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Cereal Variety Disease Guide 2015
FACT SHEET Cereal Variety Disease Guide 2015 By Hugh Wallwork, Principal Cereal Pathologist and Pamela Zwer, Oat Breeder Summary of 2014 season and implications for 2015 Some early sown crops and a wet winter encouraged the development of many diseases in cereal crops in SA in 2014. Damage to many crops was reduced by the effective use of fungicides and a dry spring that reduced later infection of foliar diseases. The same conditions will have favoured build up crown rot and take-all inoculum for 2015. Leaf rust and stem rust in wheat are re-emerging as high risk diseases with a new virulent strain of leaf rust detected and an increasing list of long season varieties susceptible to stem rust being released. Leaf rust in wheat A new strain of wheat leaf rust was identified across South Australia and into Southern Victoria in 2014. It is most likely that the strain was present in the past couple of years but went undetected being at a very low level. The effective use of fungicides to control stripe rust in Mace would have helped to control the leaf rust. Several varieties have proven to be more susceptible to this new strain including Axe, Corack, Grenade CL+, Mace, Scout, Revenue, Wallup and Wyalkatchem which have all dropped by 2 or more rating levels. This leaves South Australian crops much more exposed to leaf rust damage whilst these varieties are widely grown. Growers are therefore urged to be even more vigilant than in the past in removing volunteer wheat, the “green bridge”, over summer and in having an active plan for applying fungicides should the need arise. Stem rust At the end of 2014 stem rust was observed in variety trials on the Adelaide Plains and South-East. In January it was also observed on volunteer barley on the Bellarine Peninsula in Victoria. Whilst the levels were only low it highlights the ability of this rust to survive and cause a problem where susceptible varieties are grown. Of particular concern are the many new long season wheats that are susceptible to stem rust. Stem rust, once established, can be hard to control with fungicides and crops of these varieties help form a green bridge for survival of rust through summer especially in the long Cereal Variety Disease Guide 2015 season areas. Varieties of particular concern are Adagio, Beaufort, Einstein, Frelon, Mansfield, Ovalo, Preston and Scenario. Some of these varieties are very new; others are used by only a few growers. Taken together they may come to cover an extensive area and present a serious risk to all growers. Eyespot Eyespot was observed more widely than previously with recordings from Balaklava and the Lower Yorke Peninsula as well the expected areas of the Lower Eyre Peninsula, Adelaide Plains, Mid-North high rainfall region and South–East. GRDC funded research on eyespot in SARDI is providing some early indications of differences between varieties although it is premature to provide formal ratings at this stage. Early indications however suggest that Trojan and Emu Rock have some useful resistance whereas Axe, Cobra, Corack, Mace, Scout, Shield and Wyalkatchem are all quite susceptible. Barley has been considered more resistant to eyespot than wheat and this appears to be the case in a variety trial at Cummins. At trials near Templars and Tarlee however the varieties La Trobe and Hindmarsh were quite susceptible to eyespot. Compass, and to a lesser extent Scope, appear to be more resistant compared to these varieties. Other DNA evidence also suggests the eyespot on the Eyre Peninsula may differ slightly from that in the Mid-North. Shorter and/or stronger strawed varieties are likely to lodge less when infected by eyespot. Septoria tritici blotch This disease is becoming more severe in the SouthEast of SA as cropping with cereals intensifies and early sowing is practised. The septoria population in the South East and in Western Victoria appears to have different virulences to those previously observed in more mainstream areas of SA. The varieties Mace, Phantom and Wyalkatchem are rated SVS in the long season South East SA and Western Victoria regions. Information may be used with acknowledgement. Febuary 2015 RMR RMR MR R R RMR MRMS RMR R R MR MR RMR RMR Stem SVS MS MRMS RMR MR MRMS MS MRMS MR RMR MR^ MR MR MRMS MR MR MR MR MS RMR MR RMR MRMS MRMS MS S R MRMS MRMS RMR MR^ MR^ MR MRMS RMR MR MR MR MR MR Rust Stripe RMR RMR RMR MSS MS MRMS MS MRMS MS RMR MRMS MRMS MR RMR MRMS SVS RMR MSS MR R MS MR MR MRMS S MRMS # CCN Resistance S S S MS RMR MR MS S MR S MS MR S MS MR MRMS MS S MS S R MRMS MS MR S MR Yellow leaf spot MRMS S S MRMS MR SVS MRMS MRMS MSS MRMS MS S MSS MSS MSS MRMS MRMS MSS SVS MS SVS MSS MSS MSS MR SVS RMR R R R MR R R R R RMR MRMS MR RMR MR R – R R R R R R MSS MS MS MS MS MS MR MR MR MRMS MR MR MR MR MRMS MRMS MRMS MRMS MRMS MRMS , = mixed reaction ^ = some susceptible plants R R R R R R R RMR MR MR MSS MRMS MRMS MS Powdery mildew MR MS MRMS MRMS SVS MRMS MS S MSS MS MSS MS RMR MRMS MSS MSS MR MS MRMS MR MS MRMS MSS S SVS MRMS Provisional rating change for the exotic strain of leaf rust Leaf MS# S# S# MR SVS# S# S# S# MRMS MSS# MS S# SVS# MR,MS MS MSS# RMR R MSS# S# MRMS# R MRMS# SVS# S# S# R = Resistant, MR = Moderately Resistant, MS = Moderately Susceptible, S = Susceptible, VS = Very Susceptible Bison Bogong Chopper Fusion Goanna Hawkeye Jaywick Tahara Triticale Aurora Hyperno Saintly Tjilkuri WID802 Yawa Durum Adagio Axe Bolac Cobra Corack Correll Cosmick Emu Rock Estoc Forrest Gladius Grenade CLPlus Impala Kiora Kord CL Plus Mace Manning Orion Phantom Revenue Scout Shield Trojan Wallup Wyalkatchem Yitpi Wheat R R R R R R R R MS MRMS S MSS MS MR Septoria tritici blotch MRMS SVS MS MSS S MSS MSS SVS S SVS S S SVS MS MSS MRMS MR MS MS MS MSS MSS MSS S MRMS MSS R MR MRMS RMR MRMS MR MR MR MRMS MS MS MRMS MS MRMS VS SVS VS VS VS VS Crown rot SVS S S S S S S MS S SVS S S S S S S VS S MSS S MSS S MS S S S MRMS MS MS MS MS MRMS Common root rot MS MSS MS MSS MS MS MSS MSS MRMS MS MS MRMS MSS MS MRMS MS SVS MSS MSS SVS S MRMS MS MS MSS MS R R R R R – Flag smut MS S RMR S S R SVS MS MRMS MR RMR RMR SVS MRMS MR S R S MRMS S MR S SVS SVS SVS MR † MS MS MS MSS MSS MRMS Black point † – S MSS MS S MS – MS MS MR MS MS MRMS MS MRMS MRMS – S MRMS MS SVS MS MRMS MS MRMS MS MR – MRMS – – S MSS MSS – – MSS MSS S – – MS MS S R MSS SVS – – – – MS MS MSS – – – MS MS – – S MS MS R – † Black point is not a disease but a response to certain humid conditions Tolerance levels are lower for durum receivals RMR RMR RMR MR MS RMR Root lesion nematodes P. neglectus P. thornei MS MS MS MS MSS MRMS MS MSS S S MSS S MS MS MSS S S S S SVS MS S MSS S S S MS MRMS MSS MS MS MS MSS S MS MSS S S MSS MSS S MS MS MSS MSS MS MRMS MRMS MRMS MS MSS S Triticale Triticale Triticale Triticale Triticale Triticale Triticale Triticale Durum Durum Durum Durum Durum Durum Quality in SA Red feed AH AH AH APW AH AH AH APW APW AH AH Soft AH AH AH Feed Soft / Hay AH Feed AH AH APW AH APW AH Leaf rust* MR-S MS-SVS MR-MS MS-S MR-VS MRMS-S MS-SVS MRMS-S MR-S MRMS-S VS MRMS-S MR-SVS MRMS-S S VS R-MR S-VS MS-SVS SVS R-MRMS R-MRMS Spot form net blotch * net blotch * MS-SVS MSS MR MS-S VS SVS MS-S MSS MR-MRMS MRMS-MSS MR-MS MR MR MRMS SVS MR MR-MSS S MR S MS MR MR MSS MRMS SVS R-VS MRMS MR S MR-MS MR MR-SVS MSS MR MS MR MS-S MR MRMS MR-MS S MR-S MS-S Net form Scald* MR-S MS-S VS S MS R-S MS MS MS-S R-VS MS-S R-VS MR-MSS S MRMS R-MR MS-S MSS MS-S S MR MSS mildew MSS RMR R MRMS MR MRMS S MRMS R MRMS S MR S SVS MS R R SVS RMR MRMS R MSS Resistance S S R R R R R R R R R R S R S R S VS S R – S Powdery CCN stripe rust RMR RMR RMR R R R RMR RMR R MR MRMS RMR RMR S – RMR R RMR RMR R R R Barley grass VS MS MS R R R MRMS MR MR MS R MRMS MSS MS MS MSS MRMS MR MRMS MSS R MRMS Covered smut Oats MR-S MS-S MR-S R-S MR-S MS-S MR-S MS MS MR-S MS-S S MR-S MS-S S S Rust R MS-S MR MR-MS MS-S MS-S MS-S MR-MS S MR-MS MS S R MS S MS Leaf * VS R R MS MS R VS R S MR R R S R R R I MI MT MI I MT I MT I MT MT MT I T MT I CCN Resistance Tolerance – MS – S R S S R S R R MS – MR MR S MI I MT I T MI I MT I T T MI I MT MT I Stem nematode Resistance Tolerance MR-S MR-MS MR-S MS-S R MR-MS MR MR S MR MR S R MR-MS MR-MS MR-MS Bacterial blight T = Tolerant, MT = Moderately Tolerant, MI = Moderately Intolerant, I = Intolerant, VI = Very Intolerant, – = Uncertain Brusher Dunnart Forester Glider Kangaroo Mitika Mulgara Numbat Tammar Tungoo Wallaroo Williams Wombat Wintaroo Yallara stem * MS MS MS R-MR R MS S MS MS R-MS R MS MS MS MS MS Red leather leaf Due to multiple strains of these pathogens, the table provides a range of reactions that may be observed. Different ratings are separated by a - Bannister * R = Resistant, MR = Moderately Resistant, MS = Moderately Susceptible, S = Susceptible, VS = Very Susceptible Bass Buloke Charger Commander Compass Fathom Flagship Fleet GrangeR Hindmarsh Keel La Trobe Macquarie Maritime Moby Navigator Oxford Schooner Scope Skipper Westminster Wimmera Barley MS MS MR MR-S MR-S MR-S MS-S MS S MS MR-MS MS MR-MS MR MR-MS MS S MS MR-MS MR MR MR-MS S MS MR MR MR S MR-MS MS MR-MS MS point MS MS MRMS MSS MS S MSS MS MS MSS SVS MSS MR MSS – MSS MR MS MSS MSS MRMS MRMS Black – MR-MS – – – – – – MR – – MR – – MR-MS – P. neglectus nematodes MR MRMS MRMS MRMS MR MRMS MRMS MRMS MR MRMS MRMS MR MS – – MRMS MRMS MRMS MRMS MRMS MRMS MRMS Septoria avenae MRMS MRMS MR MRMS MR MRMS MRMS MRMS MR MRMS MR MR MR MR – MRMS MR MS MRMS MRMS MRMS MRMS Root lesion nematodes P.neglectus P. thornei BYDV* MS MS MS MS MS MSS MSS MSS S S S S MS S MSS MS MSS S MS MSS MRMS MS root rot Common Net form net blotch Net form net blotch was largely controlled with early and well-timed applications of fungicides. Virulence on Fleet was widespread and no new virulences were detected in 2014 so variety ratings for 2015 remain much the same as in 2014. Spot form net blotch The exceptional yield loss to SFNB observed in some crops in northern districts of SA in 2013 was not repeated in 2014. A GRDC funded yield loss trial at Wharminda where SFNB was severe indicated that Hindmarsh (S) suffered yield loss of around 13% whilst La Trobe (MSS) which is marginally less susceptible lost 10.4%. Sloop SA (SVS) lost around 21%. Oats It was a good year for oat production as there was little in the way of disease development. The wet winter caused some bacterial blight early in the growing season, but it did not develop. Leaf rust was observed on very susceptible varieties, but the warm, dry spring was not conducive for its development. Explanation for Resistance Classification R MR MS S VS The disease will not multiply or cause any damage on this variety. This rating is only used where the variety also has seedling resistance. The disease may be visible and multiply but no significant economic losses will occur. This rating signifies strong adult plant resistance. The disease may cause damage but this is unlikely to be more than around 15% except in very severe situations. The disease can be severe on this variety and losses of up to 50% can occur. Where a disease is a problem this variety should not be grown. Losses greater than 50% are possible and the variety may create significant problems to other growers Where a ‘-‘ is used then the rating is given as a range of scores that may be observed depending on which strain of the pathogen is present. This classification based on yield loss is only a general guide and is less applicable for the minor diseases such as common root rot, or for the leaf diseases in lower rainfall areas, where yield losses are rarely severe. Other information This fact sheet supplements other information available including the SARDI Sowing Guide 2015 and Crop Watch email newsletters. Cereal Leaf and Stem Diseases and Cereal Root and Crown Diseases books (2000 editions) are also available from Ground Cover Direct or from Hugh Wallwork in SARDI. Disease identification A diagnostic service is available to farmers and industry for diseased plant specimens. Samples of all leaf and aerial plant parts should be kept free of moisture and wrapped in paper not a plastic bag. Roots should be dug up carefully, preserving as much of the root system as possible and preferably kept damp. Samples should be sent, not just before a weekend, to the following address: SARDI Diagnostics Plant Research Centre Hartley Grove Urrbrae SA 5064 Further information contact: [email protected] Cereal Variety Disease Guide 2015 Information may be used with acknowledgement. Febuary 2015
