TP 15
Transcription
TP 15
TWIN PEAKS A NEWSLETTER FOR AMERICAN STUDIES 15th Issue Winter 2003 University of Leipzig TWIN PEAKS Editorial Dear Readers: In your hands, you hold the 15th issue of the TwinPeaks Newsletter. More time than usual has ellapsed since the last issue, because three TP-editors graduated. We have tried to use the time to continue their good work. Of course, we are also looking for enthusiastic students who will help us in our efforts and contribute their ideas to the TP issues to come. (For details turn to the very last page.) We are starting our work with a few changes in layout, but go on covering the known TP-categories. Our interview features Professor Crister Garrett, who now holds the Distinguished Chair of American Studies, which was created by the Fulbright Association especially for the Leipzig Institute of American Studies. We talked to Crister Garrett about his work and life in Leipzig. Another article was written by the U.S. Consulate General Fletcher Burton, who speaks about Lincoln and the “German Question.” Furthermore, you will find news from the American Studies Alumni Association, from the Fachschaftsrat, two book reviews and special recipes for the holidays to come. We would like to thank our sponsor, the Fachschaftsrat Amerikanistik, for their continuous cooperation, as well as everyone else who supported us through the year and contributed their thoughts and articles to this issue. We hope you will enjoy reading. The Editors Stine & Katja. 2 talking h e a d s Thank God that Course is Over. An Interview with Crister Garrett ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ 4 ○ ○ Michael Czogalla Wheeler Avenue Baptist Church Alumni News Jan Saeger Informieren, Diskutieren, Feiern und „Netzwerken“ 10 ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ 11 ○ ○ A Visit to an Afro-American Church Aktuelles von der ASAA ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ What is STAARS? l o c a l c o l o r Five questions to the Fachschaftsrat Katja Kanzler Shakespeare is the Original Klingon 13 ○ ○ 16 ○ ○ 24 ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ Englishness in Star Trek ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ academic v i e w s ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ Reinhold Wagnleitner Am 4. Juli feiern die USA den Unabhängigkeitstag. Was hat der Rest der Welt zum Feiern: den Abhängigkeitstag? Fletcher M. Burton Lincoln and the „German Question“ 25 wandering ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○thoughts Where the West Begins ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ 27 ○ ○ Martin Goodenberger Germany ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○29 ○ creative The Pei-Building in Berlin m i n d s 30 ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ Stine Eckert Silence in a Vessel Kaye DeVries Thanksgiving Recipes ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ 32 ○ ○ Teri L. Messerer Poems ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ 38 ○ ○ Frank Meinzenbach Middlesex A Review of the novel by Jeffrey Eugenides ○34 ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ Katja Wenk Paradessential 36 ○ ○ A Review of The Savage Girl by Alex Shakar on the s h e l f ○ ○ ○ ○ e-mail from America Stine Eckert Nebraska ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ 3 TWIN PEAKS “THANK GOD THAT COURSE IS OVER.” We got it! The Fulbright Commission grants one Disinguished Chair to an American Studies Department in Germany each year, which went to Frankfurt/Main, in 2002. However, the Commision was so impressed by the application of the American Studies Institute in Leipzig, that they decided to create an additional Distinguished Chair in Germany - thanks to Professor Hartmut Keil and Professor Anne Koenen. This Chair went to Professor Crister S. Garrett from the University of Wisconsin Madison, who now holds seminars about American politics. In order to learn more about his life in Leipzig, we talked to him. TwinPeaks: You graduated in Political Science and History at the University of California Los Angeles. These are quite heavy subjects. When did you become interested in these issues? American Studies Chair, which was created for the University of Leipzig. This Fulbright Scholarship is an award both for the Institute of American Studies here in Leipzig and for you. Crister Garrett: The heaviness of the subjects, their seriousness, stems from my childhood. When I was a boy from about five to ten, our family lived in Beirut, Lebanon. My father was teaching at the American University in Beirut. These were formative years and I was literally living history everyday, in terms of the region, its centuries of history and the politics of the day. Many of the issues were the same ones we have today in the Middle East. The feeling of why are things like they are today and why are politics the way they are as well as the history of the area were things that I was always confronted with and interested in from very early on. I think it probably seeped into my skin and blood at an early age. CG: And I would like to congratulate the Institute of Amerikanistik for winning this national competition. It is very competitive, very prestigious. And Leipzig won it. It really shows the energy and the creativity here at the Institute and at the University. What happened was that there was one Distinguished Fulbright Chair beforehand. They held a national competition, which the University of Frankfurt am Main won, because they have an outstanding program, but also because they have a lot of infrastructure in terms of actual professors at the university. They have built their department over thirty years. Leipzig essentially has been working on this program for ten years. The Fulbright Commission in Berlin and its committee were so impressed with the application from Leipzig that they created another chair and TP: You now hold the Distinguished 4 talking heads said we want to recognize the quality of that application and the quality of the program there. The university did a lot to help that to come into existence; it has been very generous with its time and resources. We should also give special thanks to the American American Consulate in Leipzig and the Consul General, Mr. Fletcher Burton. His office provided critical support. TP: Do you think it makes a difference when you meet people from East Germany and Western Germany? CG: You always have to be careful with these broad strokes of looking at things. I spent some time in Leipzig seven years ago and at that time, when I told colleagues from Western Germany that I was going to TP: And how did you get the „I don’t know what it was, spend a year in Leipzig, their chair? reaction almost every single but I was CG: How I got the chair was a obviously doing time was: “Why Leipzig?” And then I would hear a wonderful surprise. I had applied something story like “Well, I haven’t been to come here as a Senior Scholar right.“ to the East yet ...”. I was really and had won the competition. Then surprised by that. I thought what an exciting Fulbright contacted the Institute of Ameriopportunity to go live in the East, to work kanistik and said they would like to start this here and experience something new. My chair one year earlier than they had planned West German colleagues didn’t see it that and would like the chair to go to Crister way. They were more puzzled why I would Garrett. I felt very good about that. I don’t want to do that know what, but I was obviously doing something right. (laughs) TP: So, how does it feel to live here? TP: When you came to Germany, did CG: It feels great to live in Leipzig. you find proof for the typical stereotypes One thing is interesting: People who have of Germans? spent time in Leipzig or know people from Leipzig, whether Germans or Americans, are CG: Typical stereotypes about Germans very enthusiastic. As am I. ... I’ll be very careful there. Do you have an I think Leipzig has something very example? special. There is a certain energy, a spirit for TP: Germans are said to be strict and innovation that I find quite striking. People here will not say, “That’s how we do it not to have any sense of humor. around here.” They are much more open and CG: The Germans I know have a very try to find a solution to every problem. And I’ve lived in different parts of the world, so I good sense of humor. And I think Germans think I can bring a little bit of a broader laugh a lot. I think that Germans are serious, is context to this question. There is something something that Europeans and Americans special here. say about Germans, but that is actually meant TP: What are your plans as a as a compliment. When Germans address an issue, they do so in a very professional Fulbright Scholar? manner. It certainly is what Germans are CG: I hold a couple seminars each term. respected for in the United States. And in terms of the clichés about Germany, I think I have a Antrittsvorlesung, on December 11, and I am looking forward to that. We hold a they are actually signs of respect when I think regional conference next year. about it: seriousness, diligence. 5 TWIN PEAKS The headline - the leitmotif - is to help with the process of creating an American Studies Program at the University of Leipzig that is seen in Germany and internationally as on the cutting-edge of new courses, new types of research. It already is seen as that, but I want to help in any way that I can to further that process to create a new role of the Institute in the community, so that people become more aware of this program, see it as a resource and feel that they can turn to it. My year is meant to see what I can do to help with that process and be here for my colleagues. think Leipzig has a very special place. It is absolutely heading in the right direction. TP: Did any differences between an American university and a German one strike you immediately? CG: This is a harder question than you think - if you get beyond the simple clichés and try to think about genuine differences. I suppose a bigger one might be that students here have more freedom. The question becomes how you define the word freedom. What does that really mean? Freedom can indeed mean the chance to go off, read on your own and to discover TP: How has your experience of the yourself. But you can do that in the United States, too. German university life been so far? It is the classic debate Verschulung vs. the traditional Humboldt system. You have CG: There you have clichés as well, like the Massenuniversitaet - Masse statt Klas- more time to explore the Humboldtian system in Germany, but my experience has se. There are clear challenges in Germany been that students don’t necessarily do that. as well as in the United States. We have all For them it just means they have less to do. kinds of financial pressure in the US just as There are split opinions about that. But if I much as you do here. Everyone knows the look at a system that no one would say is story - pros and cons, the fees and raising Verschulung is the British university system, the tutorial system. There, students have money, the financial challenges, etc. At the end of the day, universities are weekly assignments. I think there are about intellectual life. clear virtues in both And I find the intellectual systems. The question life here very stimulating. „I think that becomes how do you I find the students very Germans are serious, find the right mix. I think thoughtful. I find the is something that the ultimate challenge is faculty here absolutely Europeans and Americans to make sure that the first rate; it’s a joy to say about Germans, assignments are really work with them. but that is actually meant pushing students to The campus is styled as a compliment.“ develop their analytical differently than an Ameand thinking skills rican campus, but it is a through challenging campus. You have this building, the GWZ. You have a university, readings, writing assignments and oral and you will have a new center on Augustus- discussions. Every sector of working life is platz soon. I come to work everyday and I asking for these skills, whether it is nonprofit, government circles or the private am genuinely excited. I feel part of a dynamic intellectual community. It is a huge gift for sector. They are asking for university the city and this region. Of course, there are graduates who can analyse complex issues, challenges everyday, but if you stay focused sort through huge amounts of data and present ideas clearly. It has to do with the on what a university is ultimately about, I 6 talking heads information economy, that is transforming analytical writing, analytical speaking, our societies. analytical reading. Students are not supposed Of course, university is about more than to do busy work, but they ought to have just creating skills to find work. It’s about repeated chances to do analytical work. creating confident citizens who can thrive in There are many diffean increasingly complex rent ways to organize a very society. Two things go hand in good seminar. The large hand, one can argue: being fit „At the end of the day, paper, for example, is an universities for an information economy excellent exercise; it’s an are about and being a confident citizen important exercise. But for able to thrive in a complex intellectual life.“ my year, I thought that it society. would be interesting for The question then becomes for university students to see a different model. how to achieve that at the end of university And I tell the students, it ultimately education students feel they have acquired involves a lot more work for the professor. these skills. It is not, because we are lazy or want to By reading other things and learning punish people. It actually means a lot more about other cultures, you hopefully get to hours of my week. know yourself better and develop yourself, and thus become a better citizen to the TP: Your focus is on international community, so you can go out to contribute politics and transatlantic relations. What to a robust society and are able to find diffeare your thoughts when it comes to the rent types of meaningful employment. current US foreign policy? TP: What are your suggestions to your students in terms of what they ought to take home from the courses they take and from academic life itself? CG: The predominant feelings students will have at the end of my courses is, “Thank God that course is over.” I know they see it as a lot of work, but I try to explain right at the beginning the logic behind the structure, so they do not feel that it’s willkuerlich or just someone on a power trip. Psychologists and education experts say you cannot develop these skills I talked about if you do it once or twice in the university career. The key is in repetition, so that you learn from your mistakes. You don’t learn how to kick a free goal expertly by kicking the ball three times. You have to kick that ball a hundred times and then you get the skill, so that you don’t even think about it anymore. You just do it. Academic skills involve a little bit of the same thing, so I structure my courses that students have several opportunities to do CG: The current administration has clearly made mistakes in communicating what it wants to do as well as in content of its policy, but they also admit that. We need to remember that several things the current administration has, done were basically the similar policies the previous administration had. While you have a genuinely conservative administration currently, with president Clinton you had a progressive democratic administration. Yet, when it comes to foreign policy, many of their ideas were quite similar. Kyoto - they had the same philosophy. If Clinton had stayed in office longer, the United States would not have approved of Kyoto. Nation building, the idea of going into a country and trying to put in a new set of values and institutions, the Clinton administration believed in as well. There is a certain foreign policy culture in the United States, what you call vital national interest. If theoretically a Democrat were to win the presidential election next year, Europeans might expect to see huge 7 TWIN PEAKS of who could actually win against Bush? Internally, it is someone like Howard Dean from Vermont. He is the kind of Oskar Lafontaine of the Democratic Party. Everyone loves the guy, but they realize, he does not have much of a chance to win outside TP: Do you think „The key for every American of the party. Wesley presidential election is Clark, on the contrary, Bush is going to be rethe swing voter.“ is the Gerhard elected next year? Schroeder of the CG: Right now it looks very tough. For Democratic Party. He is centrist enough to basically two reasons. One is for the same have a real chance. The key for every American presidential reason his father essentially lost in 1992: the economy. The current Bush administration election, just like in Germany, is the so called has tried a lot to allow the economy to grow. swing voters. In both our countries the But economy is transforming, not just in percentage of swing voters is at about 30 American society, but also throughout percent, which is very high. One third of the Europe. Namely, it is shifting from an electorate is essentially a swing voter. industrially based economy to an information Typically, they don’t decide how to vote until the last two or three weeks of the elections. economy. For example, since President Bush has They sit back and look at the different candidates. They tend to be moderate, been in power, about 2.7 million jobs have been lost, about 2.5 million of these jobs are middle-class voters. They generally have manufacturing-based jobs. American employment and a university education. They employers say, those jobs are not coming tend to be most independent sociologically. For the Democrats, Wesley Clark has the best back. They are now to be found in India, Chichance to appeal to these swing voters. It is na, Romania or Indonesia. The situation in Europe is similar. And going to be very, very close. there is not much a president can do to keep TP: As an American, how did you feel those jobs in a country, unless you have about the confrontations between certain protectionist policies or you try to Germany and the US? steer your currency in a certain way. It’s going to be very tough for President CG: I was startled by it. I think everybody Bush to show that he’s been a good president for the economy, although he has taken really was startled by the pace at which this quite aggressive steps through tax cuts etc. antagonism arose after September 2001. I think people who are students of transatlantic to try to help with that. And the other reason is the Iraq war. Of relations and work with these issues were course, Iraq could end the Bush startled by it as well as the broader publics. administration. We’ll see what happens there. But if you step back a little bit and look at it, you begin to see the reasons why it took off the way it did. I TP: Is there a Democratic „It is like the candidate who could challenge morning after.“ think we are facing a period where we really need a serious Bush next year? ongoing, respectful dialogue with each other to understand what the big CG: There are two parts to that questions. One is to look at the Democratic challenges in each country are, where the Party internally. The other one is the question commonalities are, where the different ways changes in American foreign policy, but they will probably be disappointed then, because the changes will not be very dramatic. They will probably be in style, in communication, but the interests are more stable, irrespective of the regime. 8 talking heads and had not done. And I said I would like to that we are choosing to go as societies lead, what that means for our relationships in an go to the cabaret, because Leipzig is known international context. I really see it as a gene- for that. But I did not have the confidence, because cabaret is about plays on words. I rational challenge. just didn’t feel I had the language and the At the end of the Cold War, there was a knowledge. sense of And she said, euphoria so that “’Watch out for women from Saxony, “Maybe we’ll a lot of issues because they are so dangerous.’ do that.“ were not looked I can only confirm that rumor.“ So, that’s at closely. Now how it started. we are really I only heard about these clichés later: “Watch there. It is like the morning after, to use a cliché. Now we have to decide what we want out for women from Saxony, because they are so dangerous.” I can only confirm that to do with that. The generational challenge rumor. for our societies is to talk about what is it That is obviously another reason why I about our societies that leads to a certain foreign policy culture and what it means for wanted to come to Leipzig, but Leipzig - the university and the city - is a very exciting our relations for the next generation. It is place for me professionally and intellectually. going to take a long time, but I think the I don’t think I would have applied for a results will be very useful for both societies. Fulbright without that. I might have come TP: What do you find most important here to spend time as a family in different ways. Yet, there is something very special in everyday life? about the city and this university that makes it really fun and intellectually stimulating to CG: Well, I have a daughter who is oneand-a-half years old. She has changed my work here. Those things have to come life. Before that it was my wife. We have together. been married for four-and-a-half years. She TP: Professor Garrett, thank you for really changed my life. I used to be what you the interview. would call a run-of-the-mill workaholic. Now I am just a moderate workaholic, I guess my wife would say. I try to remind myself each morning when I wake up and at the end of each day: *** Have you really spent meaningful time with your family? And that’s where it all starts. If I haven’t, then I don’t feel good about my day. If I have, then I can go to my work. If you are curious about Professor TP: How does your family cope with life in Germany? CG: They love it. My story is a little bit unique there. My wife is from Leipzig. She was born and raised here. I met her six years ago, the last time I was in Leipzig. I met her at a university event, where Professor Keil introduced us. She asked whether there were things I was interested in doing in Leipzig Garrett and could not get a place in one of his seminars, you get a chance to see him on December 11, when he will hold his Antrittsvorlesung at 6 p.m. at the Geschwister-Scholl-Haus (Ritterstraße). The topic of his lecture will be „Toward a New Culture of Communication: Constructing Transatlantic Relations for the TwentyFirst Century.“ 9 Alumni News TWIN PEAKS Informieren Diskutieren Feiern und von Jan Saeger „Netzwerken“ So lassen sich die Aktivitäten der American Studies Alumni Association (ASAA) im letzten Jahr beschreiben. Jeweils ca. einhundert Alumni, Studierende, Lehrkräft und Gäste von außerhalb der Universität konnten im Rahmen der ASAA Lecture Series fachlich wie rhetorisch anspruchsvolle Vorträge amerikanischer Gäste erleben. Der persönliche Kontakt mit den Referenten im Anschluss an die Vorträge lieferte weitere interessante Einblicke. Zusätzlich wurden speziell für Studierende bisher zwei Veranstaltungen unter dem Motto „Amerikanistik – und dann?“ geboten. Hier erhielten Studierende von den Alumni Tipps zu Bewerbungen um Stipendien und Einblicke in die Berufsfelder, in denen Absolventen der Amerikanistik aktiv sind. Der zweimonatliche Stammtisch (jeweils am 2. Donnerstag in den „geraden Monaten“) sowie die umfangreiche, zweisprachige Website (www.asaa-leipzig.de) und E-Mail-Newsletter für Mitglieder und Interessierte helfen zusätzlich, den Kontakt zwischen den Alumni, aber auch zwischen Ehemaligen und Studierenden zu festigen. Festliches Highlight des Jahres war der Absolventen-Empfang am 11. April. Im eleganten Ambiente des Kuppelsaals in der Zentrale der Leipziger Verkehrsbetriebe (LVB) konnte die ASAA dank der Unterstützung ihrer Sponsoren (LVB und Amerikanisches Generalkonsulat) einen Sekt-Empfang ausrichten, der dem Studiums-Abschluss der Absolventinnen und Absolventen des Sommersemesters 2002 bzw. des Wintersemesters 2002/03 einen würdigen Rahmen verlieh. Die Mitglieder der ASAA erhielten dann im Sommer eine exklusive Einladung von Generalkonsul Fletcher M. Burton. Er lud eine Gruppe in seine Residenz, um im persönlichen Gespräch mit den Mitgliedern einen Eindruck ihrer Sichtweise zu aktuellen Themen zu gewinnen. Die Veranstaltungsreihen werden fortgesetzt, und Anfang kommenden Jahres sollen weitere Projekte und inhaltliche Schwerpunkte entwickelt werden. Die Planungen für den nächsten Absolventen-Empfang beginnen ebenfalls in Kürze. So soll auch in Zukunft die richtige Mischung zwischen Information, Diskussion, Feiern und Möglichkeiten zum „Networking“ geboten werden. Alle Termine werden auf der Website www.asaa-leipzig.de angekündigt. Termin-Hinweise gibt es außerdem per E-Mail-Newsletter. Für Fragen ist der Vorstand der ASAA unter [email protected] jederzeit erreichbar. ***** We, the Fachschaftsrat Anglistik/ Amerikanistik, are currently launching a set of initiatives to improve the communication between us and our constituency (that is you, the students) on the one hand, and among the students of Anglistics and American Studies on the other hand. Recently, for example, we conducted a freshmen weekend trip to Augustusburg. Due to the big success of this endeavor we are going to organize similar events on a regular basis. We are planning to es- 10 tablish a monthly Anglistik/Amerikanistik Stammtisch and we are working hard on improving our web performance. The cornerstone of our efforts, however, is STAARS, the mentorship program for Anglistics and American Studies. You wonder what STAARS is about? Well, TwinPeaks asked Victor Muschiol and Klaus Hückstädt a handful of questions. To read their answers, turn to page 24. l o c a l c o l o r Wheeler Avenue Baptist Church “Where we worship Jesus Christ and minister to the total person!“ by Michael Czogalla Attendance of an Afro-American Church Service at Wheeler Avenue Baptist Church, Houston, Texas. Sunday, 28 September 2003 10:00 am – 2:00 pm I love you! That is how the members of the Wheeler Avenue Baptist Church greeted each other before the service started. That is also how many of them greeted us. As the regular type of Germans: undercooled, we needed a couple of minutes to adjust to the new situation. When we finally realised it was “I love you” Sunday we had no problem receiving the greetings as well as telling everybody how much we loved them! Red roses were given away outside the church. Church goers could get one or more and then give them to other church members and tell them “I love you”. One thing is certain: the sun sure liked the theme because she was shining very bright above this Baptist church in Houston, Texas. Seated in the first two rows of the middle isle we had a fantastic view into the altar room and the choir. The church was a modern round building, which seemed huge. A couple of stair steps led the way up into the altar room, which besides the many chairs for the choir had three chairs standing right in front of the choir for the Founding Pastor, the Associate Pastor, and the Deacon of the week. There also was a small organ to the right and a nice-looking piano to the left. Just behind the piano stood an impressing set of drums. Built right into the wall behind the choir was a gigantic TV-screen, which during the sermon showed the singing choir, the reading pastor, the congregation or even the lyrics of some of the music and psalms. It seemed a bit unusual that the altar was not standing right in the middle of the altar room but right down in front of the stairs that lead up to the altar room. However, they did use the altar during the service. One other interesting observation was the two flags standing near the piano. The left one showed the parish emblem, the other was the Stars and Stripes flag. Out of my own experience, this is nothing out of the ordinary. Every single American church I have visited so far had the Stars and Stripes standing somewhere close to the altar room. What amazed me, though, was the missing crucifix, which usually hangs above the altar or somewhere in the back of the altar room. However, there was no such thing. I suppose the choice was between the gigantic TV-screen or a crucifix. Even this is nothing unusual. Most American denominations have a somewhat different view of certain ceremonials that might be absolutely common in our culture area. The Ministry of Music led by the well known Hanq Neal, who not only played for various Presidents of the United States but for Queen Elisabeth II. as well, started the service with a musical prelude. Accompanied by the men’s ensemble, one of the six church choirs, the music turned out to be very catching. Reverend William A. Lawson, the Founding Pastor of the Wheeler Avenue Baptist Church then started the service by greeting the congregation as well as the many guests. As we found out after the service Reverend Lawson used to be a close friend of Martin Luther King. He organized the Civil Rights Movement in the Houston area. Even though he looked a healthy and handsome sixty, this man was well over eighty years old. He seemed full of energy and was able to share this with the whole congregation. As it turned out we were not the only ones being interested in the church and its service. We surely were the biggest group and we sure were the only ones who had to get up the stairs and stand a couple of minutes right in front of the whole congregation. Reverend 11 TWIN PEAKS Lawson greeted each of us and made us tell our names. Well, that wasn’t too bad. It actually felt very nice. The warm welcoming words and the clapping congregation made us feel part of this special sermon. Reverend Lawson asked Prof. Keil to speak to the congregation and explain the reasons for our coming. pay for all their bills at the end of the month. He would just tell them not to use their credit cards for useless things; not to go to restaurants five times a week. Prof. Keil started by thanking the congregation and Rev. Lawson for letting us share this service. He also explained to the congregation that it was a special request of the students to visit an Afro-American Baptist church service, which the students had heard so much about. That definitely broke the ice, if in fact there was any left. Everybody was cheerfully clapping now and all students just went along. Many people agreed loudly with what the Reverend had said. There were many “Yes!, That’s right!,” and “Praise the Lord!” shouted from the pews throughout the sermon. After having introduced all the guests Reverend Kyra Hinckson asked all the children to come forward. She had two red balloons in her hand. One rather small with a short ribbon hanging loosely from her hand. The other one big with a long ribbon and standing high up in the air. The Reverend asked one boy to hold the stronger looking balloon, while she kept the other one. She started a little conversation with the children asking questions why one was small and loose while the other seemed big and strong. The explanation was quite interesting. Reverend Hinckson had filled the small balloon herself, which is why this one was hanging so loosely from her wrist. She also considered this balloon unworthy because it was only filled by human breath. The other one, she told the children, was filled with better stuff: the right stuff. The stuff God would use! She then took all children with her to attend Jewels for Children, which was just another term for Sunday school. By that time Reverend Lawson started the sermon with the scripture reading. Matthew 25:14-30 tells about love giving the best, and the best should be given to God. One should give one‘s talent, time and money to God. This way he is able to help the people. Reverend Lawson tried to explain to the congregation that one can always give to God. Though many people might disagree and explain their misfortune and how they don’t know how to 12 You have to cook! It’s possible! Live economically! You can’t afford not to! Put God on top! The whole sermon was centered around this little phrase. Put God on top! The parish agreed and the ministry of music stroke the keys of the organ once again. The men’s ensemble sung along and people were clapping and singing. One women on the other side of the room even had her very own tambourine, which she enthusiastically clapped to the rhythm. As we found out later she had eleven adopted children and was a very devoted member of the parish. After the scripture reading, Reverend Lawson introduced and welcomed new parish members. They had to stand up and many greeted them with a warm “welcome”. Reverend Lawson also invited people to come up front and share some of their Christian experiences. About half a dozen followed the invitation and told about their experiences and how they try to share their believe by devoting time and energy to the church. After the service was over - it took about three hours - they treated us very kindly and invited us to a delicious “self cooked” lunch. While we ate we had the pleasure of meeting several young parish members. We had the chance to talk to them about various issues and some students exchanged email addresses to keep in touch. The time we spent at the Wheeler Avenue Baptist Church gave us an amazing inside view of how lively, fervent, and deep these Baptist live their faith every single day. For more information, you can visit www.wheelerbc.org academic v i e w s „SHAKESPEARE IS THE ORIGINAL KLINGON“ – ENGLISHNESS IN Star Trek BUT THAT DREAD OF SOMETHING AFTER DEATH, THE UNDISCOVER’D COUNTRY FROM WHOSE BOURN NO TRAVELLER RETURNS, PUZZLES THE WILL, AND MAKES US RATHER BEAR THOSE ILLS WE HAVE THAN FLY TO OTHERS WE KNOW NOT OF? WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE, HAMLET by Katja Kanzler Have you ever wondered why so many aiens in American Science Fiction films speak with an English accent? Addressing the phenomenon of English presences in U.S. film in general, R. J. Dickinson finds that Englishmen (sic.) keep on playing a recurring role in American film. Surveying a number of figures that employ „English“ signifiers the theatrical actor, the gentleman, the villain, the spy, and others -, Dickinson notes that English presences in American film draw on notions of America’s past, of its origins as an English colony. Putting it most simply, English figures provide American culture with an opportunity to work through aspects of its history, to come to terms with its own genesis as a nation. But why, then, are the English so frequent guests in Science Fiction films – a genre supposedly all about America’s future rather than its past – and why do they tend to appear in the guise of end-of-the-galaxy aliens? Rather than giving a definite answer to that question, I want to discuss one Star Trek feature-film that nicely illustrates the phenomenon: Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country (1991) not only features central stage a bunch of very English aliens, it also sheds a different light on the role Englishness may play in American culture. As The Undiscovered Country is based on the 1960s’ original Star Trek, it makes use of this series’ prime representatives of good and evil. There is, on the one hand, the “United Federation of Planets,” an enlarged yet thoroughly Americanized version of today’s United Nations. The Federation’s self-conscious image as a melting pot taken to the stars finds itself mirrored in the crew of the star ship Enterprise. Peopled with all kinds of exotic ethnic and alien presences (all in ornamental positions, of course), the Enterprise stands under the strong and competent leadership of its American Captain James T. Kirk. Kirk – the 23 rd century star ship Captain – is quite openly modeled on the figure of the Frontier hero: distrustful of bureaucratic structures, he prefers to settle conflicts by “unorthodox” means, i.e. sleeping with the bad guy’s girl friend and/or a good, old-fashioned fist-fight. 13 TWIN PEAKS The film has the Enterprise face the Klingons, an alien species who, throughout the original series, acted as the Federation’s arch-enemies. Conflating ideological, national and ethno-racial differences, the Klingons serve as an allegory of America’s Cold War opponents – the Klingons’ status as villains is never interrogated: They simply are evil, cruel, imperialistic, and utterly different. Whereas the 1960s’ television program as well as the five previous feature films used to monitor the Enterprise’s (always successful) battle against its enemies, The Undiscovered Country narrates the end of the confrontation between Federation and Klingon Empire, and the challenge this poses to those (on both sides) who had grown used to seeing the universe through a bipolar lens. The end of the Cold War in Star Trek’s world also marks the end of the Enterprise and its crew, paving the way for a new ship and crew to take over the franchise. In the spin-off, the Klingons will serve an entirely different function: shifting the focus from the aliens’ ideological to their cultural difference and coding it as exotic spectacle, Star Trek: The Next Generation will functionalize the Klingons for narratives that establish the Federation’s multicultural tolerance. In narrating this re-ordering of Star Trek’s world view, and the Klingons’ concomitant conversion from enemy to something more complex, the film considerably draws on signifiers of Englishness. The Undiscovered Country makes use of two such signifiers: one, it represents Englishness on the level of language, as the film’s major Klingons are all played by British actors who are not trying to “pass” for anything else (among them Christopher Plummer as Kirk’s most spectacular opponent, General Chang); and, two, the film has the Klingons repeatedly quote Shakespeare; even more, it has them claim that Shakespeare was, in fact, a Klingon. One of the film’s most central scenes depicts the first encounter between the crew of the Enterprise and the Klingon Chancellor Gorkon and his entourage, whom the Enterprise is to escort to a peace conference. In this scene (and in the film as a whole), signifiers of Englishness serve a number of purposes, among them to invest a popular film like Star Trek with the cultural prestige of a high-brow icon like Shakespeare. I, however, want to make a case for the way in which the scene employs signifiers of Englishness to write a strong ambiguity into its negotiation of difference and sameness, an ambiguity necessary for the recoding of these aliens the film sets out to accomplish. On the one hand, the scene heavily relies on the spectacle of the Klingons’ difference - their leather-clad appearance, their rustic table manners - to convey a tense and uneasy atmosphere. The Klingons’ more spectacular differences converge with a linguistic difference: the aliens are bilingual, featuring a distinct native tongue (which we hear only briefly) and commendable skills in the English language - British English. Their language sharply contrasts with the linguistic practices of the crew of the Enterprise, where even an alien like Mr. Spock speaks with a distinctly American accent. In the face of an American linguistic core so solidly institutionalized, the crew can afford to feature some degree of linguistic variation, represented in this scene by Scottie’s Scottish and Chekov’s Russian dialect. From a lingusitic point of view, then, signifiers of Englishness are used to sustain and highlight the Klingons’ difference. On the other hand, however, the scene employs signifiers of Englishness to evoke A scene from The Undiscovered Country 14 academic v i e w s sameness, or, more specifically, with an idemoments of sameness between the crew of al of sameness. the Enterprise and the aliens. Within the Several critics have commented on the scene’s atmosphere of hostility and distrust, ideological implications of evoking the the Klingon’s knowledge and fondness of cultural difference embodied by the English Shakespeare calls for surprise and even – and of choosing Shakespeare, a “highadmiration. Shakespeare manages to disrupt the dinner’s tense atmosphere and provides culture,” canonized author as its major for the scene’s only relaxed moments of representative – to narrate a multicultural laughter and tacit understanding. The conversion. However, I want to argue, the ideological subtext this narrative Klingons’ literacy concerning an icon of constellation certainly has is not all that European high culture seems to redeem them powerful. In the process of appropriating despite their table manners. Yet the communication the two crews’ Shakespeare, the film considerably re-writes shared interest in Shakespeare provides for him, thus de-stabilizing the Anglocentric is far from easy and harmonious. The scene cultural authority it conjures up. This rewriting becomes obvious, has the Federation crew first of all, in the film’s and the aliens battle for title, a quotation from appropriating ShakeHamlet’s famous speare, each side trying soliloquy. Yet, whereas in to use and reShakespeare’s original, contextualize the “undiscovered Shakespearean country” refers to death, soundbites to authorize in the film, it comes to their point of view. signify a future that would Shakespeare provides bring an end to years of the characters with a war. In fact, it is the projection space in which Chang protagonists’ quest to debate what the make sure that “the architecture of a future undiscovered country” beyond confrontations would look like. “To be or not to be” comes would no longer bear its Shakespearean to focalize each party’s anxieties about a new meaning; the film celebrates as a victory the world order. This battle for interpretations re-coding they afford, their emancipation from Shakespeare as cultural authority. will continue throughout the film, On a second note, the film also re-writes underscoring the military confrontation between Kirk and Chang that results from a Shakespeare by translating him to the “oriconspiracy planted to undermine the peace ginal” Klingon. The scene’s brief reference to Shakespeare’s “Klingon roots” has taken negotiations. In The Undiscovered Country, signifiers on a life of its own in Star Trek’s fan culture. Fans have expanded the Klingon language of Englishness thus serve as catalyst in Star Trek’s transition from a Cold War to a into a fully-fledged linguistic system; they multicultural world. For Star Trek, founded the Klingon Language Institute, which holds summer camps in which Englishness uniquely qualifies for anybody interested can learn the artificial dramatizing a “multicultural turn”: it marks language. And, appropriately, among the a difference that blends in with the very core Institute’s first projects was a Klingon of American national narratives, a core multicultural discourse is actually struggling translation of Shakespeare’s Hamlet. to decenter; it evokes a highly ambivalent difference that is saturated with notions of 15 TWIN PEAKS „AM 4. JULI WAS FEIERN DIE HAT DER DEN USA REST DEN DER UNABHÄNGIGKEITSTAG. WELT ZUM FEIERN: ABHÄNGIGKEITSTAG?“ von Reinhold Wagnleitner „Ist Patriotismus anziehend? Die Bekleidungsindustrie hat bereits die Antwort darauf gegeben. Amerika – wir tragen Dich nicht nur in unserem Herzen, sondern zeigen es auch. Sternchen und Streifen – alles, was die Herzen von US-Fans höher schlagen lässt, ist derzeit käuflich zu erwerben: Gürtelschnallen, Schuhe, Pullover, T-Shirts, Taschen und vieles mehr. Die Palette reicht von dezent bis schrill. Die elegante Art, diesem Trend zu frönen, ist, die Stars and Stripes auf Accessoires zu beschränken: Beispielsweise indem man ein unifarbenes Outfit in Blau, Weiß oder Rot mit knalligen Pumps, Gürtel und Bag koordiniert. Auch mit Shirts oder Pullis mit unauffälligem Sternenmuster seid ihr total in, ohne übertrieben „beflaggt“ zu sein. Tipp: Fashion à la „USA-light“ kann man selbstverständlich auch im Büro tragen. Ein bisschen mehr darf´s in der Freizeit sein: Jeans-Jacken aufgemotzt mit Buttons, dazu heiße Hotpants und als Draufgabe ein Top, sind eine besonders verführerische Variante, Flagge zu zeigen. Die peppige Schuh-Alternative zu den damenhaften Pumps sind Riemchensandalen mit Plateauabsatz. Der Gag: Sternenbanner-Muster auf der Innensohle.“ Dieses Zitat aus der Stylezone des Kurier vom 24. Februar 2002 zeigt: die USA repräsentieren Spaß, Europa Fadesse. Die USA signifizieren Freizeit, Europa Arbeit, wenn auch vielleicht bald New Work oder doch nur neue 16 Arbeitslosigkeit. Irene Prugger blieb im Diarium der Wiener Zeitung kürzlich buchstäblich die Spucke weg, als ihr die letzte Version des US-Military Look offeriert wurde. „Eine Verkäuferin,“ so Prugger, „war keineswegs erschrocken über meine heftige Reaktion und meinte gelassen, zu der beigen Hose repräsentiere das Hemd mit dem verwischten Tarn-Muster einen sehr sanften Militär-Look, feminin abgeschwächt durch so genannte Safari-Elemente, weswegen diese Kombination eigentlich mehr dem Kolonialstil zuzuordnen sei. Ich sagte zur Verkäuferin, wenn sie ein richtiges Tarnkäppchen hätte, dann würde ich es gern kaufen. Aber alles, was sie hatte, waren soldatische Schildmützen, die leider keineswegs unsichtbar machten, sondern sogar ziemlich auffällig ins Auge stachen. Für so etwas wollte ich meinen Kopf nicht hinhalten und verließ enttäuscht das Geschäft.“ Die nicht enttäuschte Sicherheitsberaterin von Präsident Bush, Condoleezza Rice, führte letzte Woche eine noch kriegerische Variante vor: Eigentlich sind die USA semiologisch betrachtet schon seit langem überhaupt kein Staat mehr, sondern ganz einfach nur mehr ein Markenname im Wert von vielen Tausenden Trillionen Dollar. Sie repräsentieren daher also nicht mehr fünfzig Bundesstaaten, sondern academic v i e w s Lautsprecher nicht doch eher bald durch ein fünfzig dominierende Marken. Dass sich die funktionierendes Hörgerät ersetzen sollte. USA als Markenname (America™) kaum mehr von McDonald’s und Marlboro unterscheiden, Diese reale Macht steht hinter der USmag einigen blasphemisch erscheinen. Aber de Infotainmentindustrie. Wie die kulturelle Hefacto handelt es sich bei den USA auch um ein gemonie des Britischen Weltreiches auf der (populäres) religiöses Konstrukt, das immer Kontrolle der Weltmeere ruhte, so formt die wieder Erweckungsbewegungen, Missionare bisher massivste Aufrüstung der Weltgeschichund Kreuzzüge produziert(e). „Die Freiheit, die te durch die USA sowie die damit einhergehenwir vertreten, ist nicht Amerikas Geschenk an de Ausbeutung und Zerstörung der weltweiten die Welt – es ist Gottes Geschenk an die Ressourcen die materielle Basis für das EmMenschheit“, so George W. Bush über seine pire of the Fun. Allerdings dürfen wir den Irak-Mission. Grundwiderspruch der Globalisierung nicht Tatsächlich ist die Provokation von aus den Augen verlieren: während die materiAmerica™ gar nicht so weit entfernt von der elle Basis dieses Imperiums tatsächlich global brillanten Einschätzung Berndt Ostendorfs. ist, beschränkt sich der Spaß immer mehr auf Denn die scheinbar simple, tatsächlich aber eseine relativ kleine Minderheit der Weltsentielle Frage, warum denn nun die US-Kulbevölkerung. Denn die tur überhaupt so popuGlobalisierung brachte, lär sei, beantwortet der neben einer immer deutli„Eigentlich sind die USA in München wirkende cheren Umverteilung des Gelehrte damit, dass der ein Markenname Reichtums zugunsten Erfolg dieser Kultur im Wert von vielen kleiner Gruppen innerüberhaupt nicht in irgendeinem ihrer indivi- Tausenden Trillionen Dollar: halb der „Ersten Welt“, auch einen rasanten duellen Merkmale beSozialabbau, zuerst in der gründet sei. Vielmehr America™“ „Dritten Welt“. Die „Dritliege die Attraktion te Welt“ zog aber auch in überhaupt im Gesamtdie „Erste“ ein, und zwar design der USA als bewusst konstruierter libenicht nur als Immigranten, sondern auch durch raler Utopie einer Neuen Welt. die Verarmung großer Bevölkerungsschichten als Folge von Reaganomics und Thatcherism – Unbestritten verfügt dieses Gesamtdesign zuerst in den USA und Großbritannien, dann über weltweiten Einfluss. Die symbolische in allen entwickelten Gesellschaften. Macht der USA hat derartige Proportionen anWährend die Rüstungsausgaben nach dem genommen, dass sie gar nicht mehr als solche Zusammenbruch der Sowjetunion weltweit sanwahrgenommen wird. Vielmehr scheint sie nun ken, stiegen die Militärausgaben der USA auch gleichsam ein ganz natürlicher Teil der interin den 1990er Jahren weiter, um nach den nationalen kulturellen Ausstattung geworden zu Terroranschlägen vom September 2001, für den sein. Und dies ist wieder der schlagende Be„Krieg gegen den Terror“, die Kriege in Afghaweis dafür, dass die soft power der USA seit nistan und Irak (und?) noch einmal massiv erlangem ein Höchstmaß an Subtilität und Raffihöht zu werden. Damit kündigt sich ein neuer nesse erreicht hat. Wird doch ihre ideologische Rüstungswettlauf an, der zu weiterem Abbau und symbolische Übermacht als quasi-natürder Ausgaben in den Bereichen Bildung, Solich empfunden, wenngleich sie in Realität doch ziales und Kultur führen wird. Lag das USauf der Macht des Finanzkapitals sowie miliRüstungsbudget 2000 noch bei 288,8 Milliartärischer, ökonomischer und kommerzieller den US-Dollar, so stieg es 2003 auf 396,1 MilHegemonie beruht. Seit hundert Jahren sind die liarden Dollar – wobei in dieser Summe die 80 USA die führende Emissionsquelle von Zeichen Milliarden für den Krieg gegen den Irak noch und Mythen. Sie sind das bei weitem sichtbargar nicht berücksichtigt sind. Und diese giganste und hörbarste Land, aber nicht das am betischen Rüstungsausgaben werden von den sten verstandene. Der Ersatz der Monroe-DokBudgetwünschen der Bush-Administration für trin durch die Marilyn-Monroe-Doktrin brachdie kommenden Jahre noch einmal weit in den te den USA zweifellos Vorteile. Dennoch stellt Schatten gestellt. So werden für das Jahr 2004 sich die Frage, ob Uncle Sam seine gigantischen 17 TWIN PEAKS 399,1 Milliarden, für 2005 419,6 Milliarden, Verteidigungsbudgets aus. für 2006 439,7 Milliarden, für 2007 460 Milliarden, für 2008 480,4 Milliarden und schließlich für 2009 502,7 Milliarden US-Dollar proAngesichts dieser ungeheuren Summen jektiert. Die Gesamtsumme wird sich auf stellen sich zumindest zwei Fragen. Wovor ha2.701,5 Milliarden US-Dollar belaufen. ben die Eliten der USA solche Angst? Und wer Es lohnt sich, diese Aufstockung der USprofitiert von dieser Aufrüstung am meisten? Militärausgaben um fast zwei Drittel im Lichte der schon Anfang des 21. Jahrhunderts, je Auf die erste Frage gibt die Studie „Genach Lesart – eindrucksvolmeinsame Vision 2020“ der len bzw. Furcht erregenden Stabschefs der US-Streit„Wovor haben die – militärischen Hypermacht kräfte, die im Juni 2000, also der USA, mit dem Rest der 14 Monate vor dem 11. SepEliten dieser Welt Welt zu vergleichen. tember 2001 vorgelegt wurAngst? de, überraschend offen Auskunft. Denn die US-Planer 1 So geben die USA wiesen nur einem Umstand Wer profitiert schon 2003 mehr für Bedeutung zu. von dieser Aufrüstung?“ entscheidende das Militär aus als Die Tatsache, dass sich der alle anderen G7-LänAbstand zwischen den Besitder zusammen. zenden und Habenichtsen der Welt immer rasanter vergrößert, stelle die ein2 Das US-Militärbudget ist fast siezig verbliebene Supermacht vor eine weit benmal größer als jenes von Russland. schwierigere Aufgabe als jeder vorstellbare Gegner. Wolle die USA weiterhin die führende 3 Das US-Militärbudget ist mehr als Militärmacht bleiben, dann könne sie diesen 26mal so groß wie jenes der so geneuen Herausforderungen nur mit der Stratenannten Schurkenstaaten (Kuba, Iran, gie der „Full Spectrum Dominance“ begegnen: Irak, Libyen, Nordkorea, Sudan und also der Dominanz zu Lande, auf dem Wasser, Syrien) zusammen. in der Luft und im Weltraum. 1 4 Das US-Verteidigungsbudget ist höher als die Militärbudgets der nächstfolgenden 25 Staaten zusammengerechnet. 5 Die Vereinigten Staaten und ihre Alliierten geben nicht nur mehr für Rüstung aus als alle anderen Staaten der Welt zusammen genommen. Ihre Verteidigungsausgaben alleine belaufen sich schon 2003 auf mehr als zwei Drittel der globalen Militärausgaben. Sie investieren also gemeinsam 40mal mehr in die Rüstung als die sieben so genannten Schurkenstaaten. 6 Und: diese sieben möglichen Feinde geben gemeinsam weniger als 30 Prozent des gegenwärtigen US- Die Auswirkungen des neuen weltweiten Rüstungswettlaufes und die damit verbundenen Senkungen der Ausgaben für Erziehung, Kultur und Soziales, gerade auch in den USA selbst, sind bisher überhaupt nicht abzuschätzen. Allein wegen der Rüstungsausgaben ist bis 2008 ein US-Budgetdefizit von einer Trillion Dollar zu erwarten. So musste die Regierung Kaliforniens im April 2003 – gleichzeitig mit dem Einmarsch in Bagdad – ankündigen, dass der Bundesstaat, der alleine die fünft größte Wirtschaftsmacht der Welt darstellt, 25.000 Lehrerinnen und Lehrer entlassen werde: das sind 20 Prozent der gesamten Lehrerschaft. Das früher erstklassige öffentliche Schulsystem Kaliforniens steht nun bei den Bildungsausgaben nur mehr an 41. Stelle aller Bundesstaaten. Nach Angaben des National Council of State Legislatures, haben die US-Bundes- National Conference of State Legislatures, April Budget Press Release, 24. April 2003 http://www.ncsl.org/programs/press/2003/030424.htm 18 academic v i e w s staaten 2002 im Bereich der öffentlichen Dienste (bei Gesundheit, Wohlfahrtsunterstützung und im Erziehungswesen) Kürzungen um 49 Milliarden Dollar durchgeführt. Für das Jahr 2003 sind weitere Einschnitte um 25.7 Milliarden geplant. Das sind 75 Milliarden Dollar, fast exakt die Summe, die Präsident Bush dem Kongress zur Finanzierung des Irak-Krieges vorlegte.1 Das öffentliche Schulsystem zählt daher zu den einheimischen Kollateral-Schäden einer Politik der Hochrüstung nach Außen und der Kontrolle und des Gefängnisbaus im Inneren. Tatsächlich verdienen in Kalifornien nun Gefängnisaufseher das Doppelte eines Lehrergehaltes, und es ist bezeichnend, dass Gouverneur Gray Davis, gleichzeitig mit der Ankündigung der Entlassungen auch den Bau eines neuen Todestraktes im Gefängnis von San Quentin um 200 Millionen Dollar bekannt gab. Ein gutes Beispiel für Österreich, wo ja auch vor wenigen Tagen gleichzeitig die Pensionsreform und der Ankauf von Kampfflugzeugen bekannt gegeben wurden. Unter dem Deckmantel der Verhandlungen über das Allgemeine Abkommen über Handel mit Dienstleistungen (GATS) versuchen multinationale Konzerne, angeführt von der US Coalition of Service Industries, ihren Zugang zum Bereich bisher staatlicher Dienstleistungen zu erweitern, und die Bildung ist ganz besonders im Visier. Der kanadische Philosoph John Raulston Saul charakterisierte diese Entwicklung als einen „coup d’etat in slow motion“ – einen Staatsstreich in Zeitlupe – obwohl die Attacke der transnationalen Unternehmen und Banken eigentlich zutreffender als ein coup contre d’etat – als ein Antistaatsstreich – umschrieben werden könnte. In den letzen Jahren hob auch die EU die Bildung als Schlüsselbereich hervor, der für Liberalisierung besonders reif sei, verschleierte aber das Wesentliche: ein rapides Senken staatlicher Bildungsbudgets mit dem Ziel, die höhere Bildung ganz zu privatisieren. Allerdings wurde es der EU im Verlaufe der GATS-Verhandlungen der letzten Monate dann doch zu heiß. Denn GATS sieht Inländerbehandlung für alle Bewerber vor. Und das bedeutet nichts anderes, als dass entweder allen ausländischen privaten Konkurrenten am Bildungsmarkt eines europäischen Staates gleich hohe staatliche Unterstützungen zustünden wie den staatlichen Universitäten – oder aber das Ende der staatlichen Uni- versitäten überhaupt. Wir beobachten in den USA seit den 1960er und weltweit seit den 1980er Jahren eine Bildungspolitik, deren Strategie darauf hinaus läuft, Bildungsinstitutionen zu schaffen, die, sowohl auf nationaler als auch auf globaler Ebene, systematisch mehr Ungleichheit schaffen. Unter dem Titel Bildungsreformen wird ein internationaler neoliberaler Rahmen gebaut, welcher per Definition eine Kürzung der Bildung für diejenigen bedeutet, die sich die Kosten nicht leisten können: also die große Mehrheit der Weltbevölkerung. Der Neoliberalismus ist aber weder „neo-“ noch „liberal“. Er hat auch wenig mit einem „freien Markt“ zu tun hat, sondern propagiert einen Markt in Privatbesitz – und das ist eine gänzlich andere Prämisse. * * * Mythos 1: angesichts der Tatsache, dass das Pentagon den bei weitem umfangreichsten Haushalt der Welt verwaltet, kann man zwar davon ausgehen, dass sich die Wirtschaft der USA in Privatbesitz befindet, dass sie zugleich aber auch in fast allen profitablen Bereichen massiv aus Steuergeldern finanziert wird. * * * Mythos 2: viele der besten Universitäten der USA sind zwar privat im Sinne ihrer rechtlichen Konstruktion, allerdings nicht im Bereich der Finanzierung. Mehr als die Hälfte aller Forschungsgelder – über 46 Milliarden • - werden in den USA aus Steuergeldern in militärische Forschung investiert. Gerade die Parade-Privatuniversitäten konstituieren daher einen wichtigen Teil des militärisch-industriellen Komplexes der USA. Es handelt sich hier also nicht nur um ideologische Verschleierung basierend auf der Theologie des freien Marktes, sondern um eine Marktverzerrung ersten Ranges. * * * Private Unternehmen, welche bereits 20 19 TWIN PEAKS Prozent der weltweit für Bildung investierten zwei Billionen Euro kontrollieren, versuchen mit allen Mitteln, ihren Marktanteil zu vergrößern. Schon bis zum Jahre 2010 erwarten sich die Infotainment-Giganten gleich hohe Profite aus ihren Bildungsangeboten – weltweit verfügbar über ein System von Fernsehen, CDRoms, DVDs, Kabelsystemen und Internet – wie aus ihren Unterhaltungsprodukten. Und dieser Markt wird immens wachsen. Die UNO schätzt, dass in den nächsten 30 Jahren die Anzahl der Menschen, die nach einer Ausbildung streben, größer sein wird als die aller Studierenden seit dem Beginn der Zivilisation zusammengenommen. tung für die Bildung ein für allemal von der Industrie übernommen werden. Bildung müsse konsequenterweise als ein Service für die Industrie angesehen werden. Sogar diese Logik – nach der Profit abwerfende Bereiche privatisiert und verlustbringende von den Steuerzahlern subventioniert werden – erlaubt noch Raum für staatliche Bildungssysteme. Aber dieser Raum wird der Keller sein, ein Zimmer ohne Aussicht. Die OECD brachte dies auf den Punkt: Die einzige Rolle der staatlichen Bildung werde sein, diejenigen aufzufangen, die für den Markt niemals profitabel seien und deren Ausschluss aus der Gesellschaft daher zunehmen werde, während andere stärker am Fortschritt profitieren könnten. Bildung und Wissen sind also der größte Zukunftsmarkt, und damit stellt sich eine zenDie Einführung der neuen Informationstrale Frage: wer wird an den Schalthebeln sitund Kommunikationstechnologien bietet nicht zen? Wird dieser Bereich von nur einen idealen Vorwand demokratischen Institutiozur Privatisierung der Uninen reguliert oder von einiversitäten, sondern begün„Bildung und Wissen gen wenigen privaten Unterstigt auch die Durchsetzung sind der größte nehmen kontrolliert werden? von US-Bildungsidealen. Zukunftsmarkt. Es besteht kein Zweifel, dass Während die Anzahl der das Ringen um die VorherrLehrer gesenkt und deren Wer wird an den schaft über diesen gigantiEinkommen gekürzt werSchalthebeln sitzen?“ schen Zukunftsmarkt alle anden, werden gleichzeitig imderen wirtschaftliche Konmer höhere Anteile der flikte in den Schatten stellen wird. Die zwei BilBildungsbudgets zur Einführung von eLearning lionen Euro, die jährlich in Bildung investiert an höheren Schulen eingesetzt – sehr zur Freuwerden, machen ein Zwanzigstel des weltweide der privaten Anbieter von Bildungssoftware. ten BIP aus. US-Bildungsexporte erwirtschafSelbstredend entspricht diese Umschichtung öften jährlich bereits mehr als sieben Milliarden fentlicher Gelder in Richtung privater Firmen Dollar Gewinn. exakt dem primären Anliegen der Industrie. Und das sekundäre Ziel besteht in der Schaffung Zur historischen Perspektive: In den früeines Arbeitskräftepotentials, das sich vor alhen 80er Jahren war Chile unter dem Diktator lem durch Mobilität, Flexibilität und die FäAugusto Pinochet der erste Vorzugsschüler im higkeit zum lebenslangen Lernen auszeichnet Bereich der Privatisierung der Bildung. Seit – selbstverständlich in der Freizeit und auf eidamals wurde von IMF und Weltbank ein masgene Kosten. siver Druck auf die Länder der „Dritten Welt“ ausgeübt, und die drastische Senkung der Die Universitäten durchlaufen daher gegenBildungsausgaben und anderer Sozialausgaben wärtig nicht nur eine technologische Transforführte dort auch schnell zur Katastrophe. mation. Dieser Wandel verschleiert etwas ganz anderes: Die Kommerzialisierung der höheren Wegen des starken staatlichen Einflusses Bildung. Wie auch in anderen Sparten fungiert auf das Bildungswesen ist dieses Thema in die Technologie als ein Vehikel, das tief greiEuropa selbstverständlich besonders heikel. fende ökonomische, soziale und kulturelle Aber die Privatisierungen werden dennoch auf Umschichtungen verhüllt. Druck des European Round Table of Industrialists vorangetrieben. Bei den GATSKein Zweifel: Gesprächen wurden die Intentionen unverblümt ausgesprochen. Danach müsse die Verantwor- 20 academic v i e w s 1 2 3 4 Die neuen Informations- und Kommunikationstechnologien bieten großartige Chancen zur Intensivierung internationaler Kooperationen und ermöglichen einen nötigen und begrüßenswerten globalen Austausch. Und: die durch die neuen Techniken erzwungene Durchsichtigkeit der Hörsäle bringt die Universitäten verstärkt ins Rampenlicht und erzwingt daher auch eine Qualitätsverbesserung auf allen Ebenen. Aber die Verbesserung der Kontrolle und das Sichtbarwerden möglicher Mängel – wobei diese nicht nur im Verantwortungsbereich der Lehrenden und Studierenden, sondern insbesondere in der Mängelverwaltung der unzureichenden materiellen Ressourcen zu suchen sind werfen nicht nur Fragen bezüglich der wissenschaftlichen und didaktischen Leistungsfähigkeit und Qualität auf. Es geht hier tatsächlich um fundamentale Verwerfungen der globalen Bildungslandschaft. Die ständig wachsende Macht der multinationalen Bildungsgiganten tangiert folgende Bereiche zutiefst: die Bildungssouveränität, den Verlust der demokratischen Verfassungen der Universitäten sowie die Frage über die Kontrolle der Bildungsinhalte. Diese werden immer stärker von einer relativ kleinen Gruppe von BildungsGroßunternehmen, viele davon mit Firmensitz in den USA, kontrolliert, womit den Infotainment-Giganten, gleichsam als Nebenprodukt, nicht nur eine ideologische Überwachung der Inhalte, sondern auch die Kontrolle über die Lehrenden bzw. Verwaltungen der Universitäten zukommt. Das gegenseitige Ausspielen von menschlichen gegen technische Ressourcen als Folge neuer Investitionen bedingt eine massive Umverteilung der Mittel hin zu kostspieligem Material, das seinerseits wiederum Profit bringen muss. 5 Studienrichtungen, die aus wirtschaftlicher Sicht als unprofitabel gelten, stehen daher auf einem verlorenen Posten. 6 Werden die kleinen Universitäten in dieser Auseinandersetzung überhaupt die Möglichkeit haben, ihren meist durchaus berechtigt guten Ruf als Qualitätsträger zu schützen und daraus noch Kapital schlagen können, während sie gleichzeitig gegen globale Markennamen von OnlineProvidern konkurrieren? Oder werden wir weltweit mit einem weiteren Rückgang des lokalen und regionalen Wissens gegenüber der Durchsetzung der „rationalen Intelligenz“ und einer beschleunigten Offensive in Richtung globaler Standardisierung rechnen müssen? Wir stehen jetzt vor einem Wendepunkt. Werden wir es mit einem freien, öffentlichen und kostengünstigen weltweiten Netz von emanzipierendem Wissen und einem breit gefächerten Informationszugang zu tun haben, oder mit einem von internationalen Konzernen kontrollierten Netz von Propaganda, Desinformation und Edutainment? Die Konsequenzen sind steigende Kosten, die Konzentration auf wirtschaftlich brauchbare Studien, die Evaluierung durch etablierte internationale Firmen, vermehrter Druck auf – wenn nicht gar Zensur – für Forschung und Lehre, ein dramatischer Verfall der Bildungsqualität – und niedrigere Steuern für die Wohlhabenden. Der kontinuierliche Rückzug der europäischen Regierungen aus der Finanzierung der Bildung, die Abschaffung der Mitbestimmung und die Einführung von Studiengebühren haben den Boden für die Kommerzialisierung der Bildung bereitet. Die europäischen Universitäten müssten diesen Entwicklungen schnell Paroli bieten, sonst verlieren sie den Primat über das kulturelle Kapital. Die Profiteure dieses globalen Wirtschaftskampfes fallen, salopp ausgedrückt, unter die Kategorie der üblichen Verdächtigen. Die ökonomisch und politisch treibenden Kräfte finden sich in jenen Ländern, welche seit geraumer Zeit bereits die besten 21 TWIN PEAKS Marktpositionen eingenommen haben: Die USA, Australien, Neuseeland und, innerhalb der EU, Großbritannien als einer der Hauptexporteure von Bildungswaren. Ricardo Petrella, „werden die Bildungssysteme Quellen der Gewalt gegenüber den weniger Ausgebildeten sein angesichts derer, die glauben, das fortgeschrittenste und deswegen mächtigste Wissen zu besitzen. Umgekehrt werden diejenigen, die ausgeschlossen oder zurückgewiesen werden, auf diese Diskriminierung und diese neue Form von auf Wissen basierendem Klassendenken und Rassismus reagieren.“ Aus den verschiedensten Gründen – Stichwort: das amerikanische Jahrhundert – befinden sich die USA auch im Bereich der Kommerzialisierung der Bildung in der besten Position, um sich langfristig das größte Stück vom Bildungsexport-Kuchen abzuschneiden. Die größten Wirtschaftskriege der letzten Sie bilden seit langem die Avantgarde auf dem Jahrzehnte wurden fast alle um InfotainmentGebiet der „virtuellen Universitäten“, des Firmen ausgetragen, um Medien-, SoftwareeLearing und der Online-Studien. Ihre und Telefonkonzerne zur Erlangung der VorBildungspakete bestechen in ihrer stromlinienherrschaft in den entscheidenden Zukunfts-Sekförmigen Mischung aus wissenschaftlicher Pertoren: beim elektronischen Einkaufen, beim Kafektion und Unterhaltungsbelfernsehen, bei den digiangebot. Ihre Markttalen Telefonen, bei der hegemonie beruht auf der Satellitentechnologie. Und Wie Welt kauft das, Kombination von neuestem diese Kämpfe verdeutlichen, was sie ständig sieht. industriellen und ästhetiworum es bei den gegenwärschen Design sowie einer tigen Entwicklungen von globalen, Markt- und MarkeeLearning geht. Schon 1999 ting-Hegemonie, wobei die wissenschaftliche prophezeite John Chambers, Spitzenmanager Macht ihrerseits wiederum auf der, Vorherrder weltweit bei Webservern führenden Firma schaft des symbolischen Kapitals der Cisco Systems, eLearning werde the next killer prestigeträchtigsten Universitäten des angloapplication sein. Elearning werde so bedeutend amerikanischen Imperiums beruht. sein, dass dagegen die Einnahmen aus E-Mails in den Bilanzen nur mehr in der GrößenordAngesichts der gegenwärtigen wirtschaftnung von Abrundungsfehler aufscheinen werlichen, politischen und kulturellen Eckdaten, den. kann vorausgesetzt werden, dass jeglicher Ausbau der Online-Lehre strukturell zu einer radiDie Welt kauft eben das, was sie ständig kalen Neuinterpretation der Bedeutung von sieht und hört. Diejenigen Firmen, welche die Bildung führen muss – sie entwickelt sich von Datennetzwerke kontrollieren, werden auch die einem öffentlichen Gut zu einer Handelsware. Kontrolle über den Fluss des Geldes, der WaAber der Preis, den wir dafür zahlen müssen, ren und der Ideen in diesem Jahrhundert auswird nicht nur ökonomisch sondern astronoüben – inklusive der kommerzialisierten Sekmisch sein. Die gegenwärtig vorherrschende toren des Bildungswesens. Politik, mit ihrer Senkung der staatlichen Nicht nur die internationale Wirtschaftwelt Bildungsbudgets und Erhöhung des Einflusses wurde nach US-Praktiken modelliert, sondern privater Konzerne, welche die Ungleichheiten auch die Welten der Kunst und der Wissensowohl auf nationaler wie auf globaler Ebene schaft, in denen ganze theoretische Systeme, weiter verschlimmern, wird in den IndustrieTechniken und Technologien übernommen wurstaaten die soziale Krise verschärfen und in den den. Die Debatten über öffentliche Reformen Armutsländern unmittelbar zu weiteren Ausim Allgemeinen und die der Universitäten im brüchen von Gewalt, Terror und Kriegen fühspeziellen wurde von US-Vorbildern und Meren. Die „fünf Kriege der Globalisierung“ – der thoden in einem derartigen Ausmaß ideologisch illegale Handel mit Drogen, Waffen, geistigem überformt, dass als einzige Konsequenz die Eigentum, Menschen und Geld – erleben beÜbernahme dieser Modelle als ein scheinbar reits lange einen sensationellen Boom. Ihm kor„natürliches“ sine qua non für jeglichen Errespondiert in der „legalen“ Wirtschaft ein völfolg zu sein scheint. lig gegensätzlicher Trend von schweren Krisen. Das Internet hat sich im globalen Maßstab Nüchtern betrachtet“, warnt deshalb zum wichtigsten (virtuellen) Raum entwickelt, 22 academic v i e w s in dem die wirtschaftlichen, kulturellen, politides wirtschaftlichen Status, einen Anspruch auf schen (auch bildungs-politischen) und militäeine faire Chance und auf jene Mittel haben, rischen Konkurrenzkämpfe geführt werden. welche die beste Entwicklung ihrer PersönlichSchon Präsident Bill Clinton beschrieb, in eikeit auf individueller geistiger und mentaler nem seltenen Moment der Offenheit, das Ebene ermöglichen.“ Das Resümee hätte nicht Internet als das neue Schlachtfeld eines ökonovernichtender ausfallen können: “Hätte eine unmischen Weltkrieges, den die USA auf jeden freundliche ausländische Macht versucht, den Fall gewinnen wolle. Und entscheidend ist, dass USA diese mittelmäßige Bildungsleistung aufdie Vereinigten Staaten in diesem Konflikt, der zuzwingen, so hätten wir dies wahrscheinlich von den meisten Europäern bisher nicht einals einen kriegerischen Akt betrachtet.“ mal bemerkt wurde, seit langem überlegen sind. Auf die Ambivalenzen der (Des-)InformaDie immensen Investitionen der gegenwärtionsgesellschaft wies erst kürzlich der fühtigen Administration in einen neuen Rüstungsrende US-Computer-Wissenschaftler Joseph wettlauf mit dem Ziel der Full Spectrum Weizenbaum hin: „Computer sind wie alle InDominance verbessern die strumente nicht wertfrei, Position der USA drastisch. sondern erben ihre Werte von In Kombination mit dem der Gesellschaft, in der sie Das Internet ist das US-Patriot Act, dem eingebettet sind. In einer verneue Schlachtfeld Homeland Security Departnünftigen Gesellschaft erfülment, dem Office of Global len sie möglicherweise viele eines ökonomischen Communications und der nützliche Funktionen, doch Weltkrieges. Total Information bis dahin müssen sie kritisch Awareness Agency bieten betrachtet werden. In einer sich hier Möglichkeiten zur hoch militarisierten Gesellweltweiten Infiltration, zur Kontrolle und Überschaft, wie es die USA jetzt sind, sind sie Mordwachung der Forschung, zur Spionage im miliinstrumente.“ tärischen, industriellen und privaten Bereich in Eine neueste Umfrage von National einem noch nie da gewesenen Ausmaß, das Geographic unter 18-24 Jährigen US-Bürgern, selbst Orwells Big Brother erblassen ließe. also jener Altersgruppe, die im Nahen Osten kämpft, zeigt, dass nur einer von acht den Irak All dieses bedeutet zweifellos eine immenauf einer Landkarte finden konnte. 70% suchse Herausforderung für die Menschheit insgeten New Jersey vergeblich, 49% verfehlten New samt, aber auch eine Chance, besonders für die York, und 11 % waren nicht einmal imstande, Sozial- und Geisteswissenschaften. Der totadie USA zu lokalisieren. Der Widerstand gelen Durchsichtigkeit des Menschen korrespongen die Übernahme des globalen Bildungswediert ein steter Anstieg der Undurchsichtigkeit sens durch Privatkonzerne hat nichts mit Antider Machtstrukturen. Aber wer zu den Quellen Amerikanismus zu tun, richtet er sich doch gewill, muss gegen den Strom schwimmen. D.h. gen eine Politik, welche die Mehrheit der U.S. jede Historikerin und jeder Historiker des 21. Bevölkerung zuminderst genauso schwer trifft, Jahrhunderts, die diese Bezeichnung überhaupt wie alle anderen. Ein System, welches solche verdienen, muss notgedrungen auch ein HakBildungsergebnisse hervorbringt, wird sich ker werden. zuletzt wirklich auf „intelligente Waffen“ verKein anderes Bildungssystem eines Indulassen müssen, um „den Feind“ ausfindig zu strielandes wurde in den letzen 30 Jahren so machen. Aber es wäre sicherlich keine weise tiefgehend privatisiert wie das der USA. Aber Wahl, sowie verheerend für Europa – falls diedies führte zu keiner Verbesserung, sondern se Bezeichnung noch irgendeine tiefere kultuganz im Gegenteil zu einer radikalen Verrelle Bedeutung haben sollte – ein solches Syschlechterung. Bereits 1983 bedauerte die U.S stem unkritisch zu kopieren. National Commission on Education in ihrem Bericht „A Nation at Risk“ den steigenden Trend zur Mittelmäßigkeit der Ausbildung der This essay is taken from a speech, Professor US-Jugend, „welcher unsere demokratischen Reinhold Wagnleitner held at the University Versprechen Lügen straft, dass alle, ungeachof Leipzig on July 4, 2003. tet ihrer Rasse oder Klassenzugehörigkeit oder 23 TWIN PEAKS What is STAARS? Five questions to the Fachschaftsrat. TwinPeaks: What does STAARS stand for? Fachschaftsrat: “STAARS” is an acronym for “Students of Anglistics and American Studies for Resources and Support.“ To some extent, this already denotes the philosophy of the program: it is a student-to-student approach to addressing the needs of freshmen. Because senior students have already accumulated a certain knowledge of the daily routines of university life and are more experienced with respect to their subjects’ peculiarities, they can provide “resources and support” (as STAARS Mentors) to their more inexperienced fellowstudents (STAARS Mentees). TP: What is the purpose of STAARS? FSR: It is meant to offer not only an answer to the needs of freshmen, who often feel lost having entered the “jungle” of a modern massuniversity, but also a solution to the more general problem of the increasing anonymity all students and faculty at our departments are facing. STAARS, in bringing together students of different “generations”, helps personalize the relations between them, and therefore contributes to the establishment of a more humane and productive atmosphere at our university and at the Anglistics and American Studies Departments in particular. If a mentee has a question concerning courses or exams or any other problem that might arise in the context of university life he or she can contact his or her mentor and ask for help. So we hope that the decision to name our program “STAARS” is justified in still another sense: STAARS Mentors are meant to become something like “guiding lights” to students seeking assistance. TP: What are the advantages for those students participating in STAARS and giving advice to freshmen? FSR: STAARS Mentors are, if you will, idealistic persons. They earn neither money nor Scheine by helping STAARS Mentees cope with the difficulties of university life. What they get, however, is a unique opportunity to get to know people who study the same subjects as they do, to take responsibility and enhance their social and organizational skills, and to contribute to “making the world (or at least their departments) a better place.” 24 In addition, the Anglistics and American Studies Departments will provide STAARS Mentors with official certificates. TP: STAARS was supposed to start this semester. Are you satisfied with the feedback you received so far? FSR: Yes, we are. Currently, there are 55 STAARS Mentors. However, Anglistics is somewhat underrepresented in this total. Hopefully, this will change over the next semesters. Regarding the number of mentees, we are at more than one hundred. This, too, is an astonishingly high figure, although we hope to reach an even larger percentage of freshmen in the future. TP: Where do you see STAARS heading over the next years? How long, do you think, will it take until the program is fully established? FSR: To answer the second part of your question first, we think that the program already is fully established. Now that the FSR has enabled contact between mentors and mentees, the STAARS partners are free to arrange meetings and to determine what their relationship should look like. This, of course, will always depend on the specific needs and abilities of the respective mentees and mentors. What the FSR can do, is to provide a platform for the exchange of experience and ideas. Moreover, both STAARS Mentors and Mentees are always welcome to ask for advice when there is a problem that they feel they cannot solve by themselves. We think that the program has a potential for constant improvement. Of course, some problems have occured, for example, it took much longer to connect mentors and mentees than we had expected, but we are very optimistic regarding the future of STAARS. The longer the program is running, the more sophisticated everyone involved gets, and future generations of students will definitely benefit from what we are learning today. If you want to join STAARS either as a mentor or as a mentee, or if you have any suggestions how to improve the program, please contact the FSR. Their e-mail address: [email protected] wandering thoughts LINCOLN AND THE „GERMAN QUESTION“ by Fletcher M. Burton U.S. Consul General, Leipzig, Germany One of the great figures of American history is Abraham Lincoln. His imprint on my country is profound. Only Franklin Delano Roosevelt has attained the same stature. Over the years, as I have studied Lincoln, I have been fascinated by the “German Question” he faced in his political career in the 1850’s and 1860’s. The issue for him was simple: What was the proper role for the many German immigrants in the emerging American nation? We can also examine this issue from this side, from the German perspective – as I was reminded over Christmas when I read the new biography of Willy Brandt written by Peter Merseburger. Brandt admired Lincoln. When he was Chancellor, he kept a bust of Lincoln in his office, as Merseburger notes. Also, Brandt once traveled to Springfield, Illinois - Lincoln’s home for over 20 years – to deliver a speech on the historical significance of Lincoln. In 1990, during the drive to German unification, Brandt often traveled in Eastern Germany and quoted Lincoln’s famous words: “A house divided cannot stand.” For Brandt, Lincoln stood for national unity. For Lincoln, the immigrant German population was a problem because it had not integrated – not yet in the 1850’s – into the American mainstream. How did Lincoln view the Germans in America? In many ways, which I list below, based on my reading of Lincoln’s writings: * * * As European foreigners Lincoln was aware that many Germans had not yet assimilated, that they still spoke their native language in their homes, that they tended to form communities together. His challenge was to promote social integration. * * * As potential citizens Lincoln encouraged Europeans, including Germans, to come to American and settle the vast lands of the continent. Germans were particularly numerous in the Mid-west, in Illinois, Ohio, Wisconsin and Indiana, where they were involved in building the new nation. * * * As Republican voters Lincoln won the Republican nomination in 1860 in part because his party believed he could carry the decisive Mid-west, where, as mentioned, many Germans lived 25 TWIN PEAKS and had already become citizens. He appealed to the idealism of the “1848” Germans, who had fled Germany during the revolutionary upheaval. Many of them, liberal in outlook, supported Lincoln’s anti-slavery position. Carl Schurz is the best-known example of this generation. He played an important role in delivering the “German vote” in the Mid-west to Lincoln, who was so grateful in turn that he appointed Schurz ambassador to Spain! * * * As Union soldiers During our Civil War, Lincoln turned again to Schurz to raise troops from the German communities in America. In 1861, Schurz resigned his post in Spain to return to America, where he entered the Army, raised four German regiments, and then formed a brigade under his command. Lincoln appointed him a General. We know from Lincoln’s letters that he strongly supported Schurz. * * * As diplomatic partners Lincoln also dealt with the Germans in Berlin. He appointed Norman Judd as the American Ambassador to Berlin in 1861 and corresponded with him to explore ways to support the Union cause. By the way, Lincoln never visited Germany. The first President to travel abroad during his tenure was Teddy Roosevelt, a half-century after Lincoln. * * * Finally, as fellow human beings Here let me cite Lincoln’s most important speech on the “German Question,” delivered in Cincinnati, Ohio, on February 12, 1861, as President-elect Lincoln was on his way to Washington to assume his new duties. Lincoln spoke that day in reply to a speech by Frederick Oberkleine, the chairman of a committee representing 18 German industrial associations. You see, even German immigrants retained their habit of organizing! And that’s one reason the Germans were so important to Lincoln. Here’s the key statement in Lincoln’s speech to the Germans of Cincinnati: “In regard to the Germans and foreigners, I esteem them no better than other people, nor any worse.” The newspaper accounts of the speech noted that the crowd greeted this statement with “laughter and cheers and cries of good.” For Lincoln, this was a typical formulation: no better than other people, nor any worse. It summed up his egalitarian creed. Lincoln pursued several great causes in his life: One was to preserve the Union; another was to build the Nation; another was to strengthen the Democracy. Germans had a role to play in all of these. 26 wandering thoughts N A K S A R B E by Stine Eckert It was always the same when I was asked about my summer destination. Most people were puzzled about my answer. Nebraska is not a major USA tourist destination. It is a state in the Midwestern area - Where the West begins. This is the slogan on a magnet that I had bought two years ago when I had been an exchange student in Axtell, Nebraska. The city limit sign had read “707”. That is the population. But the sign was gone when I came back in July 2003. I got touchy-feely when I first flew into Dallas, Texas, to catch my next flight. The first thing I saw was a “Subway” - a fast food restaurant that unfortunately has not made it big in Germany, yet. They produce a honey mustard sauce, which is divine. It reminded me instantly of my must-go places: Perkins, where I treated myself to pancakes with blueberry syrup for breakfast. Whiskey Creek, a steakhouse that serves a colossal bloom of onion rings that goes right along with buckets full of free peanuts. Shells go on the floor. It is a great place. Desserts are offered at TCBY: The Country’s Best Yogurt. It is just that. All those places are found in Kearney, a bigger town close to Axtell, where kids go for fun. Kearney played a special role in the migration to the West. It is named after Fort Kearny, that was founded in 1847 in order to protect the Oregon Trail and also a station for the Pony Express. Crazy cowboys transported the mail throughout the vast country via horse before the Union Pacific Railroad cut through the wilderness. My final stop via airplane was Omaha, the biggest town of Nebraska, where my dear friend picked me up. Finally, we rolled along the Interstate through Lincoln, Nebraska’s capital, to Axtell. Axtell lays in Buffalo County, close to Nebraska’s newest attraction, the Archway Monument. This museum stretches over the Interstate and symbolizes the gate to the West. The meadow right beside displays a stampede of wire buffaloes. They bring back Nebraskan history. The land was inhabited by Indians: Pawnee, Omaha and others. In 1867, it became a federal state. The archway tells that story and was a familiar sight. There was only one surprise: flags were everywhere. I thought the Midwestern area is geographically too far from New York to experience an explosion of supportive patriotism. Psychologically, they had joined their fellow Americans. Along the fence of the Axtell School’s playground red, white and blue ribbons were tied to the wire to form a huge flag. It was one of many in Axtell. But it was still the small town, surrounded by crops of corn and soybeans. The irrigation pivots run night and day, because Nebraska has been suffering from a draught for about two years now. The farmers are very much concerned. Most of the farms are run by families, who depend on the harvest for income. Kids get out of school early for summer vacation to help irrigate. Pick-ups dust the gravel roads. The main street of Axtell sometimes reminded me of Western movies where tumble weeds blow along the road. When I walked along the main road, the Axtellites overwhelmed me with friendliness: “Hello, how are you? How good you made it back. Have a fun time. See you.” It is a general standard of politeness that is understood in that area. Even more hospitality hit me when I attended church. A 27 TWIN PEAKS potluck dinner was set up. Everyone brings a couple of hot dishes, salads or cakes. They put everything in a buffet-like style on the kitchen counter and people serve themselves. I was to got first: corn, “jell-o” – a puddinglike substance with pieces of fruit and marshmallows wobbling in the middle - and plenty of beef. Of course! Nebraska is said to have the best beef in the USA. I barely ate though, because I was busy talking. When one lady heard that I like sweet corn, she handed me a sack full of it the next week. I ate about eight to ten ears of corn within the two weeks that I stayed. But I was recognized a bad corn eater: My hostess could eat about a couple of ears daily. Before I headed out to see places, I usually read the Omaha World Herald, the biggest newspaper in Nebraska. The first pages feature a small column titled “World”. But only two thirds of the articles report about foreign countries due to the fact that the US has taken action there. It is disappointing. Axtell is a picture-perfect place. But it is a soap bubble when it comes to news. The Omaha World Herald also reports about events a day later than other newspapers. People are aware of that and it bothers them. They would like to know more about the world. They also regret that most of them know only one language. A friend of mine told me this joke: “Speaking two languages is being bilingual. Speaking one is an American.” But he did not really think it funny. Real fun for them derives from their artistic features. People love to act and sing. Most of the kids I am acquainted with know how to play the piano. I had the pleasure to see two plays and loved the atmosphere. The audience is not afraid to sing along. They don’t wait until another person claps, but start themselves. They know how to enjoy themselves. In company of my friends, I soaked up every day and the wide open space with its special phenomena: Because of a lack of trees and forests, you can see as far as your eyes allow. One evening, I was wondering about a circular fast food billboard at the horizon – until I recognized the setting sun. The humidity turns it into a huge, orange ball. It is beautiful. During nights orangey “flying-saucers” hover in the 28 distance – far off cities lighting up the midnight sky. I did not get to see the Omaha lights since it was in the morning when we rode back to the airport. Back home, I was sharing new stories about Nebraska. And now at the latest my friends know to point out Nebraska on the map – where the West begins. Nebraska Infobox Capital: Lincoln Biggest City: Omaha Population: 1.7 million Density: 22 pers/sq mile Area: 77,353.7 sq miles Special Government: only state in the USA with unicameral government Three things you have to do in Nebraska: 1. Watch a game of „The Big Red“ - the Huskers, famous and very successful college football gam 2. Eat jell-o with marshmellows 3. Cow-Tipping (another fun game) American e-mail My trip to Germany by Martin Goodenberger This summer I left my home state of Nebraska, in the U.S., to travel overseas for the first time. I was in eleven countries over a span of three months, but I spent the most time in Germany, where, at the end of my trip, I took a German language course in Braunschweig. I privileged to be able to see a good deal of the Germany in the eight total weeks I was there. I was in Neumunster, Kiel, Hamburg, Cologne, Munich, Freiburg, Dresden, Braunschweig, Leipzig, Zeitz, and several other towns in Germany. Most of my time in Germany was spent in Braunschweig, so that is where I developed the most of my impressions of the German people and land. There were many differences that I noticed. Some I could put into words, and others fell into the category of when you know something is foreign, but you can’t explain why. In this writing I will try to explain just a couple of the differences I noticed in both the land and the people. First, I will write about some of the differences I noticed in the land. I think it is common for people from the U.S. to notice that everything is Europe is a little closer together or tighter, and that was one of the first things I also noticed. Along with that, I also had a sense that things in Germany are more tamed and explored. It is hard for me to explain why I had that impression, but I think it had to do with the fact that when I was in rural areas of Germany, there still seemed to be roads and houses everywhere. Compared to the part of Nebraska where I come from, where if you are lucky there is usually one gravel road every mile in the country, there are just more people and roads in Germany. So, I think that that lead me to the sense that everything was more explored and tamed. Along with differences that I noticed in the land there were also differences that I noticed in the people of Germany when compared to the people of Nebraska. The most obvious difference, to me, between the people of Germany and Nebraska, was how liberal most of the people in Germany seemed to be. I don’t know when Nebraska hasn’t voted for the republican candidate for president, and I don’t see that changing anytime soon. Nebraska is in the heart of conservative America, and so the difference between my teachers in Braunschweig and Nebraska was definitely noticeable. Slightly related to that, a huge difference that I noticed was what I sensed as the German view on pride in Germany. I think that Americans, like the French, are proud of their country because both countries have had relatively innocent pasts. Germans, on the other hand, seemed to me to have a phobia of any sort of pride in Germany. All in all, I did think that there were notable differences between Nebraskan people and land, and German people and land. Nonetheless, sometimes I was shocked at our similarities. I found both the similarities and differences comforting. 29 TWIN PEAKS Silence in a Vessel Text and photograph by Stine Eckert „I believe one does owe it to one’s existence to establish something that lasts.“ This statement comes from the Asian-American architect Ieoh Ming Pei. Recently, he left something special for Germany. “A miracle!” Pei himself called it meaning the new addition to the German Historical Museum in Berlin. The addition was inaugurated May, 23rd 2003. It is the first and probably last building by Pei in Germany. He prefers to leave his architectural marks in as many countries as possible. For him, working in Germany meant learning about the culture of the country where his teachers came from: the founder of the Bauhaus-University Weimar, Walter Gropius, and one of its designers, Marcel Breuer. Before Pei met them at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in Cambrigde, Boston, he lived in China where he was born in 1917. At the age of only seventeen Pei immigrated to the USA and was naturalized fourteen years later. It was in the Seventies when he had his international breakthrough, also with an addition: the East Wing of the National Gallery in Washington D.C. After this success, Pei was tempted by an even bigger challenge: France’s president Mitterrand asked him to remodel the Grand Louvre. The project was taking up a whole decade, from 1983 till 1993, and eventually one of the most visited tourist attractions was created: a 70 foot high glass pyramid in midst of Paris. Plenty of people where impressed by Pei‘s numerous works. So were Christoph Stölzl, the founder of the German Historical Museum in Berlin, and his friends. In 1995, during a cosy summer afternoon talking about the architectural situation in Berlin they went into raptures about Pei, how he connects the old with the new, changing the environment not by a selfish style but by casting a careful eye on the whole. If he could only be drawn to Berlin! Suddenly, a bet arose between Stölzl and a lady. If he would manage to bring Pei to Berlin, the lady would owe him a box of champagne. Pei-magic started to work and the problem of a new addition to the German Historical Museum, which was in desperate need of more space, was solved. 30 creative m i n d s And there it is: a little awkward, but proudly stretching its stair case tower into the air. Behind lays the triangular building containing the temporary exhibitions. The robust museum is softened by a huge bent glass front framing the back facade of the opposing baroque Zeughaus and turning its neglected statues into a permanent exhibition. Through the glass, light is flowing. The sunrays are attracted. So are the visitors. Seen by the people passing, the museum is built to promote itself naturally by its architecture. And visitors love to walk around. Pei constructed many exciting ways to get into the exhibition rooms, but also to discover the addition itself. A funny detail is a rhombic elevator. Convenient details are found in the steps of the stairs that possess an extremely low height. They come with rounded banisters integrated into the smooth wall. All together, Pei pampers the visitor with real comfort. The light-colored walls pour pure silence into this culture vessel. A soothing atmosphere calms the stressed-out. The visitors are not climbing the stairs, they are floating. And if they stay till sunset, they will be soaked up by the play of light and shadow. The construction of the glass roof throws dramatic shadows on the big wall opposite the entrance. Like a huge screen, it displays fantastic shapes, that change every minute. Pei loves this theatrical production: “Light is the key to my architecture. The sun is the star.” And the “Pei-Building”, as it is already called, is the new star in Berlin’s architecture. The city has used a once of a lifetime chance. Not everyone will happen to see the Louvre Pyramid or the East Wing. The “Pei-Building” offers visual comfort nearby. Meanwhile, Ieoh Ming Pei is exploring Luxemburg and Qatar, organizing his next projects. At the age of 86, Ming Pei is a miracle himself. 31 TWIN PEAKS Thanksgiving Day is the fourth Thursday in November. The tradition goes back to the first Pilgrims, who held a thanksgiving meal after the harvest. Today, Thanksgiving is the day to offer thanks and is usually celebrated with a great dinner, the highlight of which is, of course, the Thanksgiving Turkey. If you would like to celebrate Thanksgiving like Americans do, we have a special Thanksgiving Dinner for you. Recipes by Kaye DeVries Thanksgiving Roasted Turkey You need: one 15-20 lb. turkey Rub the skin of the turkey with salt, pepper. (You can also use a little garlic powder and chili powder to give the skin flavor.) Preheat the oven to 230 degrees Remove the giblets and save them for the gravy. Then, stuff the turkey with stuffing and seal closed with skewers. You should place the turkey breast side down and place it in the oven. Next, lower the heat in the oven to 170 degrees. If you have a smaller turkey, allow 20 to 25 minutes per pound. If using a larger turkey (18-25), reduce the oven heat to 150 degrees and bake for 13 to 15 minutes per pound. While baking the turkey, baste it frequently. For the last hour, turn the turkey over so the breast side is up and will brown. Cornbread Stuffing You need: about 3 cups of dried cornbread 1 medium onion, chopped 1 cup chopped apricots 1 cup dried prunes, chopped 2 cups cooked sausage, broken up 1 cup chopped nuts First, add all ingredients together. Then bake them in a greased casserole dish for an hour at 170 degrees or use for stuffing the turkey. Bread stuffing You need: 32 3 cups dried bread crumbs 2 cups chopped apples 2 cups celery 2 cups chopped onions 2 beaten eggs herbs Start with seasoning the bread crums with salt, pepper, a small amount of thyme and rosemary. Then, add the apples, celery, onion and the eggs. Bake the stuffing in a casserole dish for an hour at 170 degrees or use it for stuffing the turkey. creative m i n d s Stringed Beet Salad You need: 2 cans stringed beets, drained. 1 lb green seedless grapes 1 1/2 cups of sour cream Very easy - just mix it all together! Sweet Potatoes You need: 2 large cans of sweet potatoes (or you can cook yams) 1 can crushed pineapple-drained 3/4 cup brown sugar 1 bag of marshmellows First, mix the juice from one can of sweet potatoes with brown sugar. Then, arrange sweet potatoes in oblong dish, put brown sugar juice over these sweet potatoes and add the pineapple. Cover all with marshmellows and bake it at 170 degrees for 30 minutes. But be careful and make sure the marshmellows do not burn. Pumpkin Pie You need: lb tbsp. tsp. 1 1/2 cups cooked pumpkin 1 1/2 cups cream 6 tbsps. brown sugar 2 tbsps. white sugar ½ tsp. salt 1 tsp. cinnamon 1/2 tsp. ginger 1/8 tsp cloves 1/2 cup dark corn syrup or light molasses 3 slightly beaten eggs pound tablespoon teaspoon First, prepare a baked pie shell. Then, mix all the ingredients over a double heater and cook until it becomes thick. Remove it from the heat and let it cool slightly. Next, add 1 tsp. vanilla. (Or you can add 2 tbsps. brandy or rum.) Pour all into the baked pie shell. You can serve the pumpkin pie with whipped cream. Enjoy your Thanksgiving Dinner! 33 TWIN PEAKS Middlesex A Literary Review of the Pulitzer Prize Winner 2003 Jeffrey Eugenides’ Middlesex (2002) by Frank Meinzenbach ‘Middlesex? – Oh no! Not, yet another book about sex!’ - or so one might suggest after a first look at the title. But far from that, US-American author Jeffrey Eugenides writes the story of a hermaphrodite. And above that: American society and its shifts in the last eighty years are being portrayed. Eugenides digests central themes of US-culture, such as immigration, racism or consumer culture. The hero of the novel is the hermaphrodite Caliope Stephanides, who tells the story of his life in a mixture of David Copperfield and a grown up Holden Caulfield: “I was born twice: first, as a baby girl, on a remarkably smogless day in January of 1960; and then again, as a teenage boy, in an emergency room near Petoskey, Michigan, in August of 1974.” Until the age of twelve, Caliope grows up as a normal girl. But then she enters puberty and her life becomes increasingly problematic. Her girl classmates begin to change: Bodies rapidly developing feminine features, menstrual cycles setting in – only Caliope stays as skinny as ever and her first period just won’t come. So her 34 life as an outsider begins. At the age of 15 she falls in love the first time – with a girl. This first relationship comes to an abrupt end when Caliope finds out that she is a hermaphrodite. Being more male than female, Caliope switches genders and becomes the boy Cal. But why has nobody noticed this crucial otherness before? At her birth, her sex had been determined wrong: The old family physician Dr. Philobosian - called Dr. Phil - had been distracted just for a moment. “Because right at that instant Nurse Rosalee (for whom this moment was also history) accidentally touched his arm. Dr. Phil looked up. Presbyopic, Armenian eyes met middleaged Appalachian ones. The gaze lingered, then broke away. Five minutes old, and already the themes of my lifechance and sex-announced themselves. Nurse Rosalee blushed. ‘Beautiful,’ Dr. Philobosian said, meaning me but looking at his assistant. ’A beautiful, healthy girl.’” Eugenides invests his hero Cal with subtle irony and intelligent humour without on the s h e l f making him look goofy. Thus, Eugenides masterly achieves to create Cal as a sympathetic character without neither exposing him voyeuristically nor drifting into a Hollywood sentimentality. The author’s extraordinary talent is to be empathic, which enables him to realistically capture the self-questioning of an outsider. In the novel’s present tense, Cal is already 41 years old and lives very secluded in Berlin. Cal’s life is being dominated be a vicious circle of fear and shame causing an ambivalent loneliness. On the one hand, Cal desires a relationship, while, on the other hand, he is afraid to get hurt. “There are a lot of nights out in Berlin when, embolded by a good-value Rioja, I forget my physical predicament and allow myself to hope. The tailored suit comes off. The Thomas Pink shirt, too. My dates can’t fail to be impressed by my physical condition. (Under the armor of my double-breasted suits is another of gym-built muscle.) But the final protection, my roomy, discreet boxer shorts, these I do not remove. Ever. Instead I leave, making excuses. I leave and never call them again. Just like a guy.” Cal decides to break his isolation; he refuses to live on hiding behind expensive suits, fancy cigars and his hard-as-a-rock body. That is the reason why he begins to write down the story of his life, and he does so by trying to retrace his roots, his self. Consequently Cal tells in an admirable sensitive manner the story of a brother and a sister, his Greek grandparents. How they had to escape to the USA and build up a new life together in Detroit. Then he artistically interweaves the story of his father Milton, an effort to work out their problematic relationship. Cal’s father Milton is the embodiment of the patriotic middle-class American; he is conservative to the bone - up to being intolerant “The U.S. Navy was responsible for the precision with which Milton Stephanides ever after parted his hair, his habit of polishing his belt buckle with his shirt sleeve, his ‘yes sir’s and ‘shipshape’s, and his insistence on making us synchronize our watches at the mall. The Navy gave him his love of sailing and his aversion to waiting in lines. Even then his politics were being formed, his anti-communism, his distrust of the Russians.” Milton cannot cope with the otherness of his child. Cal’s feeling of being somehow weird and abnormal are fuelled by the problems with his father. All these things Cal writes down, and in facing them again he manages to work through them; to understand them and - in turn - himself better, which is the beginning for his new life. Jeffrey Eugenides succeeded in writing a highly impressive novel. The very complex and exciting story is lively told; the author does not stick to the chronological order, thus forcing the reader to enter a jigsaw game. Nevertheless, the novel is easy to read. Middlesex is a strong and honest plea for more tolerance, especially because it refuses to be a tearjerker. Jeffrey Eugenides’ Middlesex is published by Bloomsburry and costs • 12,35. 35 TWIN PEAKS P A R A D E S S E N T I A L The Savage Girl by Alex Shakar reveals an ugly reality of beauty. And drunk with my madness, I shouted down at him furiously: “Make life beautiful! Make life beautiful!” C. Baudelaire, “The Bad Glazier” by Katja Wenk Ursula Van Urden is a trendspotter and sister of the supermodel-gone-mad, Ivy Van Urden. Both live in the cartoonesque world of Middle City, located at the foot of a volcano, which now serves the metropolis as a waste basket. It is a funny story Alex Shakar provides in his first novel. Funny - both in the sense of comedic and strange. Ursula, who failed as an art student and now is disillusioned and unsatisfied with life, works for the greatest trendspotting company in Middle City: Tomorrow, Ltd. Tomorrow is led by Chas Lacouture ”He doesn’t look like other men; he looks like their impossible expectations for themselves.” and Javier Delreal - “just a little too tall and too thin for verisimilitude.” Ursula’s first task as a trendspotter sounds simple: “Go out there. Find the future.“ 36 Hence, Ursula begins her work,. Armed with a pencil and a sketch book, she tries to find the one trend which is ultimately going to win her recognition and alter her life. In a team, Javier, Chas and Ursula develop their idea of what the next big trend should be about. Shakar’s description of the threesome’s habit of observing people are both shocking and entertaining. “’I saw a guy with a neck beard masturbating in a cybercafé,’ Chas says curtly. ‘I saw a sorority girl reading a book called Subcultures,’ Javier responds. ‘I saw two fat men in black suits get into a pink Cadillac,’ Chas says. Javier flips through the pages of a notebook. ‘In the last seven days I’ve seen twenty-nine people wearing shirts with images of on the s h e l f anthropomophic suns, and only two anthropomorhic moons,’ he announces.” Ursula has yet to get used to Javier’s and Chas’ way of communicating. As well as the reader has to get used to the novel‘s tone, which can be harsh and repulsive. Moreover, Shakar’s elloquence sometimes takes over; sentences run on for half a page, and a dictionary is, indeed, a good help while reading “The Savage Girl.“ Nonetheless, Shakar’s style is highly entertaining - amusing, humorous and witty. As Ursula struggles to get a hold of her trend, Chas shows her the key: Paradessence. “’That’s what consumer motivation is about, Ursula. Every product has this paradoxical essence. Two opposing desires it can promise to satisfy simultaneously. The job of a marketer is to cultivate this schismatic core, this broken soul, at the center of every product.’” A homeless girl living in a park becomes Ursula’s first trend and the basis for a new and truly paradessential advertising campaign: The savage trend. The savage girl from the park embodies the trend as much as Ivy, whose attempt at making herself less beautiful not only leads to her near-suicide, but moreover, brings her into the public, hence making her the perfect savage icon to sell to everyone. While Ursula tries to save Ivy from her self-destructive behavior, the savage trend takes on a life of its own and cannot be stopped as Chas transforms it into the superficial Lite Age, both hopeless and destructive, a selection of fallacies eating up the young and the dreaming. In the Lite Age, consumerism rules everything. “The Savage Girl” is Shakar’s first novel. He reveals a world both ugly and beautiful, both hopeless and positive - a world, which is not so different from ours. “The Savage Girl” both grotesque in its depiction of reality and real in its message. It is a novel of views opposing each other as much as it is a novel about the very basics of life: trust, faith, love. “The Savage Girl” is paradessential itself: It promises to make the reader laugh and cry. The Savage Girl is published by HarperCollins and costs $ 12.95. The Paradessence of ... Coffee stimulation and relaxation Ice Cream eroticism and innocence Air Travel sanitized adventure; exoticism and familiarity Fine Dining Your animal needs are divine. Can you think of other things and their paradessence? Well, let us know. 37 TWIN PEAKS RETARDED US. REMEMBER WHEN RETARDED IS SLOW. BUT WHO SETS THE PACE? REMEMBER WHEN BUSES HAD NOSES LIES WERE A SIN SILENCE COULD TALK HEARTS LET YOU IN BIGGER MEANT BETTER LEADERS WERE MEN NOTHING IS SAFE HOW FAST IS FAST ENOUGH? IS THERE A TOO FAST? WHAT WILL HAPPEN WHEN THE WORLD COMES CRASHING TO A HALT? THOSE WHO ARE STILL FAST, WILL THEY BE RETARDED? EVEN PAPER CUTS Poems by Teri L. Messerer BLIND EARS B LIND EARS CAN ` T SEE TO HEAR D EAF EYES CAN ` T HEAR TO SEE T HAT C LOSED HANDS CAN ` T TASTE THE SALTY AIR LINGERS NEAR THE SEA . C ANNOT A TONGUE THAT ` S WEAK AND NEVER MOVES IT ` S STORY SHARE B UT ONE THAT MANAGES A TALE A N D TOUCHES LIVES , HOW RARE . 38 The Authors Fletcher M. Burton, born in 1956, has been the United States Consul General in Leipzig since 2002. Michael Czogalla majors in American Studies at the University of Leipzig, combining it with Political Science and German Studies. Kaye DeVries lives in Cupertino, California, and is a passionate cook. Martin Goodenberger, born in 1983, is a sophomore at the University of Nebraska at Omaha, majoring in Management Information Systems. His minors are German and Chemistry. Dr. Katja Kanzler, born in 1972, has written her dissertation about the Multicultural Evolution of Star Trek. She teaches American Literature at the American Studies Department. Frank Meinzenbach, born in 1980, majoring in German Studies, combining it with American Studies and Journalism. Teri L. Messerer, born in 1984, is a sophomore at Wayne State College, Nebraska, majoring in English and Spanish Education. Jan Saeger, born in 1973, studied Journalism and American Studies at the University of Leipzig. He is now working as a public relations advisor. Prof. Dr. Reinhold Wagnleitner is a historian at the University of Salzburg. Among other positions, he was a two-time Fulbright Scholar. He published several books and essays, one of which is Coca-Colonization and the Cold War. Stine Eckert, born in 1982, majors in Journalism and American Studies at the University of Leipzig. Katja Wenk, born in 1981, majors in American Studies at the University of Leipzig, combining it with Journalism and Psychology. Twin Peaks A Newsletter for American Studies Beethoven straße 15 04107 Leipzig Editors Katja Wenk (V.i.S.d.P.) Stine Eckert Design Katja Wenk Stine Eckert Technical Support M&M Title Photograph Stine Eckert Contact [email protected] Stine Eckert: Phone: 0341 - 2295 242 Katja Wenk: Phone: 0341 - 2251 781 Printed by ZIMO druck und kopie KG Beethovenstraße 10 04107 Leipzig www.zimo-kopie.de 39 And then there were two … The TwinPeaks Newsletter has appeared bi-annually for the last eight years. It features interviews, short stories, essays and much more - in English as well as in German. All articles are related to the field of American Studies. As the only two editors of TwinPeaks, we are looking for YOU to join us in our efforts to publish TwinPeaks. We cannot offer you Kyle MacLachlan (the actor starring "Twin Peaks"), but a chance to contribute your ideas, essays, stories, poems, pictures and in fact anything you like to the TwinPeaks newsletter. How much you want to contribute - whether as an author or as a fellow editor - is up to you, but we are glad about everyone who decides to join us. Do you want to know more about TwinPeaks, contribute an article or help us edit the next edition? - Well, don't be shy. You can reach us via e-mail: [email protected] The TwinPeaks Editors