Florida Science

Transcription

Florida Science

GRADE 7
Florida Science
Introducing Science
FL26
Unifying Principles of Science
Florida Student Handbook
FL30
FL36
The Nature of Science
1 Basic tools of science are universal.
CONNECTING SCIENCES The Science of Clean Water
2 Scientific ideas are based on evidence.
CHAPTER INVESTIGATION Using a Filter
3 Scientists belong to a world community.
MATH IN SCIENCE Making Bar Graphs
2
5
13
14
22
24
31
FLORIDA CONNECTIONS
Saving Coral
42
Florida’s Sinkholes
190
Animatronics
334
The Ultimate Fish
450
A Place in the Sun
564
Cape Canaveral: Step to the Stars
666
Sunshine State Standards
In “Saving Coral” you’ll read how organisms
called polyps grow, die, and decay, leaving
skeletons that form coral reefs. (SC.D.1.3.2)
Slight changes in a reef ecosystem can have
long-term effects on population size.
(SC.G.2.3.3)
604 Unit 1: Earth’s Waters
Student Resources
Florida Resources
Florida Content Review/Preview
FCAT Science Reference
Appendix
Student Resource Handbooks
Scientific Thinking Handbook
Lab Handbook
Math Handbook
Note-Taking Handbook
Glossary
Index
Acknowledgments
809
811
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825
R1
R2
R10
R36
R45
R52
R74
R117
FL7
UNIT 1
Earth’s Waters
Unit Features
FRONTIERS IN SCIENCE Exploring the Water Planet
FLORIDA CONNECTION Saving Coral
TIMELINES IN SCIENCE Exploring the Ocean
The Water Planet
1 Water continually cycles.
Water moves through
Earth’s atmosphere, oceans,
and land in a cycle.
THINK SCIENCE Does Mars Have a Water Cycle?
2 Fresh water flows and freezes on Earth.
MATH IN SCIENCE Multiplying Fractions and Whole Numbers
3 Fresh water flows underground.
CHAPTER INVESTIGATION Water Moving Underground
Fresh water is a limited
resource and is essential
for human society.
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1 Fresh water is an essential resource.
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89
MATH IN SCIENCE Volume of Rectangular Prisms
2 Society depends on clean and safe water.
CHAPTER INVESTIGATION Monitoring Water Quality
SCIENCE ON THE JOB Water and Farming
FL8 McDougal Littell Science
42
Freshwater Resources
3 Water shortages threaten society.
In what ways do you
depend on water?
page 78
38
90
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100
107
What causes these
waves? page 112
Ocean Systems
1 The oceans are a connected system.
The oceans are a connected
system of water in motion.
MATH IN SCIENCE Plotting Coordinates
115
123
2 Ocean water moves in currents.
124
3 Waves move through oceans.
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134
CHAPTER INVESTIGATION Wave Movement
4 Waters rise and fall in tides.
CONNECTING SCIENCES Tidal Energy
Ocean Environments
1 Ocean coasts support plant and animal life.
The ocean supports life and
contains natural resources.
112
MATH IN SCIENCE Making a Double Bar Graph
2 Conditions differ away from shore.
EXTREME SCIENCE Undersea Hot Spots
3 The ocean contains natural resources.
CHAPTER INVESTIGATION Population Sampling
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Visual Highlights
Ocean Waves
Waves transport energy, not water. As a wave crest passes, the
water particles move in circular paths.
wave direction
water particle
movement
Springs and Wells
Sources of Water Pollution
The Ocean Floor
Ocean Waves
Intertidal Zone
Coral Reefs
Life in the Open Ocean
Waves affect only the
water near the surface.
The deeper water
particles move in
smaller circles than
the water particles
near the surface.
The movement of the floating
inner tube is similar to the
movement of the water particles.
Below a certain depth,
waves no longer affect
the water.
Water particles rise as a wave
crest approaches.
Wave Structure
Wavelength
is the distance
between one wave
crest and the next.
Wave height is the vertical
distance between the top of the
crest and the bottom of the trough.
At the crest, water particles have
moved in a semicircle.
The crest is
the high point
of the wave.
Water particles drop after the
trough passes.
The trough
is the low
point of the
wave.
The wave passes through the
water but the water particles end
up in the same place they began.
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What happens to water particles as a wave passes through?
Chapter 3: Ocean Systems 91
C
Table of Contents FL9
UNIT 2
Earth’s Surface
Unit Features
FRONTIERS IN SCIENCE Remote Sensing
FLORIDA CONNECTION Florida’s Sinkholes
190
TIMELINES IN SCIENCE History of the Earth System
292
Views of Earth Today
Modern technology has
changed the way we view
and map Earth.
194
1 Technology is used to explore the Earth system.
197
2 Maps and globes are models of Earth.
203
211
MATH IN SCIENCE Using Proportions
3 Topographic maps show the shape of the land.
CHAPTER INVESTIGATION Investigate Topographic Maps
4 Technology is used to map Earth.
THINK SCIENCE Which Site Is Best for an Olympic Stadium?
Weathering and Soil Formation
1 Mechanical and chemical forces break down rocks.
Natural forces break rocks
apart and form soil, which
supports life.
186
MATH IN SCIENCE Surface Area of a Prism
2 Weathering and organic processes form soil.
CHAPTER INVESTIGATION Testing Soil
3 Human activities affect soil.
SCIENCE ON THE JOB Soil, Water, and Architecture
How is rock related to
soil? page 228
FL10 McDougal Littell Science Grade 7
212
216
218
223
228
231
237
238
246
248
253
Erosion and Deposition
Water, wind, and ice shape
Earth’s surface.
1 Forces wear down and build up Earth’s surface.
261
2 Moving water shapes land.
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272
CHAPTER INVESTIGATION Creating Stream Features
3 Waves and wind shape land.
CONNECTING SCIENCES Life on Dunes
4 Glaciers carve land and move sediments.
MATH IN SCIENCE Creating a Line Graph
Natural Resources
1 Natural resources support human activity.
Society depends on natural
resources for energy and
materials.
258
CONNECTING SCIENCES Got Oil Spills?
2 Resources can be conserved and recycled.
MATH IN SCIENCE Comparing Decimals
3 Energy comes from other natural resources.
CHAPTER INVESTIGATION Wind Power
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281
287
296
299
307
308
312
313
322
How do people obtain
energy from Earth’s
resources? page 296
Visual Highlights
Mechanical Weathering
World Soil Types
Organisms and Soil Formation
Types of Glaciers and Movement
Natural Resources
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241
243
283
301
UNIT 3
Electricity and Magnetism
Unit Features
FRONTIERS IN SCIENCE Electronics in Music
FLORIDA CONNECTION Animatronics
334
TIMELINES IN SCIENCE The Story of Electronics
404
Electricity
338
1 Materials can become electrically charged.
Moving electric charges
transfer energy.
CONNECTING SCIENCES Electric Eels
2 Charges can move from one place to another.
CHAPTER INVESTIGATION Lightning
3 Electric current is a flow of charge.
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349
350
358
MATH IN SCIENCE Using Variables
360
367
Circuits and Electronics
372
1 Charge needs a continuous path to flow.
Circuits control the flow
of electric charge.
330
SCIENCE ON THE JOB The Science of Electrical Work
2 Circuits make electric current useful.
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382
MATH IN SCIENCE Solving Percent Problems
383
388
3 Electronic technology is based on circuits.
389
CHAPTER INVESTIGATION Design an Electronic
Communication Device
How can circuits control the
flow of charge? page 372
398
What force is acting on
this compass needle?
page 408
Magnetism
1 Magnetism is a force that acts at a distance.
Current can produce
magnetism, and magnetism
can produce current.
THINK SCIENCE Can Magnets Heal People?
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419
2 Current can produce magnetism.
420
3 Magnetism can produce current.
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432
CHAPTER INVESTIGATION Build a Speaker
4 Generators supply electrical energy.
MATH IN SCIENCE Using Significant Figures
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439
Visual Highlights
How a Photocopier Works
How Lightning Forms
Batteries
How a PC Works
How Magnets Differ from Other Materials
How a Motor Works
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365
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425
UNIT 4
Life Over Time
Unit Features
FRONTIERS IN SCIENCE Life by Degrees
FLORIDA CONNECTION The Ultimate Fish
450
TIMELINES IN SCIENCE Life Unearthed
520
Views of Earth’s Past
1 Earth’s past is revealed in rocks and fossils.
Rocks, fossils, and other
types of natural evidence tell
Earth’s story.
446
CONNECTING SCIENCES Could T. Rex Win a Race?
2 Rocks provide a timeline for Earth.
MATH IN SCIENCE Interpreting Graphs
3 The geologic time scale shows Earth’s past.
CHAPTER INVESTIGATION Geologic Time
What does this footprint
tell you about the animal
that left it? page 454
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457
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465
472
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480
How do scientists
learn about the
history of life on
Earth? page 486
The History of Life on Earth
486
1 Earth has been home to living things for about
Living things, like Earth
itself, change over time.
3.8 billion years.
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496
MATH IN SCIENCE Using Proportions
2 Species change over time.
CHAPTER INVESTIGATION Modeling Natural Selection
497
506
3 Many types of evidence support evolution.
508
THINK SCIENCE How Did the Deep-Sea Angler Get Its Glow? 515
Population Dynamics
524
1 Populations have many characteristics.
Populations are
shaped by interactions
between organisms and
the environment.
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535
MATH IN SCIENCE Finding Averages
2 Populations respond to pressures.
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543
SCIENCE ON THE JOB Studying the Schools
3 Human populations have unique responses to change.
CHAPTER INVESTIGATION Sustainable Resource
Management
544
552
Visual Highlights
Fossils in Rocks
Radioactive Breakdown
Natural Selection
Biological Evidence for Evolution
461
470
503
511
UNIT 5
Human Biology
Unit Features
FRONTIERS IN SCIENCE Surprising Senses
FLORIDA CONNECTION A Place in the Sun
564
TIMELINES IN SCIENCE Seeing Inside the Body
624
Systems, Support, and Movement
1 The human body is complex.
The human body is made
up of systems that work
together to perform
necessary functions.
560
THINK SCIENCE What Does the Body Need to Survive?
2 The skeletal system provides support and protection.
MATH IN SCIENCE Comparing Rates
3 The muscular system makes movement possible.
CHAPTER INVESTIGATION A Closer Look at Muscles
What materials does
your body need to
function properly?
page 596
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571
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576
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590
Red blood cells travel through a
blood vessel. How do you think
blood carries materials around
your body? page 628
Absorption, Digestion, and Exchange 596
1 The respiratory system gets oxygen and removes
Systems in the body obtain
and process materials and
remove waste.
carbon dioxide.
SCIENCE ON THE JOB Breathing and Yoga
2 The digestive system breaks down food.
MATH IN SCIENCE Choosing Units of Length
3 The urinary system removes waste materials.
CHAPTER INVESTIGATION Modeling a Kidney
Transport and Protection
1 The circulatory system transports materials.
Systems function to
transport materials and
to defend and protect
the body.
CHAPTER INVESTIGATION Heart Rate and Exercise
2 The immune system defends the body.
MATH IN SCIENCE Making a Line Graph
3 The integumentary system shields the body.
EXTREME SCIENCE Artificial Skin
Axial skeleton
The skull protects
the brain.
Twelve pairs of
ribs protect the
lungs and heart.
The vertebrae of
the spinal column
protect the spinal
cord and support
the cranium and
other bones.
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655
The lower jaw is the
only bone in the skull
that can move.
The shoulder
blade is called
the scapula.
The upper arm bone is
called the humerus.
The lower
arm bones
are the ulna
and radius.
The many bones in the
wrist and the hand allow it
to perform a great variety
of activities.
The upper leg bone, called
the femur, is the longest
bone in the body.
The kneecap is
called the patella.
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613
Visual Highlights
The Skeletal System
The skeletal system interacts with other body systems to
allow this soccer player to stand, run, and kick.
Appendicular
skeleton
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606
The Skeletal System
Muscle Tissue
Respiratory System
Digestive System
Circulatory System
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634
The lower leg bones
are called the tibia
and the fibula.
There are 26
bones in the ankle
and the foot.
The word appendicular has the same root as the word append, which means to
attach. How do you think this word applies to the appendicular skeleton?
Chapter 1: Systems, Support, and Movement 17
UNIT 6
Space Science
Unit Features
FRONTIERS IN SCIENCE Danger from the Sky
FLORIDA CONNECTION Cape Canaveral: Step to the Stars
666
TIMELINES IN SCIENCE The Story of Astronomy
736
Exploring Space
People develop and use
technology to explore
and study space.
670
1 Some space objects are visible to the human eye.
673
2 Telescopes allow us to study space from Earth.
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684
CHAPTER INVESTIGATION Observing Spectra
3 Spacecraft help us explore beyond Earth.
MATH IN SCIENCE Using Exponents
4 Space exploration benefits society.
CONNECTING SCIENCES How Earth’s Gravity Affects Plants
Earth, Moon, and Sun
1 Earth rotates on a tilted axis and orbits the Sun.
Earth and the Moon move
in predictable ways as
they orbit the Sun.
662
CHAPTER INVESTIGATION Modeling Seasons
2 The Moon is Earth’s natural satellite.
MATH IN SCIENCE Making Line Graphs
3 Positions of the Sun and Moon affect Earth.
SCIENCE ON THE JOB Astronomy in Archaeology
What would you see if you
looked at the Moon with a
telescope? page 704
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731
This image shows Jupiter
with one of its large
moons. How big are
these objects compared
with Earth? page 740
Our Solar System
740
1 Planets orbit the Sun at different distances.
Planets and other
objects form a system
around our Sun.
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748
MATH IN SCIENCE Using Percentages
2 The inner solar system has rocky planets.
749
757
THINK SCIENCE What Shapes the Surface of Mars?
3 The outer solar system has four giant planets.
758
4 Small objects are made of ice and rock.
CHAPTER INVESTIGATION Exploring Impact Craters
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770
Stars, Galaxies, and the Universe
776
1 The Sun is our local star.
Our Sun is one of billions of
stars in one of billions of
galaxies in the universe.
779
CHAPTER INVESTIGATION Temperature, Brightness,
and Color
2 Stars change over their life cycles.
MATH IN SCIENCE Interpreting a Scatter Plot
3 Galaxies have different sizes and shapes.
EXTREME SCIENCE When Galaxies Collide
4 The universe is expanding.
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Visual Highlights
Structures in the Universe
Seasons
Lunar Phases
Objects in the Solar System
Features of Rocky Planets
Layers of the Sun
Life Cycles of Stars
675
711
725
744
751
781
791
Features
SKILL: VOLUME OF RECTANGULAR
PRISMS
SPACE SCIENCE
Fish in an Aquarium
MATH TUTORIAL
CLASSZONE.COM
Click on Math Tutorial for
more help finding the volume of a rectangular prism.
Using Exponents
Making Line Graphs
Using Percentages
Interpreting a Scatter Plot
A fish requires a certain minimum amount of water to survive.
If you plan to keep fish in an aquarium, you can calculate the
volume of the aquarium to be sure it will contain enough water.
Example
An aquarium is 50 centimeters
long, 30 centimeters wide,
and 40 centimeters high.
40 cm
How many liters of water
will it hold?
Solution
50 cm
30 cm
Use the formula for the volume of a rectangular prism.
Volume = length width height
V = lwh
= 50 cm 30 cm 40 cm
Write a word equation.
Replace the words with
variables.
Substitute 50 for l, 30 for
w, and 40 for h.
Multiply. Note that cm3 is
a cubic centimeter.
Each cubic centimeter
holds a milliliter.
= 60 L
Because there are 1000
milliliters in one liter, divide
60,000 by 1000.
ANSWER The aquarium holds 60 liters of water.
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793
= 60,000 cm3
= 60,000 mL
Think Science
Find the volume of each aquarium. Give your
answer in liters.
1. The aquarium is 100 centimeters long, 50
centimeters wide, and 80 centimeters high.
EARTH’S WATERS
Determining Relevance
CHALLENGE You are designing an aquarium to house several
fish of different species. The aquarium must hold 300 liters
of water and fit in a space that is 100 centimeters long and
50 centimeters wide. How high should the aquarium be?
55
EARTH’S SURFACE
Chapter 3: Freshwater Resources 89
Interpreting Data
Math in Science
ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM
Evaluating Conclusions
NATURE OF SCIENCE
Making Bar Graphs
223
419
LIFE OVER TIME
31
EARTH’S WATERS
Evaluating Hypotheses
515
HUMAN BIOLOGY
Multiplying Fractions and Whole Numbers 63
Volume of Rectangular Prisms
89
Plotting Coordinates
123
Making a Double Bar Graph
160
Inferring
575
SPACE SCIENCE
Forming Hypotheses
757
EARTH’S SURFACE
Using Proportions
Surface Area of a Prism
Creating a Line Graph
Comparing Decimals
211
237
287
312
Using Variables
Solving Percent Problems
Using Significant Figures
472
496
535
Physical Science and Earth Science
13
Earth Science and Physical Science
141
EARTH’S SURFACE
Earth Science and Life Science
208
307
Physical Science and Life Science
349
LIFE OVER TIME
HUMAN BIOLOGY
Comparing Rates
Choosing Units of Length
Making a Line Graph
NATURE OF SCIENCE
EARTH’S WATERS
367
388
439
LIFE OVER TIME
Interpreting Graphs
Using Proportions
Finding Averages
Connecting Sciences
583
613
648
464
SPACE SCIENCE
699
EARTH’S SURFACE
Remote Sensing
LANDSCAPE ARCHITECT
Soil, Water, and
Architecture
Existing Plants
Large oak trees were already growing
on the land. The trees were left in
place to provide shade and help
protect the soil.
186
Landscape architects design the landscapes around buildings and
in parks. For example, they decide where to build sidewalks and
where to place benches. Since flowing water can wash away soil,
they try to control how water moves. They select plants, modify
the slope of the land, and install drainage systems that will control
the water. The plan below was used to build the park shown in
the photographs.
Electronics in Music
330
LIFE OVER TIME
Life by Degrees
Retaining Wall
446
HUMAN BIOLOGY
The landscape architect added mounds of
soil planted with bushes to help divide the
inside of the park from the roads around it.
Stone walls hold the soil of the mounds
in place. Without the walls, the soil would
wash down onto the walkways.
Surprising Senses
560
Plan for New Park
A landscape architect used a computer
program to draw this plan for a park.
The program is designed to make the
plan look as if it were drawn by hand.
SPACE SCIENCE
Danger from the Sky
EXPLORE
1. ANALYZE Examine the soil, drainage, plants, and
other elements of the landscape of a park or the area
around a building. Describe any areas where soil may
wash away.
2. CHALLENGE Design a landscape surrounding a new
school, stadium, or other building. Draw a sketch and
add notes to explain your choices of locations for trees,
sidewalks, and other features.
Florida Connections
Chapter 7: Weathering and Soil Formation 253
Science on the Job
EARTH’S WATERS
Saving Coral
EARTH’S WATERS
Water and Farming
Animatronics
334
The Ultimate Fish
450
HUMAN BIOLOGY
543
HUMAN BIOLOGY
Breathing and Yoga
190
LIFE OVER TIME
382
LIFE OVER TIME
Studying the Schools
Florida’s Sinkholes
253
The Science of Electrical Work
42
EARTH’S SURFACE
107
EARTH’S SURFACE
Soil, Water, and Architecture
662
A Place in the Sun
564
SPACE SCIENCE
606
Cape Canaveral: Step to the Stars
666
SPACE SCIENCE
Astronomy in Archaeology
731
Extreme Science
EARTH’S WATERS
Exploring the Ocean
EARTH’S WATERS
Undersea Hot Spots
History of the Earth System
292
655
SPACE SCIENCE
When Galaxies Collide
146
EARTH’S SURFACE
169
HUMAN BIOLOGY
Artificial Skin
Timelines in Science
The Story of Electronics
404
LIFE OVER TIME
798
Life Unearthed
520
HUMAN BIOLOGY
Frontiers in Science
Seeing Inside the Body
624
SPACE SCIENCE
EARTH’S WATERS
Exploring the Water Planet
The Story of Astronomy
736
38
Internet Resources @ ClassZone.com
Visualizations
ClassZone.com
Back
Location:
Forward
Reload
Home
Images
Print
Security
Stop
http://www.classzone.com
EARTH’S WATERS
The Water Cycle
Water Treatment Plant
Daily Tides
Life at Hydrothermal Vents
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92
137
168
EARTH’S SURFACE
Latitude and Longitude
Soil Formation
Chemical Weathering
Wind Erosion
Cave Formation
Hydrogen Fuel Cell
206
229
234
259
270
320
Hard Drive
Motor
Simulations
LIFE OVER TIME
EARTH’S WATERS
Aquifers
Limits of an Aquifer
The Ocean Floor
Ocean Life and Environments
66
79
113
151
EARTH’S SURFACE
Topographic Maps and Surface Features
Nuclear Power Plant
215
315
Static Electricity
Ohm’s Law
Circuits
Electromagnets
339
361
373
409
LIFE OVER TIME
Matching Finch Beaks to Food
569
578
SPACE SCIENCE
Levels of the Universe
Sun at Different Wavelengths
Molten Rock in Sedimentary Layers
Fossil Formation
Response to Environmental Change
467
490
534
HUMAN BIOLOGY
Lung and Diaphragm Movement
Peristalsis
Heart Pumping Blood
Skin Healing
597
608
629
653
SPACE SCIENCE
Night Sky throughout the Year
Exploring Seasons
Lunar Phases
Virtual Flight through the Solar System
Shapes of Galaxies
676
705
724
741
777
487
HUMAN BIOLOGY
Human Body Systems
Assemble a Skeleton
395
424
671
780
Career Centers
Oceanography
Mineralogy
Music and Computer Science
Paleontology
Neurobiology
Astronomy
41
189
333
449
563
665
Resource Centers
Math Tutorials
NATURE OF SCIENCE
NATURE OF SCIENCE
Resources for the following topics may be found at
ClassZone.com: Ethics; Prions; Technology and Its
Consequences; Aquifers and Purification.
EARTH’S WATERS
ClassZone.com: Florida’s Coral Reefs; Water; Evidence
of a Water Cycle on Mars; Frozen Fresh Water;
Geysers and Hot Springs; Ocean Currents; Ocean
Waves; Ocean Tides; Ocean Research; Coral Reefs;
Hydrothermal Vents; Ocean Pollution and Pollution
Prevention.
EARTH’S SURFACE
ClassZone.com: Sinkholes; Satellite Mapping; Map
Projections; GIS; Weathering; Soil; Mudflows; Rivers
and Erosion; Glaciers; Earth System Research; Natural
Resources; Pollution-Digesting Microbes; Renewable
Energy Resources.
ClassZone.com: Amusement Park Animatronics;
Lightning and Lightning Safety; Electrochemical
Cells; Electrical Safety; Electronics; Electronic and
Computer Research; Magnetism; Dams and
Electricity; Energy Use and Conservation.
LIFE OVER TIME
ClassZone.com: Sharks; Evidence of an Event in
Earth’s Past; Fossils; Finding the Ages of Rocks; Mass
Extinctions; Natural Selection; Evidence Supporting
Evolution; Current Fossil and Living Fossil Finds;
Population Dynamics; Human Population Growth;
Introduced Species in the United States.
Bar Graphs
31
EARTH’S WATERS
Multiplying Fractions and Whole Numbers 63
Volume of a Rectangular Prism
89
Coordinates and Line Graphs
123
Bar Graphs
160
EARTH’S SURFACE
Solving Proportions
Surface Area of a Rectangular Prism
Making a Line Graph
Comparing Decimals
211
237
287
312
Equations
Percents and Proportions
Rounding Decimals
367
388
439
LIFE OVER TIME
Reading Line Graphs and Multiplying
Whole Numbers
Writing and Solving Proportions
Finding the Mean
472
496
535
HUMAN BIOLOGY
Unit Rates
Measuring Length
Making Line Graphs
583
613
648
SPACE SCIENCE
Powers and Exponents
Line Graphs
The Percent Equations
Scatter Plots
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722
748
793
NSTA SciLinks
Codes for use with the NSTA SciLinks site may
be found on every chapter opener.
HUMAN BIOLOGY
Resources for the following topics may be found
at ClassZone.com: Skin and the Sun; Shackleton’s
Expedition; Skeletal System; Muscles; Respiratory
System; Urinary System; Current Medical Imaging
Techniques; Circulatory System; Blood Types;
Lymphatic System; Skin.
Florida Review
There is a content review and FCAT practice for
every chapter at ClassZone.com.
SPACE SCIENCE
ClassZone.com: Cape Canaveral; Telescopes; Space
Exploration; Seasons; Tides; Advances in Astronomy;
Impact Craters; Moons of Giant Planets; Life Cycles
of Stars; Galaxies; Galaxy Collisions.
Explore the Big Idea
Chapter Opening Inquiry
The Nature
of Science
All sciences use similar
processes and tools.
Growers sometimes spray water on
oranges in cold weather. How did
they figure out that this would help
protect the fruit?
Observe and Think
Why is it important
to keep detailed
records of
a procedure?
Key Concepts
Effects of Changes
SECTION
Use a plastic straw, paper strips, and tape
to make a glider like the one
shown in the photograph.
Hold the glider with the
smaller loop of paper in
front. Throw the glider several times and measure how
far it flies. Then, change the size
of the loops or use different shapes
of paper. Test the glider’s flight after
each change.
1
Basic tools of science
are universal.
Learn why different sciences
share a common approach.
SECTION
2
Each chapter opens with hands-on explorations
that introduce the chapter’s Big Idea.
Reproducing a Result
Using only a cup of water and
a ping-pong ball, find a way to make
the ball float so that it does not touch
the cup. Write down
your procedure.
Scientific ideas are
based on evidence.
Learn how different kinds of
scientific inquiries are used to
gather evidence.
SECTION
3
Scientists belong to a
world community.
Learn how science and society
interact with one another.
Observe and Think How did each
change affect the flight of your glider?
Internet Activity: Ethics
Go to ClassZone.com to learn more about
ethics and scientific study.
Observe and Think
What are some of the ethical questions scientists
face? Is there always one
right answer to an ethical
question?
• Section Reviews, pp. 14,
25, 33, 38
• Chapter Review, pp. 34-36
• FCAT Practice, p. 37
CLASSZONE.COM
• Florida Review: Content
Review and FCAT Practice
Earth’s Waters
Where Can You See Water?
Does the Ice Float?
How Much Water Do You Drink? What
Happens When Salt Water Evaporates?
What Makes Things Float or Sink? How
Does Moving Air Affect Water?
It’s Alive! Beneath the Surface
Earth’s Surface
Earth’s Changing Surface; Using
Modern Maps
Ice Power; Getting the Dirt on Soil
Where Has Water Been? How Do
Waves Shape Land?
Sunlight as an Energy Source; Saving
Water as You Brush
How Do the Pieces of Tape Interact?
Why Does the Water React Differently?
Will the Flashlight Still Work?
What’s Inside a Calculator?
Is It Magnetic? How Can You Make
a Chain?
3
47
79
113
151
195
229
259
297
339
373
409
Forward
Reload
Home
Images
Print
Security
Stop
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scilinks.org
Solutions Code: MDL069
2 Chapter 1: The Nature of Science
Nature of Science
Reproducing a Result; Effects of Changes
ClassZone.com
Back
Location:
Life Over Time
How Do You Know What Happened?
How Long Has That Been There?
What Can Rocks Show About Earth’s
History? Which One of These Things
Is Not Like the Others?
How Does Population Grow? How Do
Populations Differ?
Human Biology
How Many Bones Are in Your Hand?
How Does It Move?
Mirror, Mirror; Water Everywhere
Blood Pressure; Wet Fingers
Space Science
Why Does the Sun Appear to Move Around
Earth? What Colors Are in Sunlight?
How Do Shadows Move? What Makes the
Moon Bright?
How Big Is Jupiter? How Round Is an Orbit?
How Can Stars Differ? How Do Galaxies
Move Apart?
Chapter 1: The Nature of Science 3
455
487
525
569
597
629
671
705
741
777
CHAPTER INVESTIGATION
Chapter Investigations
Using a Filter
OVERVIEW AND PURPOSE Using variables in a
controlled experiment can help you determine many things.
For example, the effectiveness of a filter to clean water depends
on the type of filter that is used and the condition of the water.
By testing different filters and gathering evidence you can determine which filter is the most effective. Keep in mind that that
the independent variable is the factor that you wish to test and
the dependent variable is what you measure to determine your
results. In this investigation you will
• make water dirty and try to clean it
• identify the variables
Problem
Full-Period Labs
Write
It Up
Measure 30 mL of clean water. Pour the water
into one of the cups. Use the marker to mark the
level on the masking tape.
Repeat so that all of the
cups are marked at 30
mL. Label your cups
A–F.
It Up
1. COMPARE Which filter was the most
effective? Present your evidence. How did
the filters differ in terms of the two dependent variables?
2. EVALUATE Were the trials of each filter
Pour 100 mL of clean
water into one of
your filters. Discard the
filtered water.
consistent? If not, explain what changed.
3. APPLY Suppose you want to design a filter
Pour 50 mL of clean water into one of the filters
so that it empties into cup A. Record the time it
takes for 30 mL to run through the filter.
Observe the water and filter.
to clean the water in a fish tank. How would
this filter differ from the ones that you tested?
INVESTIGATE Further
Which filter is the most effective?
Repeat step 5 two times using dirty water.
MATERIALS
The Chapter Investigations are in-depth labs that
let you form and test a hypothesis, build a model,
or sometimes design your own investigation.
• clean water
• contaminants such as:
soil, vinegar, vegetable
oil, food coloring,
dry leaves
• 1 L container
• stirrers
• 8 clear cups
• 50 mL beaker
• masking tape and marker
• 2 funnels
• coffee filters
• rubber bands
• pieces of cloth
• coarse sand
• charcoal
• stopwatch
Challenge Materials
• alum
• 2 clear cups
Procedure
Work with a partner. Decide which contaminants to add
to your clean water. Measure and record the amount of each
ingredient that you use. Mix your water thoroughly in a large
container. You should make at least 1 L of dirty water.
Choose two of the following filters and set them up.
• filter paper Line your funnel with a coffee filter.
• cloth Line a funnel with a piece of cloth.
• sand Use a rubber band to secure a piece of cloth around
the bottom of the funnel, which will hold the sand.
Choose and measure an amount of sand and pour it into
the funnel.
• charcoal Follow the procedure for sand except use charcoal.
• other Combine any of the materials and ideas listed
above to design your own filter. Record
what you use to make the filter.
Repeat steps 4–6 using your second filter and
cups D–F.
Observe and Analyze
Write
It Up
Nature of Science
Using a Filter
22
Design Your Own
Earth’s Surface
Investigate Topographic Maps
Testing Soil
Creating Stream Features
Wind Power
72
98
134
178
216
246
272
322
Lightning
358
Design an Electronic
Communication Device Design Your Own 398
Build a Speaker
432
CHALLENGE Particles settle to the bottom of
liquids over time. Alum is a material that binds
very small particles together in a liquid and helps
them settle. Add 1 mL of alum to 50 mL of dirty
water. Set up a control sample with no alum. Stir
the samples and then observe them after 10–15
minutes. How could alum help your filtering
experiment?
1. RECORD Make sure you have recorded all
the measurements and observations in your
science notebook.
2. OBSERVE Which filter removed the most
impurities? What characteristics are you using
to describe the water? Through which filter
did water flow faster?
3. INTERPRET What was the purpose of
pouring clean water through the filters in
step 5?
4. IDENTIFY VARIABLES List the
independent variable and the two
dependent variables.
22 Chapter 1: The Nature of Science
Earth’s Waters
Water Moving Underground
Monitoring Water Quality
Wave Movement
Population Sampling
Write
Conclude
Using A Filter
Observe and Analyze
Test Results
Table 1. Filtering
Cup
Filter Material
Control
Time (sec)
Observations
(A)
Trial 1
(B)
Trial 2
(C)
Control
(E)
Trial 1
(F)
Trial 2
(G)
Life Over Time
Geologic Time
Modeling Natural Selection
Sustainable Resource Management
480
506
552
Human Biology
A Closer Look at Muscles
Modeling a Kidney
Heart Rate and Exercise
590
618
638
Space Science
Observing Spectra
Modeling Seasons
Exploring Impact Craters Design Your Own
Temperature, Brightness, and Color
684
714
770
784
KEY CONCEPT
Basic tools of science
are universal.
Explore
Sunshine State
STANDARDS
Introductory Inquiry Activities
Most sections begin with a simple activity that lets you
explore the Key Concept before you read the section.
SC.H.1.3.2: The student
knows that the study of
the events that led scientists to discoveries
can provide information
about the inquiry process and its effects.
knows that science disciplines differ from one
another in topic, techniques, and outcomes,
but that they share a
common purpose, philosophy, and enterprise.
recognizes the scientific
contributions that are
made by individuals of
diverse backgrounds,
interests, talents, and
motivations.
BEFORE, you learned
NOW, you will learn
• Science collect evidence by
making observations.
• Scientific results must be reproducible.
• Scientists record and share
results.
• How people use scientific processes
• About scientific habits of mind
• How scientists build up scientific
information
EXPLORE Observations and Opinions
How are observations different from opinions?
MATERIALS
PROCEDURE
1
Fill the bottles one-third full with water.
2 Add one spoonful of a different type of
cleaning product to each bottle. Fasten the lids
tightly and shake each bottle for 15 seconds.
• 3 bottles with lids
• water
• spoon
• 3 types of
cleaning
products
3 Observe the suds in each bottle.
WHAT DO YOU THINK?
VOCABULARY
scientific processes p. 4
hypothesis p. 5
creative thinking p. 6
skepticism p. 7
critical thinking p. 8
How is comparing the height of suds produced by each cleaning
product different from comparing how good they smell?
Science is a way to study the natural world.
People continually ask questions, explore ideas, and reach conclusions.
Sometimes scientific methods can help them, but not all questions can
be answered scientifically. For example, suppose people are deciding
which musicians to invite to perform in the town’s park. They might
discuss their opinions vigorously, but science cannot help them make
the best choice.
What can be studied scientifically? Anything that can be observed
objectively and involves features of the natural world. Objective observations are the same for everyone. For example, choosing the best type
of grass to plant in the park can be approached scientifically. People can
test varieties of grass to find out which would grow well in the park
and withstand being walked on by large numbers of concert-goers.
The grasses are part of the natural world, their growth can be tested,
and different observers will get similar results.
Nature of Science
Observations and Opinions
Effects of Changes in Procedures
5
14
Earth’s Waters
Water Vapor
Water Collection
Flow of Water
Concentration
The Value of Fresh Water
Density
Currents
Waves
Air Bladders
Ocean Pollution
49
56
64
90
100
115
124
129
161
170
Earth’s Surface
Mapping
Topographic Maps
Mechanical Weathering
Soil Composition
Divides
Glaciers
Energy Use
Nuclear Energy
203
212
231
238
266
281
308
313
Static Electricity
Static Discharge
Current
Circuits
Codes
Magnetism
Magnetism from Electric Current
Energy Conversion
341
350
360
375
389
411
420
427
Life Over Time
Rocks
Time Scales
Fossils
Evidence
Population Density
Population Change
457
473
489
508
536
544
Human Biology
Levers
Muscles
Breathing
Digestion
Waste Removal
The Circulatory System
Membranes
The Skin
576
584
599
607
614
631
640
649
Space Science
Distance
Distortion of Light
Viewing Space Objects
Time Zones
The Moon’s Motion
Planet Formation
Surfaces
Solar Atmosphere
Characteristics of Stars
The Milky Way
Large Numbers
673
679
686
707
716
743
749
779
786
794
799
Water moves in a worldwide cycle.
Water continually moves and changes form. Water from clouds falls
over the oceans and on land. Water flows in rivers and collects in lakes
and under the ground. Water can be a solid in the form of ice, or it
can be an invisible vapor in the atmosphere.
MAIN IDEA AND DETAILS
Investigate
Record in your notes this
main idea and important
details about the water
cycle.
The Water Cycle
Water’s movement on Earth is a cycle, or continually repeating process.
The water cycle is the continuous movement of water through the
environment of Earth. In the water cycle, water is constantly changing
form, from a liquid on land, to a vapor in the atmosphere, and again
to a liquid that falls to the surface. The flow of water on land and
underground is also part of the water cycle. As water moves in the
water cycle, the total amount of water in Earth’s system does not
change very much. The water cycle involves three major processes:
evaporation, condensation, and precipitation.
Skill Labs
The Water Cycle
Each Investigate activity gives you a chance to practice a specific
science skill related to the content that you’re studying.
SKILL FOCUS
How does water cycle through an
environment?
PROCEDURE
Modeling
MATERIALS
I-Ahead
1 Construct an environment in a jar with a lid. You can use plants, soil,
water, and containers.
2 Find the mass of your closed jar after you construct it.
3 Draw a detailed, colored picture of your jar.
4 Let your jar sit for several days.
template
Use the guided
m
at www.publisher.co
5 Find the mass of your jar again, and draw another picture of it.
WHAT DO YOU THINK?
• How did the jar’s appearance change over several days?
• How did its mass change?
• What can you conclude about how water cycles
through an environment?
• jar with lid
• soil
• rocks or pebbles
• sand
• smaller
containers
• water
• small plants
• triple-beam
balance
TIME
30 minutes
(for construction;
20 minutes for
analysis)
CHALLENGE How could you
change your environment so
that the jar’s appearance
would change
at a faster rate?
52 Unit 1: Earth’s Waters
Nature of Science
Solving Problems
Ethics
Earth’s Waters
The Water Cycle
Icebergs
Aquifer Filtration
Water Usage
Water Conservation
Density
Currents
Tides
Coastal Environments
Floating
Earth’s Surface
Geosphere’s Layers
Map Projections
Satellite Imaging
Chemical Weathering
Soil Conservation
Erosion
Longshore Drift
Kettle Lake Formation
Fossil Fuels
Conservation
Design Your Own
Judging
Design Your Own
Calculating
Making Models
Analyzing Data
Measuring
Predicting
Observing
Making Models
Design Your Own
Design Your Own
Modeling
Modeling
Modeling
Identifying Variables
Making Models
Design Your Own
Observing
Design Your Own
Modeling
Design Your Own
Making a Static Detector Inferring
Conductors and Insulators Interpreting Data
Electric Cells
Inferring
Fuses
Making Models
Circuits
Inferring
9
28
52
61
67
83
103
118
127
138
156
165
201
208
220
234
251
262
276
285
305
310
346
354
363
380
386
Digital Information
Earth’s Magnetic Field
Electromagnets
Electric Current
Power
Life Over Time
Learning from Tree Rings
Relative and Absolute Age
Fossil Records
Genes
Limiting Factors
Population
Human Biology
Systems
Movable Joints
Lungs
Chemical Digestion
Antibodies
Skin Protection
Space Science
Constellation Positions
Launch Planning
Weathering
Rotation
Moon Features
Phases of the Moon
Distances
Layers
Giant Planets
Parallax
Galaxy Shapes
Galaxies
Making Models
Inferring
Observing
Inferring
Making Models
Observing
Making Models
Analyzing
Sequencing
Design Your Own
Graphing data
Predicting
Observing
Making models
Making models
Making models
Observing
Analyzing
Identifying Variables
Predicting
Making Models
Inferring
Making Models
Using Models
Using Models
Observing
Measuring
Classifying
Measuring
391
417
422
430
437
462
468
491
513
540
548
572
581
601
609
645
651
677
689
697
708
719
726
746
752
761
787
795
802

Florida Science

Transcription

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