Available Online through www.ijptonline.com ISSN: 0975-766X

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Y.V. Rami Reddy* et al. /International Journal Of Pharmacy&Technology
ISSN: 0975-766X
CODEN: IJPTFI
Available Online through
www.ijptonline.com
Research Article
DETERMINATION OF ARSENIC, NICKEL & LEAD CONTENTS IN AMBIENT AIR
REPAIRABLE SUSPENDED PARTICULATE MATTER (P.M10) IN AND AROUND TIRUPATI,
CHITTOOR DISTRICT, ANDHRA PRADESH, INDIA
P.M.N.Prasad, R.Chenna Krishna Reddy, V Hanuman Reddy, M Tirupal Reddy, Y.V. Rami Reddy*
Enviro-Analytical Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, S.V.University, Tirupati -517502.
Email: [email protected]
Received on 24-12-2011
Accepted on 10-01-2012
Abstracts
Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF), Govt of India was introduced limits for Ambient Air
Quality (AAQ) for new environmental pollutants like P.M.2.5, O3, NH3, As, Ni, Pb, Benzene and Benzo (a)
Pyrene in NAAQS, November 2009. In this study we made an attempt to study the three trace carcinogenic metals
concentration levels in AAQ in Tirupati. The Arsenic, Nickel and Lead are summarized in results and discussion.
For this study we were identified 5 sampling locations in Tirupati. Sampling was carried out 24 hourly and twice
a week for P.M.10 in the month of February 2011. Totally 15 P.M10 samples were collected. The samples were
digested and subjected to analysis for Arsenic, Lead and Nickel using Inductively Coupled Plasma -Mass
Spectrometer (ICP-MS) based on USEPA Compendium method IO 3.5. ICP-MS is one of the best analytical
techniques for the determination of metals in different matrices. By using ICP-MS we can able to determine the
Arsenic minimum 0.03 ng/m3, Nickel minimum 0.02 ng/m3 and Lead minimum 0.01 ng/m3.
The concentration levels of Arsenic, Nickel and Lead in different areas of Tirupati are summarized in
results and discussion. These metals were compared with NAAQS amended by MoEF. The observed results of
Pb, As and Ni were found lesser than NAAQS.
Keywords: Tirupati – AAQ-Trace Metals (As, Ni, Pb)-NAAQS-MoEF.
Introduction
Owing to the up growing population, industrialization and urbanization, the air pollution problem has been
assuming objectionable proportion. Rapidly growing industrialization has aggrevated the problem through
industrial operations. Due to the growing pollution problems Central Pollution
IJPT | April-2012 | Vol. 4 | Issue No.1 | 3802-3810
Control Board (CPCB) &
Page 3802
Ministry of Environment and Forestry (MoEF), Govt. of India amended the limits for new parameters in
November 2009.
Air pollution can arise from many sources. Most of the sources are man-made. Rapidly growing vehicular
population as well as pollutants emitted by them generate harmful that have marked effects on pedestrians as well
as near-by residents.
Atmospheric particles are generated through a variety of physical and chemical mechanisms, and are emitted into
the atmosphere from numerous sources, by combustion, industrial and natural processes. They are involved in
many atmospheric processes, and play an important role in reducing visibility, acid deposition, and the balance of
radiation in the atmosphere, both directly and indirectly through cloud formation (1).
The effects of atmospheric particulate matters on environment and human health have been of great global
concern. Atmospheric aerosol found in urban areas represent a mixture of primary particles emitted from various
sources and secondary particles from aerosols formed by chemical reactions. The morphology and composition of
these particles may change through several processes, including vapour condensation, evaporation and
coagulation. The final ‘products’ usually vary according to origin, chemical composition and physical properties,
leading to particular deposition patterns in the human respiratory system. (2)
The high influx of population to urban areas, increase in consumption patterns and unplanned urban and industrial
development has led to the problem of air pollution. (3)
Pb, As and Ni are known carcinogenic pollutants in Air. In November 2009, CPCB and MoEF was amended the
NAAQS and included maximum permissible limit for pollutants like Lead, Arsenic, Nickel, Benzene, Benzo (a)
Pyrene, Ammonia and Ozone.
Present Study
Tirupati is one of the most popular pilgrim city in Andhra Pradesh, India and daily lakhs of pilgrims will visit and
therefore rapidly growing vehicular population pollutant levels may also increases. In view of the air pollution
effects on human health, we made an attempt to study the levels of trace metals like Arsenic, Nickel and Lead.
Recently Ministry of Environment and Forestry adopted maximum permissible limits for these pollutants in
National Ambient Air Quality Standards (India) – Amended in November 2009.
Page 3803
The prime objective of the air monitoring is to evaluate the existing air quality of the Tirupati area with respect to
the As, Ni and Pb levels. For this study we selected five sampling locations which are having more vehicle moment.
Ambient air quality monitoring has been carried out with a frequency of alternative days in week at each location.
At each of these locations, sampling stations were operated for 24 hours. In this regard we collected fifteen RSPM
(PM10) samples in five selected locations. These samples are collected both working days and holidays period in
the month of February 2011.
Particles with an aerodynamic diameter smaller than 10 µm (PM10) were collected on 8’x10’ cellulose
membrane filters exposed for 24 hours using Repairable Dust Samplers (Envirotech), at the average flow rate of
1.2 m3 /min. Filters were pre-weighed and then dried in a desiccators for at least 24 hours after being exposed to
air. The samples are collected at the following locations in and around the Tirupati area:
S.V.University Main Gate
•
Gandhi Road
•
Near RTC Bus stand
•
K.T.Road
•
Alipiri Bypass road
The details of sampling locations with date and time and total volume of air collected is given in below table.
Table–1: Details of Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Locations.
Sample
Code
AAQ1
AAQ2
AAQ3
AAQ4
AAQ5
AAQ6
AAQ7
AAQ8
AAQ9
AAQ10
AAQ11
AAQ12
AAQ13
AAQ14
AAQ15
Location
S.V.U Main Gate
S.V.U Main Gate
S.V.U Main Gate
Gandhi Road
Gandhi Road
Gandhi Road
Near RTC Bus stand
Near RTC Bus stand
Near RTC Bus stand
K.T.Road
K.T.Road
K.T.Road
Alipiri Bypass road
Alipiri Bypass road
Alipiri Bypass road
Date and Time of
Sampling Started
02-02-2011 & 6:30 a.m
04-02-2011 & 6:10 a.m
06-02-2011 & 6:45 a.m
02-02-2011 & 7:30 a.m
04-02-2011 & 6:45 a.m
06-02-2011 & 7:12 a.m
02-02-2011 & 8:10 a.m
04-02-2011 & 7:12 a.m
06-02-2011 & 7:35 a.m
02-02-2011 & 8:55 a.m
04-02-2011 & 7:40 a.m
06-02-2011 & 7:58 a.m
02-02-2011 & 9:40 a.m
04-02-2011 & 8:05 a.m
06-02-2011 & 8:25 a.m
Date and Time of
Sampling Started
03-02-2011 & 7:20 a.m
05-02-2011 & 6:50 a.m
07-02-2011 & 7:15 a.m
03-02-2011 & 8:15 a.m
05-02-2011 & 7:20 a.m
07-02-2011 & 7:35 a.m
03-02-2011 & 9:04 a.m
05-02-2011 & 7:45 a.m
07-02-2011 & 7:55 a.m
03-02-2011 & 9:50 a.m
05-02-2011 & 8:10 a.m
07-02-2011 & 8:30 a.m
03-02-2011 & 10:35 a.m
05-02-2011 & 8:30 a.m
07-02-2011 & 8:55 a.m
Volume of
Air
Sampled
1624
1682
1596
1684
1632
1588
1627
1646
1602
1672
1613
1583
1628
1672
1601
Page 3804
Table-2: Techniques used for ambient air quality monitoring.
Sr.
No.
Parameter
Technique
Technical Protocol
1
Arsenic, Nikel & Lead
ICP-MS
USEPA COMPENDIUM
METHOD IO – 3.5
Minimum
Detectable Limit
(µ
µg/m3)
0.001
Analytical Methodology
After completion of the sampling cut the filter paper and transfer the pieces into a clean beaker washed with
detergent, rinsed with distilled water, soaked in 1+1 HNO3 rinse in distilled water. Added sufficient amount of
conc. HNO3 and conc. HCl. to cover the sample. Covered the beaker with a watch glass and heated on hot plate in
a fume hood. Did not allowed the sample to evaporate to dryness and added 5 ml of conc. HNO3 two times. Treat
the unexposed glass fiber filter paper in a similar way to prepare the blank solution. After dissolution, cool the
contents by adding the distilled water and filter using the 42 no. wahtmann filter paper. Wash the filter with
sufficient distilled water to make it free of acid. Make up the filtrate to 50ml or 100 ml in standard flask.
Adjust the operating parameters of ICP-MS as per the operating manual. Set the wavelength at the proper value
and aspirate the blank and sample solution one after the other into the instrument. To the extent possible, all
determinations shall be replicate analyses.
In order to eliminate the interference from the filter paper, a blank sample treated and analyzed exactly in a
similar way as that of sample filter paper.
The PM10 filter paper is divided into 1 x 8 “ strip equalling parts from the exposed filter. A part of filter strip is
placed in an extraction tube. 20 ml of the 4% Nitric acid is added into the extraction tube with the filter.
The extraction tube is closed with Cap and sonicated for 3 hours at 69 °C in sonication bath. The filter was
occasionally checked during sonication period and used a clean pyrex or quartz glass rod to adjust the filter to the
bottom of the tube without getting any floats out of the acid. After sonication, the sample is allowed to cool to
room temperature and is filtered using Watman numbered 42 filter paper. The final volume of the sample is made
up to 50 ml in volumetric flask with double distilled water. Transfered the sample extract to a polypropylene
bottle then the sample was ready for analysis.
Page 3805
ICP-MS is one of the most sensitive technique for determination of trace metals in air, water, soil, drug and other
matrices. By using ICP-MS technique we can able to determine minimum 1.0 µg/L
concentration of trace
metals in aqueous solutions. As per USEPA Compendium method IO-3.5, the Minimum Detection Limits of
Arsenic is 0.3 ng/m3, Nickel is 0.02 ng/m3 & Lead is 0.01 ng/m3.
Multi elements standard was used to determine all the three metal concentrations in single aspiration. Seven
different working standards were prepared and made standard curve using the standards in ICP-MS. The
correlation coefficient is observed greater than 0.999 for each of the element. After the completion of standard
curve preparation, one standard check and one QC check was analyzed. Trace metals were analysed using ICPMS (Agilent 7300) Standard reference material of 1,000 mg/L (Multi elements- Merck). Seven different linear
concentration standards were prepared, ranging from 0.001 mg/L–0.1 mg/L. Before conducting sample analysis,
different concentrations of standards were analysed and linear curve was prepared. All metals having good linear
graph with correlation coefficients of > 0.999 were observed in the preparation of standard curves.
Results and Discussion:
ICP-MS or AAS-GFA is the most useful technique for the determination of trace metals upto parts per trillion
levels. Since, AAS-GFA is a single element analyser, it takes more time to analyse multiple elements. ICP-MS is
a very useful technique to determine trace levels of metals in a single aspiration.
Arsenic:
In environment there are many arsenic compounds includes both organic and inorganic. Inorganic arsenic can
have acute, sub acute and chronic effects, which may be either local or systemic. Some studies also show that
populations near emission sources of inorganic arsenic, such as smelters, have a moderately elevated risk of lung
cancer
The arsenic concentration of different sampling areas in different days is ranging from 1.7 ng/m3 to 4.1 ng/m3. The
maximum concentration of Arsenic is observed near RTC Bus stand area, particularly in Sunday (holiday time).
And the minimum concentration of Arsenic is observed near S.V.University main gate. In holidays the vehicle
movement is more in bus stand area and vehicle movement is less near S.V.University main gate.
The NAAQ standard limit for Arsenic is 6.0 ng/m3. Therefore the observed results of Arsenic are less than that of
NAAQ standard limit.
Page 3806
Figure -1: Trends of Arsenic in Different Aaq Locations in Different Days
Nickel
Nickel presents in nature and enter into air and water both from natural sources and human activity. In nonsmokers, about 99% of the estimated daily nickel absorption stems from food and water; for smokers the figure is
about 75%.
Allergic skin reactions are the most common health effect of nickel, affecting about 2% of the male and 11% of
the female population. Nickel content in consumer products and possibly in food and water causes dermatological
diseases. The respiratory tract is also a target organ for allergic manifestations of occupational nickel exposure.
Work-related exposure in the nickel-refining industry has been documented to cause an increased risk of lung and
nasal cancers. Inhalation of a mixture of oxidic, sulfidic and soluble nickel compounds at concentrations higher
than 0.5 mg/m3, often considerably higher, for many years has been reported. Nickel has a strong and prevalent
allergenic potency.
3
3
The Nickel concentration of different sampling areas in different days is ranging from 6.4 ng/m to 14.7 ng/m . The
maximum concentration of Nickel is observed near RTC Bus stand area that to in Sunday (holiday time). And the
minimum concentration of Arsenic is observed near S.V.University main gate. In holidays the vehicle movement
is more in bus stand area and vehicle movement is less near S.V.University main gate.
The NAAQ standard limit for Nickel is 20 ng/m3. However the observed results of Nickel are less than that of
Page 3807
Figure -2: Trends of Nickel In Different Aaq Locations In Different Days.
Lead
The relationship between air lead exposure and blood lead has been shown to exhibit downward curvilinearity if
the range of exposure is sufficiently large. At lower levels of exposure, the deviation from linearity is negligible
and linear models of the relationship between intake and blood lead are satisfactory approximations.
3
3
The Lead concentration of different sampling areas with different days is ranging from 0.055 µg/m to 0.47 µg/m . The
maximum concentration of Lead is observed near RTC Bus stand area that to in Sunday (holiday time) and the
minimum concentration of Lead is observed near S.V.University main gate. In holidays the vehicle movement is
more in bus stand area and vehicle movement is less near S.V.University main gate.
The NAAQ standard limit for Lead is 1.0 µg/m3. Therefore the observed results of Lead are less than that of
Figure -3: Trends of Lead In Different Aaq Locations In Different Days.
Page 3808
Table-3: Concentrations of Lead, Arsenic & Nickel In Different Aaq Locations Sampled In Different Week
Days.
Sample
Code
Location
Date and Time of
Sampling Started
Lead as
Pb
(µg/m3)
0.082
AAQ1
S.V.U Main Gate
Arsenic as Nickel as
As
Ni
(ng/m3)
(ng/m3)
02-02-2011 & 6:30 a.m
2.6
10.8
AAQ2
AAQ3
AAQ4
S.V.U Main Gate
S.V.U Main Gate
Gandhi Road
04-02-2011 & 6:10 a.m
06-02-2011 & 6:45 a.m
02-02-2011 & 7:30 a.m
3.8
1.7
3.1
11.6
7.4
10.6
0.097
0.055
0.26
AAQ5
AAQ6
AAQ7
AAQ8
AAQ9
AAQ10
AAQ11
AAQ12
AAQ13
AAQ14
AAQ15
Gandhi Road
Gandhi Road
Near RTC Bus stand
Near RTC Bus stand
Near RTC Bus stand
K.T.Road
K.T.Road
K.T.Road
Alipiri Bypass road
Alipiri Bypass road
Alipiri Bypass road
04-02-2011 & 6:45 a.m
06-02-2011 & 7:12 a.m
02-02-2011 & 8:10 a.m
04-02-2011 & 7:12 a.m
06-02-2011 & 7:35 a.m
02-02-2011 & 8:55 a.m
04-02-2011 & 7:40 a.m
06-02-2011 & 7:58 a.m
02-02-2011 & 9:40 a.m
04-02-2011 & 8:05 a.m
06-02-2011 & 8:25 a.m
2.9
3.4
3.1
3.6
4.1
2.1
3.3
2.1
3.4
2.9
3.8
9.7
8.2
8.8
7.6
13.9
7.6
9.6
6.4
8.1
9.3
14.7
0.18
0.29
0.32
0.27
0.47
0.24
0.27
0.18
0.22
0.29
0.43
Conclusion
This study concluds that the observed concentration levels of trace carcinogenic metals like Lead, Nickel and
Arsenic in Ambient Air Quality of Tirupati area is less than that of NAAQS amended on 16th November 2009,
published by Ministry of Environment and Forestry, Govt.of India.
This study has given an awareness of concentration levels of trace carcinogenic metals (Pb, Ni & As) in Ambient
air Quality of Tirupati.
References
1. Tursic J, et al. determination of trace elements in aerosols arh hig rada toksikol 2008;59:111-116.
2. The Malaysian Journal of Analytical Sciences Vol. 12 No. 1 (2008.)
3. CPCB (2000c) Air Quality status and trends in India, National Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Series:
NAAQMS/14/1999-2000. Delhi: Central Pollution Control Board.
4. ISO 9855: Ambient Air – Determination of the particulate lead content of aerosols Collected on filters –
Atomic absorption spectrometric method, 1993.
Page 3809
5. Pekar, M., Gusev A. and L. Erdman: Modelling of long-range transport of lead and Cadmium from European
sources in 1996. EMEP MSC-E Report 25/98. Meteorological Synthesizing Centre - East of EMEP, Moscow,
Russia (1998).
6. Wong, J.L., J. Qian and C.H. Chen; „Nickel speciation of fly ash by phase extraction“, Anal. Chim. Acta 349,
121-129 (1997).
7. World health Organization Regional Office for Europe Copenhagen (WHO regional publications. European
series; No. 91).
Corresponding Author:
Y.V.Rami Reddy*,
Email: [email protected]
Page 3810

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