See a review of day 1 (Core
Transcription
See a review of day 1 (Core
SUSTAINABLE AVIATION FUELS FORUM 20th – 22nd October 2014 in Madrid, Spain SUMMARY CORE-JetFuel Day October 20th 2014 1 Forum Background The Sustainable Aviation Fuels Forum in Madrid on 20th – 22nd October 2014 was jointly organised by the projects CORE-JetFuel, FORUM-AE and ITAKA. This Sustainable Aviation Fuels Forum focused on recent progress and important steps forward in the field of sustainable fuels for aviation. This event brought together stakeholders to share experiences and views, to exchange best practices, to evaluate emerging issues and to jointly elaborate recommendations towards the successful future development of sustainable aviation fuels. By emphasizing the cooperation between experts and relevant players in the field of sustainable alternative fuels for aviation, the workshop sets out to implement long-lasting, fruitful synergies and a vivid exchange of knowledge between the participants. This joint event consisted of three workshops, each organized by one of the three projects CORE-JetFuel, FORUM-AE and ITAKA (see Annex 3 for a brief description of the projects). Forum Organisation Committee [email protected] Rainer Janssen, Dominik Rutz WIP Renewable Energies [email protected] Olivier Penanhoat Snecma [email protected] Xavier Vancassel Onera [email protected] Inmaculada Gómez SENASA [email protected] Forum Summary Day 1, prepared by: R. Janssen, D. Rutz, J. Michel, Forum Presentations All presentations are available at the websites: http://www.core-jetfuel.eu/Shared%20Documents/presentations.html http://www.itaka-project.eu/Shared%20Documents/presentations3.html This event has received funding from the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme for research, technological development and demonstration under grant agreements No 605716 (CORE-JetFuel), No 605506 (FORUM-AE), and No 308807 (ITAKA). 2 FORUM SUMMARY Day 1 – 20 Oct. 2014: CORE-JetFuel Perspectives of alternative fuels for aviation – evaluation of existing and promising production pathways Opening Session After a brief welcome by María de la Rica Jiménez, Servicios y Estudios para la Navegación Aérea y la Seguridad Aeronáutica (SENASA), the CORE-JetFuel Day of the Sustainable Aviation Fuels Forum in Madrid was officially opened by Isabel Maestre Moreno, Director of the Spanish Air Safety Agency. It was indicated that the Spanish administrations had supported the development of alternative fuels, which had been demonstrated through their support to the Spanish Biokeroseno initiative. Mrs. Maestre Monero introduced the contents of the event and the fact that the Forum aimed to address the key aspects required for the implementation of sustainable biofuels for aviation. The objective to be addressed during the forum was to gather and discuss the latest information and trends within the aviation biofuels sector in order to design suitable strategies to achieve the binding objectives set by the European Union. The Spanish Ministry of Public Works and Development (through the Spanish Air Safety Agency, AESA), was pleased to participate in an event with such goals, since they coincide with those of the Bioqueroseno.es initiative. Finally she thanked the project coordinators and organizers of the event from the three participating projects. Johannes Michel, coordinator of the CORE-JetFuel project, Fachagentur Nachwachsende Rohstoffe e.V. (FNR), Germany presented an overview of activities and results of the CORE-JetFuel project. Mr. Michel first introduced to the auditorium the main objectives of the project as well as important background information. After presenting the assessment of research and innovation in the field of alternative fuels for aviation the CORE-JetFuel Consortium is conducting on project and technology level in the project’s four thematic domains, Mr. Michel highlighted the importance of the project’s Stakeholder Working groups for CORE-JetFuel and its outcomes. He especially emphasized the importance of the Sustainable Aviation Fuels Forum, which marked the first CORE-JetFuel stakeholder workshop and therefore an important milestone in the project’s progress. Lastly, Mr. Michel wished all participants a successful workshop with fruitful discussions, interesting presentations and a vivid exchange of ideas and knowledge, which will influence the focal areas of CORE-JetFuel and the work conducted therein. This event has received funding from the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme for research, technological development and demonstration under grant agreements No 605716 (CORE-JetFuel), No 605506 (FORUM-AE), and No 308807 (ITAKA). 3 Session 1 – Policies on Alternative Fuels for Aviation Panel Discussion on “Global Harmonization of Sustainability and Policy Frameworks” This panel discussion aimed to provide an overview on global actions to promote sustainable alternative fuels for aviation and to discuss existing related policy options, incentives and regulation. Focus was placed on steps taken for global harmonization and future needs on this regard. Moderation: César Velarde, ICAO Technical Cooperation Bureau, DGCA Indonesia Panellists: Philippe Novelli, Environmental Branch – International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) Ruta Baltause, Policy Officer, European Commission - DG ENER, Unit C1 – Renewables and CCS Policy Olivier Dubois, Senior Natural Resources Officer & Leader Energy Team. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations Uwe Fritsche, International Institute for Sustainability Analysis and Strategy (IINAS), Germany Jim Hileman, Chief Scientist and Technical Advisor for Environment and Energy. Federal Aviation Administration – United States of America Alexandre Filizola, Regulation Specialist, Brazilian Civil Aviation National Agency (ANAC) Sayuta Senobua, Directorate General Of Civil Aviation (DGCA) – Indonesia From the US perspective Jim Hileman, Federal Aviation Administration, underlined the importance of alternative aviation fuels to contribute to GHG emission reduction targets and to improve overall sustainability of the aviation sector, as well as to enhance energy security and rural economic development. Focus is placed on the production of drop-in fuels and operational safety through the establishment of public-private partnerships and knowledge centres. Currently, the high costs of alternative aviation fuels are the main limiting factor towards large-scale deployment. Further research efforts are thus urgently needed to identify main cost drivers and to find ways to reduce costs of alternative aviation This event has received funding from the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme for research, technological development and demonstration under grant agreements No 605716 (CORE-JetFuel), No 605506 (FORUM-AE), and No 308807 (ITAKA). 4 fuels below 4 USD per gallon1. Prices will go down as more facilities producing alternative aviation fuels come online due to economies of scale. In the US, the Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS) program, created under the Energy Policy Act (EPAct) of 2005, established a renewable fuel volume mandate including separate volume requirements for advanced biofuels. Incentives for renewable fuels under the RSF are established through the Renewable Identification Number (RIN) system. Today, an alternative aviation fuel production facility for HEFA (Hydro-processed Esters and Fatty Acids) is in operation in Louisiana and further facilities are under construction using Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) and forest residues as feedstock. Bio-jet fuels from these facilities will cost less than 3.50 US$/gallon and will provide 50 – 80% GHG emission reduction compared to fossil jet fuels. Alexandre Filizola, Brazilian Civil Aviation National Agency, reported that the Brazilian ethanol programme was launched as early as 1975 in response to the first oil crisis in order to ensure supply security of transport fuels. The role of the Government within the programme was to ensure demand through guaranteed off-take of the produced ethanol assuring investment security for producers as well as fuel availability for end consumers. In addition, in 2005 the Brazilian National Biodiesel Program (PNPB) was launched mandating B2 (2% biodiesel blended in diesel oil) from 2008. Currently, B7 blending is used in the Brazilian road transport sector. Until today, Brazil does not have a specific policy for alternative aviation fuels, however initiatives exist on state level. As member of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), Brazil supports its goal of carbon-neutral growth from 2020 as well as the development of harmonised standards for monitoring, reporting and verifying emissions from aviation. Olivier Dubois, FAO, emphasised the importance of bioenergy policies to embrace complexities of bioenergy value chains and avoid simplifications. Policy development needs to be based on existing good practices (e.g. multi cropping and crop rotation systems) and duly take into account the wealth of different site specific framework conditions which are not appropriately covered by modelling exercises (such as modelling of indirect land use changes). With respect to (mandatory) targets for alternative fuels, Mr Dubois promoted the implementation of moderate targets which may later be increased in case of over-fulfilment. Sustainability certification shall not exclusively rely on compliance with a set of criteria, but also acknowledge performance evolution and progress achieved towards the long-term sustainability goal. The EU biofuel policy development towards 2020 and beyond was presented by Ruta Baltause, European Commission - DG ENER. Reflecting the Council’s position in June 2014, the revision of the biofuel legislation (“ILUC proposal”) is expected to place a 7% cap on food-crop based biofuels, to introduce a non-legally binding sub-target of 0.5% advanced biofuels, and to include multiple counting schemes for cellulosic materials and electricity use in transport. Further initiatives promoting advanced alternative fuels on EU 1 Fossil Jet Fuel: 2,09 US$/gal. (Index Mundi, Dec. 2014: http://www.indexmundi.com/commodities/?commodity=jet-fuel) This event has received funding from the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme for research, technological development and demonstration under grant agreements No 605716 (CORE-JetFuel), No 605506 (FORUM-AE), and No 308807 (ITAKA). 5 level include research and innovation funding under the programme Horizon 2020 and the industry led Biofuel Flightpath initiative. With respect to the 2030 energy and climate policy, transport is fully integrated in the 2030 GHG reduction (40%) and RES (27%) targets, however specific targets no longer exist for the transport sector. Food-based biofuels should not receive public support after 2020 and focus shall be placed on improving the efficiency of the transport system and further development and deployment of electric vehicles and advanced biofuels. Ms Baltause acknowledged that incentives are needed for the promotion of advanced biofuels. However, the implementation of effective and appropriate incentives is a difficult task and the proposed multiple counting schemes as well as the inclusion of aviation in the Emission Trading Scheme (ETS) may not be sufficient to trigger large-scale deployment. The International Civil Aviation Organization is a specialized agency of the United Nations engaged in the development of policies and standards for the aviation sector. Philippe Novelli, ICAO Environmental Branch, highlighted the importance of alternative fuels within ICAO’s goal to reduce the impact of aviation on climate. Alternative aviation fuels have become a globally-discussed topic starting with the 2009 ICAO Conference on Aviation and Alternative Fuels in Rio de Janeiro. In 2012, the SUSTAF (Sustainable Alternative Fuels) Expert Group was created to develop recommendations relating to on-going challenges in the development and deployment of sustainable alternative fuels for aviation. Furthermore, in 2013 the Alternative Fuels Task Force (AFTF) was formed within the ICAO Committee on Aviation Environmental Protection (CAEP) with the main objective to evaluate the range of potential GHG emission reductions from the use of alternative fuels in aviation to 2050 and to develop guidelines for the global harmonization of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodologies. Finally, ICAO is engaged in the establishment of a database documenting the status quo and future perspectives of production pathways for alternative aviation fuels for which cooperation between ICAO and the CORE-JetFuel project is considered beneficial. Uwe Fritsche, IINAS, emphasized the competition for biomass raw material among a variety of different sectors (material use, heating and cooling, electricity, traditional use of wood fuels in developing countries). Large scale deployment of alternative biomass-based fuels for aviation is only possible if the demand for biomass is reduced in other sectors. Robust policy guidance and coherence among policies in different sectors is therefore needed to prioritise biomass use. Furthermore, sustainability does not only address greenhouse gas emissions. Globally harmonised key principles for sustainability, including social and biodiversity aspects, need to be agreed upon leading to the identification of a sustainable potential of biomass feedstock. Such sustainability safeguards need to be established to help avoid unsustainable practices for the production of biomass. Sayuta Senobua, Directorate General Of Civil Aviation (DGCA), presented the aviation biofuel programme in Indonesia. In 2012, a national action plan for aviation biofuel and renewable energy implementation was launched with the objective to develop policies and regulations, to create human resources and to introduce a 2% use of biofuels in the aviation sector in 2016. The Indonesia Aviation Biofuel & Renewable Energy Task Force (ABRETF) was established in 2014 and up-coming initiatives include a flight from Seattle to This event has received funding from the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme for research, technological development and demonstration under grant agreements No 605716 (CORE-JetFuel), No 605506 (FORUM-AE), and No 308807 (ITAKA). 6 Jakarta with a 5-10% biofuels blend in May 2015 as well as the organization of the 2 nd Indonesia Green Aviation Conference (IGAC) in July 2015. Biofuels for the non-binding 2% blending target shall be produced from palm and coconut feedstock based on voluntary agreement with stakeholders. Currently, the construction of a bio-refinery in Indonesia is not foreseen. César Velarde, ICAO Technical Cooperation Bureau, DGCA Indonesia, launched the plenary discussion with the statement that although sustainable alternative fuels for aviation have already demonstrated their technical feasibility and many global airlines have flown using alternative fuels, until today industrial-scale availability and economic competitiveness have not yet become a reality. Within the CORE-JetFuel Working Group on Policies and Incentives, the lack of specific and coherent policies incentivizing the scale-up of alternative aviation fuel production, has been identified as one of the main barriers hindering the large-scale market up-take of alternative aviation fuels. The following contributions from panellists and the forum audience are highlighted with respect to options for suitable policies and incentives for large-scale market up-take of alternative aviation fuels. Short-term market incentives need to be established to promote deployment of new technologies. Such incentives need to create business cases for the private sector and facilitate technological learning curves leading to significant cost reductions. However, market incentives need to be reduced and phased out over time in order not to lead to permanent market distortions. A good example is provided by the electricity feed-in tariff system, whereas often quota systems are not successfully promoting market deployment. Stable policy frameworks and a minimum guarantee of 5 years for incentives are crucial for ensuring investment security. In particular, support is needed for firstof-a-kind facilities to reduce investment risk. Such support may involve the establishment of public-private partnerships. Off-take agreements at minimum selling prices for a guaranteed period of time (5-10 years) are important to reduce private sector risks. This event has received funding from the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme for research, technological development and demonstration under grant agreements No 605716 (CORE-JetFuel), No 605506 (FORUM-AE), and No 308807 (ITAKA). 7 Policies need to promote good practices and acknowledge performance and progress achieved. The use of flexible feedstock crops for the production of food and fuels shall be promoted. Before establishing mandatory targets for biomass-based alternative fuels it is recommended to first assess the sustainable potential of biomass feedstock. Policies ensuring sustainability of biofuels shall focus on land use in order to address the challenges such as food security, deforestation and land grabbing. Feedstock not involving land use shall be promoted. Due to the international nature of the aviation sector harmonization is urgently needed with respect to the accounting of benefits of alternative fuels towards GHG emission reduction targets. Existing incentives in the road transport sector need to be expanded towards the aviation sector. Advanced biofuel technologies may first be developed to serve the road transport sector due to its larger fuel volumes. Advanced biofuel pathways facilitating reduction of GHG emissions as well as overall sustainability at affordable costs still need to be demonstrated. Use of degraded land (abundant in South-East European regions) for the production of biofuels faces the barriers of lack of clear definitions of degraded, marginal, and abandoned land as well as lack of economic viability as investors will favour agricultural land for feedstock production.. This event has received funding from the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme for research, technological development and demonstration under grant agreements No 605716 (CORE-JetFuel), No 605506 (FORUM-AE), and No 308807 (ITAKA). 8 Session 1 – Policies on Alternative Fuels for Aviation Panel Discussion on “The European Policy Framework” This panel discussion aimed to provide an overview on the current and future European policy framework for alternative aviation fuels as well as existing national initiatives on Member State level (aireg, ISAFF, NISA, Bioqueroseno). Moderation: Rainer Janssen, WIP Renewable Energies, Germany Panellists: Paul Verhoef, Head of Unit - New and Renewable Energy Sources, European Commission - DG RTD Alexander Zschocke, Lufthansa AG - Aviation Initiative for Renewable Energy in Germany (aireg) David Chiaramonti, President of the RE-CORD Consortium – Italian Sustainable Aviation Fuel Forum (ISAFF) Martin Porsgaard, Nordic Initiative for Sustainable Aviation (NISA) Inmaculada Gomez, SENASA – Bioqueroseno, Spain The panel discussion was launched by Rainer Janssen, WIP Renewable Energies, with an invitation to panellists to briefly present their national initiatives on alternative aviation fuels. Alexander Zschocke, Lufthansa AG, presented the German national initiative aireg (Aviation Initiative for Renewable Energy in Germany). aireg was founded in 2011 as first such initiative in Europe, second only to the Commercial Aviation Alternative Fuels Initiative (CAAFI) in the US. On operational level aireg members from air carriers, airports, research facilities as well as the aviation industry are organized in working groups on provision of feedstock, technologies for fuel production, fuel utilization, quality and certification, and sustainability. The aim of the aireg initiative is to support the development and introduction of regenerative fuels for aviation in Germany (with an indicative target of 10% alternative aviation fuels by 2025) as well as provide information about the demand, origin, availability and use of these regenerative fuels. This event has received funding from the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme for research, technological development and demonstration under grant agreements No 605716 (CORE-JetFuel), No 605506 (FORUM-AE), and No 308807 (ITAKA). 9 The Italian Sustainable Aviation Fuel Forum (ISAFF) was represented by David Chiaramonti, RE-CORD Consortium. ISAFF was established in June 2013 through cooperation between ENAC, the Italian Civil Aviation Authority and WEC Italy, the Italian Committee of the World Energy Council. The forum includes Italian and international members from airlines, industry and governmental institutions as well as public and private research organizations. ISAFF acts as a platform for collecting, exchanging and discussing relevant information related to energy and sustainability in aviation and as a focal point for projects and initiatives in the area of alternative aviation fuels. The first annual ISAFF workshop is organised in Rome in November 2014. The Nordic Initiative for Sustainable Aviation (NISA) presented by Martin Porsgaard, NISA, was launched in 2013 by Nordic airports, airlines and their industry federations, and aviation authorities. The initiative is supported by aircraft manufacturers Airbus and Boeing as well as IATA (International Air Transport Association). The goal of NISA is to form a Nordic cluster network which promotes the framework and conditions for access to new fuels and also contributes to innovation and new green jobs, attracting solid investments and contributing to the region’s position as a leader in global green growth. NISA will thus focus on bringing together stakeholders throughout the supply chain to find the best and most energy efficient solutions as well as at the same time put pressure on policy makers to ensure that aviation secures its share of sustainable fuels. Inmaculada Gomez, SENASA, presented the Spanish Initiative for the Production and Consumption of Bio-kerosene for Aviation (Bioqueroseno) as a national program, led by the Spanish government involving actors from the full value chain in a public-private partnership. Bioqueroseno was initiated in 2011 following a feasibility study indicating large potential for alternative aviation fuel production and use in Spain. The objective of Bioqueroseno is to promote the development of a sustainable biokerosene industry in Spain through the implementation of the entire value chain, using second generation sustainable crops as feedstock, giving priority to raw materials that minimize environmental impact, land use changes and the competition with food production markets. Furthermore, the initiative aims at contributing to the production targets of the EU Flightpath (i.e. 2 million tonnes by 2020). Paul Verhoef, European Commission - DG RTD, highlighted that the European Flightpath (launched in 2011) has been a political initiative under Energy Commissioner Oettinger with the objective of bringing together high (CEO) level representative from industry stakeholders in order to move forward the deployment of alternative aviation fuels. Thereby, the main interest of airlines is the reduction of alternative fuel cost whereas fuel producers aim at securing markets (e.g. off-take agreements) for their products. However, after three years only limited progress has been achieved mainly due to regulatory uncertainties, the ILUC debate, and hesitance from the financing sector. With the upcoming 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP 21) in Paris, the recent report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the EU 2030 Climate and Energy Package as well as the establishment of the new Commission, it This event has received funding from the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme for research, technological development and demonstration under grant agreements No 605716 (CORE-JetFuel), No 605506 (FORUM-AE), and No 308807 (ITAKA). 10 remains to be seen how alternative aviation fuels will be integrated in broader energy and climate policies on European and global level. Nevertheless, truly high (CEO) level initiatives involving industry stakeholders engaged in alternative aviation fuels production and use will be needed for de-risking value chains leading to large scale deployment of alternative aviation fuels. Specifically, farmers will need to be motivated to grow or provide feedstock at cost levels facilitating the production of reasonably competitive alternative fuels. Rainer Janssen, WIP Renewable Energies, launched the plenary discussion with the statement that the objectives of the European Advanced Biofuels Flight Path initiative, namely to achieve an annual production of two million tonnes of sustainably produced biofuel for aviation by 2020, seem to be very difficult to realize. The following contributions from panellists and the forum audience are highlighted addressing initiatives and specific measures to be implemented in order to move towards large scale deployment of alternative aviation fuels in Europe. Until today, there is a lack of specific and coherent policies incentivising the scale-up of alternative aviation fuel production. The aviation sector has not been strongly involved in the establishment of the Renewable Energy Directive (RED) and its alternative fuel target. Aviation fuels have not been specifically addressed in the RED, however they may be counted towards the fulfilment of targets reported by Member States. Based on the de-carbonisation goals of the aviation sector, the EU Flightpath initiative and existing national initiatives on alternative aviation fuels, policy options need to be discussed among representatives from the private and public (EU and Member State level) sector, including cost-benefit analysis of different policy options. The level of engagement by the private aviation sector in the field of alternative fuels (as means to achieve de-carbonisation targets) needs to be known and demonstrated in order to guide the development of public policies. The establishment of a high (CEO) level initiative led by industry stakeholders on the integration of alternative aviation fuels in the aviation sector is needed. Thereby, it may be necessary to discuss a revision of the target set by the EU Flightpath in the light of current energy and climate policies. Due to the relatively small fuel volumes used in the aviation sector it is recommended to also promote advanced technologies for second and third This event has received funding from the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme for research, technological development and demonstration under grant agreements No 605716 (CORE-JetFuel), No 605506 (FORUM-AE), and No 308807 (ITAKA). 11 generation biofuels in the road transport sector. Overall production volumes need to be increased in order to achieve significant cost reductions. Synergies exist for the development of alternative fuels for the road and aviation sector and the percentage of alternative fuels available for use in the aviation sector may then be a matter of political prioritization. The example of advanced biofuels in the road transport sector, with recent agreements to implement commercial facilities for the production of lignocellulosic ethanol, shows that targets can be achieved with a clear commitment of industry in place. Mandates for advanced biofuels are seen as effective measure to scale up production. On 10 October 2014 the Italian Government has issued a Decree including a 0.6-1% binding mandate for advanced biofuels (on energy basis; with double counting), for the first time in Europe creating a dedicated market for advanced biofuels. This Decree also provides a clear definition of “advanced biofuels”. Trustworthy data on the sustainable potential of biomass in Europe is urgently needed to discuss (conflicting) use options in different sectors. The EU Joint Research Centre (JRC) will perform a long-term study on biomass availability in 2015. Ensuring sustainability to the highest standards is crucial for the deployment of alternative fuels in the aviation sector. However, production of fuels shall be possible with food-based as well as non-food feedstock as sustainability depends on management practices of specific value chains rather than on feedstock choice in general. Increased RTD on business cases for full value chains of alternative aviation fuels is needed in order to achieve cost reduction through learning curves. Emphasis shall be placed on the communication with the general public and NGOs on available sustainable potentials for the production of (advanced) biofuels for transport in order to address the negative image of biomass based energy production. This event has received funding from the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme for research, technological development and demonstration under grant agreements No 605716 (CORE-JetFuel), No 605506 (FORUM-AE), and No 308807 (ITAKA). 12 Session 2 – Feedstock and Sustainability Speakers: Name Organization Donald Smith BioFuelNet / McGill University, Canada Rolf Hogan Roundtable on Sustainable Biomaterials (RSB) Panellists: Name Organization Olivier Dubois Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) Yuri Herreras Yambanis Camelina Company España Alexandre Gohin Institute Nationale de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), France Jenny Walther-Thoss World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) Germany Sergio Ugarte SQ Consult, Netherlands The presentations are available online on the following website: http://www.core-jetfuel.eu/Shared%20Documents/presentations.html Presentation 1: Donald Smith: Feedstock Availability and Sustainability in Canada Donald Smith, BioFuelNet Canada / McGill University opened the CORE-JetFuel stakeholder workshop of Working Group 1 with a presentation on feedstock availability and sustainability in Canada. In the first part of his talk, Mr. Smith introduced to the auditorium a variety of definitions. Starting with defining biomass in general and energy crops in particular, he moved on to elaborate on conventional and advanced biofuel feedstock, their according subcategories as well as desired feedstock properties for biofuel production, such as high photosynthetic rate for maximum CO2 uptake or high water use efficiency. After addressing different types of feedstock, their sustainability advantages and disadvantages along the production chain in more detail, Mr. Smith presented the Canadian biofuel potential and put it in an international context. In the last part of his talk Mr. Smith presented the Canadian Center of Excellence “BioFuelNet”, which brings together the Canadian biofuel research community missioned to support the growth of Canada’s advanced biofuels industry through coordinated research, innovation, effective education, smart policy and strategic partnerships. This event has received funding from the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme for research, technological development and demonstration under grant agreements No 605716 (CORE-JetFuel), No 605506 (FORUM-AE), and No 308807 (ITAKA). 13 Presentation 2: Rolf Hogan: Certification of Sustainable Aviation Fuel Rolf Hogan, Roundtable on Sustainable Biomaterials first presented the structure of the RSB, which is made up of over 120 organizations from 30 countries and is organized in seven chambers, covering all stakeholder groups crucial for sustainable biomaterials and their certification, respectively. After elaborating on RSB’s vision of global sustainable production, conversion and use of biomass, Mr. Hogan moved on to explain the organization’s certification system as well as the most prominent tools being applied in the certification process. In context of presenting the ISEAL (International Social and Environmental Accreditation and Labelling) Alliance, a non-governmental organization with the mission of strengthening sustainability standards for the benefit of people and the environment, Mr. Hogan outlined important social principles with respect to certification, for example food security, rural development or water rights. Subsequently, Mr. Hogan presented to the auditorium a selection of projects and initiatives partnering with the RSB that identify feedstock, infrastructure and technology needs at a local level to develop a sustainable aviation biofuels industry. The last part of Mr. Hogan’s presentation addressed certified aviation biofuel supply chains as well as examples of commercial flights deploying RSB certified alternative fuel blends, for example the ITAKA project and the recently certified renewable jet fuel farnesane (Amyris / Total), respectively. Panel Discussion on “Feedstock and Sustainability” Moderation: Dominik Rutz, WIP Renewable Energies, Germany In order to facilitate a targeted discussion with maximum thematic output for the COREJetFuel project, the participants of the panel discussion on feedstock and sustainability have been provided with guiding questions in advance to the Sustainable Aviation Fuels Forum. In general, the topics that were addressed in this panel aimed at building and following up on the work that has been conducted in the first year of CORE-JetFuel Working Group 1 on Feedstock and Sustainability. This event has received funding from the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme for research, technological development and demonstration under grant agreements No 605716 (CORE-JetFuel), No 605506 (FORUM-AE), and No 308807 (ITAKA). 14 Dominik Rutz, WIP Renewable Energies opened the discussion by inviting Jenny Walther-Thoss, WWF Germany to state her view concerning the sustainability of European feedstock production coupled with the question if the measures to safeguard sustainability currently in place in the EU such as the Renewable Energy Directive (RED) are sufficient. Mrs. Walther-Thoss positively highlighted that the RED was the first proposal to implement legislation over a voluntary scheme and clearly stated her disappointment that the directive will not continue after 2020. In addition, she criticized the lack of the social dimension in the RED, which in her opinion also fails to address questions concerning soil fertility / degradation and water availability / usage sufficiently. Mrs. Walther-Thoss views sceptically that the availability of feedstock is equated with sustainability, when it is actually about the final use of feedstock in her view. Concerning the concept of Indirect Land Use Change (ILUC) and its appropriateness for the aviation sector, Mrs. Walther-Thoss stated that the concept itself as well as the scientific discussion surrounding it is important. However, ILUC factors should not be implemented in policies at this stage. Yuri Herreras Yambanis, Camelina Company España first outlined the hurdles the Camelina Company had to overcome regarding the certification of its feedstock for the value chain of the ITAKA project, which mainly concerned different requirements the three major certification schemes vital for the above-mentioned value chain (RSB/EPA/SkyNRG Sustainability Board) are imposing. Despite the considerable efforts accompanying the process of certifying 200 camelina-growing farmers, the Camelina Company is according to Mr. Herreras the first one that is certified by the Roundtable for Sustainable Biomaterials (RSB) and complies with the requirements of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) of the United States (US). One of these requirements is that feedstock produced outside the US (and Canada) has to come from land that was agricultural land already in 2007. Mr. Herreras further stated that the Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emission reduction potential of camelina-derived alternative jet fuel is 60%, with room for improvement. According to Mr. Herreras, feedstock is not sustainable or unsustainable per se but depends on the land and process employed for cultivation. Since sustainable land use is not easily defined, Mr. Herreras recommended that current measures should focus on determining land sustainability on a project to project basis, rather than through general ILUC factors. In order to make sure good agricultural practices are adhered to in the EU, they should not be requested solely from the biofuel industry, but rather from European agriculture in general. This suggestion should be incorporated as one of the key tasks of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP). In this sense, the CAP has recently incorporated the “Greening Policy”, which promotes good agricultural practices among European farmers, linked to their CAP subsidy, which is according to Mr. Herreras a first step in the direction outlined above. Being asked about the production potential of lignocellulosic biomass for aviation (waste and residues) and its economic viability, Mr. Herreras stated that one should keep in mind that although an agronomic residue might not initially have any application, it will probably end up entailing some kind of revenue for farmers. In this case, although the agronomic residues have initially low or no value, they will finally have some market price (such has been the case in Spain for cereal straw). Under these competitive circumstances, the This event has received funding from the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme for research, technological development and demonstration under grant agreements No 605716 (CORE-JetFuel), No 605506 (FORUM-AE), and No 308807 (ITAKA). 15 biofuel industry is usually not the one that can pay the most (although, on the other side, can guarantee very high volumes). Additionally, one of the key issues for lignocellulosic biomass is transport cost, which greatly impacts on its final pricing. This will certainly be a challenge for producing economically viable biofuel. Given the current aviation fuel targets, it will be extremely difficult to meet them, unless there are sustainable feedstock imports in Europe. Additionally, it is very important to define which feedstock/projects are acceptable for the aviation industry (especially residues such as tallow). Current measures are usually sufficient. However, the main problem is that the organizations from the aviation value chain are requesting a series of certificates that differ from certificates requested for other bio-products. The lack of harmonization is a clear barrier to sustainable feedstock deployment. Bio-products other than biofuel tend to have a higher unit price than fuel, which means such industries usually have the capacity to pay more for sustainable feedstock. In such case, if policy makers want to guarantee that a given sustainable raw material is employed in biofuel applications, the prioritization will need to include important subsidies. Additionally, bio-products in Europe are currently not requested to have such demanding and costly sustainability schemes and certifications. New sustainable feedstock producers may then not only be driven by price. Alexandre Gohin, INRA stated that the intention of deploying biofuels is to fight climate change and its negative impacts, respectively, which in turn caused the emergence of a series of economic models calculating the potential of biofuels to reduce climate-active gases. Yet, when developing economic models, he experienced great difficulties in incorporating land use change as well as trade impacts. According to Mr. Gohin, all models conclude that it is possible to cover the increasing demand for food solely by increasing yields – in the past and in the future. Opposed to this, he stated that the scenario previously outlined is not valid for biofuel production, where an increase in demand means increasing the cultivation area. Finally, he asked where the limit of agricultural production and efficiency will be – also considering that most models conclude that it is not feasible to substitute (artificial) fertilizers, which also have a negative impact on the climate. Sergio Ugarte, SQ Consult shared Yuri Herreras’ view on avoiding a generalization of feedstock in terms of good (sustainable) or bad (unsustainable), and also emphasized the importance of good agricultural practices. In addition, he regards the avoidance of “excesses” (for example large plantations of a single species, displacing others) an important measure to safeguard sustainability, which is generally feedstock agnostic in his view. In regard to the excess of feedstock mentioned above, Mr. Ugarte criticized that policy continues to assess how to mitigate impacts from those "excesses" instead of trying to avoid it. Being asked about the concept of indirect land use change Mr. Ugarte stated that ILUC models should analyse the sustainable availability of feedstock and not its production in terms of sustainability. According to Mr. Ugarte, sustainability and policies safeguarding it, respectively, are regional issues. Therefore, measures of combining and harmonizing international policies currently investigated by the International Air Transport Association (IATA) to achieve global sustainability schemes are difficult. The mistake being made here is that sustainability schemes cannot be applied globally because different regions require This event has received funding from the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme for research, technological development and demonstration under grant agreements No 605716 (CORE-JetFuel), No 605506 (FORUM-AE), and No 308807 (ITAKA). 16 different levels of assurance (sustainability impacts are not the same for camelina production in Europe compared to a different region with poor governance). Robert Malina, MIT added in this regard that indirect land use change is occurring every day due to the production of other goods, which is why the ILUC regulation should not be stronger or more stringent on biofuels than for other (bio-) products in his view. Olivier Dubois, FAO generally opted for revisiting the segregation of food and non-food feedstock as well as the competition between them. Exemplary of this competition are developing countries, where 40% of animal feed comes from agricultural residues – clearly showing the dependency of local farmers on residues for their livelihoods. In line with the other panellists, Mr. Dubois highlighted with this statement the importance of social aspects in feedstock and biofuel production as well as in the respective regulatory frameworks. Mr. Dubois especially highlighted that the potential impact of feedstock production has to be assessed – for which certification schemes are not sufficient in his view. In addition, he considers the existence of different certification schemes problematic since most feedstock producers will likely adhere to the cheapest one with the lowest sustainability requirements. Instead, he suggested adopting a system that is being applied when rating hotels. According to this proposed rating system, feedstock producers would be incentivized by moderate targets to improve their sustainability performance, which will in turn be recognized by the certification bodies. After all panellists have been heard the floor was opened to the auditorium which was invited to pose questions and comments on the panellists’ statements. Models assessing the sustainability of feedstock destined for the production of alternative aviation fuels are according to Jim Hileman, Federal Aviation Administration hard to apply because information is lacking on how to explicitly use these models. Opposed to their intention, their complexity is preventing the estimation of sustainability in many cases. Mr. Hileman additionally criticized that due to the lengthy certification process a backlog of bio jet fuels ready for use is “waiting” for their certification. Ruta Baltause, European Commission DG ENER stressed the fact that sustainable agriculture is a fundamental prerequisite for sustainable biofuels. In addition, a sustainable form of agriculture is also considered as a crucial tool to counteract issues such as food insecurity, deforestation and the like. Having said this, Mrs. Baltause moved on to asking how sustainable biofuel production could be measured and certified, after which she elaborated on the two important approaches taken on EU level. According to Mrs. Baltause, the European Commission does not look at single types of feedstock but instead distinguishes between pathways in categories such as starches or oils, vegetable oils, landusing or not land-using – subsequently to which regulation takes place. Opposing statements made by almost all panellists concerning the lack of social aspects for example in the RED, Mrs. Baltause stated that current EU schemes do indeed consider the social dimension by addressing issues such as water availability and water quality. Therefore, the issue arises from unmeasurable criteria as well as criteria that cannot be attributed. Concerning the efficiency of agricultural land, Xavier Dommange, Airbus Group Innovations asked the panellists if the continuation of increased yields is feasible in the coming years. This event has received funding from the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme for research, technological development and demonstration under grant agreements No 605716 (CORE-JetFuel), No 605506 (FORUM-AE), and No 308807 (ITAKA). 17 Alexandre Gohin answered that in his experience farming is quite difficult to measure seeing as it depends on land and location, thereby underlining the regional scope of biofuel production and its sustainability. In addition, he mentioned the uncertainty with respect to yield increases and price changes, which can only be overcome by reliable physical data sources. Jenny Walther-Thoss added that certification can indeed have big advantages on certain sustainability aspects, although it cannot solve others. She positively highlighted the focus on land use plans that has taken place over the last five years. In Olivier Dubois’ point of view, monitoring agricultural practices and the progress they are making, respectively, is not an easy task. Therefore, measuring progress should in his opinion be part of policies from which incentives can be derived. The monitoring process is currently undertaken in two to three year intervals, which should be revised to a continuous process. Similar to Mr. Dubois’ earlier comment on creating incentives for sustainable biofuel production through policies, Sergio Ugarte added that the RED should recognize the different assurance levels of certification schemes, which should in turn follow practices of a “standard of standard”. Consequentially, the private sector will strive for a higher level of assurance, instead of the current situation in which most certificates are issued by schemes with low level of assurance. Additionally, Mr. Ugarte criticized that the European Commission mandates sustainability certification but does not provide a clear framework for the assessment of level of assurance. Rolf Hogan, Roundtable for Sustainable Biomaterials prompted in this regard that business should take leadership and show its part regarding different levels of assurance as well as adapt standards, which should be regionally interpreted. David Chiaramonti, RE-CORD Consortium lastly commented that most of the discussion circling around the certification of feedstock primarily addresses oily crops. In this context, he emphasized that certification schemes need to consider an adaption towards lignocellulosic biomass, since sustainability issues connected to their utilization are very different. In summary, the following contributions from panellists and the forum audience are emphasized with respect to environmental considerations of alternative fuels for aviation: Bio-jet feedstock is not sustainable or unsustainable per se. The sustainability of feedstock is a management issue that is greatly influenced by cultivation techniques, good agricultural practices or agricultural zoning In order to make sure good agricultural practices are adhered to in the EU, they should not be requested solely from the biofuel industry, but rather from European agriculture in general. The sustainability of feedstock is a regional issue, to which certification schemes and standards should be adopted accordingly The social dimension is lacking in sustainability standards This event has received funding from the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme for research, technological development and demonstration under grant agreements No 605716 (CORE-JetFuel), No 605506 (FORUM-AE), and No 308807 (ITAKA). 18 The concept of indirect land use change is an important scientific discussion but due to a high degree of uncertainty, it should not be included in policies at this stage Due to a lack of information, sustainability models are not easily applied by the aviation sector Lengthy certification process hinders deployment of alternative aviation fuels from an airline’s perspective Session 3 – Conversion Technologies and Deployment Session 3 on Conversion Technologies and Deployment of the Forum’s CORE-JetFuel Day was chaired by Nicolas Jeuland, Safran R&T Center, France Speakers: Name Organization Robert Malina MIT, United States of America. Frédéric Eychenne Airbus Group, France Philippe Marchand TOTAL, France Robert Wood Virgin Airlines, Australia Flyn van Ewijk Qantas Airlines, Australia Panellists: Name Organization Philippe Marchand TOTAL, France Franziska Müller-Langer Deutsches Biomasseforschungszentrum (DBFZ), Germany Eileen van den Tweel KLM Royal Dutch Airlines Andreas Sizmann Bauhaus Luftfahrt e.V. (BHL), Germany Alejandro Ríos Masdar Institute, United Arab Emirates The presentations are available online on the following website: http://www.core-jetfuel.eu/Shared%20Documents/presentations.html Presentation 1, Robert Malina: Innovative Technologies for Alternative Aviation Fuels An overview of Innovative Technologies for Alternative Aviation Fuels was presented by Robert Malina, MIT. In the first part of his presentation Mr. Malina introduced to the This event has received funding from the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme for research, technological development and demonstration under grant agreements No 605716 (CORE-JetFuel), No 605506 (FORUM-AE), and No 308807 (ITAKA). 19 auditorium a schematic overview of the alternative jet fuel landscape, including most prominent feedstock groups, conversion pathways with their according intermediate products, the end product as well as its ASTM certification status. After briefly mentioning the four high-level alternative jet fuel challenges of governance, technology, economics and environment, Mr. Malina presented lifecycle GHG emissions of selected HEFA jet fuels compared to their fossil counterpart. Although the lifecycle assessment (LCA) results were of preliminary nature and should therefore not be cited, significant GHG reductions compared to conventional jet fuel were according to Mr. Malina nevertheless observed, if adverse land use changes could be avoided. The second part of the presentation addressed economic challenges of biojet production as well as commercial opportunities for aviation biofuel – an example being HEFA jet fuels from rotation crops grown on fallow land. Mr. Malina concluded that biofuel prices will decrease over time as knowledge is gained - but in order to safeguard cost-competitiveness, financial as well as production incentives will be key to enabling the bio-jet industry. Presentation 2, Frédéric Eychenne: Airbus Environmental Affairs – Sustainable Aviation Fuels. The Airbus Approach To put Airbus’ environmental undertakings in perspective, Frédéric Eychenne, AIRBUS first outlined the Air Transport Action Group (ATAG) targets and the industry’s strategy to achieve these targets, respectively. According to Mr. Eychenne, the aviation industry is on track achieving the near-term goal of increasing fuel efficiency by 1.5% per annum – mainly by the latest aircraft technology. After outlining Airbus’ set of measures to achieve the CO2 reduction targets, Mr. Eychenne elaborated on the airline’s sustainable fuels strategy, which is built on three central principles: to support qualification and certification of sustainable aviation fuels, their large-scale deployment; and to ensure the sustainability of these solutions by adhering to RSB criteria. In this context, Mr. Eychenne emphasized the local approach Airbus is taking to find the best solutions safeguarding social, economic and environmental sustainability. Concerning the industry’s CO2 emission reduction targets he added that sustainable fuels should mainly be reserved for the aviation sector as there are no other alternative energy sources available for aircraft in the near future. In the following, Mr. Eychenne presented Airbus’ sustainable aviation fuel activities in projects and initiatives all around the globe. In the last part of his talk, he introduced to the auditorium Malaysian and Chinese initiatives Airbus is engaged in in more detail. Mr. Eychenne concluded that the industry is committed to sustainable aviation fuels by putting a lot of effort on demonstration and certification. But due to the lack of an adequate political framework, sustainable production and high costs are the main obstacles to the deployment of alternative jet fuels in commercial flights. Presentation 3, Philippe Marchand: Amyris-Total Biojet Fuel – Breakthrough Solution for Aviation Philippe Marchand, TOTAL first presented the strategic alliance between Amyris and Total. Total being a global aviation fuel supplier with industrial expertise, and Amyris providing the conversion technology, the two companies are using the synergies emerging from this collaboration to produce an alternative jetfuel-blend containing 10% of farnesane fermented from Brazilian sugar cane. After presenting the production chain from biomass extraction to the certified Jet A/A-1 blend, Mr. Marchand highlighted in context of the biorefinery in Brotas, Brazil that the question of sustainable and economically viable bio-jet production is not about duplicating a model but to find the right feedstock for the right place, thereby underlining the regional character of bio-jet production and its (economic) This event has received funding from the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme for research, technological development and demonstration under grant agreements No 605716 (CORE-JetFuel), No 605506 (FORUM-AE), and No 308807 (ITAKA). 20 sustainability, respectively. After illustrating the production process in more detail, Mr. Marchand presented the roadmap for sustainable Amyris-Total biofuels from 2014 to 2020 and beyond, for example Research and Development (R&D) activities in the field of advanced and cellulosic sugars for future use in commercial production. In the last part of his talk, Mr. Marchand presented why the two companies chose to launch farnesane production in Brazil, key properties of the Amyris-Total renewable jet fuel as well as commercial flights that deployed (and are deploying) farnesane. Presentation 4, Robert Wood / Flyn van Ewijk: Pathways to Sustainable Aviation Fuel – the Australian Perspective The first presentation on Australian sustainable aviation fuel pathways was held by Flyn van Ewijk, Qantas Airlines. After presenting background information on Qantas, the world’s second oldest airline, Mr. van Ewijk introduced to the auditorium a study that was established by Qantas and Shell to investigate the commercial feasibility of an Australian biofuel industry. To achieve this, the study / project focused on an existing supply chain and refining infrastructure, modelling the “end-to-end” HEFA value chain. Since domestic natural oils are not sufficiently available in Australia to support a HEFA bio-jet industry, one of the key challenges concerning commercial viability was the feedstock volume. Other challenges concerned feedstock pricing or the necessary significant modification of existing refineries. The study concluded that although technically feasible, an Australian HEFA biojet supply chain is not commercially viable at the moment. To change this, meaning to mitigate operating losses, Mr. van Ewijk recommended a three-step approach: Reduce feedstock input costs by utilizing waste (MSW), agricultural and forestry residues; maximize renewable diesel production; equalize production incentives for all renewable products. The second presentation addressing the Australian perspective was held by Robert Wood, Virgin Australia. After an introductory part on the airline Virgin Australia, inter alia a member of the RSB, Mr. Wood presented the Mallee biomass project. Mallee is an indigenous eucalyptus tree capable of growing in arid conditions and marginal soils as well as in a short rotation coppice system, which makes it interesting for biofuel production. The project is a commercial partnership assessing the viability of a Mallee-based supply chain for fuel into the Perth Airport. In addition, Mr. Wood presented the Sustainable Mallee Jet Fuel Project that assessed the environmental, social and economic sustainability of the proposed value chain for growing and converting Mallee biomass. According to Mr. Wood, the sustainability assessment was conducted by applying RSB principles. Another crucial part of the project was conducting a lifecycle assessment (LCA) to compare potential GHG emissions, cumulative energy demand and fossil depletion with and without Mallee cropping and processing. After stating assumptions underlying the LCA, for example time and geographic coverage, Mr. Wood presented its outcomes – one of which being a baseline GHG LCA reduction of 40%. Subsequently to elaborating on issues and opportunities of large-scale Malle cultivation for biojet production Mr. Wood presented certification and pragmatism considerations, for example the need for guidance and clarification on the RSB GHG calculation methodology regarding how to address potential food displacement issues. Mr. Wood concluded his presentation by outlining next steps of the project and emphasizing Australia’s significant biomass potential. This event has received funding from the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme for research, technological development and demonstration under grant agreements No 605716 (CORE-JetFuel), No 605506 (FORUM-AE), and No 308807 (ITAKA). 21 Panel Discussion on Conversion Technologies and Deployment The last panel discussion of the CORE-JetFuel Day aimed at discussing the large-scale deployment of alternative jet fuels, influencing factors as well as measures that facilitate the step from demonstration to deployment of sustainable alternative jet fuels. Nicoals Jeuland, SAFRAN R&T Center opened the panel discussion on Conversion Technologies and Deployment by emphasizing the local / regional character of bio-jet production as well as the diversity of solutions presenting themselves on the way to realizing the large-scale deployment of alternative aviation fuels mentioned above. Accordingly, the first question to the panellists was concerned with appropriate next steps to be taken. According to Eileen van den Tweel, KLM concentrating on one single technology pathway should be avoided. Instead, a local approach should be followed that incorporates the best solution (or set of solutions) for a respective area or region. KLM is therefore not only considering the Netherlands, but is looking on a global scale for projects that cover the entire value chain – projects, in which KLM is able to add value as an end-user. Mrs. van den Tweel added in this regard that due to KLM’s high sustainability requirements, a surplus of biofuel is noticeable on the market. Alejandro Ríos, Masdar Insitute introduced to the auditorium the Integrated Seawater Energy and Agriculture System (ISEAS) as an example of locally approaching conversion and deployment of alternative aviation fuel. In context of the ISEAS he especially highlighted the importance of finding synergies across the bio-jet value chain as well as with other transport sectors. Franziska Müller-Langer, DBFZ reported from the variety of assessments of potential production pathways the DBFZ has undertaken. These assessments brought to light that when considering GHG savings as a key indicator, challenges mainly concern both feedstock and fuel production. Additionally, the accompanying costs represent a major challenge. For the medium-term, Mrs. Müller-Langer believes that Hydro-processed Esters and Fatty Acids (HEFA) have the greatest potential for overcoming the gap between demonstration and deployment. Seeing as jet fuel is just one of many products that can be derived from the conversion process, “biomass to liquids” and “power to liquid” production processes should be combined in Mrs. Müller-Langer’s point of view. In light of the previously-mentioned manifold opportunities, she advocated openness to different technologies. This event has received funding from the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme for research, technological development and demonstration under grant agreements No 605716 (CORE-JetFuel), No 605506 (FORUM-AE), and No 308807 (ITAKA). 22 Andreas Sizmann, BHL emphasized the key issue of future physical, technical and economic potentials. Consequentially, he translated this issue into the following guiding questions: What is the global biomass potential? What are promising long-term alternatives for the alternatives today? After mentioning the “Power-to-Gas” pathway as a viable option, Mr. Sizmann introduced to the auditorium the SOLAR-JET project which produced under laboratory conditions the first “solar kerosene”. The demonstrated production path will be capable of producing scalable volumes of kerosene from concentrated sunlight, CO2 captured from air, and water, from desert land that does not compete with food production. The techno-economic coupling of cost and efficiency in this process was emphasized. In terms of land use, Mr. Sizmann underlined the potential of this technology by stating the potential energy efficiency ratio for thermochemistry-based SOLAR-JET is much higher than that for photosynthesis-based fuels. (The efficiency of bio-diesel from e.g. rapeseed is approximately 1 ton per hectare and year, or 0.003 as ratio of heating value of biodiesel to the incident solar energy. The fraction of 0.997 of incident radiation does not end up in biofuel energy.) Nicolas Jeuland, SAFRAN R&T Center subsequently posed the question what in the panellist’s opinions the main problem in regard to the large-scale deployment of alternative jet fuels might be. This event has received funding from the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme for research, technological development and demonstration under grant agreements No 605716 (CORE-JetFuel), No 605506 (FORUM-AE), and No 308807 (ITAKA). 23 According to Philippe Marchand, TOTAL, the key problem of deploying alternative jet fuels at large scale is the price. In his view, the proper horizon to consider carbon-neutral growth as advocated by the Air Transport Action Group (ATAG) is from 2020 on. Mrs. van den Tweel, KLM underlined this statement by saying that from an airline perspective economics are considered first, sustainability second. She thereby referred to a comment by David Chiaramonti, RE-CORD Consortium who stated in the European Policy Framework panel that for a fuel it is important to be perceived as sustainable, not actually being sustainable. Seeing as the aviation sector has a reputation in the general public of being unsustainable, in Mrs. van den Tweel’s view Mr. Chiaramonti’s comment is particularly true for airlines having to make sure that it is 100% sustainable. Replying to a question by Olivier Penanhoat, SNECMA concerning the conversion process’ efficiency in terms of energy, Franziska Müller-Langer, DBFZ stated that depending on the feedstock, the HEFA pathway reaches conversion energy efficiency up to 85%, Fischer-Tropsch conversion processes approximately 50%. The following contributions from the panellists and the auditorium are conclusively highlighting the main issues currently hindering the large-scale deployment of sustainable alternative aviation fuels. Both end-users and producers of alternative sustainable aviation fuel consider its price as key for large-scale deployment In the short-term, emphasis should be put on making bio-jet fuels economically compatible Demand for alternative fuels is currently lower than production capacity Openness towards a diversity of conversion technologies should be kept This event has received funding from the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme for research, technological development and demonstration under grant agreements No 605716 (CORE-JetFuel), No 605506 (FORUM-AE), and No 308807 (ITAKA). 24 Commercialize by-products of alternative jet fuel production or vice versa, for example jet fuel as by-product of producing bio-chemicals Key issue of future physical, technical and economic potential of alternative jet fuel and its feedstock, respectively, for bridging the gap between demonstration and large-scale deployment This event has received funding from the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme for research, technological development and demonstration under grant agreements No 605716 (CORE-JetFuel), No 605506 (FORUM-AE), and No 308807 (ITAKA). 25 Annex 1 : Programme Day 1 – 20 Oct. 2014: CORE-JetFuel Perspectives of alternative fuels for aviation – evaluation of existing and promising production pathways 08:00 Registration 09:00 Welcome to the Workshop W ELCOME REMARKS FROM THE SPANISH BIOQUEROSENO INITIATIVE INSTITUTIONAL WELCOME BY ISABEL MAESTRE MORENO, DIRECTOR OF THE SPANISH AIR SAFETY AGENCY, MINISTRY OF W ORKS AND TRANSPORT 09:10 CORE-JETFUEL Activities and Results JOHANNES MICHEL, FNR, GERMANY Session 1 – Policies on Alternative Fuels for Aviation 09:30 Panel Discussion: Global Harmonization on Sustainability and Policy Frameworks MODERATION: CÉSAR VELARDE, ICAO TECHNICAL COOPERATION BUREAU, DGCA INDONESIA PANELLISTS: PHILIPPE NOVELLI, ALTERNATIVE FUELS OFFICER, ENVIRONMENTAL BRANCH – INTERNATIONAL CIVIL AVIATION ORGANIZATION (ICAO) RUTA BALTAUSE, POLICY OFFICER, EUROPEAN COMMISSION - DG ENER, UNIT C1 – RENEWABLES AND CCS POLICY OLIVIER DUBOIS, SENIOR NATURAL RESOURCES OFFICER & LEADER ENERGY TEAM, FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS (FAO) UWE FRITSCHE, IINAS, GERMANY JIM HILEMAN, CHIEF SCIENTIST AND TECHNICAL ADVISOR FOR ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY, FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION , UNITED STATES OF AMERICA ALEXANDRE FILIZOLA, REGULATION SPECIALIST, BRAZILIAN CIVIL AVIATION NATIONAL AGENCY (ANAC) YUSFANDRI GONA, CHAIRMAN OF AVIATION BIOFUEL & RENEWABLE ENERGY TASK FORCE, DIRECTORATE GENERAL OF CIVIL AVIATION, INDONESIA 10:40 Coffee Break This event has received funding from the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme for research, technological development and demonstration under grant agreements No 605716 (CORE-JetFuel), No 605506 (FORUM-AE), and No 308807 (ITAKA). 26 11:10 Panel Discussion: The European Policy Framework MODERATION: RAINER JANSSEN, WIP RENEWABLE ENERGIES, GERMANY PANELLISTS: PAUL VERHOEF, HEAD OF UNIT - NEW AND RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES, EUROPEAN COMMISSION - DG RTD ALEXANDER ZSCHOCKE, LUFTHANSA AG - AVIATION INITIATIVE FOR RENEWABLE ENERGY IN GERMANY (AIREG) DAVID CHIARAMONTI, PRESIDENT OF THE RE-CORD CONSORTIUM – ITALIAN SUSTAINABLE AVIATION FUEL FORUM (ISAFF) MARTIN PORSGAARD, NORDIC INITIATIVE FOR SUSTAINABLE AVIATION (NISA) INMACULADA GOMEZ, SENASA – BIOQUEROSENO, SPAIN 12:30 Lunch Break Session 2 – Feedstock and Sustainability 14:00 Feedstock/Sustainability Canada DONALD SMITH, DIRECTOR BIOFUELNET CANADA 14:20 Certification of Sustainable Aviation Fuels – Technical challenges ROLF HOGAN, EXECUTIVE SECRETARY, ROUNDTABLE ON SUSTAINABLE BIOMATERIALS (RSB) 14:40 Panel Discussion on Feedstock and Sustainability MODERATION: DOMINIK RUTZ, WIP RENEWABLE ENERGIES, GERMANY PANELLISTS: OLIVIER DUBOIS, FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS (FAO) YURI HERRERAS YAMBANIS, DIRECTOR, CAMELINA COMPANY ESPAÑA ALEXANDRE GOHIN, INRA, FRANCE JENNY W ALTHER-THOSS, WWF SERGIO UGARTE, SQ CONSULT, NETHERLANDS 16:00 Coffee Break This event has received funding from the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme for research, technological development and demonstration under grant agreements No 605716 (CORE-JetFuel), No 605506 (FORUM-AE), and No 308807 (ITAKA). 27 Session 3 – Conversion Technologies and Deployment 16:30 Overview of Innovative Technologies for Alternative Aviation Fuels ROBERT MALINA, MIT, UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 16:50 The Sinopec Chinese Technological Pathway and Airbus Global Biojet Initiatives FREDERIC EYCHENNE, AIRBUS GROUP, FRANCE 17:10 The Total-Amyris Direct Sugar to Hydrocarbon (DSHC) Fuel Pathway PHILIPPE MARCHAND, TOTAL, FRANCE 17:30 Pathways to Sustainable Aviation Fuel in Australia ROBERT W OOD, VIRGIN AIRLINES AND FLYN VAN EWIJK, QANTAS AIRWAYS, AUSTRALIA 17:50 Panel Discussion on Conversion Technologies and Deployment MODERATION: NICOLAS JEULAND, FUTURE FUELS EXPERT, SAFRAN R&T CENTER, FRANCE PANELLISTS: PHILIPPE MARCHAND, TOTAL, FRANCE FRANZISKA MUELLER-LANGER, DBFZ, GERMANY EILEEN VAN DEN TWEEL, KLM, THE NETHERLANDS ANDREAS SIZMANN, BHL, GERMANY RUTA BALTAUSE, POLICY OFFICER, EUROPEAN COMMISSION - DG ENER, UNIT C1 – RENEWABLES AND CCS POLICY ALEJANDRO RÍOS, MASDAR, UNITED ARAB EMIRATES 18:30 Summary JOHANNES MICHEL, FNR, GERMANY This event has received funding from the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme for research, technological development and demonstration under grant agreements No 605716 (CORE-JetFuel), No 605506 (FORUM-AE), and No 308807 (ITAKA). 28 Annex 2 : Forum Participants NAME ENTITY Alejandro Ríos MASDAR Alessio Frasoldati POLITECNICO di MILANO Alexander Zschocke LUFTHANSA Alexandre Gohin RENNES Alexandre Rodrigues Filizola ANAC Alfredo Iglesias AESA Andreas Sizmann BHL Anne Bogdanski FAO Anne Bouter IFPEN Anne Laure Gaumerais FRANCE DGAC Annika Lindell TRANSPORT STYRELSEN Armando Salmerón REPSOL Arvind G. Rao DELFT UNIVERSITY Beatriz Guirao CLH Bhupendra Khandelwal SHEFFIELD UNIVERSITY Borja Alonso CCE Bruno Miller METRON AVIATION Carlos Alberto Fernández IDAE_ Carlos Menéndez de Solas AESA Carmen Rivera SENASA César Velarde ICAO INDONESIA Cristea Stelica USAMvB Christoph Jessberger FHL Christopher Lewis ROLLS-ROYCE David Chiaramonti RE-CORD David Raper MMU Delia Dimitriu MMU Dominik Rutz WIP Donald L. Smith MC GILL This event has received funding from the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme for research, technological development and demonstration under grant agreements No 605716 (CORE-JetFuel), No 605506 (FORUM-AE), and No 308807 (ITAKA). 29 Ehsan Alborzi SHEFFIELD UNIVERSITY Eileen van den Tweel KLM Elena Lorente González AESA-INECO Eline Schapers SKYNRG Emanuel Fleuti ZURICH AIRPORT Florian Wolters DLR Flyn van Ewijk QANTAS Francisco J. Dominguez IDAE_ Franziska Mueller DBFZ Frederic Eychenne AIRBUS GROUP German Aroca UCV Hakan Olcay SENASA Hans Schlager DLR Heather Hamje CONCAWE Ibon Ibarrola CLH Inmaculada Gómez SENASA Isabel Maestre AESA Isabelle Lombaert-Vallot AIRBUS GROUP James Hileman FAA Jenny Walther-Thoss WWF Joanna Bauldreay SHELL Johannes Michel FNR John Shideler FUTURE PAST Joseph Burguburu SNECMA Julie Tolmie MAPPING BOOK Justo Hernández PULLMANTUR Laura Lonza JRC Laurens van Sterkenburg DUTCH GOVERNMENT Laurie Starck IFPEN Lukas Rohleder AIREG Manuel Sánchezblanco SENASA This event has received funding from the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme for research, technological development and demonstration under grant agreements No 605716 (CORE-JetFuel), No 605506 (FORUM-AE), and No 308807 (ITAKA). 30 Marco Brusati EC DG RTD María de la Rica SENASA Maria de la Riva SENASA Martin Lange UBA Martin Porsgaard NISA Michael Lakeman BOEING Michael Wang ANL Michael Wolcott WASHINGTON STATE UNIVERSITY Nathalie Ledanois-Guérin AIRBUS GROUP Nathan Brown FAA Nicolas Jeuland SAFRAN Nikolaos Zarzalis KIT Nora Lamharess-Chlaft SNECMA Olivier Dubois FAO Olivier Penanhoat SNECMA Pascale Demoment TOTAL Patrick Bosmans NATO Patrick Le Clercq DLR Paul Smith PENN STATE UNIVERSITY Paul Verhoef EC DG RTD Paula Bruna Andrés IDAE_ Philipe Novelli ICAO Philippe Marchand TOTAL Piero Cavigliasso BIOCHEMTEX Pietro Caloprisco ICSA Prem Lobo MST Rainer Janssen WIP Ralf Stockel TOTAL Ralph Cavalieri NARA & ASCENT Robert Boyd IATA This event has received funding from the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme for research, technological development and demonstration under grant agreements No 605716 (CORE-JetFuel), No 605506 (FORUM-AE), and No 308807 (ITAKA). 31 Robert Malina MIT Robert Wood VIRGIN AUSTRALIA Roger Lindfors NESTE OIL Rolf Nicholas Hogan RSB Ross Walker AIRBUS GROUP Ruben Alblas KLM Ruta Baltause DG ENER Sayuta Senobua DGAC INDONESIA Sergi Allegre ARC Sergio Ugarte SQ CONSULT Sigrun Matthes DLR Simon Blakey SHEFFIELD UNIVERSITY Simon Christie MMU Stefana Jurcoane USAMvB Ted McDonald DEPT. TRANSPORT CANADA Tharassos Panidis PATRAS UNIVERSITY Thiago Cestari EMBRAER Toni Kanakis NLR Toto Nugroho Pranatyasto PERTAMINA Uwe Fritsche IINAS Victor Daniel Archilla Prat INTA Victoria Mozo SENASA Volker Grewe DLR Wallace Tyner PURDUE UNIVERSITY Xavier Dommange AIRBUS GROUP Xavier Oh ACI Xavier Vancassel ONERA Yuri Herreras CCE This event has received funding from the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme for research, technological development and demonstration under grant agreements No 605716 (CORE-JetFuel), No 605506 (FORUM-AE), and No 308807 (ITAKA). 32 Annex 3: Brief description of projects The CORE-JetFuel project supports the European Commission in its analysis and evaluation of research and innovation projects in the field of sustainable alternative fuels for aviation. It links initiatives and projects at the EU and Member State level, serving as a focal point in this area to all public and private stakeholders. CORE-JetFuel addresses competent authorities, research institutions, feedstock and fuel producers, distributors, aircraft and engine manufactures, airlines and NGOs. The project is aimed to identify needs in research, standardization, innovation, deployment, and policy measures at European level and to set up a European network of excellence for alternative fuels in aviation to bring together technical expertise and provide an integrated approach to alternative aviation fuels. For more information, please visit: www.core-jetfuel.eu The Forum on Aviation and Emissions is a technical and scientific forum capable of addressing all the issues associated to the aviation environmental concerns linked to emissions: impacts, technical solutions and regulation, supporting the European research and innovation by giving it the necessary awareness and visibility. Series of focused workshops aim at better understanding impacts, at identifying the potential technical and technological solutions, their expected benefits and maturity and at addressing regulation technical issues. Forum-AE monitors also and assesses the European research and innovation in the field of aviation environmental issues linked to emissions by compiling relevant information from all existing EU projects and main national ones, and making assessment against ACARE goals. For more information, please visit: www.forum-ae.eu Initiative Towards sustAinable Kerosene for Aviation (ITAKA) is a collaborative project framed in the implementation of the European Union policies that specifically aims to be a contribution to the fulfilment of some of the short-term European Advanced Biofuels Flight path objectives. ITAKA project is expected to support the development of aviation biofuels in an economically, socially, and environmentally sustainable manner, improving the readiness of existing technology and infrastructures. This will be achieved through the first of its kind collaborative project in the EU, that will develop a full value-chain in Europe to produce sustainable drop-in kerosene containing up to 50% of Hydroprocessed Esters and Fatty Acids (HEFA) at large scale enough to allow testing its use in existing logistic systems and in normal flight operations in the EU. For more information, please visit: www.itaka-project.eu This event has received funding from the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme for research, technological development and demonstration under grant agreements No 605716 (CORE-JetFuel), No 605506 (FORUM-AE), and No 308807 (ITAKA).