Document 6423489

EJSO 32 (2006) 1231e1234
www.ejso.com
Malignancies following bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy (BSO)
W.H. Gotlieb a, M. Barchana b, G. Ben-Baruch c,e, E. Friedman d,e,*
a
Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Jewish General Hospital e McGill University, Montreal, Canada
b
The Israeli National Cancer registry, The Israeli Health Ministry, Jerusalem, Israel
c
Gynecological Oncology Department, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer 52621, Israel
d
The Susanne Levy Gertner Oncogenetics Unit, The Danek Gertner Institute of Genetics,
Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer 52621, Israel
e
The Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Israel
Accepted 9 March 2006
Available online 19 April 2006
Abstract
Aims: Prophylactic bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy (BSO) is an effective risk reducing measure in ovarian cancer susceptible women. Yet,
a small subset of women develop primary peritoneal carcinomatosis (PPC) after BSO. The rates of PPC following non-risk reducing BSO
have sparingly been reported.
Methods: Women who underwent BSO for non-cancer reasons from 1/1/1984 to 12/31/2000 were crossed with the list of cancer diagnoses
reported to the Israel National Cancer Registry until 12/31/2001.
Results: Overall, 4128 women at a mean age of 58 � 12 years were analyzed. After a mean of 7.2 � 4 years following BSO, 147 women
(3.6%) were diagnosed with cancer: breast cancer in 50 women 62 � 50 months after BSO, and one patient developed PPC, whereas the
expected was 0.15 cases. The Standardized Incidence Ratio (SIR) of developing breast cancer was statistically significant lower than
expected (SIR 0.71, 95% C.I. 0.44e0.78).
Conclusion: The rate of post-oophorectomy PPC in average risk population is low, and BSO appears to lower the rate of breast cancer in
average risk women.
� 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy; Cancer risk; Primary peritoneal carinomatosis; Prophylactic surgery
Introduction
Ovarian cancer is the leading cause of death from gyneco­
logical malignancies and the fourth most common cause of
cancer death in women in western countries, with a lifetime
risk for developing this malignancy of 1.8%.1,2 No reliable
screening tools are available for early detection of ovarian can­
cer in the general population, and about 75% of cases are di­
agnosed at an advanced stage, with a 5-year survival of
27%.3,4 The poor prognosis of advanced ovarian cancer cou­
pled with the lack of effective means for detecting early stage
disease, has led to recommending risk reducing bilateral sal­
pingo-oophorectomy (BSO) for high risk women.5e7 Of the
* Corresponding author. The Susanne Levy Gertner Oncogenetics Unit,
The Danek Institute of Genetics, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, TelHashomer 52621, Israel. Tel.: þ972 3 530 3173; fax: þ972 3 535 7308.
E-mail addresses: [email protected], eitan211@netvision.
net.il (E. Friedman).
0748-7983/$ - see front matter � 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.ejso.2006.03.021
known and putative factors associated with an increased risk
for developing ovarian cancer, the most significant one is
having a family history of ovarian or breast cancer.8 Germline
mutations in either BRCA1 (MIM# 113705) or BRCA2
(MIM# 600185) can be detected in the majority of families
with inherited breast/ovarian cancer [reviewed in Ref. 9].
The value of prophylactic BSO in risk reduction in high
risk populations is well established, for both ovarian and
breast cancer.10e14 Yet, prophylaxis is incomplete: about
1e5% of high risk women undergoing prophylactic BSO de­
velop an intraperitoneal tumor e primary peritoneal carcino­
matosis (PPC) e following prophylactic surgery.15,16 This
tumor is clinically, phenotypically and biologically indistin­
guishable from ovarian cancer.12 BRCA mutation carriers
were reported to have an increased risk for developing
PPC, with a lifetime risk estimated at 1.3%.17,18
Given the efficacy of prophylactic BSO in high risk pop­
ulation and the grim prognosis of advanced ovarian cancer
1232
W.H. Gotlieb et al. / EJSO 32 (2006) 1231e1234
in the average risk population, a debate is ongoing as to
the rationale and value of offering BSO to all women after
their reproductive cycle has been completed.19 Proponents
stress the efficacy of the procedure in risk reduction,
whereas opponents emphasize the hazards of surgery
offered to healthy women to reduce the risk of a rare
disease.6 A key component in trying to settle the debate is
determining the rate of PPC in average risk women who
underwent the procedure for non-cancerous reasons and
not as a risk reduction measure. In a study from
Greece, Kontoravdis et al.13 report that ovarian cancer was
diagnosed in 520/5262 women (9.9%) who underwent
hysterectomies a mean of 7.2 years prior to ovarian cancer
diagnosis. These authors conclude that BSO should be
offered to all women aged 40 years or older who completed
their reproductive cycle that are undergoing hysterectomy
for non-cancerous reasons. In contrast, Charoenkwan,14
estimated that one or two cases of an annual load of
the more than 1200 ovarian cancer cases would be prevented
annually in Thailand, if BSO would routinely be preformed
in Thai women aged 45 and over who undergo
hysterectomy.
To shed light on this issue, we retrospectively ascer­
tained all cases of cancer, primarily PPC and breast cancer,
encountered among Israeli women who underwent BSO
over an 18-year period in a single tertiary referral medical
center in Israel.
Methods
Patient ascertainment
All women who underwent oophorectomy (ICD 9-CM
code 65.0) or oophorectomy and hysterectomy (ICD 9­
CM codes 68.0e68.9) at the Department of Gynecology,
Sheba Medical Center from January 1, 1984 to December
31, 2000 were initially enrolled. These patients were
ascertained from the Medical Records unit at the medical
center by selecting those who fit the above-mentioned
ICD diagnoses. Each record was retrieved, and the exact
diagnosis at the time of surgery based on the pathology
report, as well as previous diagnoses was recorded. Exclu­
sion criteria included surgery to therapeutically remove a
malignant ovarian, fallopian tube, or primary peritoneal
tumor (ICD-O Version. 3 codes C56.9, C57.0, C48.2,
C57.4), inaccurate diagnosis, or inability to confirm
the lack of ovarian cancer at the time of surgery. The list
of eligible patients generated was then crossed with the
database of cancer diagnoses from January 1, 1984 to
December 31, 2001 reported to the central Israeli Cancer
registry. All cancer diagnoses in Israel are reported by law
to this registry, and the lag time from reporting to
being available on the database is about 3e4 months. This
crossing resulted in names and cancer diagnoses of all study
participants.
Results
Study participants characteristics
Overall from January 1, 1984 to December 31, 2000 4128
women underwent bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy (BSO)
at the Department of Gynecology, Sheba Medical center.
The indication for surgery was acquired by review of the
charts of the first 719 patients that were operated from
January 1, 1984 to December 31, 1989. The reasons for
undergoing BSO were associated with surgery for removal
of uterine myomas (41%), endometrial cancer (21%) or
removal of ovarian cysts (15%). The mean (�SD) age at
surgery was 58 � 12 years (range 16e94).
Cancer diagnoses post-BSO
Of 4128 study participants, 147 (3.6%) had cancer diag­
nosed after BSO, with a mean follow-up period of 7.2 � 4
years (range 1e18). Notably, 50 (1.2%) patients had breast
cancer diagnosed following BSO, with a mean time from
BSO to breast cancer diagnosis of 62 � 50 months. Of these
patients, 39 (78%) developed breast cancer at or over the
age of 50, and a minority of 22% prior to the age of 50.
In order to get some insight as to the potential effect of
menopausal status at the time of oophorectomy on the
risk of breast cancer, we noted that 1269 patients (31%) un­
derwent the oophorectomy prior to the age of 50 years, and
460 of these, or only 11% of all the patients, before the age
of 45 years. Only one patient developed primary peritoneal
carcinoma during the follow-up, 31 months after oophorec­
tomy. She was a 53-year-old patient, G10P7, with no family
history of cancer, who had undergone a laparoscopic
assisted vaginal hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo­
oophorectomy in March 1997 for symptomatic fibroid
uterus. Pathology of the surgical specimen was reviewed
at the time of diagnosis of PPC and no ovarian or fallopian
tube primary could be identified. In October 1999, PPC was
diagnosed clinically manifested with ascites, palpable
abdominal masses, and elevated CA 125 at 3000 IU. The pa­
tient died in August 2001, 21 months after diagnosis. Notably
she had no family history of cancer and she did not carry any
of the predominant Jewish mutations in BRCA1 BRCA2.20
The other common cancer types observed were colon cancer
(n ¼ 26, 0.63%), malignant melanoma (n ¼ 12, 0.29%) and
lung cancer (n ¼ 11, 0.26%).
Statistical analyses
The adjusted expected number of cases of PPC in the en­
tire Israeli population was calculated and compared it to the
findings in the present study. The Standardized Incidence
Ratio (SIR) of PPC was 6.67 (95% confidence interval
0e19.73) where there was an expected of 0.15 cases versus
the one case in our cohort. Though mathematically it seems
an excess of PPCs, no conclusions can be made based on
W.H. Gotlieb et al. / EJSO 32 (2006) 1231e1234
a single observed case. The same calculation was applied
for breast cancer incidence, and the resultant SIR was
0.71 (95% C.I. 0.44e0.78). This result indicates that our
cohort of women that underwent BSO had an average
29% reduction in breast cancer incidence.
Discussion
In this study, the rate at which PPC and other malignant
tumors occurred after BSO in unselected Jewish Israeli
women was evaluated. The main outcome of this study is
that PPC rate among Jewish Israeli women who undergo
BSO is low e 1:4000 e 0.025%. Initially the reported rates
of PPC after BSO were reported to be 10% (3/28) in
ovarian cancer-prone families.21 Subsequent studies en­
compassing more patients have reported lower rates: a
rate of 1.3% was reported among high risk BRCA1 muta­
tion carriers,18 and 1.8% among high risk women who
were not genotyped for BRCA1.15 The rate of developing
PPC in the present study is significantly lower. In essence,
this low to negligible rate of PPC in average risk population
may indicate that prophylactic BSO in high risk women
does indeed lower the risk of ovarian cancer but does not
affect the residual risk of PPC. Indeed, ovarian cancer
risk reduction from prophylactic BSO is quoted at 90%
or higher (from 20e50% to 1.3%).18 Compared with that
risk reduction, the rate of PPC in high risk women under­
going prophylactic BSO is basically unchanged and sig­
nificantly higher than that of the general population,
although one study performed on Jewish Israeli women22
reported that the odds ratio for developing PPC postprophylactic BSO was 0.12 (95% C.I. 0.06e0.24), in high
risk women.
From the practical viewpoint the results of this study, if
confirmed by others in ethnically diverse populations, may
impact the information transmitted during genetic testing
for high risk women regarding risk reductions and residual
cancer risk. It may also be taken by proponents of prophy­
lactic oophorectomy to the general population,19 as an indi­
cation that the residual risk for PPC in the average risk
population is negligible.
The rate of breast cancer was significantly lower than the
rate in the average risk, non-oophorectomized Israeli popu­
lation, leading to a 29% risk reduction (SIR 0.71, 95% C.I.
0.44e0.78). Among high risk individuals, there is little
doubt as to the efficacy of prophylactic BSO as a means
of risk reduction of both ovarian and breast cancer.23e25
The results of the present study show that even in average
risk population, BSO may provide some protection from
breast cancer risk. In an unselected Swedish population26
breast cancer risk reduction of 50% was evident for premen­
opausal women who underwent BSO before the age of 50
years, whereas no risk reduction was noted for Swedish
women aged 50 and over or post-menopausal women. The
finding of breast cancer risk reduction by BSO should not
1233
be an indication to offer this intervention to the general
population as a risk reducing measure for breast cancer,
but the information needs to be transmitted to the patient
in order for her to make an informed decision concerning
her adnexa prior to pelvic surgery.
The limitations of this study should be pointed out: this
is a retrospective analysis from a single, tertiary referral
medical center in central Israel that may not equally rep­
resent the entire Israeli population. Data regarding other
breast cancer risk factors [e.g., use of oral contraceptives
(OC), hormone replacement therapy (HRT)], as well the
pathological characteristics of the breast cancer (i.e., grade,
stage, estrogen and progesterone receptor status) are not
available. This lack of information partially stems from
the lack of uniformly performing these determinations in
Israel in the late 1980s and early 1990s, from the fact
that the majority of breast cancer patients were operated
in other hospitals, and from the lack of adequate informa­
tion in the available files regarding if and for how long
OC and HRT were used. A recent survey of the National
Cancer Registry reported a 92.9% overall adequacy in re­
porting cancer cases to the Registry in Israel.27
These obvious inherent limitations hinder drawing firm
conclusions from the results presented. Yet, the data sup­
port a significantly lower risk of PPC following BSO in
the average risk population as compared to the high risk
population, and a decrease in the risk of breast cancer, sup­
porting the data from Scandinavia.26
References
1. Gajewski W, Legare RD. Ovarian cancer. Surg Oncol Clin N Am 1998;
7:317–31.
2. American Cancer Society. Cancer facts and figures. Atlanta, GA:
American Cancer Society, Inc.; 2003. p. 15e6.
3. Gatta G, Lasota MB, Verdecchia A. Survival of European women with
gynaecological tumours, during the period 1978e1989. EUROCARE
Working Group. Eur J Cancer 1998;34:2218–25.
4. Engel J, Eckel R, Schubert-Fritschle G, et al. Moderate progress for
ovarian cancer in the last 20 years: prolongation of survival, but no im­
provement in the cure rate. Eur J Cancer 2002;38:2435–45.
5. Struewing JP, Watson P, Easton DF, Ponder BA, Lynch HT,
Tucker MA. Prophylactic oophorectomy in inherited breast/ovarian
cancer families. J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr 1995;17:33–5.
6. Fong YF, Lim FK, Arulkumaran S. Prophylactic oophorectomy:
a continuing controversy. Obstet Gynecol Surv 1998;53:493–9.
7. Berchuck A, Schildkraut JM, Marks JR, Futreal PA. Managing hered­
itary ovarian cancer risk. Cancer 1999;86(Suppl. 11):2517–24.
8. Brekelmans CT. Risk factors and risk reduction of breast and ovarian
cancer. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 2003;15:63–8.
9. Narod SA, Foulkes WD. BRCA1 and BRCA2: 1994 and beyond.
Nat Rev Cancer 2004;4:665–76.
10. Olopade OI, Artioli G. Efficacy of risk-reducing salpingo­
oophorectomy in women with BRCA-1 and BRCA-2 mutations.
Breast J 2004;10(Suppl. 1):S5–9.
11. Rebbeck TR. Prophylactic oophorectomy in BRCA1 and BRCA2
mutation carriers. J Clin Oncol 2000;18(Suppl. 21):100S–3S.
12. Cormio G, Di Vagno G, Di Gesu G, et al. Primary peritoneal carci­
noma: a report of twelve cases and a review of the literature. Gynecol
Obstet Invest 2000;50:203–6.
1234
W.H. Gotlieb et al. / EJSO 32 (2006) 1231e1234
13. Kontoravdis A, Kalogirou D, Antoniou G, Kontoravdis N, Karakitsos P,
Zourlas PA. Prophylactic oophorectomy in ovarian cancer prevention.
Int J Gynaecol Obstet 1996;54:257–62.
14. Charoenkwan K, Srisomboon J, Suprasert P, Phongnarisorn C,
Siriaree S, Cheewakriangkrai C. Role of prophylactic oophorectomy
at the time of hysterectomy in ovarian cancer prevention in Thailand.
J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2004;30:20–3.
15. Piver MS, Jishi MF, Tsukada Y, Nava G. Primary peritoneal carcinoma
after prophylactic oophorectomy in women with a family history of
ovarian cancer. A report of the Gilda Radner Familial Ovarian Cancer
Registry. Cancer 1993;71:2751–5.
16. Casey MJ, Bewtra C. Peritoneal carcinoma in women with genetic
susceptibility: implications for Jewish populations. Fam Cancer
2004;3:265–81.
17. Karlan BY, Baldwin RL, Lopez-Luevanos E, et al. Peritoneal serous
papillary carcinoma, a phenotypic variant of familial ovarian cancer:
implications for ovarian cancer screening. Am J Obstet Gynecol
1999;180:917–28.
18. Levine DA, Argenta PA, Yee CJ, et al. Fallopian tube and primary
peritoneal carcinomas associated with BRCA mutations. J Clin Oncol
2003;21:4222–7.
19. Piver MS. Prophylactic oophorectomy: reducing the U.S. death rate
from epithelial ovarian cancer. A continuing debate. Oncologist 1996;
1:326–30.
20. Abeliovich D, Kaduri L, Lerer I, et al. The founder mutations
185delAG and 5382insC in BRCA1 and 6174delT in BRCA2 appear
in 60% of ovarian cancer patients among Ashkenazi women. Am J
Hum Genet 1997;60:505–14.
21. Tobacman JK, Greene MH, Tucker MA, Costa J, Kase R, Fraumeni Jr JF.
Intra-abdominal carcinomatosis after prophylactic oophorectomy in
ovarian-cancer-prone families. Lancet 1982;2(8302):795–7.
22. Rutter JL, Wacholder S, Chetrit A, et al. Gynecologic surgeries and
risk of ovarian cancer in women with BRCA1 and BRCA2 Ashke­
nazi founder mutations: an Israeli population-based caseecontrol
study. J Natl Cancer Inst 2003;95:1072–8.
23. Rebbeck TR, Lynch HT, Neuhausen SL, et al. Prevention and observation
of surgical end points study group. Prophylactic oophorectomy in carriers
of BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations. N Engl J Med 2002;346:1616–22.
24. Kauff ND, Satagopan JM, Robson ME, et al. Risk-reducing salpin­
go-oophorectomy in women with a BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation. N
Engl J Med 2002;346:1609–15.
25. Haber D. Prophylactic oophorectomy to reduce the risk of ovarian and
breast cancer in carriers of BRCA mutations. N Engl J Med 2002;346:
1660–2.
26. Schairer C, Persson I, Falkeborn M, Naessen T, Troisi R, Brinton LA.
Breast cancer risk associated with gynecologic surgery and indications
for such surgery. Int J Cancer 1997;70:150–4.
27. http://www.health.gov.il/download/icdc/shlemut_maagar.pdf.