waste - Göteborg Action for Management of the Environment
Transcription
waste - Göteborg Action for Management of the Environment
Report for the GAME Network WASTE: A RESOURCE TO RECYCLE, REUSE AND RECOVER RAW MATERIAL Pre study for Horizon 2020 application February, 2015 by Jonas Norrman. More info at www.gamenetwork.se. 1 FOREWORD The research presented in this report is based on the interest of the GAME Network to investigate Horizon 2020 funding possibilities with a focus on waste issues, especially upstream the value chain. The targeted call presented in this documents is therefore “Waste: A resource to recycle, reuse and recover raw material”. The research regarding the history of EU policies, and current strategies developed, programs implemented regarding waste issues show that this area became a priority only very recently. The concept of circular economy has been integrated in EU waste Directives less then one year ago and we can foresee more calls focusing on those areas coming along the Horizon 2020 program. The research result consists of a relevant extraction of policies and projects from various EU authorities websites, mainly presented in three sections as: § An analysis of the development of EU policies for waste. § A selection of EU authorities from the waste sector. § A selection of former EU projects dealing with waste. The information contained in these documents is made to help you to identify and write a proposal fitting to the needs and expectations of the European Commission. We also recommend the reader to follow news and updates from the authorities mentioned in this report. The evolution of on-going EU projects on the topic is also an important source of information that should be monitored from now until the end of the application writing process. Contact: Jonas Norrman, [email protected] 2 TABLE OF CONTENT 1 Foreword ................................................................................................................... 2 2 Introduction to waste in european research framework program ........................... 4 2.1 2.2 2.3 From the 1970 to 2000: toxic waste management FP6 – FP7: energy and resource efficient economy Horizon 2020: The circular economy 4 5 6 3 The targeted call: H2020-WASTE-2015-two-stage ................................................ 7 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Specific challenge Scope Topic: Eco-innovative solutions Topic: Eco-innovative strategies 7 7 8 8 4 European policies and authorities on waste ...........................................................8 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 The European Institute of Innovation & Technology – EIT Raw Materials European Technology Platforms in Raw Materials – ETPs The European Innovation Partnership on Raw Material Eurostat - The Environmental Data Centre on Waste 5 EU funded projects in FP7 with actions on waste management ...........................11 3 9 9 10 11 2 INTRODUCTION TO WASTE IN EUROPEAN RESEARCH FRAMEWORK PROGRAM 2.1 From the 1970 to 2000: toxic waste management The history of environmental policy in the EU begins with waste policy. In the 1970s and 1980s a number of problems and scandals related to the handling of waste alerted policymakers to the potential impact that poorly managed waste could have upon the environment and human health. Note that at that moment the focus is on waste from energy products used in the nuclear and shipping industries, and toxic radioactive wastes. The Member States began taking national measures to control and manage waste, which then led to the Waste Framework Directive and the Hazardous Waste Directive, both adopted in 1975, and later to the Waste Shipment Regulation. These three pieces of legislation put in place the basis of the regulatory structure on waste. They define waste and other key concepts, ensure waste is handled without causing damage to the environment or human health, and impose controlled conditions for moving waste throughout the EU. In the late 1980s, a tightening of environmental regulations in industrialised countries led to a dramatic rise in the cost of hazardous waste disposal. Searching for cheaper ways to get rid of the wastes, “toxic traders” began shipping hazardous waste to developing countries and to Eastern Europe. When this activity was revealed, international outrage led to the drafting and adoption in 1989 of the Basel Convention, a multilateral environmental agreement. The Convention addresses cleaner production, hazardous waste minimisation and controls on the movement of these wastes, and, in combination with work done by the OECD, meant that a number of unacceptable ways of dealing with waste, notably involving discharge at sea, were abandoned. However, the first EU Directives did not specify the environmental emission parameters for the various waste management options that were considered to be acceptable: landfill, incineration and recycling. This proved to be the weak point in terms of environmental damage from waste, as was shown by a number of problems involving pollution from incinerators or landfills, and from certain recycling plants. Most of these gaps were filled by the Landfill Directive, finally adopted in 2001, and by the Waste Incineration Directive of 2000 and its precursor legislation. Standards were set in terms of pollution into the air or into groundwater. In addition, the 1996 Directive on Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control (IPPC), which introduces a permit system to tackle pollution from industrial and agricultural facilities, sets standards for a number of waste-related activities, as well as for plants where waste can be used, such as cement kilns. The next major step was to help improve the management of waste, and in particular to promote recycling, re-use and energy recovery over the disposal of waste. The 1996 Waste Strategy Communication from the European Commission: • • • 4 Reinforced the notion of a waste hierarchy. Re-affirmed the “polluter pays” principle with regard to waste (so that those who produce waste should have to pay the cost of treatment). Developed the concept of priority waste streams. There were waste streams where current practices had a high environmental impact, or where it had proved particularly difficult to organise the funding of recycling despite the clear environmental benefits. Over the last ten years or so this has resulted in legislation on packaging and packaging waste, on end-of-life vehicles and on waste electrical and electronic equipment. 2.2 FP6 – FP7: energy and resource efficient economy The EU’s Sixth Environment Action Programme (2002- 2012) identified waste prevention and management as one of four top priorities. Its primary objective was to ensure that economic growth does not lead to more and more waste. This led to the development of a long-term strategy on waste. The 2005 Thematic Strategy on Waste Pre- vention and Recycling resulted in the revision of the Waste Framework Directive, the cornerstone of EU waste policy. The revision brings a modernised approach to waste management, marking a shift away from thinking about waste as an unwanted burden to seeing it as a valued resource. The Directive focuses on waste prevention and puts in place new targets, which will help the EU move towards its goal of becoming a recycling society. It includes targets for EU Member States to recycle 50% of their municipal waste and 70% of construction waste by 2020. The Directive introduces a five-step waste hierarchy where prevention is the best option, followed by re-use, recycling and other forms of recovery, with disposal such as landfill as the last resort. EU waste legislation aims to move waste management up the waste hierarchy: The waste hierarchy is a concept that has appeared in environmental literature and in some EU member-states environmental legislation but before the waste framework directive of 2008 was not part of the European legislation. 5 The European waste hierarchy refers to the 5 steps included in the article 4 of the Waste Framework Directive: Prevention - preventing and reducing waste generation. Reuse and preparation for reuse - giving the products a second life before they become waste. Recycle - any recovery operation by which waste materials are reprocessed into products, materials or substances whether for the original or other purposes. It includes composting and it does not include incineration. Recovery - some waste incineration based on a political non-scientific formula that upgrades the less inefficient incinerators. Disposal - processes to dispose of waste be it landfilling, incineration, pyrolisis, gasification and other finalist solutions. According to the Waste Framework Directive the European Waste Hierarchy is legally binding except in cases that may require specific waste streams to depart from the hierarchy. This should be justified on the basis of life-cycle thinking. 2.3 Horizon 2020: The circular economy In July 2014, José Manuel Barroso's EU Commission proposed the Circular Economy package, a legislative package regulating levels of waste, recycling and incineration. The purpose was to reduce waste, improve resource efficiency, create jobs and stimulate economic growth. The package includes six bills on waste, packaging, landfill, end of life of vehicles, batteries and accumulators, electronic equipment waste, as well as binding targets for recycling, ban of landfills, and “aspirational” goals for resource efficiency, aimed at changing the business model from “take, make, use and dispose” to a more “closed loop” approach where the raw materials end up recycled and reused. After four years of work and several studies made, the previous Commission said the package would create €600 billion net savings, two million jobs and deliver 1% GDP growth. As part of the circular economy package, the Commission also adopted a legislative proposal to review recycling and other waste-related targets in the EU. Achieving the new waste targets would create 180 000 new jobs, while making Europe more competitive and reducing demand for costly scarce resources. The proposal aims to: • Increase recycling/re-use of municipal waste to 70% in 2030; • Increase packaging waste recycling/re-use to 80% in 2030 with material-specific targets set to gradually increase between 2020 and 2030 (to reach 90 % for paper by 2025 and 60% for plastics, 80% for wood, 90% of ferrous metal, aluminium and glass by the end of 2030); • Phase out landfilling by 2025 for recyclable (including plastics, paper, metals, glass and bio-waste) waste in non hazardous waste landfills – corresponding to a maximum landfilling rate of 25%; • Reduce food waste generation by 30% by 2025; • Introduce an early warning system to anticipate and avoid possible compliance difficulties; • Ensure full traceability of hazardous waste; • Increase the cost-effectiveness of Extended Producer Responsibility schemes by defining minimum conditions; • Simplify the reporting obligations and lighten obligations affecting SMEs; • Harmonise and streamline the calculation of the targets and improve the reliability of key statistics; • Improve the overall coherence by aligning definitions and removing obsolete legal requirements. Interesting readings: 6 § The waste framework directive: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32008L0098 § The circular economy package: http://ec.europa.eu/environment/circular-economy/ § The legislative proposal to review recycling and other waste-related targets in the EU: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:52014PC0397 § The story behind the strategy – EU waste policy: http://ec.europa.eu/environment/waste/pdf/story_book.pdf 3 THE TARGETED CALL: H2020-WASTE-2015-TWO-STAGE Name of the call: waste: a resource to recycle, reuse and recover raw materials Deadline: 4th April 2015 Total budget: 54 million Euros 3.1 Specific challenge The growing waste produced in Europe, particularly in urban areas, where the vast majority of the world population are expected to live by 2050, represents a cost for society and a burden on the environment and, at the same time, a valuable stock of resources that can be exploited. Boosting eco-innovative solutions to prevent waste generation and promote the use of waste as a resource, in line with the objectives of the EU Resource Efficiency Roadmap and the Waste Framework Directive, can enhance the natural and living environment in urban and peri-urban areas. Developing and demonstrating such solutions in real-life environments will enhance their market uptake and contribute to sustainable urbanization worldwide. Cities are more than spatially extended material artefacts; they are complex systems similar to living organisms that use energy, air, water and nutrients and need to dispose waste in a sustainable way. Adopting an urban metabolism perspective opens the way for innovative, systemic approaches, involving the analysis of resource flows within cities. Integrating in this way economic, social and environmental dynamics, it is possible to understand the socioeconomically and gender nuanced patterns of resource use and consumption, and pinpoint drivers of waste-avoiding behavior, manufacturing and business and public governance models. 3.2 Scope Proposals should adopt an integrated urban metabolism approach and inter-disciplinary research and innovation and take into account the gender dimension where relevant. Proposals should involve active engagement of local authorities, citizens and other relevant stakeholders, using innovative concepts such as mobilization and mutual learning. 3 topics are opened in this call: • Eco-Innovative solutions • Eco-innovative strategies • Ensuring sustainable use of agricultural waste, co-products and by-products The first two topics are in line with GAME network orientation regarding the development of actions upstream the value-chain and are developed below. 7 3.3 Topic: Eco-innovative solutions Scope: Demonstration, at an appropriate pilot scale, and market replication, of integrated eco-innovative cost- and energy-efficient technologies, processes and/or services for waste prevention, treatment, enhanced collection, recycling and recovery of high-grade valuable materials from waste. Approaches should integrate technological and non-technological solutions, including, where appropriate, the use of economic instruments, such as incentives for more sustainable production and consumption patterns, and awareness raising initiatives. Proposals should include the participation of industry, including SMEs as far as possible. The Commission considers that proposals requesting a contribution from the EU of between EUR 8 and 10 million would allow this specific challenge to be addressed appropriately. Nonetheless, this does not preclude submission and selection of proposals requesting other amounts. Expected impact: Significant measurable improvements in the state of the art in waste management in urban and peri-urban areas, and in the operationalisation of the urban metabolism approach for sustainable urban development and reduction of negative environmental impacts (e.g. health)in cities. Contribution, over the long term, to the establishment of European research and innovation leadership in urban waste management and prevention. 3.4 Topic: Eco-innovative strategies Scope: Development of innovative and sustainable strategies for waste prevention and management in urban and peri-urban areas. Proposals should highlight how urban patterns, drivers, consumer behaviour, lifestyles, culture, architecture and socio-economic issues can influence the metabolism of cities. Proposals should highlight the possible benefits to be derived from ecosystems services and green infrastructure, and their gender sensitive application. The Commission considers that proposals requesting a contribution from the EU of between EUR 4 and 5 million would allow this specific challenge to be addressed appropriately. Nonetheless, this does not preclude submission and selection of proposals requesting other amounts. Expected impact: Significant measurable improvements in the state of the art in waste management in urban and peri-urban areas, and in the operationalisation of the urban metabolism approach for sustainable urban development and reduction of negative environmental impacts (e.g. health) in cities. Contribution, over the long term, to the establishment of European research and innovation leadership in urban waste management and prevention. 4 EUROPEAN POLICIES AND AUTHORITIES ON WASTE A number of authorities support the European Commission work in identifying key development angles and priorities to set up funding schemes. The strategic documentation delivered by those authorities is publically available and will help you to identify and address in your proposal the key issues, challenges, and strategic areas of the European Commission. 8 4.1 The European Institute of Innovation & Technology – EIT Raw Materials 4.1.1 Who are they? The EIT – Raw Materials was designated as an EIT Knowledge and Innovation Community (KIC) by the EIT Governing Board on 09 December 2014. The below provides some information about the challenges the KIC will address in the field of raw materials (sustainable exploration, extraction, processing, recycling and substitution) and the impact it will generate. EIT Raw Materials aims to be the strongest consortium ever created in the world in the raw materials field. The approach will pay particular attention to systemic thinking and de-siloing across the value chain. Novel service offerings will be implemented to empower the EIT Raw Materials community and other stakeholders, including four customised tracks focusing on growth and job creation by boosting start-ups, SMEs, radical innovation and education. 4.1.2 What do they deliver? EIT Raw Materials will generate significant impact on European competitiveness and employment. This will be realised through the introduction of innovative and sustainable products, processes and services and well-educated people that will deliver increased economic, environmental and social sustainability to European society. EIT Raw Materials aims to, among others: § Support and develop over 40 incubated ideas by 2018 § By 2018 create 16 start-ups § More than 1000 Masters and PhD EIT Label graduates by 2018 § By 2022, EIT Raw materials aims to have commercialised already 70 patents Interesting readings: § EIT Raw Materials - Factsheet: http://eit.europa.eu/sites/default/files/EIT Raw Materials - Factsheet 2014_0.pdf § Designation of two new KICs - December 2014: http://eit.europa.eu/sites/default/files/2014-12-09 - Designation of new KICs.pdf 4.2 European Technology Platforms in Raw Materials – ETPs ETPs European Technology Platforms are industry-led stakeholder forums which elaborate strategic research and innovation agendas (SRAs) for action at EU and national level to be supported by both private and public funding. While maintaining the flexibility and individual visions of each ETP network, the objective of this commitment is to strengthen the cooperation between the ETPs participating in the EIP on Raw Materials. Relevant research and innovation initiatives such as Public-Private Partnerships are also be welcome to the commitment. More specifically: Fragmentation in the implementation of the EIP-RM SIP will be overcome Mutually beneficial information exchange will be encouraged Crossfertilization between actions undertaken by different raw material industries will be sought Exploitation of breakthrough innovations will be speeded up and facilitated. 4.2.1 The ETP Promoting Innovation on Raw Material – ETP-PRIME The partners of the ETP Promoting Innovation on Raw Materials’ (ETP-PRIME) commitment strive to offer a better information support to their stakeholders. A work process will be established for the support of cross-sector actions and initiatives undertaken by stakeholders in support of the EIP Raw Materials SIP. While combining efforts and thereby providing a better overview of national initiatives as well as European initiatives and 9 a stronger cross-ETP networking, the following activity areas are foreseen: 1) Establishing of a cross-sector forum for exchange of best practice and technology between different sectors and raw materials 2) Connected R&D and innovation actions among the partners, stakeholders and their associates 3) Preparing a 2050 roadmap focusing on the potential crossroads of non-food non-energy raw material. 4.2.2 The ETP SMR coordination of research and innovation on raw materials issues The ETP SMR coordination of research and innovation of raw materials issues (ETP SMR RMI) aims to provide an umbrella and coordination function for the raw materials related research activities across the relevant ETPs and national technology platforms across the raw materials value chain in order to increase synergies and facilitate uptake of research results and innovation. -It will encourage diversity and capacity building as well as transfer of knowledge and innovation capability. It will provide a contact point for the KIC. -It will consolidate the network of people involved in the different Horizon 2020 and other projects and initiatives and will provide a platform for identifying gaps and complementarities and bridge where necessary. -Advise the European Commission and National governments of future research needs and tools to stimulate innovation and assist in reviewing the EIP SIP when necessary. A two-step approach is planed: 1st phase 2014-2015, 2nd phase 2016-2020 (after reassessing our commitment and submitting an updated one in the 2015 call for commitments). 4.3 The European Innovation Partnership on Raw Material 4.3.1 Who are they? The European Innovation Partnerships (EIPs) are a new approach to EU research and innovation. By bringing together actors from the entire research and innovation value chain they aim at streamlining efforts and accelerating market take-up of innovations that address key challenges for Europe. The European Innovation Partnership on Raw Materials is a stakeholder platform that brings together representatives from industry, public services, academia and NGOs. Its mission is to provide high-level guidance to the European Commission, Members States and private actors on innovative approaches to the challenges related to raw materials. 4.3.2 What do they deliver? EIP-Raw material delivers strategic and operational plans, identifying priority areas and suggest actions to develop them. Interesting readings: 10 § Competitiveness of the EU mineral raw materials sector: non-energy extractive industries and recycling industries: http://ec.europa.eu/growth/toolsdatabases/newsroom/cf/itemdetail.cfm?item_id=6840&lang=en&tpa_id=1019&title =Competitiveness-of-the-EU-mineral-raw-materials-sector%3A-non-energyextractive-industries-and-recycling-industries § Study on Data Inventory for a Raw Material System Analysis: Roadmap and Test of the Fully Operational MSA for Raw Materials: http://ec.europa.eu/growth/toolsdatabases/newsroom/cf/itemdetail.cfm?item_id=6859&lang=en&tpa_id=1019&title =Study-on-Data-Inventory-for-a-Raw-Material-System-Analysis%3A-Roadmap-andTest-of-the-Fully-Operational-MSA-foh 4.4 Eurostat - The Environmental Data Centre on Waste 4.4.1 Who are they? Eurostat is the statistical office of the European Union situated in Luxembourg. Its task is to provide the European Union with statistics at European level that enable comparisons between countries and regions. 4.4.2 What do they deliver? The main objectives of the Environmental Date Centre of Waste are to: • Provide robust data, indicators and other relevant information to support the assessment of policy effectiveness; • Manage data, perform quality assurance, and coordinate data and information managed by other bodies (e.g. Directorate General (DG) for the Environment, Eurostat, the Joint Research Centre (JRC), the European Environment Agency (EEA), other EU institutions, international organisations such as the OECD and the United Nations); • Be the central entry point for reporting of data under European Union legislation on waste; • Be the reference point for answering specific policy questions related to (statistical) information on waste and the associated environmental impacts; and • Co-operate with DG Environment, the JRC and the EEA to develop and coordinate the necessary methodologies to produce statistical data, information and indicators on the environmental impacts of waste generation and waste management, within a life cycle perspective. Interesting readings: § Recycling – secondary material price indicator: http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Recycling_– _secondary_material_price_indicator § End-of-life vehicle statistics: http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Recycling_– _secondary_material_price_indicator 5 EU FUNDED PROJECTS IN FP7 WITH ACTIONS ON WASTE MANAGEMENT The projects with a Research and Development orientation in FP6 (EURATOM) were safety oriented with topics such as the treatment of radioactive waste. For the projects fitting in the FP6 sustainable development program, waste management was associated to energy optimisation. In FP7, a lot of small projects were about monitoring and analysing local and national policies while a lot of other small projects aimed to optimise those local methodologies and policies or establishing common policies and methodologies. Other projects focused on defining research areas or strategy action plans. A targeted research for projects with budgets over 5 million € in the FP7 research framework, showed only two relevent results: 11 Acronym Project name C2A Advanced Technologies for the Production of Cement and Clean Aggregates from Construction and Demolition Waste Acronym Project name ZEROW IN Towards zero waste in industrial networks 12 Duratio n 2011/14 Coordinating organisation Technische universiteit delft (NL) Partners Budget Holcim group support ltd (CH) Suniversita degli studi di roma la sapienza (IT) Akademia gorniczo-hutnicza im. Stanislawa staszica w krakowie (SK) Foundation for research and technology hellas (DE) Barcelona supercomputing center centro nacional de supercomputacion (SP) Universiteit leiden (NL) Danmarks tekniske universitet (DK) Strukton civiel bv (NL) Theo pouw bv (NL) Heidelbergcement ag (DE) Holcim technology ltd (CH) Dv srl (IT) Laser 2000 benelux cv (NL) Inashco R&D B.V (NL) 5 million € Duratio n 2009/14 Coordinating organisation Osterreichisc he gesellschaft fuer systemund automatisieru ngstechnik (AU) Partners Budget Euskal herriko elektronika eta informazio (SP) Bio intelligence service sa (FR) Centro de estudos informacaeo e formacaeo para o ambiente (PT) Flection germany gmbh (DE) Fundacion gaiker (SP) Hewlett-packard limited (UK) Institut europeen d'administration des affaires (FR) Wirtschaftskammer oesterreich (AU) Multimedia computer system ltd (IE) Pe international ag (DE) Saft sas (FR) Technische universitat berlin (DE) Regional environmental center for central and eastern europe –rec (HR) Trama tecnoambiental s.l. (SP) United nations university (Japan) University for the creative arts (UK) University of limerick (IE) Universitaet fuer bodenkultur wien (AU) University of Southampton (UK) Vfj werkstatten gmbh (DE) Wameco s.c. ryszard szpadt, wojciech gornikowski (SK) Politechnika wroclawska (SK) Universitaet Stuttgart (DE) Continental teves ag & co. Ohg (DE) Saft sa (FR) Au optronics corporation (Taiwan) Bauserve gmbh (DE) Greentronics (RS) Remade south east ltd. (UK) Tricom gmbh (DE) Up umweltanalytische produkte gmbh (DE) Wilding butler construction ltd (UK) 10 million €