Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection Vol. 9, No. 1, 2014
Transcription
Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection Vol. 9, No. 1, 2014
Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection Vol. 9, No. 1, 2014 Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection Vol. 9, No. 1, 2014 Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection http://www.iresa.tn/tjpp Volume 9, Number 2, December 2014 Contents VIROLOGY 100. Sanitary selection of virus-tested fig (Ficus carica) cultivars in Tunisia. M. Elair, N. Mahfoudhi, C. Bayoudh, I. Selmi, M. Mars, and M.H. Dhouibi. (Tunisia) 111. Prevalence of viruses infecting autochthonous grapevines in Tunisia. N. Mahfoudhi, M. Harbi-Ben Slimane, M. Elair, I. Selmi, and H. Ben Hamda. (Tunisia) MYCOLOGY 119. Identification of Alternaria species recovered from stored durum wheat kernels in Tunisia. L. Gargouri-Kammoun, F. Bensassi, M. Mnari-Hattab, A. Rhouma, H. Bacha, and M.R. Hajlaoui. (Tunisia) ENTOMOLOGY 131. Observations on the biology and the ecology of Oryctes agamemnon arabicus, a pest of date palm tree in Southwest Tunisia. R. Soltani. (Tunisia) 143. Influences of cold storage period and rearing temperature on the biological traits of Trichogramma oleae. N. Gharbi (Tunisia) 155. Resistance to methyl bromide of wild population strains of the Indian meal moth Plodia interpunctella from different southern Tunisian localities. E. Ayet Limam and J. Mediouni-Ben Jemâa. (Tunisia) 163. The gum tree thrips, Thrips australis: Description, geographical distribution and host plants in Tunisia. M. Elimem and B. Chermiti. (Tunisia) 171. Distribution and hosts of Monochamus galloprovincialis in Tunisia. M. Mejri, P. Naves, E. Sousa, and M.L. Ben Jamâa. (Tunisia/Portugal) Photo of the cover page: Monochamus galloprovincialis (Courtesy Manel Mejri) Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection Vol. 9, No. 1, 2014 Acknowledgement of Reviewers Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection gratefully appreciates the volunteer help of reviewers which evaluate, with care and competence, papers proposed for publication in the 9th Volume, 2014. They are listed below in recognition of their contribution. Abdellaoui, Khemais, ISAChM, Tunisia Allagui, Mohamed Béchir, INRAT, Tunisia Benazoun, Abdessalam, IAVHassenII-CHA, Morocco Ben Halima-Kamel, Monia, ISAChM, Tunisia Ben Hammouda, Moncef, ESAK, Tunisia Ben Jamâa, Mohamed Lahbib, INRGERF, Tunisia Ben Khedher, Mohamed, ISAChM, Tunisia Benzarti, Saoussen, ESAMo, Tunisia Besri, Mohamed, IAVHassenII, Morocco Braham, Mohamed, CRRHABChM, Tunisia Bouaziz, Mohamed, ISBS, Tunisia Boukhris-Bouhachem, Sonia, INRAT, Tunisia Chaabane-Boujnah, Hanène, INAT, Tunisia Chaieb, Ikbal, CRRHABChM, Tunisia Chakali, Gahdhab, INA, Algeria Chermiti, Brahim, ISAChM, Tunisia Digiaro, Michele, IAMB, Italy Dridi-El Mohandes, Boutheina, ISAChM, Tunisia Elbeaino, Toufic, IAMB, Italy Gargouri, Samia, INRAT, Tunisia Ghannem-Boughanmi, Naziha, FSB, Tunisia Hamada, Walid, ESAK, Tunisia Hannachi, Chérif, ISAChM, Tunisia Haouala, Rabiaa, ISAChM, Tunisia Haouas, Dalila, ESAK, Tunisia Hibar, Khaled, CRRASB, Tunisia Laarif, Asma, CRRHABChM, Tunisia Marouani, Ahmed, ESAK, Tunisia Mediouni-Ben Jamâa, Jouda, INRAT, Tunisia Mekki, Mounir, ISAChM, Tunisia Nahdi, Sabrine, ESAK, Tunisia Namsi, Ahmed, CRRAO, Tunisia Nasraoui, Bouzid, INAT, Tunisia Ozder, Nihal, NKU, Turkey Russo, Agatino, UC, Italy Souissi, Rachid, EPO, Netherlands Triki, Mohamed Ali, IO, Tunisia Zouba, Ali, ISAChM, Tunisia Special thanks go to Dr. Ibrahim S. Alsaadawi, (Baghdad University, Baghdad, Iraq) and Dr. Abdessalam Benazoun (IAVHassenII-CHAgadir, Morocco) for writing for Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection the Guest Editorial in Issues No. 1 and No. 2 of Vol. 9 (2014), respectively. Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection Vol. 9, No. 1, 2014 Guest Editorial Scolytids in Morocco Scolytids are considered to be the most economically important insect pests in fruit, olive and forest trees. In Morocco, during the years of drought, several species caused important loss and damage due to their rapid multiplication. For example Ips sexdentatus destroyed with Dendroctonus micans more than 2.000.000 m3 of wood in forest planting of Picea orientalis in the north of Turkey. Phloeotribus scarabeoides was responsible for uprooting more than 140.000 trees in the south of Morocco (region of Taroudant) in 1985. The majority of them develop on the twigs, branches and truck of weakened trees, but some of them may, nevertheless, attack vigorous trees, especially when environmental conditions are favorable. What is even worrying, the bark beetles are pests which no one care about, because they are deemed secondary, but at the time of their demographic population explosion, they create surprises. The proverb says : the bark beetle is the undertaker which come to give the first bite to the corpse and to dust it. When it happens, there is nothing to do, the tree is lost or at least it is very damaged. More than 300 000 species of scolytids are well known in the fruit orchards or forests through the world. During the surveys carried out in Morocco since 1981, several species were inventoried: - The "Neiroun" (or Barrenillo in spanish), Phloetribus scarabeoides on weakened olive trees especially in the regions of Marrakech, Taroudant, Tiznit and in some northern regions; Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection - Hylesinus oleiperda on vigorous olive trees in the regions of Saiss, Haouz,...; - The shot hole borer, Anisandrus dispar encountred on apple trees in the Rich area (Midelt) and on peach trees in the regions of Fes and Meknes; Scolytus (Ruguloscolytus) mediterraneus on apple, pear and peach trees in the Saiss area; - Estonoborus perrissi on pistachio trees in Ain Taoujtate (40 km south of Fes); - Scolytus (Ruguloscolytus) amygdali on almond, peach, apricot, nectarine and plum trees in the regions of Tafraout, Taroudant, Amizmiz, Imin-Tanout, Marrakech, Beni Mellal, Warzazate, Errachidia and others…; - Hypoborus ficus on fig trees in several regions of Morocco as Chefchaouen, Ouezzane, Taroudant, Tiznit, Errachidia,…; - Orthotomicus erosus and Tomicus (Blastophagus) piniperda on pine trees (Alep pine, maritime pine and stone pine) in the north of Morocco; Cryphalus piceae numidicus, Phloeosinus cedri, and Scolytus numidicus on cedar in the Middle Atlas. Regarding this deteriorating situation particularly for almond, peach, olive and pine, basic biological knowledge is necessary for establishing control methods. Thus, some study programs in collaboration with several involved services, were created (Center for Plant Protection, Agronomic Research Institute (INRA of Beni Mellal), Center of Agricultural Works in Tafraout, University of Caddi Ayad…). Those programs aimed to define the bioecology Vol. 9, No. 1, 2014 of the species involved in order to organize their control. Prospections undertaken since 1980, allowed observing some species of Scolytids: - Three species : Tomicus piniperda, Ips acuminatus, and Ips sexdentatus, on Scots pine in the forest of Orleans in France (in collaboration with the forest Research Institute of Orléans - Olivet); - Tomicus piniperda on pine in the forest of Mamora in Morocco (in collaboration with the forest Research Station of Rabat); - Scolytus (Ruguloscolytus) amygdali was studied mainly on almond trees in the Tafraout region (in the south of Agadir from 1981 to 1988) and partially in the Beni mellal region (in the north of the country from 1983 to 1985) to assess the effect of the climate on the biology and population dynamic of this insect. Other observations were performed on almond and peach trees in Taroudant from 2003 to 2011 to test the effect of aggregation pheromone as a preventive technique to reduce the level of adult populations; - Phloetribus scarabeoides on olive trees in Had Igli near the Taroudant region (1985 1997). The bioecological study of those Scolytids was the first work done in North Africa for R. amygdali and in Morocco for P. scarabeoides. It was a part of a national research program on the control of the decline of fruit and olive trees in the south of Morocco. The biological cycle of these bark beetles was studied by two main methods: by analyzing the demographic composition of the populations and by following the imaginal activity (emergence) through permanent trapping. Results show in Tafraout area that R. amygdali develops in 3 generations Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection with a summer overlapping depending of years and situations: - Flight 1 issue from winter generation (mid February to mid April - early May), - Flight 2 issue from spring generation (mid/late May - mid/late July), - Flight 3 issue from summer generation (mid/late July - early/mid November), - Somme years, a 4th flight at late autumn, but its effect on the population dynamics is low. In Taroudant regions, P. scarabeoides develops in 4 overlapping generations per year: - Flight 1 issue from winter generation (February - May), - Flight 2 issue from spring generation (April - June/July) - Flight 3 issue from summer generation (June - September/October) - Flight 4 at issue from autumnal generation (November - December). Currently, the control of those bark beetles in the south of Morocco is possible via the following actions. 1 - Prophylactic measures: - Maintenance of good general health, as far as certain concerned diseases and insects (mites, aphids, tingids, Plystigma, Monilia,…), - Immediate removal and incineration (or at least good “heating”) of all damaged wood, before emergence, thus before the late February against the winter generation, - To prescribe anarchic lumbering of almond or olive trees and not leave cut wood outside, whether damaged or not, to avoid the constitution of a source of bark beetle, - To remove the attacked and dying trees, - To practice the thinning at the right time, - To fight against fire, Vol. 9, No. 1, 2014 - To increase the tree resistance by genetic selection and other methods. 2 - Control by natural trapping: The idea is to make deficient a series of trees chosen by an adequate sampling method, to be used as traps of adults to limit their proliferation and extension. At first sight, the method looks simple, but in reality to make it effective it is necessary to consider the following conditions: - The preparation of the traps must be staggered according to the number of generations of each species, - The installation of trap trees must take into account the bio-ecology of the species of beetle, especially the periods of its emergence, - The use of lopped trees is desirable in the case of felled trap trees, - The number of traps must be defined according to the fruit and forest species, the area it occupies, its density, species of scolytids and its population dynamics, - The periodic and continuous monitoring of traps is required, otherwise the situation can turn into a dangerous outbreak of bark beetles extension. 3 - The chemical control: Current control measures are based on the application of non-selective insecticides with uncertain results. In this part, we present an attempt of chemical control against adults of the winter generation on traps, on branches and on plantations in the south of Morocco. The product used was “Deltamethrin” at three concentrations (0.75, 1.25 and 1.75 g/hl). Treatments applied shortly before the beginning of the first flight of adults (February - late Mars), can give the trees a good protection for at least 40 days. Experiments of general treatments should be tried on a large scale before the beginning of each flight. 4 - Traps and aggregation pheromones for monitoring: The attractiveness of the almond bark beetle Scolytus amygdali, to the synthetic blend of the major aggregation pheromone components, 4methyl 3-heptanol and 4-methyl-3hexanol, at a ratio of 2:1 was tested in almond orchards in the Tafraout region, west of Agadir, south Morocco. The effect of trap design, the longevity of pheromone dispenser, and the range of the pheromone effectiveness were studied. Ethyl alcohol was added in all case as a pheromone synergistic plant volatile. LCR and ECO type traps baited with 5.6 ml of the ethyl alcohol and 0.4 ml of the pheromone blend dispensed from 20 ml flacons with a ceramic filter attracted sufficient number of S. amygdali adults, 53% of the total 6.283 beetles captured was females. Catches in LCR traps were slightly higher than those in ECO traps. Trap catches decline with time and pheromone dispensers should be replaced every 2 months. Trap placed near infested almond trees attracted significantly more adults than traps placed in healthy trees. Pheromone traps placed 100 apart, attracted beetles, however the high proportion of the trapped beetles occurred in traps placed 30 to 50 meters from the released point. Our results suggested that traps baited with the binary blend of the major pheromone components provide a cost-effective monitoring tool in timing the control measures. Further studies are in progress for the development of a mass-trapping system for this pest. Prof. Abdeslam Benazoun, IAVHassen II, CHAgadir, Morocco Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection Vol. 9, No. 1, 2014 Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection Vol. 9, No. 1, 2014 Plant Protection News Announcement of The First National Symposium on Integrated Pest Management (SYNPIP) Sousse, Tunisia, April 20 - 21, 2015 General information. The First National Symposium on Integrated Pest Management will be held on April 20-21, 2015 at the Hotel Marhaba Palace in ElKantaoui Port, Sousse (Tunisia). The Symposium will be organized by the Regional Research Center on Horticulture and Organic Agriculture (Centre Régional des Recherches en Horticulture et Agriculture Biologique) and the Tunisian Society for Sustainable Agriculture (Association Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection Tunisienne pour une Agriculture Durable, ATAD). Integrated Pest Management, or IPM, is a long-standing science-based decision-making process that identifies and reduces risks from pests. It reduces the dependence on pesticides and contributes to a reduction of risks to the human health and the environment. In Tunisia, the implementation of IPM concept is low in spite of large amount of research results. Vol. 9, No. 2, 2014 Objective of the Symposium. The overall objective of the symposium is to give the opportunities to researchers, students, technicians and professionals to share recent findings and new developments on integrated pest management. The symposium welcomes all who are involved in plant protection issues. All disciplines related to IPM including entomology, acarology, phytopathology, nematology, weed science, etc… are encouraged to participate. The symposium will include sessions for invited speakers, oral communications and posters. Abstract submission. Abstract not exceeding one page will be send to the Email Address of the Symposium: <[email protected]>. Language of the Symposium. The language of the Symposium will be French. Registration. All registration will be made via the Association Tunisienne pour une Agriculture Durable, Visa: 2013S00855APSF1 - Matricule Fiscale : 000NN1303188/V RIB: 10 609 089.106769.3 788 06 - STB Bank, Agence Sousse République (089) Accommodation and participation fees. Two options are offered: 1 - All inclusive, two nights: Sunday 19 and Monday 20, April 2015: 280 Tunisian Dinars, or 2 - Passenger fare per day: 100 Tunisian Dinars. Organizing committee. Dr. Messaoud Mars (CRRHAB ChottMariem) Dr. Mohamed Braham (CRRHAB ChottMariem) Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection Dr. Mejda Daami-Remadi (CRRHAB Chott-Mariem / ATAD) Dr. Asma Laarif (CRRHAB ChottMariem) Dr. Ikbal Chaieb (CRRHAB ChottMariem / ATAD) Dr. Hayfa Jabnoun-Khiareddine (CRRHAB Chott-Mariem) Dr. Raoudha Khanfir-Ben Jenana (ISA Chott-Mariem / ATAD) Dr. Rabiaa Haouala (ISA Chott-Mariem / ATAD) Mr. Chokri Bayoudh (CRRHAB ChottMariem) Mr. Fakher Ayed (CTAB Chott-Mariem) Scientific committee. Dr. Mejda Daami-Remadi (CRRHAB Chott-Mariem) Dr. Mohamed Braham (CRRHAB ChottMariem) Dr. Ikbal Chaieb (CRRHAB ChottMariem) Pr. Brahim Chermiti (ISA Chott-Mariem) Pr. Najet Horrigue-Raouani (ISA ChottMariem) Pr. Mounir Mekki (ISA Chott-Mariem) Dr. Monia Kamel-Ben Halima (ISA Chott-Mariem) Dr. Naima Boughalleb-M’hamdi (ISA Chott-Mariem) Dr. Mohieddine Ksantini (IO) Dr. Ali Rhouma (IO / IRESA) Dr. Mohamed Habib Ben Jamaa (INGREF) Dr. Habiba Glida (ESAK) Dr. Mohamed Rabeh Hajlaoui (INRAT) Dr. Monia Mnari-Hattab (INRAT) Dr. Naima Mahfoudhi (INRAT) Pr. Bouzid Nasraoui (INAT) Dr. Sadreddine Kallel (INAT) Dr. Thouraya Souissi (INAT / IRESA) Deadline of abstract February 20, 2015. submission: Vol. 9, No. 2, 2014 Important note. Participants who wish to publish whole articles (mandatory in English language) are invited to submit their work for the special issue of Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection devoted to this Symposium. The Organizing Committee of SYNPIP-2015 ---------------------- Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection Vol. 9, No. 2, 2014 Quality Control of Old Pesticides Used Against Desert Locust During the Last Campaign 2004/05: Two Years Later? At the last invasion by the Desert Locust (Schistocerca gregaria) during the campaign 2003-2005, Tunisia had been affected by the invasion in 2004/05. About 280.000 ha of areas had been treated with pesticides in Tataouine (90.000 ha), Gabès (40.000 ha), Médenine (39.000 ha), Gafsa (34.000 ha), Kébili (28.000 ha), Tozeur (21.000 ha), Kasserine (11.500 ha), Sidi Bouzid (7.500 ha), Kairouan (4.250 ha), Sfax (115 ha), Kef (16 ha) and Siliana (14 ha). Malathion and Chlorpyriphos, both EC and ULV, were the main pesticides used in that campaign. After the accomplishment of the campaign, remaining pesticides had been registered and kept in storage depot pesticides of CRDAs until 2012. Quality Control of pesticides. Pesticides Stock Management System (PSMS). PSMS is an application that has been developed by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) to be used by countries to record and monitor their inventories of pesticides and their usage, in order to assist them in managing the most efficient usage. The application aims to help reducing the accumulation of obsolete pesticides and enable countries to plan strategies for responding more effectively to pest outbreaks. In February 2012, FAO/CLCPRO (Commission for Controlling the Desert Locust in the Western Region) sent an international expert in PSMS (Mr Amadou Diallo) in Tunisia to train professionals in the use of this system; 10 Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection Tunisians from the DGPCQPA, Ministry of Agriculture, had attended this training during one week and became able to use the system after the course. Inventory and Quality Control. In summer 2012, this expert returned in Tunisia to supervise the Tunisian technicians during one week to do the inventory and the quality control of the pesticides mentioned above and stocked in CRDAs. This mission contributed to: - Inventory of pesticides: 8875 L of Chlorpyriphos EC, 71200 L of Chlorpyriphos ULV, 800 L of Deltamethrin and 725 L of Fenithrotion. - Quality control of pesticides: two samples of each bunch number in the drum containing the pesticides had been sent to a specialized laboratory abroad, Walloon Agricultural Research Center in Gembloux, Belgium, to be analyzed. The results of those analyses were 39725 L of obsolete pesticides and 41875 L of effective pesticides until November 2013. - Update of the PSMS by the new data collected in this mission. During the period between November 2012 and November 2013, many quantities of effective pesticides had been used to control other pests in one hand and to avoid the accumulation of a new stock of obsolete pesticides in the other. After November 2013, the stock of obsolete pesticides becomes: 71200 L of Chlorpyriphos ULV, 4725 L of Chlorpyriphos EC and 725 L of Fenithrotion. Vol. 9, No. 2, 2014 Taking samples from the drums Assignment of a new bar code Cleaning samples Package Sample for shipping As an indication, FAO has a strategy to avoid accumulation of obsolete pesticides called « Triangulation » which is the use of pesticides immediately available in some countries, and whose effectiveness is regularly verified, in another country infected by desert locust. This process allow reducing of the overall production of chemical pesticides and thus reduces the risk environmental issues related to prolonged pesticides (leaks, etc.) storage and disposal possible for non-use before the expiration date. In this case, FAO supports the costs of transport (by sea or air) of pesticides from one country to another. Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection Steps after two years. After two years of quality control and in order to collect and store the obsolete pesticides in a single depositary i.e the depositary of Bouzouita belonging to DGPCQPA, proficient services in DGPCQPA proceeded by changing the deteriorate drums by new ones, transferring the pesticides in them and crushing the older ones. Vol. 9, No. 2, 2014 With the financial and technical support CLCPRO, in which Tunisia is a member, DGPCQPA started: - Buying new empty metallic drums and wooden pallet, - Inventorying of deteriorated drums. The CLCPRO program sent the international expert in Tunisia in September-October 2014 to train regional plant protection technicians in: - The transfer of pesticides from deteriorated drums to new ones, - The flushing and the compaction of deteriorated drums using the pressdrums. After this training, each CRDA holder of those pesticides would apply the two steps mentioned above and move the full drums to the depositary of Bouzouita to be stocked and crush the empty deteriorated drums using the pressdrums. Normally, the next and the last step is to remove obsolete pesticides and crushed drums abroad to be destroyed, an action that would be financed by FAO, USAID/OFDA. Mouna Mhafdhi Tunisian focal point of PSMS DG/PCQPA ------------------ Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection Vol. 9, No. 2, 2014 Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection Vol. 9, No. 2, 2014 Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection Vol. 9, No. 2, 2014