Hagen
Carol Andrus, by Steve & Marlene Andrus
LuElla A.Angel, by Jeff Angel
James Arntzen, by Carol
Tad Arntzen, by
Kate, Karen, & Susan Arntzen
Ellen M.Atwater, by Bruce M.Atwater
Svea & George Aus, by Peter & Kathy Aus
Franklin W.Ayres, by Vivian & James Ayres
Dean & Kathy Baar, by Glenn Langhorst
Donald G. Bagley, by John Bagley family
Gary Baillargeon, by Gordon Baillargeon
Alan F. Baker, by Harley & Barbara Baker
Lori C. Baker, by Paul & Andrea Baker
Herb Balfanz, by his family
Jean Ballard, by
Brenda Johnson & Karen Onstad
Bob Barkuloo, by Lisa Kellen
Sherwin “Bryce”Barrett, by Steve Barrett
Edna Barsness, by Bruce Barsness
Larry T. Bartels, by Marcia Bartels & family
Rupert Bauck & George Porth, by
Philip & Laurie Bauck
George L. Bauer, by Ruth M. Bauer
Harold Baughman, by Helen Baughman
Carl Beatrez
James Beatty & L.R. Beatty, by
Theodore Beatty
Jean Beaubien, by Brian & Kendra Beaubien
Jerome “Jerry”Bechtold
Jerry H. Becker, by Debi Becker
Jerry H. Becker, by Jerry M. Becker
Bob Becklund, by Tom & Jan Becklund
Don Bell, by Jean Bell Jarvis
Charles & Emily Benassi, by Robert Benassi
Bill & Myrtle Bender, by Bill Bender
Joseph Benson, by Thomas Benson
Lavon Benson, by Tom & Janet Nelson
Art & Hazel Berg, by grandchildren
Art & Hazel Berg, by Karin Sonneman
Mo Bergeron, by Sandy Bergeron
Joe Berglund, by Doug Berglund
Rollin L. Bergquist, by Anna Bergquist
Dick Bertrand, by Laurie Harsh
Richard Bertrand, by family & friends
Richard Bertrand, by Josephine Long
Jane Besler
Joe & Norma Betlach, by Julie & Greg Aune
Palmer Bettermann, by David Glaeseman
Roberta A. Beutel, by Constance Beutel
Jerry E. Bevan, by Dr. Bill Bevan
Dan Beystrom, by Corky & Shirlee Weiher
Louise G. Bintz & George A. Bonner, by
Al & Christy Bintz
James Bitney, by Bill Johnson
Kermit Bjorge, by Helen Bjorge
Jeannie Bjorkman, by Robert A. Bjorkman
John F. Blackstone, by Linda Kjerland
Fred W. Blaisdell, by Nancy Trelstad
W. John Blakesley, by
Rich, Ron, & Bill Blakesley
Henry Blomme, by Tim Blomme
Arthur Bluhm
Nancy Blyler, by
Tom, Amy, Matt, & Andy Thornton
Wm. H. Bodensteiner Sr., by
Ann Bodensteiner
James Boelter, by John Hunt
J.A. Bonitz, by Elizabeth Bonitz
Harold H. Bordewich, by
Patricia H. Bordewich
Theodore Borg, by Dane Ronning
Frederick C. Borgwardt, by
Ann Borgwardt & family
Del “Bo”Bosacker, by
The Bosacker-Kass family
Eleanor Bourdon, by Janet Bourdon
Royal G. Bouschor, by David S. Bouschor
Ellen Delli Bovi, by Claude & Charlotte Bovi
Francis Bowe, by Dennis Bowe
Brad & Mary Bowman, by Sarah Bowman
Ralph H. Bowman, by Reb Bowman
Obert Braaten, by David & Carol Braaten
Deborah Bradford, by Jerome Bradford
Mary Ann Bratlie, by Mary & David West
Grace Breitkreutz, by Richard Breitkreutz
Jane M. Brenna, by her children
Oscar & Louise Bromen
Brook Brown, by Mr. & Mrs.Ward Johnson
Robert C. Brown, by Lannon C. Brown
Warren Bruels, by children &
grandchildren
Nina & Doris, by Frank Brula
Charles Brust, by Merle & Elizabeth
Klintworth
Gordy Buchanan, by Ryan & Liam Buchanan
John Bucy, by Bev Bucy
Tom Bukowski
Bob & Lucille Burgeson, by
Paula & Bob Brown
Eugene Burns
Reid T. Burns, by Doug & Jill Kurkowski
Dr. Charles H. Buscher, by
Catherine Jane Buscher
Charles L. Callahan, by Sandra Callahan
Paul A. Callahan, by Patrick B. Callahan
Bill Callies, by Ivy & Herb Hanson
David Campbell, by Donald Campbell
Liz Campbell, by Sheila Cunningham
Dorothy Carlile, by the Kustritz family
Alice Carlson & Helen Voiles, by Steve
Voiles & Polly Carlson-Voiles
Donald Carlson, by Shirley Barber
Keith Carlson, by Chuck & Lisa LeMay
Roy Aron Carlson, by Lucille Carlson
Wendell G. Carlson, by Lane Carlson
Rachel Carson
Ervin Cary, by Susan Cary-Hanson
Paul Cates, by Kim & Maxine Cates
Evelyn Chapman, by Jean Johansson
Dale Charbonneau, by
Larry & Kathy Charbonneau
E.A. & M.L. Charpentier, by
J.J. & J.A. Charpentier
Fredrick E. Chase, by Fred & Pat Chase
Leonard & Marie Chase, by Chase family
Margery Christenson, by Dick Wakefield
Hasan Cinbis, by Can Cinbis
Scott Cleland, by Brian K. Johnson
Phyllis Clymer, by Russ Clymer
Charles Clyne, by Dave Clyne
John Cochran, by loving family
Sharon Coen, by Normand Coen
Keith Cole, by Jodi & Greg Spoden
Forrest Collman, by Richard F. Collman
Herb Cook, by Mildred Cook
Cliff Coonrod, by Mike Coonrod
Ben Corbid, by Bill & Pat Kelly
Paul Cornett, by Roger & Jody Cornett
Harold Cotant, by Rolf Smeby
Jim Couling, by
Sherwood Forest friends & neighbors
Eugene & Clarice Coulter, by
Brenda & Jim Coulter
Our mothers, by Bruce & Connie Cox
David M. Cummings
David M. Cummings, by Patrick D. Cummings
William Cunniff, by Ruth Cunniff
Walter Cymbaluk, by
Todd & Teresa Cymbaluk
John Dagle, by Roberta Becker
Walter E. Dahl, by David W. Dahl
Vern Dahlberg, by Steve & Marlene Andrus
G. Linden Dahlstrom, by Janny & Dick Moses
Don E. Dahnke
Josh Dakin, by Dorothy Dakin
Dakota
Henry Dallman, by granddaughter
Andra Dalrymple, by
Patrick & Jane Mitchell
Mary Jo Danielson, by Brian Danielson
Chester “Bill”Day, by
Pat & Kirsten Anderson
Bud & Mary DeBoer, by Nancy Anderson
Jim DeGroot, by Buck & Marilee DeGroot
Irene E. DeLaby, by Shirley G. Roseman
Deb Delph, by Danny Yochum
67
Thank you
Rudy DeLuca, by Kathryn DeLuca
Nick Dennis Jr., by Sandra Dennis
Warren Deters, by Marilyn Deters
Joyce Devries, by Dirk Devries
Tim DeWitt Sr.
Cecil Dickey, by Mary Dickey Tufvesson
Lois M. Dickey, by Bruce W. Dickey
Timothy Bruce Dickson, by Peter Dickson
Francis Dillenburg by Michelle M. Dillenburg
Frances Dingle, by Karen Rose
Lyndell Dodson, by Bob & Sarah Ferderer
James Doherty, by Art Doherty
Doris M. Dols, by Diane Bachman
Charles T. Domeier, by Christine Domeier Kral
Dr. Gale Donaldson, by Tom Donaldson
Jeff Donovan, by
Roger & Mary Ann Donovan
Betty Dooley, by Mike Dooley
Edward Doran, by Maureen Walsh
Audrey Doth, by Stephen Doth
Matt Drascovich, by Tim & Barb Biljan
Ruth Dubla, by Melanie Dubla
Jim Duclos, by Nancy Muckala
Gennadiy S.Dudin, by Sameer Sayeed
Wm. & Inez Duenow, by Diane Meyer
Vern Duffy, by Chris Duffy
Amber DuFresne, by Jorja DuFresne
Ruth Dunford, by Michael Dunford
Jeanette Durkee & Dick Tibbetts, by
Durk & Lois Durkee
Norm Dybdahl, by Catherine Dybdahl
Norman Dybdahl, by Jay Dybdahl
Lee Eberley
Francis Ebert, by Christine Ebert
Roy “Farmer”Eckholm, by
Nancy & Peter Eckholm
Harlan Ehrler, by Keith Ehrler
Jonathan Ekerholm, by Dolores Jacobson
Lester Eklund, by Del & Carolyn Hirsch
Bruce W. Ellis, by Stuart Ellis
James Ellsworth, by Kevin Ellsworth
Joseph P. Emanuel, by Donald J. Emanuel
Lynn Emerson, by Janet & Gary DeGuise
Elizabeth A.Emery
Frank Englund family, by
Michael Gunderson family
Ralph & Percius Arleen Enzmann, by
Martha Enzmann
Dave Epling
Ron & Rita Erdmann, by Paul Erdmann
Jess Erickson, by Angela Erickson
Leslie Estes
Martin Etzler Sr., by Chad Etzler
Scott Eucken, by Tracee Eucken
Mildred Evans, by Stanley J. Evans
Terri Exe, by Glenn Exe
Julius Fadum, by Aune M. Fadum
Donald Fahrman, by Anna Fahrman
Kenneth Fairbanks, by Walene Fairbanks
Arthur J. Falk, by John A. Falk
Joyce Fall, by Bruce & Susan Fall
James Farrell, by Erica Bailey-Johnson
Herbert E. Fasth, by Jim Fasth
Dorothy Faughnder, by Skip & CindyAnderson
Patricia Feldhege, by David Feldhege family
Mark Fiedler, by Norb Fiedler
Mark Fiedler, by Karen Wenz
Malcolm McLean Fifield, by Peter I. Fifield
Mom & Dad, by Gary Fifield
Richard A. Fihn, by Keith Johansen
Burt Fisher, by Harald Stottrup family
Myron & Mickey Fisher, by John & C.J. Fisher
Helen Fix, by Michael Fix
Helen Fix, by Raymond Fix
in memory of ~ donate at www.mndnr.gov/magazine
Tom Flesch, by Elowson family
Gert Fodness, by Scott Fodness
John Forer, by Duane Forer
Allan E. Fosness and Carl & Susanne
Snickers, by Brad & Brenda Snickers
Mary Lou Foster, by Susan Foster
Scott Fox, by Gail Fox
Jazmyn Franko, by Jennifer Franko
Helen Fraune, by Mark Fraune
Kevin Fretschel, by Ed & JoAnn Hondlik
R. Merlin Froyd, by
Marshall & Joann Froyd
Jack Frye, by Dan Marich
Chuck Fullmer, by Charlie Fullmer
James Gale, by Scott Gale
James Gallea, by Sally Hogan
Dr. Elbert Gamble, by his family
Dianne Gardner, by Neil Gardner
Larry & Kathy Garvey
Betty & John Gavin
Mary Geddes, by Roger Geddes
Daniel, by John & Joan Gedker
Virg Gehring, by Gehring family
Howard W. Germanson, by
Bobbie Germanson
Bud Geske, by Joe & Deb Kloss
Kieth Geske, by Joan Geske
Larry L. Gevik, by Jane H. Kingston
Gloria Giese, by Phyllis Neff
Dolly Goltz, by Howard & Janet Goltz
Ken Goplerud, by John Goplerud
Sheila Gordon, by Jeff & Jackie Gordon
Jon T. Goskeson, by grandchildren
Elmer Gottwalt, by Joanne Gottwalt
Armie & Mark Grabau, by Douglas Grabau
Bob “T.R.”& Catherine Granger, by
Jim & Carol Granger
John Graupman, by his grandchildren
Grace W. Gray, by Sally Jorgensen
George & Jeannette Green
Patrick Greene, by Emil Madsen
Ronald Greenwald, by Roger Greenwald
Russell Gregg, by Jane Gregg
Douglas Greig, by Dorothy W. Greig
Ed “Grizzley Bear”Griffin, by Tom Griffin
Rose M. Gulbrandson, by
James R. Gulbrandson
John K. Gunderson, by Robert J. Paulson
Charles M. Gustavson, by
Deidre D. Gustavson
Grace Guthrie, by Peggy Grossell
Cara Halbur
Milton Hallman, by Linda Hallman
Glenn Halvorson, by Nancy Halvorson
Milton Hamann, by Marie Hamann
Tim Hammer, by Mike & Kelly Fulford
George Hanauska, by Chris Hanauska
Haley Hansen, by Henry J. Blomquist
Harold B., Mildred, Greg, & Dale Hansen,
by George B. Hansen
Roger C. Hansen, by Neva Hansen
Gerald Hanson, by Steve Hanson
Lester Hanson Sr., by Mary Ann Karasch
Lillian Hanson, by
Bruce & Donna McClellan
Nisse Hanson, by Kathleen Hanson
Reuben E. Hanson, by Glenda L. Pottsmith
Roger Dean Hanson, by Kathy Hanson
Bill & Yvonne Hargens, by Mary Hargens
Dick Harlow, by Jeff & Lori Harlow
William E. Haroldson, by his children
Lyle Harris, by Stephen Harris
Robert Hartzell, by Hartzell family
Charles Hauck, by Jim & Helen Hauck
Fran & Doris Haus, by
Doug, Lola, & Clayton Haus
Art Hawkins, by his family
Ardith Hawley, by Bill & Ruthie Brown
Michael Hayes, by George & Ruth Stariha
Eleanor Heck, by Richard Dresser
Ray Hedin, by Ebba Hedin
Julie Engen Hedstrom, by Lavon Engen
Frank Heidorn
Ross Heilman, by Julie Heilman
Kenneth Heise, by Teri & Carter Ruff
Vivian Hensel
Betty J. Herrett, by her family
Cliff & Katie Hertzog, by John C. Hertzog
Al Herzog, by Kathy Johnson
Marcus Hess, by Bruce & Lois Garbisch
Kenneth D. Highet, by Barb Highet
Mabel Hildebrandt, by Joan H. Higinbotham
Shirley Hill, by Darryl Hill
Delmar Himes, by Judith Martell
Delmar Himes, by Roger Martell
Albert Hirsch, by Del & Carolyn Hirsch
Norman Maxwell Hirt, by
Carl & Carol Ekman
Ed Hirte, by Hirte family
Donald Hoagland, by Dave Hoagland
Barbara Hobson, by Richard & Donna Maus
Wendel J. Hoch, by John W. Hoch
Sue Hodder, by Bill Hodder
Arthur J. Hoff, by Imogene K. Hoff
Edward E. Hoffman, by R.J.Sass
Paul F. Holbrook, by Tom, Peggy, Zach,
Luke, & Jake
Donald E. Holly, by Molly & Bob O’Dea
Mr. & Mrs. E.J. Holt, by David Holt
Kenneth O. Holten, by Carole Holten
Carl & Edith Holthusen, by
Andy & Diane Lopez
Wayne N. Honor, by Tom & Shelly Carlson
louis J. Hornicek, by Wayne L. Hornicek
Alfred Horning, by Rob Horning
James G. Hoshal, by John Hoshal
Kathryn Hostetler, by Mike & Linda Grabow
Elmer E. & Dorothy E. Houck
Marvin Huberty, by
Jeff & Bonnie Brutger family
Anna Hudkins, by Dave Hahn
Harland & Vivian Huenecke, by
Lee & Brenda Huenecke
Leland S. Hughes, by
Zylpha Hughes Gregerson
Wallace Sumner Hughes, by Dana McDill
Tim Hukriede, by Robert & Kathryn Carlson
Ray & Shirley Humphrey, by Connie
Humphrey Shaver
Mary L. Hursh, by James & Sally Dimond
Mary Lou Hursh, by Calvin & Susan Dvorak
Mary Lou Hursh, by friends & family
Mary Louise Hursh, by Bill & Jeanne Garvey
Loretta Husmann
Harold M. Ibach Jr., by Margaret Ibach
Margaret Idziorek, by Bob Idziorek
Yvonne Ihnken, by Rebecca Loegering
Dal Ihrke, by Bruce & Wendy Danks
Stephen T. & Kathryn M. Ivanca
Bonnie Jackson
Russell H. Jackson, by
Heather Bergh & Andy Schmidt
Howard D. Jacobs
Karl Jacobson, by Ernie Jacobson
Phyllis Jacobson, by Don Jacobson
Jason Jacoby, by Michael & Adelle Jacoby
Joe Jansen, by Nancy Kennedy
Michelle Jarvis-Wightman
or call 888-646-6367.
Hugo Jaumann, by Erwin Jaumann
Stephen Javorina, by Paul Javorina
Curtis D. Jensen, by Dean & Elaine Jensen
Frank D. Jensen, by Priscilla Northenscold
Al Johnson
Archie & Arlene Johnson
Arvid Richard Johnson, by Linda Huhn
Axel Johnson, by Lance Johnson
Bob Johnson, by Nancy Johnson
Chuck Thomas Johnson, by
Brody & Angela Johnson
J.Willard Johnson, by Debbie Monchamp
Lloyd & Delores Johnson, by Tracy Nelson
Patricia Johnson, by Doug Johnson
Paul & Helen Johnson, by
Richard & Irene Johnson
Pauline Johnson
Roland A. Johnson, by Adeline Johnson
Roland A. Johnson, by
Robert & Lynn Scharenbroich
Ruby Johnson, by Ann Caspers
Reuben K. Jongewaard, by
Peter K. Jongewaard
Dewey Kallio, by Scott & Steve Kallio
Erich J. Kanne
Mike Keeley
Raymond Kehtel, by
Sandra & Wm. Kilby family
Richard J. Kelly Jr., by Patrick Kelly
Dr. Guy J. Kelnhofer Jr., by
Guy J. Kelnhofer III
Betsy Jean Kendrick, by Barbara Nagel
Lisa Kern, by Sandy Stooke
Gloria Kiffe, by Les Kiffe
Daniel J. Kinnear, by Ellen & Paul Hanson
Marie Kisch
Lenny Kiskis, by Bill & Susan Schaefer
Roy Kjarum, by Jon Kjarum
Peggy Klegstad, by Jim Klegstad
F.J. Klein, by Alice Klein
Victor Kleinsteuber II, by
Karen & Chuck Kleinsteuber
Ralph Klett, by Barb & Rich Gabriel
Gene Kleven, by Kathleen & Stanley Kleven
Amber, Asti, & Spuds, by Rick & Patti Klick
Andrew Klima, by Richard Klima
Al Klinkhammer, by Gary Klinkhammer
Bill Knoff, by Robert & Jo McGregor
C. Kenneth Knox, by Charles Knox
George Knutson, by Knutson family
Gerald C. Knutson, by Stephen P.Wolff
James Knutson, by Robert Knutson
Jonathon Knutson, by Roger Knutson
Robert Knutson, by Philip Pederson
Russell Koechel, by Lynn Koechel
Richard Koepsel, by Steve & Jan Berguson
Ken Kolle by Rodney Anderson
Eric Jay Kolstad, by Doug & Sue Kolstad
H.J. Koob-Talcott, by Daniel J. Koob
Ann K. Kopka, by Kandace Barrett
Oliver Koski, by Patrick & Sandra Warner
Hannah E. Kosloski, by Jim & Sylvia Kosloski
Arnold L. Kotschevar, by Diane Holzworth
Bob Kotten, by Marge Kotten
Bud Kragseth, by Jim & Julie Widen
Mary Krantz, by Jeff Odendahl
Marvin Krech, by Dale Krech
Wendell Kriesel, by
Michael & Lynn Erickson
George Krouse, by Susan Krouse
Edna P. Kufus, by Roger Kufus
Roy Kvarnlov, by Jerry Kvarnlov
Warren Trent Lackie, by
Craig Warren Lackie
GARY ALAN NELSON
Charles E. Lampright, by
Bruce Lampright family
Lyle G. Landstrom Sr., by Susan Landstrom
James Lang, by Catherine McLynn
Norbert Steven Lang
Pete Langer, by Dean Langer
Alvin Langhorst
Gary Lano, by Gary Webster
Alvin M. Larsen, by Avia M. Larsen
Bernard E. Larsen, by Tad & Darcee Larsen
Mom and Dad, by Rebecca Larsen
Carl Larsgaard & Patricia Hoff
Duane & Marge Larson, by
Glenn & Renee Ford
George A. Larson, by Erik & Trish Larson
Goodman Larson, by
Gary Larson & April Gerard
Larry Larson, by Jeff & Lisa Busch
Leslie E. Larson, by Christine Olson
Owen E. Larson, by Christine Olson
Paula Larson, by Bob Larson
Sally Lauber, by Beth & Jeff Siverhus
John O. Lauer, by Louise & Jon Morgan
Bob Lauermann, by Norma Wolff
Sheila Lawrence, by Jan Ahlgren
Bob Lazier, by Dennis Lodermeier
Dale Ledstrom, by Tim’s Tree Service
Forrest B. Lee, by Harold F. Duebbert
Malcolm Lee, by Margaret Lee family
Stephen D. Leef, by Phyllis J. Leef
Walter E. Lehnert, by George &
Mary Lu Hansen
Bob & Winn Leiferman, by Simpson family
April Renee Lemke, by Elmer & Flo Lemke
John J. Leonard, by Richard Krahulec
Grace LeVasseur, by Kenneth LeVasseur
Sam Lewandoski, by Ron &
Jeanne Lewandoski
Betty Lewis, by Marcia Lewis
Kenneth C. Liehr
Dona Lightfoot, by Keith Lightfoot
Harold Lind, by Arthur Lind
Josie & Camille Linders
Robert C. Lindig, by his family
John E. Lindquist, by Jahna L. Lindquist
Vernon Linn, by Kathryn Linn
Bill & Ethel Kay Livingston, by
Sherryl Livingston
Pauline Loeffler, by Frank Loeffler
David & Jeffrey Logeais, by Wayne Logeais
Julian Loken, by John Loken
Richard Long, by Mary Jo & Bob Miller
Richard O. Long, by Josephine Long
William Longley, by Barry & Carla Becklin
Donna L. Lorenz, by Donn & Alonah Lorenz
Geri Ann Louis, by family
Derek A. Love, by Fredric J. Love
Bernard Loven, by all the Pusks
Raymond C. Lucas, by Ruthanne Hyduke
James Ludwig, by Deb Ludwig
Jimmy Luger, by Tim Luger
Dan Lugert, by Tim Torgrimson
Charles Alton Lund, by Amy Lund Swalley
Corinne Lund, by Tony Lund
Jack Lutzi, by Dianne Lutzi
John L. Lynch, by Shirley Lynch
Lloyd & LaVerne Machacek, by
Sue & Bob Kirchberg
Joretta Machmeier, by Roger Machmeier
Paul MacMullan, by Robert MacMullan
Tom Madland, by David Madland
Judge C.R. Magney, by Mark Magney
JoAnn Magnuson-Martinson, by
Magnuson family
Edward & Florence Maher, by
Dr. Gerald Maher
David Mahlke Sr., by Jackie Mahlke
Delima Mahoney, by John P. Mahoney
Duane Mahoney, by Tim & Sheila Goettle
Charlie Mahovlich Sr., by
Charlie Mahovlich Jr.
Art Majerus, by Sue & Allan Ray
Robert Major, by Rochelle Major
Rod Majorowicz & Karen Geier, by
Dick & Patty Geier
Raymond & Margaret Malaski, by
Brian & Karen Nord
E.J. Malone, by Jeff Malone
Jack Maloney, by Eug Paul
Anthony T. March, by
Leroy & Janet Eischens
David Marchwick, by Marchwick family
Melvin Markuson, by Jon Markuson
August Marschel, by Howard Marschel
August Marschel, by Kevin Marschel
Deborah Marsh, by Matthew Marsh
Charles Martell, by Sue & Mark Rosnow
Ervin Marti, by Ardis Marti
Bill Martig, by Gregg & Stacy Martig
Jeneice Maruska, by Terry Maruska
Elli Marzell, by Bernhard & Regina Marzell
Larry Maser, by Pat Koors
James Dailey Mason, by his friends & family
Ralph & Betty Mason, by Kay Kieval
LeRoy Mather, by Gary & Gwen Solseth
Owen Matson, by Bill Matson
Ken Mattson
Walter Maus, by Donna & Bill Grunwald
Robert Mayer, by Karen Mayer-Wilson
Michael R. Mayhew, by
Bob & Connie Mayhew
John V. McCarthy, by Bill & Kate McCarthy
John McCleese, by Clayton & Nancy Koss
Mac McComas, by June McComas
Patrick A. McDermott, by Karen McDermott
George McDonnell, by
Don & Kellie Anderson
Fred McEldowney, by Clinton C. Kasma
Terry McGaughey, by Gary & Judi Hopko
John “Jack”Patrick McGill, by
Maggie McGill-Zimny
Mr. & Mrs. George McKenna, by
Cecelia A.McKenna-Barda
James McLaughlin, by Marcia Chalgren
Bruce McManus
Barry McRaith, by Jill Griffith-McRaith
Tom Meier, by loving family
Tom Meier, by Ron & Jan Christenson
William J. Meingast, by William R. Meingast
Marie Mellgren, by Wes Mellgren
Charlotte K. Mellom, by Sherwood Mellom
John T. Merkel, by Joyce L. Merkel
Florence Merrill
Calvin Merritt, by Phil & Kathy Lutz
Ken Merritt, by Pat Baillie
Bob Miller, by Alma K. Miller
Byron & JoAnn Miller, by Julie Miller
Gregg Miller, by
David Miller & Leslie Livingston
H. Gregg Miller, by James D. Miller
Mark A. Miller, by John D. Miller
Mary Ann Miller, by Nat Miller
Maxine Miller, by Russell Miller
Raymond W. Miller, by Michelle M. Dillenburg
69
Thank you
Robert W. Miller, by Richard W. Miller
Steven C. Miller, by Shari Albers, and
Tobie & Jacob Miller
Darwin “Mitt”Mithun, by
Steve & Cathy Mithun
W.E.“Al” Mitton, by Steve & Patty Mitton
George & Patricia Moe, by Todd Moe
Theodore Molkenbur
Robert Vincent Mollner, by
Kathrine Mollner
Bill & Ruth Molyneux, by Peggy Ohme
Warren L. Monk, by Lee Monk
Mildred Moore, by Barb Moore
Neil R. Morem, by Joan K. Morem
Leonard A. Morrill, by
Steve & Dona Milkovich
P.B. Mortenson & L. Matthelsen, by
Paul & Helen Mortenson
Wendy Moseng, by Tim Moseng
Cary Moss, by Edi Moss & family
Charles Mottl, by Lee Mottl
Harold V. Muller, by Luann F. Muller
Jerome R. Muller DDS, by
Mr. & Mrs. Ralph Kent
Douglas L. Mulry, by
Sheronne Mulry & Bruce McCoy
Willard Munger, by Phyllis Kahn
James E. Murphy, by
Michael Murphy & Lisa Zakrajsek
Jim Musich, by Barb Young
Richard Nahan, by Norma Wolff
Harold & Audrey Nast, by
Jerry & Sandy Lutz
Dick Nauer, by Kim & David Cooke
Brad Nelson, by Brian & Carla Tinkham
Carl F. Nelson, by Leslie Ann Nelson
Clifford C. Nelson, by Barbara Kroll
Ev Nelson, by Mike & Barb Nelson
Gene Nelson, by Bill & Barb Nelson
Jocko Nelson, by Dan A. Nelson
Maynard M. Nelson, by Shelley M. Nelson
Neal & Norma Nelson, by
Neal & Sondra Nelson
Roy Nelson, by Dorothy Nelson
Jim Nesbitt, by Jackie & Charlie Nesbitt
Truman Neseth, by Blanche Neseth
Gary Ness
Don Nichols, by Dave Nichols
Lyn Nickisch, by Jerry & Verla Engelbrecht
Curtis Nielsen, by Ann M. Nielsen
Mary Nikolai, by Robert E. Nikolai
Carol Niska, by Dale Niska
Lynn Niznik, by Mark Niznik
Dorothy Nonnweiler, by
Jerry & Nancy Irsfeld
Ken Nordaune, by Paul & Joanne Stohl
Phil Nordeen
Audrey Nordquist
Debbie Norgaard, by Stephen Burt
Oscar W. Norman, by
Bob & Margaret Norman
Glenn Nyquist, by Larry Kleven
Larry Oakes
Steve Obremski, by Peg Obremski
Michael O’Brien, by Darlene Van Orsow
Mike O’Brien, by Eric & Nanette Rasmussen
David O’Connell, by Rita O’Connell
Donald C. Odden, by Nancy Odden
Brad & Clint Odell, by Clint & Carol Odell
Conrad Ohman, by Wes Ohman
Kermit & Betty Oksendahl, by
Tanis & Don Beadle
Mabel Olin, by Brian Olin
JoAnn Oliva, by Wallace Oliva
in memory of ~ donate at www.mndnr.gov/magazine
Virg & Harold, by Curt Olsen
Bernard “Stub”Olson, by Jeannie Rydberg
Cliff & Olive Olson, by
Joe & Claudia Raymond
Cubby Olson, by Mary Olson
Donald G. Olson, by Mary Jane Olson
Donna G. Olson, by R.H. Olson
Douglas E. Olson, by Roberta J. Olson
John “Dick”Olson, by Bryan & Barb Olson
Marilyn A. Olson, by Roger P. Olson
Martin A. Olson, by Marcia & Dean Nesley
Oscar & Beulah Olson
Roger Olson, by Greg Olson
Wayne Omdahl, by Donna Omdahl
Daryl Omlid, by Omlid family
Scott O’Neil, by Diana Ford
Lloyd W. Onsager, by Lin Elizondo
Michael R. Orgon, by Terri & Dean Bentler
Robert Osborne
Gary Ostrom, by Richard Heuring
Art & Bessie Otterson and Phyllis Ege, by
Jane Miller & Vern Ege
Paula Otterson, by Steve Otterson
Harlan “Butch”Otto, by Juanita J. Horn
Orville “Sam” Otto, by Duane &
Sandra Hall
Cliff & Elsie Ouimet, by Douglas Ouimet
Mackenzie Overlander, by
Terry & Becky Overlander
Bernie Palmer & Dwight Stoffel, by
Deme Potente
James Palmquist, by Dan Palmquist
Roy E. Panula
Gloria C. Park, by William Park
John W. Parkos, by Linda L. Parkos
Agnes Patterson
Thomas R. Paul, by Jeff Paul
Cora E. Paulson
Leonard Paulson, by Scott & Nancy
Walcker
Diana Pavek, by Dennis Pavek
Dennis Payne, by Sherrie Payne
Inga & Sam Pearson, by
Marion Pearson Dauner
Alden Pederson, by Blad family
Clayton & Lucy Pederson, by
Denny & Barb Pederson
Kermit & Alice Pederson, by
Dennis & Susan Pederson
Nadine Pederson, by Russell Pederson
Ken Pelto III & James W.Young, by Mary
Beth Olens-Pelto Young
Pepper & Bilbo
George M. Perry, by Maureen J.Watson
Tigger, by Al & Marillyn Persch
Harley Peters, by Bruce Peters
Clemmet A. Peterson, by
Karen & Howard Wilson
Edward Peterson, by Fern Peterson
George Harold Peterson, by
Josephine Peterson
Ron Peterson, by family
Ronald R. Peterson, by Gretchen, Maren, &
Johanna Halverson
William T.“Bill”Peyton, by
Patricia Peyton Koenig
Erwin Pflughoeft, by Richard Pflughoeft
Robert L. Phuse, by Donna M. Kraft
Jean M. Pierce, by David W. Pierce
Jack Roscoe Pierson, by Pierson family
Andy Piilola, by Marlene Piilola
Joe Plant, by Frank Plant
Gertrude Ploumen, by
Dave & Sally Ploumen
Robert Poorker, by Craig Poorker
David Porath, by Carolyn Ringhofer
Kathleen Prehn, by Kate Wetzel
Richard Pribnow, by
Wayne & Suzy and Sally & Tom
Gerhardt Proehl, by Dave & Lynn Hall
Florence & Vernon Quern, by
Vaughn Quern
Robert & Helen Quint, by
Brad & Lisa Parker
Richard Rackliffe, by Ed & Rosy Zuraw
Roy Rademacher, by Kevin Rademacher
Russell Ramin, by Kirk Ramin
Frank Ramisch, by Mary Kandels
Gladys A. Randall, by Leland A. Randall
William C. Randall, by Jill & Joe Randall
Richard Raschio, by Patricia Raschio
Lou Raskovich
Dennis Rasmusson, by Ann Rasmusson
Ken Reber, by Kay & Dennis Reber
James Regan, by Koreen Regan
James G. Reil, by Kathy Hagen
Bruce Reinke, by James Reinke
Joseph Remus, by Carol Maass
Sam & Peter Retsinas, by Mary Retsinas
Thomas Rettinger, by family & friends
Gordana Rezab, by Fred & Jeanne Adams
Thomas “Aldy”Richards, by
Deb & Joe Hessburg
Jessie F. Richardson, by Carol Urness
Donald Richert, by his grandchildren
Dr.Alden Risser, by Lance Vrieze
Rennette A. Ritchie, by Mark A. Ritchie
Nova Roberts, by Ray & Linda Kaluza
Edgar Robinson, by Elaine Robinson
Fred Robinson, by Mark & Ann Warrington
Frank Roden, by Carol Parker
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If we have made an error, please call
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To view or download the MCV annual report,
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71
Minnesota profile
Spotted Skunk (Spilogale putoris)
common relative the striped skunk, has black
and-white fur and emits a pungent odor when
provoked.The spotted skunk is distinguished by
its markings and smaller size. It has a complex
pattern of white spots and broken lines, a white
forehead patch, and a black bushy tail tipped
with white. While the striped skunk ranges in
length from 25 to 30 inches, an adult spotted
skunk is 18 to 22 inches long.
Habitat and Range. Spotted skunks,
also known as civet cats, prefer open brushy
areas. Their continental range extends from
Minnesota south to the Gulf Coast. They are
found as far west as Nebraska and east to the
Ohio River valley. Regional records suggest this
species expanded northward into Minnesota in
the early 1900s.The state’s first record occurred
in Winona County in 1914. In the southern half
of Minnesota, spotted skunks became common
around farmsteads, taking shelter in woodpiles,
haystacks, and outbuildings.
Life History. Spotted skunks den in the
winter, but they do not hibernate. Several of
these social, nonterritorial animals may use the
same den site.Spotted skunks mate in April in
the upper Midwest. Females usually give birth
to four to six young in July.
Behavior. An excellent climber, the spotted
skunk can scramble up a tree to escape danger.
Like the striped skunk, the spotted skunk will
72
swing its posterior toward threats.With its hind
legs up and tail in the air, it can accurately deliver
a blast of musk toward an intruder.
Diet. Insects are a staple of this skunk’s diet.
In winter, small rodents become an important
food source.Carrion, birds, eggs, lizards, snakes,
frogs, fruit, and corn are also on the menu for
this opportunistic, mostly nocturnal mammal.
Population Status. This species has been
listed as threatened in Minnesota since 1996.
Based on trapping records, Minnesota’s east
ern spotted skunk population peaked in 1946
when 19,400 animals were harvested for their
fur, which was more highly prized than the
fur of striped skunks. In 1965, trappers in the
state took fewer than 1,000. Despite intensive
efforts to find spotted skunks, only six have
been documented in the state during the past
20 years.The last confirmed record occurred in
2011 in Lac qui Parle County.The U.S. Fish and
Wildlife Service is considering federal protection
for the species due to dwindling populations
throughout its range, including the core states
of Missouri, Kansas, and Nebraska. Competition
with striped skunks, disease, and loss of habitat
from conversion of small family farms to large
agricultural enterprises are possible reasons for
the spotted skunk’s decline. If you see a spot
ted skunk, please call the Minnesota Biological
Survey toll-free at 888-345-1730 or send email
to [email protected].
Michael A. Kallok, online editor
TOP: STAN TEKIELA. BOTTOM: © MARY CLAY, DEMBINSKY PHOTO ASSOCIATES.
Appearance. Thisrare skunk, like its far more
Spring Singer.A boreal chorus frog fills his vocal sac with air to make a distinctive call that sounds like
a fingernail being dragged across a comb.Among Minnesotas’ smallest frog species, the boreal chorus frog
is often heard in spring or after a rainfall.Young Naturalists can learn more about Minnesotas’ frogs and
toads on page 26. Photo by Stan Tekiela. Cover photograph of rams-head
’
ladys-slipper
’
by Jim Brandenburg.

Minnesota Conservation Volunteer, March-April 2014

Transcription

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