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Answer Key Basics of Biblical Aramaic
Answer Key Basics of Biblical Aramaic Miles V. Van Pelt compiled by Jonathan Kiel edited by Young Bok Kim Chapter 2: Vowels 2.16 2 Exercises. In the following exercises, some of the Aramaic vocabulary presented above appears with corresponding vocabulary from biblical Hebrew. Using the information presented in 1.5 and 2.13, identify the type of variation appearing in the Aramaic vocabulary. Hebrew Word Aramaic Word Type of Variation 1. ֱאנוֹשׁ ֱאנָ שׁ 2. ֵעץ ָאע 3. ֶ֫א ֶרץ ֲא ַרע Hebrew צmay be represented in Aramaic by ( עsee 1.5.3) 4. זָ ָהב ְדּ ַהב Hebrew זmay be represented in Aramaic by ( דsee 1.5.1) 5. דּוֹר ָדּר No Canaanite Shift (see 2.13.3) 6. ָלשׁוֹן ִל ָשּׁן No Canaanite Shift (see 2.13.3) 7. ַמ ָדּע ִמנְ ַדּע Nasalization (see 2.13.4) 8. ַבּ ְרזֶ ל ַפּ ְרזֶ ל Hebrew בmay be represented in Aramaic by ( פnot listed) 9. קוֹל ָקל 10. שׁוֹר תּוֹר No Canaanite Shift (see 2.13.3) Hebrew צmay be represented in Aramaic by ( עsee 1.5.3, footnote 2) No Canaanite Shift (see 2.13.3) Hebrew שׁmay be represented in Aramaic by ( תsee 1.5.4) Answer Key: Basics of Biblical Aramaic Chapter 3–Syllabification 3.12 Vocabulary and Exercises. The following vocabulary list contains all proper nouns that occur four or more times in the biblical Aramaic text. Before memorizing this list, cover the English translation column and try to identify each proper noun by pronouncing the names in Aramaic. Next, syllabify each word. Proper Nouns ַא ְריוְֹך ַא ְר ַתּ ְח ַשׁ ְשׂ ָתּא ָבּ ֶבל ְשׁ ַתר בּוֹזְ נַ י אצּר ַ ֵבּ ְל ְט ַשׁ אצּר ַ ֵבּ ְל ַשׁ ָדּנִ יֵּ אל ָדּ ְריָ וֶ שׁ יְ הוּד רוּשׁ ֶלם ְ ְי יִ ְשׂ ָר ֵאל כּוֹרשׁ ֶ ישְׁך ַ ֵמ בוּכ ְדנֶ ַצּר ַ ְנ ֲע ֵבד נְ גוֹ ָפּ ָרס ְרחוּם ַשׁ ְד ַרְך ִשׁ ְמ ַשׁי ַתּ ְתּנַ י Syllabification Arioch Artaxerxes Babylon Shethar Bozenai Belteshazzar Belshazzar Daniel Darius Judah, Judea Jerusalem Israel Cyrus Meshak Nebuchadnezzar Abed Nego Persia, the Persians Rehum Shadrak Shimshai Tatnai Gentilic Nouns ַכּ ְשׂ ָדּי Syllabification Chaldean; (noun) astrologer; |דּי ָ ַכּ ְשׂ also spelled ַכּ ְס ָדּי הוּדי ָ ְי ָמ ַדי ֵלוָ י ַא ְר|יוְֹך |תּא ָ |שׁ ְשׂ ַ |תּ ְח ַ ַא ְר |בל ֶ ָבּ |תר בּוֹזְ |נַ י ַ ְשׁ אצ|צר ַ |שׁ ַ |ט ְ ֵבּ ְל אצ|צר ַ |שׁ ַ ֵבּ ְל ָדּ|נִ י|יֵ אל ָדּ ְר|יָ |וֶ שׁ יְ |הוּד |לם ֶ |רוּ|שׁ ְ ְי |אל ֵ יִ ְשׂ ָ|ר כּוֹ|רשׁ ֶ י|שְׁך ַ ֵמ צ|צר ַ ֶ|בוּ|כ ְד|נ ַ ְנ |בד נְ |גוֹ ֵ ֲע ָפּ ָ|רס ְר|חוּם ַשׁ ְד ַ|רְך |שׁי ַ ִשׁ ְמ |תּ|נַ י ְ ( ַתּ ְתּNote the daghesh forte.) someone from Judea, a Jew Media, the Medes Levite Answer Key: Basics of Biblical Aramaic ַכּ ְס ָ|דּי |הוּ|די ָ ְי ָמ ַ|די ֵל|וָ י 3 Chapter 4–Nouns: Absolute State 4.9 4 Exercises. Parse the following absolute nouns by identifying the gender, number, and lexical form of each. Translation is also required. Gender Number Lexical Translation 1. זְ ַמן Masculine Singular זְ ַמן time 2. זִ ְמנִ ין Masculine Plural זְ ַמן times 3. ֵחיוָ ה Feminine Singular ֵחיוָ ה animal 4. ֵחיוָ ן Feminine Plural ֵחיוָ ה animals 5. ִע ָדּן Masculine Singular ִע ָדּן time, moment 6. ִע ָדּנִ ין Masculine Plural ִע ָדּן times, moments 7. ְפּ ַשׁר Masculine Singular ְפּ ַשׁר interpretation 8. ִפּ ְשׁ ִרין Masculine Plural ְפּ ַשׁר interpretation 9. ֱא ָלהּ Masculine Singular ֱא ָלהּ God, a god 10. ֱא ָל ִהין Masculine Plural ֱא ָלהּ gods 11. ַא ָמּה Feminine Singular ַא ָמּה cubit 12. ַא ִמּין Feminine Plural ַא ָמּה cubits 13. גְּ ַבר Masculine Singular גְּ ַבר man 14. גֻּ ְב ִרין Masculine Plural גְּ ַבר men 15. ֵ֫ח ֶלם Masculine Singular ֵ֫ח ֶלם dream 16. ֶח ְל ִמין Masculine Plural ֵ֫ח ֶלם dreams 17. יוֹם Masculine Singular יוֹם day 18. יוֹמין ִ Masculine Plural יוֹם days 19. ֶ֫מ ֶלְך Masculine Singular ֶ֫מ ֶלְך king 20. ַמ ְל ִכין Masculine Plural ֶ֫מ ֶלְך kings 21. ִמ ָלּה Feminine Singular ִמ ָלּה word 22. ִמ ִלּין Feminine Plural ִמ ָלּה words 23. ְשׁנָ ה Feminine Singular ְשׁנָ ה year 24. ְשׁנִ ין Feminine Plural ְשׁנָ ה years Answer Key: Basics of Biblical Aramaic Chapter 5–Nouns: Determined State 5.10 Exercises. Parse the following nouns by identifying the gender, number, state, and lexical form of each. Translation is also required. Gender Number State Lexical Translation 1. ִא ָילן Masculine Singular Absolute ִא ָילן tree 2. ִא ָילנָ א Masculine singular Determined ִא ָילן the tree 3. ֻא ָמּה Feminine Singular Absolute ֻא ָמּה nation 4. ֻא ַמּיָּ א Feminine Plural Determined ֻא ָמּה the nations 5. ֱא ָסר Masculine Singular Absolute ֱא ָסר injunction 6. ֱא ָס ָרא Masculine Singular Determined ֱא ָסר the injunction 7. ַה ְמנִ יְך Masculine Singular Absolute ַה ְמנִ יך chain 8. יכא ָ ִ ַה ְמנ Masculine Singular Determined ַה ְמנִ יך the chain זְ ָמר Masculine Singular Absolute זְ ָמר musical instrument 10. זְ ָמ ָרא Masculine Singular Determined זְ ָמר the musical instrument ֲח ַמר Masculine Singular Absolute ֲח ַמר wine 12. ַח ְמ ָרא Masculine Singular Determined ֲח ַמר the wine 13. יְ ָקר Masculine Singular Absolute יְ ָקר honor 14. יְ ָק ָרא Masculine Singular Determined יְ ָקר the honor 15. ָמאן Masculine Singular Absolute ָמאן vessel 16. ָמאנַ יָּ א Masculine Plural Determined ָמאן the vessels 17. נוּר Masculine Singular Absolute נוּר fire 18. נוּרא ָ Masculine Singular Determined נוּר the fire 19. זְ ָמן Masculine Singular Absolute זְ ָמן time 20. זִ ְמנָ א Masculine Singular Determined זְ ָמן the time 21. זִ ְמנַ יָּ א Masculine Plural Determined זְ ָמן the times ֵחיוָ ה Feminine Singular Absolute ֵחיוָ ה animal 23. ֵחיוְ ָתא Feminine Singular Determined ֵחיוָ ה the animal 24. ֵחיוָ ָתא Feminine Plural Determined ֵחיוָ ה the animals 9. 11. 22. Answer Key: Basics of Biblical Aramaic 5 Chapter 6–Nouns: Construct State 6.8 Exercises. Parse the following nouns by identifying the gender, number, state, and lexical form of each. Translation is also required. Number State Lexical Translation 1. ַר ְעיוֹן Singular Absolute ַר ְעיוֹן thought 2. Masculine ַר ְעיוֹנֵ י Masculine Plural Construct ַר ְעיוֹן thoughts of 3. ֱא ָלהּ Singular Absolute ֱא ָלהּ God 4. Masculine ֱא ָל ֵהי Masculine Plural Construct ֱא ָלהּ gods of 5. ַבּיִ ת Singular Absolute ַבּיִ ת house 6. Masculine ֵבּית Masculine Singular Construct ַבּיִ ת house of 7. ַבּר Singular Absolute ַבּר son 8. ְבּנֵ י Masculine Masculine Plural Construct ַבּר sons of 9. ַח ִכּים Singular Absolute ַח ִכּים wise man 10. ימי ֵ ַח ִכּ Masculine Plural Construct ַח ִכּים wise men of 11. ְמ ִדינָ ה Masculine Feminine Singular Absolute ְמ ִדינָ ה province 12. ְמ ִדינַ ת Feminine Singular Construct ְמ ִדינָ ה province of 13. ִמ ָלּה Singular Absolute ִמ ָלּה word 14. Feminine ִמ ַלּת Feminine Singular Construct ִמ ָלּה word of 15. ִמ ֵלּי Plural Construct ִמ ָלּה words of 16. ַעיִ ן Feminine Dual Absolute ַעיִ ן eye 17. ֵעין Feminine Dual Construct ַעיִ ן eye of 18. ַעיְ נֵ י Feminine Feminine Dual Construct ַעיִ ן eyes of 19. ֵחיוָ ה Feminine Singular Absolute ֵחיוָ ה animal 20. ֵחיוַ ת Feminine Singular Construct ֵחיוָ ה animal of 21. ֵחיוָ ת Feminine Plural Construct ֵחיוָ ה animals of ַמ ְלכוּ Feminine Singular Absolute ַמ ְלכוּ kingdom 23. ַמ ְלכוּת Feminine Singular Construct ַמ ְלכוּ kingdom of 23. ַמ ְל ְכוָ ת Feminine Plural Construct ַמ ְלכוּ kingdoms of 22. 6 Gender Answer Key: Basics of Biblical Aramaic 6.9 Exercises. Translate the following Aramaic construct chains into English. ל־עם ַ ָכּ (1) every people ר־א ָל ִהין ֱ ַבּ (2) a son of gods (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) ַמ ְלכוּת ָע ַלם a kingdom of eternity (i.e., “An eternal kingdom”) ־א ָל ִהין ֱ רוּח ַ the spirit of God (or, “a spirit of gods”) ְל ַבב ֵחיוָ ה a heart of an animal ֵבּית ַמ ְלכוּ a house of a kingdom (i.e, “a palace”) ד־אנָ שׁ ֱ ַי a hand of a man ת־א ָל ִהין ֱ ָח ְכ ַמ the wisdom of God (or, “wisdom of gods”) תוֹרין ִ ְבּנֵ י sons of (young) bulls (10) (11) (12) וּמ ֵרא ַמ ְל ִכין ָ ֱא ָלהּ ֱא ָל ִהין God of gods and Lord of kings ִמ ַלּת ַמ ְל ָכּא the word of the king ֱא ָלהּ ְשׁ ַמיָּ א the God of the heavens ל־א ְר ָעא ַ ָכּ (13) all of the earth Answer Key: Basics of Biblical Aramaic 7 ֶ֫מ ֶלְך ַמ ְל ַכיָּ א (14) (the) king of kings (15) (16) (17) (18) (19) (20) נוּרא ָ ַאתּוּן the furnace of the fire (or, “the furnace of fire”) ימי ָב ֶבל ֵ ַח ִכּ the wise men of Babylon ֶ֫צ ֶלם ַדּ ֲה ָבא the image of the gold (i.e., “the golden image”) ְמ ִדינַ ת ָבּ ֶבל the province of Babylon ֶא ְצ ְבּ ָעת ַרגְ ַליָּ א the toes of the feet עוֹף־שׁ ַמיָּ א ְ ְי־אנָ ָשׁא ֵחיוַ ת ָבּ ָרא ו ֲ ְֵבּנ the sons of (the) man, the beast of the field, and the bird(s) of the heavens 8 Answer Key: Basics of Biblical Aramaic Chapter 7–Conjunctions and Prepositions 7.12 Exercises. Translate the following Aramaic phrases into English. (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) כוֹרשׁ ַמ ְל ָכּא ִדּי ָב ֶבל ֶ ְבּ ַרם ִבּ ְשׁנַ ת ֲח ָדה ְל but in the first year of Cyrus the king of Babylon ית־א ָל ָהא ִדּי ַד ֲה ָבה וְ ַכ ְס ָפּא ֱ י־ב ֵ וְ ַאף ָמאנַ יָּ א ִד And also the vessels of the house of God, of gold and silver (i.e., “And also the gold and silver vessels of the temple”) וּפ ְשׁ ֵרהּ ִ וְ ֵהן ֶח ְל ָמא and if the dream and its interpretation ן־ק ָדם ַמ ְל ָכּא ֳ ִמ from (before) the king ימי ָב ֶבל ֵ ם־שׁ ָאר ַח ִכּ ְ ִע with the rest of the wise men of Babylon ד־ע ְל ָמא ָ ן־ע ְל ָמא וְ ַע ָ ִמ from eternity and until eternity (i.e., “forever and ever”) ָל ֵהן ֱא ָל ִהין except God / therefore God (or, “gods”) ל־מ ְלכוּת ַמ ְל ָכּא ַ ַע against the kingdom (or, realm) of the king רוּשׁ ֶלם ְ ְֳק ָדם ֱא ָלהּ י before the God of Jerusalem ל־פּם גֻּ ָבּא ֻ ַע upon the mouth of the pit וּב ַא ְר ָעא ְ ִבּ ְשׁ ַמיָּ א in the heavens and on the earth כּוֹרשׁ ֶ וּב ַמ ְלכוּת ְ ְבּ ַמ ְלכוּת ָדּ ְריָ וֶ שׁ in the kingdom of Darius and in the kingdom of Cyrus Answer Key: Basics of Biblical Aramaic 9 (13) (14) (15) (16) (17) (18) (19) (20) וּכ ַפ ְרזְ ָלא ְ and like (the) iron וּל ָדנִ יֵּ אל ְ and to Daniel וּל ֶצ ֶלם ַדּ ֲה ָבא ְ and to the golden image וּלגֻ ְב ִרין ְ and men וּב ַטל ְשׁ ַמיָּ א ְ and with the dew of the heavens יוֹמי ֲאבוְּך ֵ וּב ְ and in the days of your father אל ֵהי ַכ ְס ָפּא־וְ ַד ֲה ָבא נְ ָח ָשׁא ַפ ְרזְ ָלא ָא ָעא וְ ַא ְבנָ א ָ וְ ֵל and to the gods of the silver and the gold, the bronze, the iron, the wood, and the stone הוּדיֵ א ָ ְל־שׂ ֵבי י ָ ַע upon the elders of the Jews 10 Answer Key: Basics of Biblical Aramaic Chapter 8–Pronominal Suffixes 8.10 Exercises. Translate the following Aramaic text into English. ְכּ ֻשׁם ֱא ָל ִהי (1) like the name of my god ְבּ ָדת ֱא ָל ֵההּ (2) with the law of his God וְ ֵעין ֱא ָל ֲההֹם (3) and the eye of their God (4) (5) (6) ם־מ ְל ָכּא ַ ֳק ָד1אמר ַ ֵוּפ ְשׁ ֵרהּ נ ִ And we will say its interpretation before the king. כוּתהּ ַמ ְלכוּת ָע ַלם ֵ ַמ ְל His kingdom (is) an eternal kingdom. כוּתי ִ ימי ַמ ְל ֵ ל־ח ִכּ ַ ָכּ all the wise men of my kingdom כוּתְך ָ גְּ ַבר ְבּ ַמ ְל (7) a man in your kingdom (8) (9) ל־מ ְשׁ ְכּ ָבְך ִ אשְׁך ַע ָ וְ ֶחזְ וֵ י ֵר and the visions of your head upon your bed י־ד ַהב ְ אשׁהּ ִדּ ֵ ֵר his head of gold (10) (11) (12) אשׁהוֹן ְ וּשׂ ַער ֵר ְ and the hair of their head(s) אשׁהּ ַ ל־ק ְרנַ יָּ א ֲע ַשׂר ִדּי ְב ֵר ַ וְ ַע and upon the ten horns that were on its head ְבּ ָדת ֱא ָל ָהְך ִדּי ִב ָידְך according to the law of your God, which is in your hand 1. The verb אמרtranslated “we will say.” Answer Key: Basics of Biblical Aramaic 11 (13) (14) (15) נוֹהי ִ ַמ ְל ָכּא וְ ַר ְב ְר ָב the king and his nobles ן־בּיְ ֵתהּ ַ ָאע ִמ a tree (or, “beam”) from his house 2 ֱא ָלהּ ֲא ָב ָה ִתי the God of my fathers (16) (17) (18) (19) (20) בוּהי ִ בוּכ ְדנֶ ַצּר ֲא ַ ְנ Nebuchadnezzar, my father וּמ ְל ָכּא נְ ֻב ַכ ְדנֶ ַצּר ֲאבוְּך ַ and the king, Nebuchadnezzar, your father יוֹמי ֲאבוְּך ֵ וּב ְ and in the days of your father סוּמפֹּנְ יָ ה וְ כֹל זְ נֵ י זְ ָמ ָרא ְ ]ק ְתרוֹס[ ַס ְבּ ָכא ְפּ ַסנְ ֵתּ ִרין ַ יתרוֹס ָ יתא ִק ָ רוֹק ִ ָקל ַק ְרנָ א ַמ ְשׁ the sound of the horn, the pipe, lyre, trigon, harp, pipe, and all kinds of music ל־ח ְרטֹּם וְ ָא ַשׁף וְ ַכ ְשׂ ָדּי ַ ְל ָכ to every magician and conjurer and Chaldean 2. 12 Before a pronominal suffix, the noun ( ַאבfather) is spelled ֲאבוּin the singular or ֲא ָב ָהתin the plural. See exercises (15) through (18). Answer Key: Basics of Biblical Aramaic Chapter 9–Pronouns 9.10 Exercises. Translate the following Aramaic text into English. (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) בוּכ ְדנֶ ַצּר ַ ְְכּ ַען ֲאנָ ה נ now I, Nebuchadnezzar אצּר ַ בוּכ ְדנֶ ַצּר וְ ַאנְ ָתּה ]וְ ַאנְ ְתּ[ ֵבּ ְל ְט ַשׁ ַ ְֲאנָ ה ַמ ְל ָכּא נ I, King Nebuchadnezzar, and you, Belteshazzar י־א ָלהּ ְשׁ ַמיָּ א וְ ַא ְר ָעא ֱ דוֹהי ִד ִ ֲאנַ ְחנָ א ִהמּוֹ ַע ְב We are the servants of the God of the heavens and the earth. (literally, “We are his servants”) אשׁה ִדּי ַד ֲה ָבא ָ ]אנְ ְתּ[־הוּא ֵר ַ ַאנְ ָתּה You are the head of gold. י־ד ַהב ְ אשׁהּ ִדּ ֵ הוּא ַצ ְל ָמא ֵר the head of that image is [made] of gold. (i.e., “The statue’s head is [made of] gold”) יוֹמיהוֹן ִדּי ַמ ְל ַכיָּ א ִאנּוּן ֵ וּב ְ and in those days of those kings (or, “the days of those kings”) וּמ ֵרא ַמ ְל ִכין ָ ֱא ָל ֲהכוֹן הוּא ֱא ָלהּ ֱא ָל ִהין Your God is God of gods and Lord of Kings וּמן־הוּא ֱא ָלהּ ַ And who is (the) god? 3 ל־ק ֵבל ְדּנָ ה ַמ ְל ָכּא ְבּנַ ס ֳ ָכּ Therefore, the king became angry. ל־רזָ ה ְדּנָ ה ָ ַע concerning this mystery וּפ ְשׁ ֵרהּ ִ ְדּנָ ה ֶח ְל ָמא this dream and its interpretation (or, “This is the dream”) 3. “he became angry” Answer Key: Basics of Biblical Aramaic 13 (12) (13) (14) (15) ְבּגַ וֵּ הּ ְל ָד ְריָ וֶ שׁ ַמ ְל ָכּא ְשׁ ָל ָמא כ ָֹלּא4וְ ִכ ְדנָ ה ְכּ ִתיב And thus it is written in its midst, “To Darius the king, All peace!” א־היא ָבּ ֶבל ִ ָד This is Babylon. (or, “This is she, Babylon”) וְ ַק ְרנָ א ִד ֵכּן וְ ַעיְ נִ ין ַלהּ and that horn and eyes to it (i.e., “and that horn had eyes”) ן־יוֹמת ָע ְל ָמא ָ ִק ְריְ ָתא ָדְך ִמ that city from the days of old ַא ֲח ֵרי ְדנָ ה5 ָמה ִדּי ֶל ֱהוֵ א (16) what will be after this (17) (18) (19) (20) נוֹהי ִ וּב ְ ל־מ ְלכוּת ַמ ְל ָכּא ַ ְל ָמה ֶל ֱהוֵ א ְק ַצף ַע Why will (should) fury be upon the kingdom of the king and his sons (or, “the realm of the king”) ן־אנּוּן ְשׁ ָמ ָהת גֻּ ְב ַריָּ א ִ ַמ What are the names of the men? סוּמפֹּנְ יָ ה וְ כֹל זְ נֵ י זְ ָמ ָרא ְ ]ק ְתרוֹס[ ַס ְבּ ָכא ְפּ ַסנְ ֵתּ ִרין ַ יתרוֹס ָ יתא ִק ָ רוֹק ִ ָקל ַק ְרנָ א ַמ ְשׁ the sound of the horn, the pipe, zither, trigon, harp, bagpipe, and all kinds of music ל־ח ְרטֹּם וְ ָא ַשׁף וְ ַכ ְשׂ ָדּי ַ ְל ָכ to every magician and sorcerer and astrologer 4. 5. 14 “it is written” “it will be” Answer Key: Basics of Biblical Aramaic Chapter 10–Adjectives and Numbers 10.7 Exercises. Translate the following Aramaic text into English. (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) ל־מ ֶלְך ַרב וְ ַשׁ ִלּיט ֶ ָכּ every great and powerful king ב־ט ָבּ ַחיָּ א ִדּי ַמ ְל ָכּא ַ ְל ַא ְריוְֹך ַר to Arioch, great one of the guard of the king ל־מה ָד ָתא ָ י־מ ְל ָכּא ַע ַ יטא ִד ָ ְל ַא ְריוְֹך ַשׁ ִלּ to Arioch, the captain of the king, why is the law יַתּיר ִ ְצ ֵלם ַחד ַשׂגִּ יא ַצ ְל ָמא ִדּ ֵכּן ַרב וְ זִ יוֵ הּ One great image, this image was mighty, and its brightness was exceeding. כוּתה ְל ַעם ָא ֳח ָרן ָ וּמ ְל ַ And the kingdom, to another people יאן ָ ִוּמ ְתּנָ ן ַר ְב ְר ָבן ַשׂגּ ַ And many great gifts (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) ְכּ ַבר ְשׁנִ ין ִשׁ ִתּין וְ ַת ְר ֵתּין as a son of 62 years (i.e., “being 62 years old”) ישׁין ֵבּהּ ִ ־א ָל ִהין ַק ִדּ ֱ רוּח ַ וְ ִדי and in whom is a spirit of the holy gods רוּמהּ ַשׂגִּ יא ֵ ְ ִא ָילן ְבּגוֹא ַא ְר ָעא ו A tree in the midst of the land, and its height was great. ]ע ָלּ ָאה[ ְבּ ַמ ְלכוּת ֲאנָ ָשׁא ִ ַשׁ ִלּיט ִע ָלּיָ א The most high is ruler over the kingdom of man. יַתּ ָירא ֵבּהּ ִ רוּח ַ ל־ק ֵבל ִדּי ֳ ָכּ Because an extraordinary spirit is in him ישׁי ֶע ְליוֹנִ ין ֵ ְל ַק ִדּ to the holy ones of the Most High ָדּנִ יֵּ אל ֲע ֵבד ֱא ָל ָהא ַחיָּ א Daniel, servant of the living God Answer Key: Basics of Biblical Aramaic 15 (14) (15) יפה ְכּ ַפ ְרזְ ָלא ָ ַת ִקּ6יע ָאה[ ֶתּ ֱהוֵ א ָ יעיָ ה ְ]ר ִב ָ וּמ ְלכוּ ְר ִב ַ And the fourth kingdom will be strong like iron. וְ ַא ְר ַבּע ֵחיוָ ן ַר ְב ְר ָבן and four great beasts (16) (17) (18) (19) (20) נוֹהי ֲא ַלף ִ ְל ַר ְב ְר ָב and to his one thousand nobles רוּשׁ ֶלם ְ ְִאגְּ ָרה ֲח ָדה ַעל־י one letter to Jerusalem (or, “a letter to Jerusalem”) רוּמהּ ַא ִמּין ִשׁ ִתּין ְפּ ָתיֵ הּ ַא ִמּין ִשׁת ֵ י־ד ַהב ְ ֲע ַבד ְצ ֵלם ִדּ He made a statue of gold. Its height was sixty cubits, (and) its width was six cubits. ישְׁך וַ ֲע ֵבד נְ גוֹ ַ וְ גֻ ְב ַריָּ א ִא ֵלְּך ְתּ ָל ֵתּהוֹן ַשׁ ְד ַרְך ֵמ These three men were Shadrach, Meeshach, and Abednego. י־ע ַשׂר ֲ ִל ְק ָצת יַ ְר ִחין ְתּ ֵר at the end of twelve months (literally, “ten and two months”) 6. 16 “it will be” Answer Key: Basics of Biblical Aramaic Chapter 11–Adverbs and Particles 11.6 Exercises. Translate the following Aramaic text into English. (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) ישׁין ֵבּהּ ִ רוּח ֱא ָל ִהין ַק ִדּ ַ כוּתְך ִדּי ָ יתי גְּ ַבר ְבּ ַמ ְל ַ ִא There is a man in your kingdom in whom is the spirit of the holy gods. ל־יַבּ ְשׁ ָתּא ֶ יתי ֲאנָ שׁ ַע ַ א־א ִ ָל there is not a man upon the dry land ִלי7ל־חיַּ יָּ א ָרזָ א ְדנָ ה גֱּ ִלי ַ ן־כּ ָ יתי ִבּי ִמ ַ י־א ִ ָלא ְב ָח ְכ ָמה ִדּ Not with wisdom that is in me which is greater than all living things has this mystery been revealed to me. (or, “This mystery was not revealed to me because I have a greater wisdom than all living things.) ֲה ָלא גֻ ְב ִרין ְתּ ָל ָתא Are there not three men? א־היא ָבּ ֶבל ַר ְבּ ָתא ִ ֲה ָלא ָד Is this not the great Babylon? (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) א־דא ָ ָוַ ֲאלוּ ַעיְ נִ ין ְכּ ַעיְ נֵ י ֲאנָ ָשׁא ְבּ ַק ְרנ And behold, eyes like the eyes of man were in this horn. ם־ענָ נֵ י ְשׁ ַמיָּ א ְכּ ַבר ֱאנָ שׁ ֲ וַ ֲארוּ ִע And behold, with clouds of the heaven like a son of man פּוֹהי ִ ְל־אנ ַ ַע8בוּכ ְדנֶ ַצּר נְ ַפל ַ ְאדיִ ן ַמ ְל ָכּא נ ַ ֵבּ Then, the king, Nebuchadnezzar, fell upon his face. ֶל ֱא ָלהּ ְשׁ ַמיָּ א9 ֱא ַדיִ ן ָדּנִ יֵּ אל ָבּ ִרְך Then Daniel blessed the God of the heavens. תּוֹרין ִ ְבּ ַכ ְס ָפּא ְדנָ ה10ל־ק ֵבל ְדּנָ ה ָא ְס ַפּ ְרנָ א ִת ְקנֵ א ֳ ָכּ Therefore, you will diligently buy bulls with this silver 7. “it was revealed” 8. “he fell” 9. “he blessed” 10. “you will buy” Answer Key: Basics of Biblical Aramaic 17 (11) (12) ְבּגַ וַּ הּ ִדּ ְכרוֹנָ ה11ן־כּ ִתיב ְ וְ ֵכ And thus, it is written in its midst, a record. רוּשׁ ֶלם ְל ַא ְר ַתּ ְח ַשׁ ְשׂ ְתּא ַמ ְל ָכּא ְכּנֵ ָמא ְ ְ ִאגְּ ָרה ֲח ָדה ַעל־י12 ְכּ ַתבוּ They wrote one letter against Jerusalem to Artaxerxes, the king, thus (13) (14) (15) יתיכוֹן ֲע ִת ִידין ֵ ְכּ ַען ֵהן ִא Now, if you are ready ל־מ ְל ָכּא ָטב ַ וּכ ַען ֵהן ַע ְ And now, if it is good to the king (or, “if it pleases the king”) וּכנָ וָ ְתהוֹן ְ ְכּ ַען ַתּ ְתּנַ י ַפּ ַחת ֲע ַבר־נַ ֲה ָרה ְשׁ ַתר בּוֹזְ נַ י Now, Tatnai, the governor of (the region) beyond the river, Shethar Bozenai, and their colleagues (16) (17) (18) (19) (20) וּכ ֶענֶ ת׃ ְדּנָ ה ַפּ ְר ֶשׁגֶ ן ִאגַּ ְר ָתּא ְ וּשׁ ָאר ֲע ַבר־נַ ֲה ָרה ְ and the rest (of those) beyond the river. And now, this is a copy of the letter. וּכ ֶענֶ ת ְ ַע ְב ֶדיְך ֱאנָ שׁ ֲע ַבר־נַ ֲה ָרה your servants, men from beyond the river, and now וּכ ֶעת ְ וּשׁ ָאר ֲע ַבר־נַ ֲה ָרה ְשׁ ָלם ְ and the rest (of those) beyond the river, peace, and now י־מ ְל ָכּא ַת ָמּה ִדּי ְבּ ָב ֶבל ַ ְבּ ֵבית גִּ נְ זַ יָּ א ִדּ in the house of the treasury of the king there in Babylon. ל־מ ְל ָכּא ַ ַע13אדיִ ן גֻּ ְב ַריָּ א ִא ֵלְּך ַה ְרגִּ שׁוּ ַ ֵבּ Then, these men rushed to the king. 11. “it is written” 12. “they wrote” 13. “they rushed” 18 Answer Key: Basics of Biblical Aramaic Chapter 13–Peal Perfect 13.10 Parsing. Parse the following verbs by identifying the stem, conjugation, person, gender, number, and lexical form of each. Translation is also required. Stem Conjugation PGN Lexical Translation 1. ֲא ַמר Peal Perfect 3ms אמר he (it) said 2. ֲא ַמרוּ Peal Perfect 3mp אמר they said 3. ֲא ַמ ְרנָ א Peal Perfect 1cp אמר we said 4. ַא ְמ ֵרת Peal Perfect 1cs אמר I said 5. ֲהוָ ה Peal Perfect 3ms הוה he (it) was 6. ֲהוֵ ית Peal Perfect 1cs הוה I was 7. ֲהוַ יְ ָת Peal Perfect 2ms הוה you were 8. ֲהווֹ Peal Perfect 3mp הוה they were 9. יְ ַהב Peal Perfect 3ms יהב he (it) gave 10. יְ ַהבוּ Peal Perfect 3mp יהב they gave 11. יְ ַה ְב ְתּ Peal Perfect 2ms יהב you gave נְ ַפק Peal Perfect 3ms נפק he (it) went out 13. נְ ַפ ָקה Peal Perfect 3fp נפק they went out 14. נְ ַפקוּ Peal Perfect 3mp נפק they went out 15. ְבּ ָעה Peal Perfect 3ms בּעא he (it) sought 16. ְבּעוֹ Peal Perfect 3mp בּעא they sought 17. ְבּ ֵעינָ א Peal Perfect 1cp בּעא We sought 18. ַעל Peal Perfect 3ms עלל he (it) entered 19. ָקם Peal Perfect 3ms קום he (it) arose 20. ָקמוּ Peal Perfect 3mp קום they arose 21. ָשׂם Peal Perfect 3ms שׂים he (it) set 22. ָשׂמוּ Peal Perfect 3mp שׂים they put 23. ָשׂ ֶמת Peal Perfect 1cs שׂים I placed 24. ָשׂ ְמ ָתּ Peal Perfect 2ms שׂים you set 12. Answer Key: Basics of Biblical Aramaic 19 13.11 Translation. Translate the following Aramaic text into English. (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) ְשׁ ַמיָּ א וְ ַא ְר ָקא ָלא ֲע ַבדוּ They did not make the heavens and the earth. ן־מ ְל ָכּא ַ וּב ָעה ִמ ְ וְ ָדנִ יֵּ אל ַעל And Daniel went in and called upon the king. ֱא ַדיִ ן ָדּנִ יֵּ אל ְל ַביְ ֵתהּ ֲאזַ ל Then, Daniel went to his house. וּל ָדנִ יֵּ אל ְסגִ ד ְ פּוֹהי ִ ְל־אנ ַ בוּכ ְדנֶ ַצּר נְ ַפל ַע ַ ְאדיִ ן ַמ ְל ָכּא נ ַ ֵבּ Then, the king, Nebuchadnezzar, fell upon his face and payed homage to Daniel. ]אנְ ְתּ[ ַמ ְל ָכּא ָשׂ ְמ ָתּ ְטּ ֵעם ַ ַאנְ ָתּה You, O King, set a decree. גוֹא־נוּרא ָ ֲה ָלא גֻ ְב ִרין ְתּ ָל ָתא ְר ֵמינָ א ְל Did we not throw three men into the midst of the fire? בוּכ ְדנֶ ַצּר ִל ְת ַרע ַאתּוּן ַ ְאדיִ ן ְק ֵרב נ ַ ֵבּ Then, Nebuchadnezzar approached the door of the furnace. וּת ִקף ְ ִא ָילנָ א ִדּי ֲחזַ יְ ָת ִדּי ְר ָבה The tree that you saw which grew tall and grew strong וּסגַ ר ֻפּם ַא ְריָ וָ ָתא ֲ ֱא ָל ִהי ְשׁ ַלח ַמ ְל ֲא ֵכהּ My God sent his angel, and he shut the mouth of the lions. אדיִ ן ָדּ ְריָ וֶ שׁ ַמ ְל ָכּא ָשׂם ְט ֵעם ַ ֵבּ Then Darius, the king, set a decree. ירוּשׁ ֶלם ְ י־בית ֱא ָל ָהא ִדּי ִב ֵ ֱא ַדיִ ן ֵשׁ ְשׁ ַבּ ַצּר ֵדְּך ֲא ָתא יְ ַהב ֻא ַשּׁיָּ א ִדּ Then, that Sheshbazzar came. He gave (or, “laid”) the foundations of the house of God which is in Jerusalem. 20 Answer Key: Basics of Biblical Aramaic (12) (13) (14) (15) ן־שׂם ְלכֹם ְט ֵעם ַבּיְ ָתא ְדנָ ה ָ ְכּנֵ ָמא ֲא ַמ ְרנָ א ְלּהֹם ַמ Thus we said to them, “Who gave you a decree (concerning) this house?” ֵבּהּ־זִ ְמנָ א ֲא ָתא ֲע ֵליהוֹן ַתּ ְתּנַ י ַפּ ַחת ֲע ַבר־נַ ֲה ָרה At that time, Tatnai, the governor (of the region) beyond the river, came to them. ל־רחוּם ְ ִפּ ְתגָ ָמא ְשׁ ַלח ַמ ְל ָכּא ַע The king sent the answer to Rehum. רוּשׁ ֶלם ְל ַא ְר ַתּ ְח ַשׁ ְשׂ ְתּא ַמ ְל ָכּא ְ ְל־ט ֵעם וְ ִשׁ ְמ ַשׁי ָס ְפ ָרא ְכּ ַתבוּ ִאגְּ ָרה ֲח ָדה ַעל־י ְ ְרחוּם ְבּ ֵע ְכּנֵ ָמא Rehum, commander of the decree, and Shimshai, the scribe, wrote a letter against Jerusalem to Artaxerxes, the king, thus: (or, “to Artaxerxes as follows:”) Answer Key: Basics of Biblical Aramaic 21 Chapter 14–Peal Imperfect 14.10 Parsing. Parse the following verbs by identifying the stem, conjugation, person, gender, number, and lexical form of each. Translation is also required. 22 Stem Conjugation PGN Lexical Translation 1. יִ ְמ ֵטא Peal Imperfect 3ms מטא he (it) will reach 2. נִ ְכ ֻתּב Peal Imperfect 1cp כּתב we will write 3. ִתּ ְל ַבּשׁ Peal Imperfect 3fs/2ms לבשׁ she (it)/you will be clothed 4. יִ ְסגֻּ ד Peal Imperfect 3ms סגד he (it) will pay homage 5. יִ ְסגְּ דוּן Peal Imperfect 3mp סגד they will pay homage 6. ִתּ ְסגְּ דוּן Peal Imperfect 2mp סגד you will pay homage 7. יְ קוּם Peal Imperfect 3ms קום he (it) will rise 8. יְ קוּמוּן Peal Imperfect 3mp קום they will rise 9. יְ תוּב Peal Imperfect 3ms תּוב he (it) will return 10. ֶל ֱהוֵ א Peal Imperfect 3ms הוה he (it) will be 11. ֶתּ ֱהוֵ א Peal Imperfect 3fs הוה she (it) will be 12. ֶל ֱהוֹן Peal Imperfect 3mp הוה they will be 13. ִאנְ ַדּע Peal Imperfect 1cs ידע I will know 14. ִתּנְ ַדּע Peal Imperfect 3fs/2ms ידע she (it)/you will know 15. יְ ָהְך Peal Imperfect 3ms הלְך he (it) will walk (about) 16. יִ נְ ֵתּן Peal Imperfect 3ms נתן he (it) will give 17. אמר ַ ֵי Peal Imperfect 3ms אמר he (it) will say 18. אמר ַ ֵנ Peal Imperfect 1cp אמר we will say 19. יהְך ָ ִו Peal Imperfect 3ms הלְך and he (it) will walk 20. יוּכל ַ Peal Imperfect 3ms יכל he (it) will be able 21. תּוּכל ַ Peal Imperfect 3fs/2ms יכל she (it)/you will be able 22. יִ ֵפּל Peal Imperfect 3ms נפל he (it) will fall 23. יִ ְשׁתּוֹן Peal Imperfect 3mp שׁתה they will drink 24. יִ ְקרוֹן Peal Imperfect 3mp קרא they will call/read Answer Key: Basics of Biblical Aramaic 14.11 Translation. Translate the following Aramaic text into English. (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) י־שׁ ַמיָּ א וְ ַא ְר ָקא ָלא ֲע ַבדוּ ְ אמרוּן ְלהוֹם ֱא ָל ַהיָּ א ִדּ ְ ִכּ ְדנָ ה ֵתּ Thus you will say to them, “The gods who did not make the heavens and earth.” אל ֲההוֹן ָ ל־א ָלהּ ָל ֵהן ֵל ֱ ָלא־יִ ְפ ְלחוּן וְ ָלא־יִ ְסגְּ דוּן ְל ָכ They will not serve, and they will not worship any god except their (own) God. ל־א ְר ָעא ַ זוֹתהּ ְלסוֹף ָכּ ֵ רוּמהּ יִ ְמ ֵטא ִל ְשׁ ַמיָּ א וַ ֲח ֵ ְו And its head will reach to the sky, and its appearance (will reach) to the end of all the earth. ן־דּי יִ ְצ ֵבּא יִ ְתּנִ נַּ הּ ִ וּל ַמ ְ And to whoever he desires, he will give it. י־לא יֶ ְע ֵדּה ָ ָשׁ ְל ָטנֵ הּ ָשׁ ְל ָטן ָע ַלם ִדּ Its dominion (will be) a dominion forever, which will not pass away. יוֹמיָּ א ַ ָמה ִדּי ֶל ֱהוֵ א ְבּ ַא ֲח ִרית What will be in the latter days. יפה ְכּ ַפ ְרזְ ָלא ָ יע ָאה[ ֶתּ ֱהוֵ א ַת ִקּ ָ יעיָ ה ְ]ר ִב ָ וּמ ְלכוּ ְר ִב ַ And the fourth kingdom will be strong as iron. ם־חיוַ ת ָבּ ָרא ֶל ֱהוֵ ה ְמד ָֹרְך ֵ וְ ִע And with the beast of the field will be your dwelling. (Or, “You will dwell with the beast of the field.”) וְ ַר ְעיוֹנֵ י ִל ְב ָבְך ִתּנְ ַדּע And you will know the thoughts of your heart. 14 ָל ֵהן ֶח ְל ָמא ֱא ַמרוּ ִלי וְ ִאנְ ַדּע ִדּי ִפ ְשׁ ֵרהּ ְתּ ַה ֲחוֻ נַּ נִ י Therefore, speak the dream to me that I may know that you can make known its interpretation to me. 14. “you (2mp) can make known to me” Answer Key: Basics of Biblical Aramaic 23 (11) (12) (13) (14) נוֹהי ִ וּב ְ ל־מ ְלכוּת ַמ ְל ָכּא ַ ְל ָמה ֶל ֱהוֵ א ְק ַצף ַע (15) יע ָאה[ ֶתּ ֱהוֵ א ְב ַא ְר ָעא ָ יעיָ א ְ]ר ִב ָ יעיְ ָתא ַמ ְלכוּ ְר ִב ָ ֵכּן ֲא ַמר ֵחיוְ ָתא ְר ִב Thus he said, “The fourth animal will be a fourth kingdom on the land.” ן־בּית גִּ נְ זֵ י ַמ ְל ָכּא ֵ ִתּנְ ֵתּן ִמ You will give from the house of the treasures of the king. (Or, “You will provide from the king’s treasury.”) ירוּשׁ ֶלם ְל ַא ְת ֵרהּ ְ י־ב ִ יכ ָלא ִד ְ יהְך ְל ֵה ָ ִו And let it go to the temple which is in Jerusalem, to its place. ירוּשׁ ֶלם ִע ָמְּך יְ ָהְך ְ ִל He may go to Jerusalem with you. Why should wrath be upon the king’s kingdom and his son? 24 Answer Key: Basics of Biblical Aramaic Chapter 15–Peal Imperative 15.10 Parsing. Parse the following verbs by identifying the stem, conjugation, person, gender, number, and lexical form of each. Translation is also required. Stem Conjugation PGN Lexical Translation 1. ֱא ַמר Peal Imperative 2ms אמר (you) say! 2. ֱא ַמרוּ Peal Imperative 2mp אמר (you) say! 3. ֱחיִ י Peal Imperative 2ms חיה (you) live! 4. ֻפּקוּ Peal Imperative 2mp נפק (you) go out! 5. ֱאתוֹ Peal Imperative 2mp אתה (you) come! 6. גֹּדּוּ Peal Imperative 2mp גּדד 7. ְשׁ ֻבקוּ Peal Imperative 2mp שׁבק (you) leave! 8. ְפ ֻרק Peal Imperative 2ms פּרק (you) break off! 9. ַהב Peal Imperative 2ms יהב (you) give! 10. ַדּע Peal Imperative 2ms ידע (you) know! 11. קוּמי ִ Peal Imperative 2fs קום (you) rise! 12. ֲא ֻכ ִלי Peal Imperative 2fs אכל (you) consume! 13. ִשׂימוּ Peal Imperative 2mp שׂים (you) set! 14. ֱהווֹ Peal Imperative 2mp הוה (you) be! 15. ֵשׂא Peal Imperative 2ms נשׂא (you) take up! Answer Key: Basics of Biblical Aramaic (you) cut down! 25 15.11 Translation. Translate the following Aramaic text into English. (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) []ל ַע ְב ָדְך ְ ַמ ְל ָכּא ְל ָע ְל ִמין ֱחיִ י ֱא ַמר ֶח ְל ָמא ְל ַע ְב ַדּיִ ְך O king, live forever! Tell your servants the dream. ָל ֵהן ֶח ְל ָמא ֱא ַמרוּ ִלי Therefore, tell me the dream. ]ע ָלּ ָאה[ ֻפּקוּ וֶ ֱאתוֹ ִ י־א ָל ָהא ִע ָלּיָ א ֱ דוֹהי ִדּ ִ ַע ְב O servants of the most high God, come out, and come (here). שׁוֹהי ְבּ ַא ְר ָעא ְשׁ ֻבקוּ ִ ְבּ ַרם ִע ַקּר ָשׁ ְר But, leave behind the stump of its root in the earth. גֹּדּוּ ִא ָילנָ א Cut down the tree. ֲענָ ת ַמ ְל ְכּ ָתא וַ ֲא ֶמ ֶרת ַמ ְל ָכּא ְל ָע ְל ִמין ֱחיִ י The queen answered and said, “O king, live forever!” קוּמי ֲא ֻכ ִלי ְבּ ַשׂר ַשׂגִּ יא ִ Arise! Consume much flesh. ְכּ ַען ִשׂימוּ ְטּ ֵעם Now, set a decree. ירוּשׁ ֶלם ְ יכ ָלא ִדּי ִב ְ ]אל[ ָמאנַ יָּ א ֵשׂא ֵאזֶ ל ִהמּוֹ ְבּ ֵה ֵ ר־להּ ֵא ֶלּה ֵ וַ ֲא ַמ And he said to him, “Take these vessels. Bring them to the temple in Jerusalem.” ן־תּ ָמּה ַ יקין ֲהווֹ ִמ ִ ַר ִח Go far from there. (or, “Keep away from there.”) 26 Answer Key: Basics of Biblical Aramaic Chapter 16–Peal Infinitive Construct 16.10 Parsing. Parse the following verbs by identifying the stem, conjugation, person, gender, number, and lexical form of each. Translation is also required. Stem Conjugation PGN Lexical Translation 1. ִמ ְבנֵ א Peal Infinitive בּנא to build 2. ִמגְ ֵלא Peal Infinitive גּלה to reveal 3. ִמ ְשׁ ֵרא Peal Infinitive שׁרה to dwell, to loosen 4. ִמ ְשׁ ַבּק Peal Infinitive שׁבק to leave behind 5. ִמ ְק ֵרא Peal Infinitive קרא to call, to read 6. ִמ ְפ ַשׁר Peal Infinitive פּשׁר to interpret 7. ֶמ ְע ַבּד Peal Infinitive עבד to make, to do 8. ִמנְ ַתּן Peal Infinitive נתן 9. ִמ ְכנַ שׁ Peal Infinitive כּנשׁ to assemble 10. ֵמ ַמר Peal Infinitive אמר to say 11. אמר ַ ֵמ Peal Infinitive אמר to say 12. ֵמ ֵתא Peal Infinitive אתה to come 13. ְמ ָהְך Peal Infinitive הלְך to walk 14. ִמ ַחן Peal Infinitive חנן 15. ְבּנֵ א Peal Infinitive בּנא Answer Key: Basics of Biblical Aramaic to give to be gracious to build 27 16.11 Translation. Translate the following Aramaic text into English. (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) ל־רזָ ה ְדּנָ ה ָ ן־ק ָדם ֱא ָלהּ ְשׁ ַמיָּ א ַע ֳ וְ ַר ֲח ִמין ְל ִמ ְב ֵעא ִמ And to seek compassion from the God of the heavens concerning this mystery יְ ֵכ ְל ָתּ ְל ִמגְ ֵלא ָרזָ ה ְדנָ ה You were able to reveal this mystery. בוּכ ְדנֶ ַצּר ַמ ְל ָכּא ְשׁ ַלח ְל ִמ ְכנַ שׁ ַל ֲא ַח ְשׁ ַדּ ְר ְפּנַ יָּ א ַ ְוּנ And Nebuchadnezzar, the king, sent (a summons) to assemble the satraps. ִבּ ְשׁ ָאר ַכּ ְס ָפּא וְ ַד ֲה ָבה ְל ֶמ ְע ַבּד ִכּ ְרעוּת ֱא ָל ֲהכֹם ַתּ ַע ְבדוּן With the rest of the silver and the gold to do, according to the will of your God, you may do. ן־בּית גִּ נְ זֵ י ַמ ְל ָכּא ֵ ל־לְך ְל ִמנְ ַתּן ִתּנְ ֵתּן ִמ ָ וּשׁ ָאר ַח ְשׁחוּת ֵבּית ֱא ָל ָהְך ִדּי יִ ֶפּ ְ And the rest of the needs for the house of your God, which may fall to you to give, you may give from the king’s treasury. ]תיכּוּל[ ִפּ ְשׁ ִרין ְל ִמ ְפ ַשׁר וְ ִק ְט ִרין ְל ִמ ְשׁ ֵרא ִ י־תוּכל ַ ]ע ָלְך[ ִדּ ֲ וַ ֲאנָ ה ִשׁ ְמ ֵעת ֲע ַליִ ְך But I have heard about you, that you are able to give interpretations and solve problems. (literally, “interpret interpretations and loosen/untie knots”) ]תּכוּל[ ְכּ ָת ָבא ְל ִמ ְק ֵרא ִ תּוּכל ַ ְכּ ַען ֵהן Now, if you are able to read the writing. וּכ ִמ ְק ְר ֵבהּ ְלגֻ ָבּא ְל ָדנִ יֵּ אל ְבּ ָקל ֲע ִציב זְ ִעק ְ And when he approached the den, he cried out to Daniel with a troubled voice. ר־יוֹצ ָדק וְ ָשׁ ִריו ְל ִמ ְבנֵ א ֵבּית ֱא ָל ָהא ִדּי ָ שׁוּע ַבּ ַ ֵיאל וְ י ֵ ר־שׁ ַא ְל ִתּ ְ אדיִ ן ָקמוּ זְ ֻר ָבּ ֶבל ַבּ ַ ֵבּ ירוּשׁ ֶלם ְ ִב Then Zerubbabel, son of Shealtiel, and Jeshua, son of Jozadak arose, and they began to build the house of God which is in Jerusalem. ית־א ָל ָהא ְדנָ ה ִל ְבּנֵ א׃ ֱ כּוֹרשׁ ַמ ְל ָכּא ָשׂם ְט ֵעם ֵבּ ֶ כוֹרשׁ ַמ ְל ָכּא ִדּי ָב ֶבל ֶ ְבּ ַרם ִבּ ְשׁנַ ת ֲח ָדה ְל However, in the first year of Cyrus, the king of Babylon, Cyrus the kind set a decree to rebuild this house of God. 28 Answer Key: Basics of Biblical Aramaic Chapter 17–Peal Participle 17.15 Parsing. Parse the following verbs by identifying the stem, conjugation, person, gender, number, and lexical form of each. Translation is also required. Stem Conjugation PGN Lexical Translation 1. ָא ַמר Peal Participle ms אמר saying 2. ָא ְמ ִרין Peal Participle mp אמר saying Infinitive 3. ָחזֵ ה Peal Participle ms חזה seeing 4. ָחזַ יִ ן Peal Participle mp חזה seeing 5. יָכל ִ Peal Participle ms יכל being able 6. יָ ְכ ָלה Peal Participle fs יכל being able 7. יָכ ִלין ְ Peal Participle mp יכל being able 8. ָע ֵבד Peal Participle ms עבד doing 9. ָע ְב ָדה Peal Participle fs עבד doing 10. ָע ְב ִדין Peal Participle ms עבד doing ָענֵ ה Peal Participle ms ענה answering 12. ָא ְכ ָלה Peal Participle fs אכל feeding 13. ָא ֵתה Peal Participle ms אתה coming 14. ָבּ ֵעא Peal Participle ms בּעא seeking 15. ָבּ ַעיִ ן Peal Participle mp בּעא seeking 16. ָסגְ ִדין Peal Participle mp סגד paying homage 17. יתה ָ ְשׁ ִח Peal Pass. Part. fs יָ ַדע Peal Participle ms ידע knowing 19. יָ ְד ֵעי Peal Participle mp ידע knowing 20. יָ ְד ִעין Peal Participle mp ידע knowing יע ַ יְ ִד Peal Pass. Part. ms ידע being known 22. ָד ֲח ִלין Peal Participle mp דחל fearing ְדּ ִחיל Peal Pass. Part. ms דחל being feared 24. ילה ָ ְדּ ִח Peal Pass. Part. fs דחל being feared 11. 18. 21. 23. Answer Key: Basics of Biblical Aramaic שׁחת being corrupt 29 17.16 Translation. Translate the following Aramaic text into English. (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) י־הוָ ה ָצ ֵבא ֲהוָ א ָק ֵטל ֲ ִדּ (The one) whom he was desiring, he was killing. (Or, “Whoever he desired, he killed.”) ָענֵ ה ַמ ְל ָכּא וְ ָא ַמר ִמן־יַ ִצּיב יָ ַדע ֲאנָ ה ִדּי ִע ָדּנָ א ַאנְ תּוּן זָ ְבנִ ין The king answered and said, “Certainly, I know that you are buying time!” י־מ ְל ָכּה ָשׁ ֵאל יַ ִקּ ָירה ַ וּמ ְלּ ָתא ִד ִ And the matter/thing which the king asks is difficult. וּמנְ ְדּ ָעא ְליָ ְד ֵעי ִבינָ ה ַ ימין ִ יָ ֵהב ָח ְכ ְמ ָתא ְל ַח ִכּ He gives wisdom to the wise and knowledge to those who know/have understanding. יתי ֱא ָלהּ ִבּ ְשׁ ַמיָּ א גָּ ֵלא ָרזִ ין ַ ְבּ ַרם ִא But there is a God in the heavens who reveals mysteries. נוּרא יָ ִק ְד ָתּא ָ גוֹא־אתּוּן ַ ְל15י־לא יִ ֵפּל וְ יִ ְסגֻּ ד יִ ְת ְר ֵמא ָ ן־דּ ִ וּמ ַ And whoever does not fall down and worship will be thrown into the midst of the furnace of blazing fire. רוּחי ְשׁ ַמיָּ א ֵ ם־ל ְיליָ א וַ ֲארוּ ַא ְר ַבּע ֵ ָענֵ ה ָדנִ יֵּ אל וְ ָא ַמר ָחזֵ ה ֲהוֵ ית ְבּ ֶחזְ וִ י ִע Daniel answered and said, “I saw in my vision at night, and behold the winds of heaven.” ירוּשׁ ֶלם וַ ֲהוָ ת ָבּ ְט ָלא ַעד ְשׁנַ ת ַתּ ְר ֵתּין ְל ַמ ְלכוּת ְ ית־א ָל ָהא ִדּי ִבּ ֱ אדיִ ן ְבּ ֵט ַלת ֲע ִב ַידת ֵבּ ַ ֵבּ ְך־פּ ָרס ָ ָדּ ְריָ וֶ שׁ ֶמ ֶל Then, the work of the house of God which is in Jerusalem ceased. And it was ceased until the second year of the reign of Darius, king of Persia. ן־יַמּא ָ וְ ַא ְר ַבּע ֵחיוָ ן ַר ְב ְר ָבן ָס ְל ָקן ִמ And four great beasts (were) coming up from the sea. יוֹמיָּ א ַ ד־ע ִתּיק ַ ם־ענָ נֵ י ְשׁ ַמיָּ א ְכּ ַבר ֱאנָ שׁ ָא ֵתה ֲהוָ ה וְ ַע ֲ ָחזֵ ה ֲהוֵ ית ְבּ ֶחזְ וֵ י ֵל ְיליָ א וַ ֲארוּ ִע ְמ ָטה I saw in the visions of the night, and behold, with the clouds of the heavens, like a son of man, he was coming. And he reached/attained to the Ancient of Days. 15. “he will be thrown” 30 Answer Key: Basics of Biblical Aramaic (11) (12) (13) (14) (15) ישׁין וְ יָ ְכ ָלה ְלהוֹן ִ ם־ק ִדּ ַ ָחזֵ ה ֲהוֵ ית וְ ַק ְרנָ א ִד ֵכּן ָע ְב ָדה ְק ָרב ִע I was looking and this horn made war with holy ones and prevailed over them. וּמ ֵרא ַמ ְל ִכין וְ גָ ֵלה ָרזִ ין ָ ן־קשׁ ֹט ִדּי ֱא ָל ֲהכוֹן הוּא ֱא ָלהּ ֱא ָל ִהין ְ ָענֵ ה ַמ ְל ָכּא ְל ָדנִ יֵּ אל וְ ָא ַמר ִמ ִדּי יְ ֵכ ְל ָתּ ְל ִמגְ ֵלא ָרזָ ה ְדנָ ה The king answered and said to Daniel, “It is true that your God is God of gods and lord of kings and a revealer of mysteries, for you are able to reveal this mystery.” א־בהּ ַ ֵוּמן־נִ ְצ ְבּ ָתא ִדי ַפ ְרזְ ָלא ֶל ֱהו ִ ַמ ְלכוּ ְפ ִליגָ ה ֶתּ ֱהוֵ ה It will be a divided kingdom. But some of the firmness of iron will be in it. י־שׁ ַלח ַמ ְל ֲא ֵכהּ ְ ישְׁך וַ ֲע ֵבד נְ גוֹ ִדּ ַ י־שׁ ְד ַרְך ֵמ ַ בוּכ ְדנֶ ַצּר וְ ָא ַמר ְבּ ִריְך ֱא ָל ֲההוֹן ִדּ ַ ְָענֵ ה נ Nebuchadnezzar answered and said, “Blessed is the God of Shadrak, Meshak, and Abed Nego, who sent his angel.” ]דּיְ ֵרי[ ַא ְר ָעא ְכּ ָלה ֲח ִשׁ ִיבין ָ ל־דּ ֲא ֵרי ָ וְ ָכ And all those dwelling (in) the land are considered as nothing. Answer Key: Basics of Biblical Aramaic 31 Chapter 18–Peil, Hithpeel, and Ithpeel Stems 18.8 Parsing. Parse the following verbs by identifying the stem, conjugation, person, gender, number, and lexical form of each. Translation is also required. 1. 2. 3. 4. יְ ִהיב יְ ִה ַיבת יְ ִהיבוּ ְכּ ִתיב 5. ְתּ ִק ְיל ָתּה 6. 7. 8. 9. ְר ִמיו ֱק ִרי יִ ְת ְבּנֵ א ִתּ ְת ְבּנֵ א 10. ִמ ְת ְבּנֵ א 11. יִ ְתיְ ִהב 12. יִ ְתיַ ֲהבוּן 13. ִמ ְתיְ ֵהב 14. ִמ ְתיַ ֲה ִבין 15. ִה ְת ְמ ִלי 16. ִה ְשׁ ְתּ ַכח 17. ִה ְשׁ ְתּ ַכ ַח ְתּ 18. ִה ְת ְק ָט ָלה 19. יִ ְתּ ָשׂם 20. יִ ְתּ ָשׂמוּן 21. ִמ ְתּ ָשׂם 22. ִה ְתגְּ זֶ ֶרת 23. ִא ְתגְּ זֶ ֶרת 24. ֶא ְת ְכּ ִריַּ ת Stem Conjugation PGN Peil Perfect 3ms יהב he (it) was given Peil Perfect 3fs יהב she (it) was given Peil Perfect 3mp יהב they were given Peil Perfect 3ms כּתב it was written Peil Perfect 2ms תקל you were weighed Peil Perfect 3mp רמא they were placed/thrown Peil Perfect 3ms קרא it was read Hithpeel Imperfect 3ms בּנה he (it) will be built Hithpeel Imperfect 3fs/2ms בּנה she (it), you will be built Hithpeel Participle ms בּנה being built Hithpeel Imperfect 3ms יהב he will be given Hithpeel Imperfect 3mp יהב they will be given Hithpeel Participle ms יהב being given Hithpeel Participle mp יהב being given Hithpeel Perfect 3ms מלא he (it) was filled Hithpeel Perfect 3ms שׁכח he (it) was found Hithpeel Perfect 2ms שׁכח you were found Hithpeel Infinitive 2ms קטל to be killed Hithpeel Imperfect 3ms שׂים he (it) will be placed/made Hithpeel Imperfect 3mp שׂים they will be made/placed Hithpeel Participle ms שׂים being set Hithpeel Perfect 3fs גּזר she (it) was cut Ithpeel Perfect 3fs גּזר she (it) was cut Ithpeel Perfect 3fs כּרא 16 Lexical Translation she (it) is distressed 16. The Peil Perfect 3ms forms in exercises 1 and 4 could also be Peal Passive Participle Masculine Singular forms. 32 Answer Key: Basics of Biblical Aramaic 18.9 Translation. Translate the following Aramaic text into English. (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) י־ל ְיליָ א ָרזָ ה גֲ ִלי ֵ ֱא ַדיִ ן ְל ָדנִ יֵּ אל ְבּ ֶחזְ וָ א ִד Then the mystery was revealed to Daniel in the vision of the night. נוּרא יָ ִק ְד ָתּא ָ גוֹא־אתּוּן ַ ְוּר ִמיו ְל And they were thrown down into the midst of the furnace of blazing fire. י־שׁ ְד ַרְך ַ ]שׁלוּ[ ַעל ֱא ָל ֲההוֹן ִדּ ָ אמר ֵשׁ ָלה ַ ֵל־עם ֻא ָמּה וְ ִל ָשּׁן ִדּי־י ַ וּמנִּ י ִשׂים ְט ֵעם ִדּי ָכ ִ ישְׁך וַ ֲע ֵבד נְ גוֹא ַה ָדּ ִמין יִ ְת ֲע ֵבד ַ ֵמ And from me, a decree is set that any people, nation, and language who speaks negligence against the God of Shadrak, Meshak, and Abed Nego, they will be made into limbs. (i.e, “They will be torn limb from limb.”) וּכ ָת ָבא ְדנָ ה ְר ִשׁים ְ מוֹהי ְשׁ ִליַ ַח ַפּ ָסּא ִדי־יְ ָדא ִ ן־ק ָד ֳ אדיִ ן ִמ ַ ֵבּ Then, from his presence, the palm of the hand was sent, and this writing was inscribed. אשׁ ַצּר ַמ ְל ָכּא ַ ֵבּהּ ְבּ ֵל ְיליָ א ְק ִטיל ֵבּ ְל On that night, Belshazzar, the king, was killed. וּל ַבב ֱאנָ שׁ יְ ִהיב ַלהּ ְ And a heart of a man was given to her (it). לוֹהי ִ וּל ַבב ֵחיוָ ה יִ ְתיְ ִהב ֵלהּ וְ ִשׁ ְב ָעה ִע ָדּנִ ין יַ ְח ְלפוּן ֲע ְ And a heart of a beast will be given to him, and seven (periods of) time will pass over him. וּב ֵתּיכוֹן נְ וָ ִלי יִ ְתּ ָשׂמוּן ָ ַה ָדּ ִמין ִתּ ְת ַע ְבדוּן You will be made into limbs, and your houses will be made into a pile of dung. (or, “You will be torn limb from limb”) רוֹהי ְל ִה ְת ְק ָט ָלה ִ וּבעוֹ ָדּנִ יֵּ אל וְ ַח ְב ְ And they sought to kill Daniel and his companions. בוּכ ְדנֶ ַצּר ִה ְת ְמ ִלי ֱח ָמא ַ ְאדיִ ן נ ַ ֵבּ Then, Nebuchadnezzar was filled with fury. Answer Key: Basics of Biblical Aramaic 33 (11) (12) (13) (14) (15) ְתּ ִק ְיל ָתּה ְבמֹאזַ נְ יָ א וְ ִה ְשׁ ְתּ ַכ ַח ְתּ ַח ִסּיר You were weighed in the scales, and you were found wanting. י־מ ְתיַ ֲה ִבין ָלְך ְל ָפ ְל ָחן ֵבּית ֱא ָל ָהְך ִ וּמאנַ יָּ א ִדּ ָ And the vessels which were given to you for the service of the house of your God. ל־דּנָ ה ְ וּביְ ֵתהּ נְ וָ לוּ יִ ְת ֲע ֵבד ַע ַ ֹלהי ִ ן־בּיְ ֵתהּ וּזְ ִקיף יִ ְת ְמ ֵחא ֲע ַ יִ ְתנְ ַסח ָאע ִמ Timber will be pulled out from his house, and, being raised, he will be impaled upon it. And, his house will be made into a dunghill on account of this. רוּחי ֲאנָ ה ָדנִ יֵּ אל ְבּגוֹא נִ ְדנֶ ה ִ ֶא ְת ְכּ ִריַּ ת As for me, Daniel, my spirit was distressed in the midst of (my) body. י־לא ִב ַידיִ ן ָ טּוּרא ִא ְתגְּ זֶ ֶרת ֶא ֶבן ִדּ ָ י־חזַ יְ ָת ִדּי ִמ ֲ ל־ק ֵבל ִדּ ֳ ָכּ Therefore, you have seen that a stone was cut from a mountain, which (was done) not by hands. 34 Answer Key: Basics of Biblical Aramaic Chapter 19–Pael Stem 19.7 Parsing. Parse the following verbs by identifying the stem, conjugation, person, gender, number, and lexical form of each. Translation is also required. Stem Conjugation PGN Lexical Translation 1. ַבּ ַקּרוּ Pael Perfect 3mp בּקר they searched 2. ַה ַדּ ְר ָתּ Pael Perfect 2ms הדר you glorified 3. ית ָ ִ ַמנּ Pael Perfect 2ms מנה you appointed 4. ָבּ ְר ֵכת Pael Perfect 1cs בּרְך I blessed 5. ַיְב ַקּר Pael Imperfect 3ms בּקר he will search 6. ַיְב ֲהלוּ Pael Imperfect 3mp בּהל they are frightened 7. ֲא ַחוֵּ א Pael Imperfect 1cs חוה I will make known 8. נְ ַחוֵּ א Pael Imperfect 1cp חוה we will make known 9. יְ ַק ְבּלוּן Pael Imperfect 3mp קבל they will receive 10. ְתּ ַק ְבּלוּן Pael Imperfect 2mp קבל you will receive 11. יְ ַשׁנּוֹן Pael Imperfect 3mp שׁנה they will change 12. ַח ִבּלוּ Pael Pael Perfect Imperative 3mp 2mp חבל חבל they destroyed Destroy! 13. ְל ַח ָבּ ָלה Pael Infinitive חבל to destroy plus ְל 14. ְל ַח ָטּ ָאה Pael Infinitive חטא to sin plus ְל 15. ְל ַקיָּ ָמה Pael Infinitive קוּם to raise plus ְל 16. ְמ ַה ֵלְּך Pael Participle ms הלְך walking 17. ְמ ַמ ִלּל Pael Participle ms מלל speaking 18. ְמ ַמ ֱלּ ָלה Pael Participle fs מלל speaking 19. ְמ ָס ֲע ִדין Pael Participle mp סעד supporting 20. ְמ ַפ ַשּׁר Pael Participle ms פשׁר interpreting 21. ְמ ַצ ֵלּא Pael Participle ms צלה praying 22. ְמ ַצ ַלּיִ ן Pael Participle mp צלה praying 23. ְמ ָב ַרְך Pael Pass Part. ms בּרְך blessed 24. ְמ ַשׁנְּ יָ ה Pael Pass Part fs שׁנה being changed Answer Key: Basics of Biblical Aramaic 35 19.8 Translation. Translate the following Aramaic text into English. (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) וּפ ְשׁ ָרא נְ ַחוֵּ א ִ []ל ַע ְב ָדְך ְ ַמ ְל ָכּא ְל ָע ְל ִמין ֱחיִ י ֱא ַמר ֶח ְל ָמא ְל ַע ְב ַדּיִ ְך O king, live forever! Speak the dream to your servant(s) and we will make known the interpretation. ימי ָבּ ֶבל ֵ נְ ַפק ְל ַק ָטּ ָלה ְל ַח ִכּ He went out to kill the wise men of Babylon. ֱא ַדיִ ן ָדּנִ יֵּ אל ָבּ ִרְך ֶל ֱא ָלהּ ְשׁ ַמיָּ א Then, Daniel blessed the God of the heavens. ישְׁך וַ ֲע ֵבד נְ גוֹ ַ וּמנִּ י ַעל ֲע ִב ְיד ָתּא ִדּי ְמ ִדינַ ת ָבּ ֶבל ְל ַשׁ ְד ַרְך ֵמ ַ ן־מ ְל ָכּא ַ וְ ָדנִ יֵּ אל ְבּ ָעא ִמ But Daniel made a request of the king, and he appointed Shadrach, Meshak, and Abed Nego over the service of the province of Babylon. גוֹא־נוּרא ְמ ַכ ְפּ ִתין ָ ֲה ָלא גֻ ְב ִרין ְתּ ָל ָתא ְר ֵמינָ א ְל Did we not throw three men (who were) bound into the midst of the fire? אשׁי ַיְב ֲה ֻלנַּ נִ י ִ ל־מ ְשׁ ְכּ ִבי וְ ֶחזְ וֵ י ֵר ִ ֵח ֶלם ֲחזֵ ית וִ ַיד ֲח ִלנַּ נִ י וְ ַה ְרה ִֹרין ַע I saw a dream that frightened me. The thoughts upon my bed and the visions of my head alarmed me. ירוּשׁ ֶלם ְבּ ָדת ֱא ָל ָהְך ִדּי ִב ָידְך ְ יח ְל ַב ָקּ ָרא ַעל־יְ הוּד וְ ִל ַ ְשׁ ִל He was sent to search Judah and Jerusalem according to the law of your God, which is in your hand. וּב ַקּרוּ ְבּ ֵבית ִס ְפ ַריָּ א ִדּי גִ נְ זַ יָּ א ַ אדיִ ן ָדּ ְריָ וֶ שׁ ַמ ְל ָכּא ָשׂם ְט ֵעם ַ ֵבּ Then Darius, the king, made a decree, and they searched in the house of the books of the treasures. ד־ט ְע ָמא ְל ָד ְריָ וֶ שׁ יְ ָהְך ַ א־ב ִטּלוּ ִהמּוֹ ַע ַ הוּדיֵ א וְ ָל ָ ְל־שׂ ֵבי י ָ וְ ֵעין ֱא ָל ֲההֹם ֲהוָ ת ַע But the eye of their God was upon the elders of the Jews, and they did not stop them until the decree reached Darius. 36 Answer Key: Basics of Biblical Aramaic (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15) וּב ִטּלוּ ִהמּוֹ ְבּ ֶא ְד ָרע וְ ָחיִ ל ַ הוּדיֵ א ָ ְירוּשׁ ֶלם ַעל־י ְ ֲאזַ לוּ ִב ְב ִהילוּ ִל They went in haste to Jerusalem against the Jews, and they stopped them with force and strength. ְכּ ַען ִשׂימוּ ְטּ ֵעם ְל ַב ָטּ ָלא גֻּ ְב ַריָּ א ִא ֵלְּך וְ ִק ְריְ ָתא ָדְך ָלא ִת ְת ְבּנֵ א Now, set a decree to make these men stop, that this city may not be built. נִ ְשׁ ְתּוָ נָ א ִדּי ְשׁ ַל ְחתּוּן ֲע ֶלינָ א ְמ ָפ ַרשׁ ֱק ִרי ָק ָד ָמי The letter that you sent to us, having been translated, was read before me. ן־ח ְב ָר ַתהּ ַ וְ ֻפם ְמ ַמ ִלּל ַר ְב ְר ָבן וְ ֶחזְ וַ הּ ַרב ִמ And a mouth speaking great (things), and her appearance was larger than her companion. (or, “a greater vision than the rest.”) אשׁי ַיְב ֲה ֻלנַּ נִ י ִ רוּחי ֲאנָ ה ָדנִ יֵּ אל ְבּגוֹא נִ ְדנֶ ה וְ ֶחזְ וֵ י ֵר ִ ֶא ְת ְכּ ִריַּ ת As for me, Daniel, my spirit was distressed in the midst of my body, and the visions of my head frightened me. ם־מ ְל ָכּא ַמ ִלּל ַמ ְל ָכּא ְל ָע ְל ִמין ֱחיִ י ַ ֱא ַדיִ ן ָדּנִ יֶּ אל ִע Then Daniel spoke with (to) the king, “O king, live forever!” Answer Key: Basics of Biblical Aramaic 37 Chapter 20–Hithpaal and Ithpaal Stems 20.6 Parsing. Parse the following verbs by identifying the stem, conjugation, person, gender, number, and lexical form of each. Translation is also required. Stem Conjugation PGN Lexical Translation 1. ִה ְתנַ ִבּי Hithpaal Perfect 3ms נבא he (it) prophesied 2. ִה ְתנַ ַדּבוּ Hithpaal Perfect 3mp נדב they offered freely 3. ִתּ ְת ַח ַבּל Hithpaal Imperfect 3fs/2ms חבל she (it)/you will perish 4. יִ ְצ ַט ַבּע Hithpaal Imperfect 3ms צבע he (it) will be drenched17 5. יִ ְשׁ ַתּ ְמּעוּן Hithpaal Imperfect 3mp שׁמע they will obey 6. יִ ְשׁ ַתּנּוֹ Hithpaal Imperfect 3mp שׁנה he (it) will be changed 7. ִמ ְת ַכּנְּ ִשׁין Hithpaal Participle mp כּנשׁ being gathered together 8. ִמ ְת ָבּ ַהל Hithpaal Participle ms בּהל being terrified 9. ֶא ְשׁ ַתּנִּ י Ithpaal Perfect 3ms שׁנה he (it) was changed 10. ֶא ְשׁ ַתּנּוּ Ithpaal Perfect 3mp שׁנה they were changed 17. Notice the consonantal metathesis and prefix change from תto ט. See BBA 20.2.2 (footnote 2) and BBH 34.12 (footnote 4). 38 Answer Key: Basics of Biblical Aramaic 20.7 Translation. Translate the following Aramaic text into English. (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) הוּדיֵ א ָ ְיאיָּ א ]נְ ִביַּ יָּ א[ ַעל־י ַ ר־עדּוֹא נְ ִב ִ יאה ]נְ ִביָּ א[ וּזְ ַכ ְריָ ה ַב ָ ִה ְתנַ ִבּי ַחגַּ י נְ ִב Haggai the prophet and Zachariah son of Iddo, the prophets, prophesied concerning (to) the Jews. רוֹהי ְל ִה ְת ְק ָט ָלה ִ וּבעוֹ ָדּנִ יֵּ אל וְ ַח ְב ְ ימיָּ א ִמ ְת ַק ְטּ ִלין ַ וְ ָד ָתא נֶ ְפ ַקת וְ ַח ִכּ And the law went out that the wise men were to be killed, so they sought to kill Daniel and his companions. ם־ח ְס ָפּא ַ ָלא ִמ ְת ָע ַרב ִע Not mingled with the clay. אשׁהוֹן ָלא ִה ְת ָח ַרְך ְ וּשׂ ַער ֵר ְ And the hair of their head(s) was not burned. וּביְ ֵתהּ נְ וָ ִלי יִ ְשׁ ַתּוֵּ ה ַ And his house will be turned into a pile of rubbish. וּב ַטל ְשׁ ַמיָּ א יִ ְצ ַט ַבּע ְ And he will be drenched with the dew of the heavens. לוֹהי ִ יוֹהי ָשׁנַ יִ ן ֲע ִ ִאצּר ַשׂגִּ יא ִמ ְת ָבּ ַהל וְ ז ַ ֱא ַדיִ ן ַמ ְל ָכּא ֵב ְל ַשׁ Then the king Belshazzar was greatly alarmed, and his countenance was changed. וּמ ְת ַחנַּ ן ֳק ָדם ֱא ָל ֵההּ ִ וְ ַה ְשׁ ַכּחוּ ְל ָדנִ יֵּ אל ָבּ ֵעא And they found Daniel beseeching and imploring before his God. ִמ ְשׂ ַתּ ַכּל ֲהוֵ ית ְבּ ַק ְרנַ יָּ א I considered the horns. י־מ ְל ָכּא ַת ָמּה ִדּי ְבּ ָב ֶבל ַ ל־מ ְל ָכּא ָטב יִ ְת ַבּ ַקּר ְבּ ֵבית גִּ נְ זַ יָּ א ִדּ ַ וּכ ַען ֵהן ַע ְ And, therefore, if it is good before the king, let it be investigated in the house of the treasures (records) of the king there in Babylon. (Therefore, if it pleases the king, let a search be made in the royal records there in Babylon.) Answer Key: Basics of Biblical Aramaic 39 Chapter 21–Haphel Stem 21.7 Parsing. Parse the following verbs by identifying the stem, conjugation, person, gender, number, and lexical form of each. Translation is also required. Stem Conjugation PGN 1. ַה ְשׁ ַכּ ְחנָ ה Haphel Perfect 1cp 2. ְל ַה ְשׁ ָכּ ָחה Haphel Infinitive 3. נְ ַה ְשׁ ַכּח Haphel Imperfect 4. ְת ַה ְשׁ ַכּח Haphel הוֹדע ַ Translation שׁכח we found שׁכח to find 1cp שׁכח we will find Imperfect 2ms/3fs שׁכח she (it)/you will find Haphel Perfect 3ms ידע he made known 6. הוֹד ְענָ א ַ Haphel Perfect 1cp ידע we made known הוֹדע ַ ְי Haphel Imperfect 3ms ידע he will make known 8. הוֹדעוּן ְ ְי Haphel Imperfect 3mp ידע they will make known 9. הוֹדעוּן ְ ְתּ Haphel Imperfect 2mp ידע you will make known 10. הוֹד ָעה ָ Haphel Infinitive ידע to make known 11.הוֹד ִעין ְ ְמ Haphel Participle mp ידע making known ֲה ִקים Haphel Perfect 3ms קום he set up 13. ֲה ִקימוּ Haphel Perfect 3mp קום they set up 14. ימ ָתּ ְ ֲה ֵק Haphel Perfect 2ms קום you set up 15. יְ ָה ֵקים Haphel Imperfect 3ms קום he will set up 16. ְמ ָה ֵקים Haphel Participle ms קום setting up 17. יְ ַה ֲחוֵ ה Haphel Imperfect 3ms חוה he will declare 18. נְ ַה ֲחוֵ ה Haphel Imperfect 1cp חוה we will declare 19. ְל ַה ֲחוָ יָ ה Haphel Infinitive חוה to declare plus ְל 20.הוֹב ָדה ָ ְל Haphel Infinitive אבד to destroy plus ְל 21. ְל ַהיְ ָתיָ ה Haphel Infinitive אתה to bring plus ְל Haphel Perfect אתה they brought 23. ְל ַה ְשׁנָ יָ ה Haphel Infinitive שׁנה to change plus ְל 24. יְ ַה ְשׁנֵ א Haphel Imperfect שׁנה he will change 5. 7. 12. 22. ַהיְ ִתיו 40 Lexical 3mp 3ms Answer Key: Basics of Biblical Aramaic 21.8 Translation. Translate the following Aramaic text into English. (1) (2) (3) (4) ימי ָב ֶבל ֵ הוֹב ָדה ְלכֹל ַח ִכּ ָ וַ ֲא ַמר ְל And he said to kill all the wise men of Babylon. ירוּשׁ ֶלם ְ י־בית ֱא ָל ָהא ִדּי ִב ֵ יכ ָלא ִדּ ְ ן־ה ֵ אדיִ ן ַהיְ ִתיו ָמאנֵ י ַד ֲה ָבא ִדּי ַהנְ ִפּקוּ ִמ ַ ֵבּ Then they brought the vessels of gold that they had taken out of the temple, the house of God (which was) in Jerusalem. וְ ִת ְר ֻשׁם ְכּ ָת ָבא ִדּי ָלא ְל ַה ְשׁנָ יָ ה And you will sign the document so that it may not be changed. יכ ָלא ְ ן־ה ֵ בוּכ ְדנֶ ַצּר ַהנְ ֵפּק ִמ ַ ְית־א ָל ָהא ִדּי ַד ֲה ָבה וְ ַכ ְס ָפּא ִדּי נ ֱ י־ב ֵ ָמאנַ יָּ א ִד The gold and silver vessels of the house of God that Nebuchadnezzar brought out from the temple. (5) (6) (7) וּפ ְשׁ ָרה נְ ַה ֲחוֵ ה ִ דוֹהי ִ אמר ְל ַע ְב ַ ֵ ַמ ְל ָכּא ֶח ְל ָמא י Let the king tell the dream to his servants, and we will declare the interpretation. וְ ִאנְ ַדּע ִדּי ִפ ְשׁ ֵרהּ ְתּ ַה ֲחוֻ נַּ נִ י And I will know that you can make its interpretation known to me. וּפ ְשׁ ָרא ְל ַה ֲחוָ יָ ה ְל ַמ ְל ָכּא ִ ן־להּ ֵ ן־מ ְל ָכּא ִדּי זְ ָמן יִ נְ ֵתּ ַ וּב ָעה ִמ ְ וְ ָדנִ יֵּ אל ַעל And Daniel went up and requested of the king that he would grant him a time, that he might make the interpretation known to the king. (8) (9) (10) ר־מ ְלּ ָתא ְל ַה ֲחוָ יָ ה ִ א־כ ֲה ִלין ְפּ ַשׁ ָ וְ ָל And they were unable to declare the interpretation of the matter. הוֹדע ַא ְריוְֹך ְל ָדנִ יֵּ אל ַ ֱא ַדיִ ן ִמ ְלּ ָתא Then Arioch made the matter known to Daniel. הוֹד ְענָ א ְל ַמ ְל ָכּא ַ ְל־דּנָ ה ְשׁ ַל ְחנָ א ו ְ ַע Therefore, we have sent and informed the king. Answer Key: Basics of Biblical Aramaic 41 (11) (12) (13) (14) (15) הוֹד ִענֵּ הּ ְ וּפ ְשׁ ָרא ֲא ִ ְכּ ָת ָבא ֶא ְק ֵרא ְל ַמ ְל ָכּא I will read the writing to the king, and I will make known to him the interpretation. הוֹד ֻע ַתנִ י ָ כוּתי ָלא־יָ ְכ ִלין ִפּ ְשׁ ָרא ְל ִ ימי ַמ ְל ֵ ל־ח ִכּ ַ ָכּ All the wise men of my kingdom are not able to make known to me the interpretation. וּמ ָה ֵקים ַמ ְל ִכין ְ וְ הוּא ְמ ַה ְשׁנֵ א ִע ָדּנַ יָּ א וְ זִ ְמנַ יָּ א ְמ ַה ְע ֵדּה ַמ ְל ִכין And he changes times and seasons, taking away (revoking) kings and setting up kings. בוּכ ְדנֶ ַצּר ַמ ְל ָכּא ַ ְַצ ְל ָמא ִדּי ֲה ֵקים נ the image that Nebuchadnezzar, the king, set up לוֹהי ְבּ ָדת ֱא ָל ֵההּ ִ ל־ע ָלּא ָל ֵהן ַה ְשׁ ַכּ ְחנָ ה ֲע ִ ָלא נְ ַה ְשׁ ַכּח ְל ָדנִ יֵּ אל ְדּנָ ה ָכּ We will not find with regard to this Daniel any complaint unless we find (it) against him concerning the law of his God. 42 Answer Key: Basics of Biblical Aramaic Chapter 22–Aphel, Shaphel, and Hophal Stems 22.7 Parsing. Parse the following verbs by identifying the stem, conjugation, person, gender, number, and lexical form of each. Translation is also required. Stem Conjugation PGN Lexical Translation 1. ֲא ִקים Aphel Perfect 3ms קום he (it) set up 2. ְתּ ִקים Aphel Imperfect 3fs/2ms קום she (it/you) will set up 3. ַמ ְה ְל ִכין Aphel Participle mp הלְך walking around 4. ְל ַשׁ ְכ ָל ָלה Shaphel Infinitive כּלל to finish 5. ַשׁ ְכ ִללוּ Shaphel Perfect 3mp כּלל they finished יְ ֵשׁיזִ ב Shaphel Imperfect 3ms ֵשׁיזִ ב he (it) will deliver Shaphel Infinitive ֵשׁיזִ ב to deliver him plus 3ms 6. 7.בוּתהּ ֵ ְָל ֵשׁיז suffix and ) ְל 8. יציא ִ ֵשׁ Shaphel Perfect 3ms שׁצא he (it) finished 9. הוּבד ַ Hophal Perfect 3ms אבד he (it) was destroyed 10. ֻה ַעל Hophal Perfect 3ms עלל he (it) was brought in Answer Key: Basics of Biblical Aramaic 43 22.8 Translation. Translate the following Aramaic text into English. (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) ַמ ְה ְל ִכין ְבּגֵ וָ ה יָ ִכל ְל ַה ְשׁ ָפּ ָלה Those walking around in pride, he is able to humble. אדיִ ן ָדּנִ יֵּ אל ֻה ַעל ֳק ָדם ַמ ְל ָכּא ַ ֵבּ Then Daniel was brought before the king. י־הוָ ה ָצ ֵבא ֲהוָ ה ַמ ְשׁ ִפּיל ֲ י־הוָ ה ָצ ֵבא ֲהוָ ה ָמ ִרים וְ ִד ֲ י־הוָ ה ָצ ֵבא ֲהוָ ה ַמ ֵחא וְ ִד ֲ וְ ִד And whomever he desired, he kept alive. And whomever he desired, he exalted. And whomever he desired, he humbled. ְכּ ַען ַמ ְל ָכּא ְתּ ִקים ֱא ָס ָרא וְ ִת ְר ֻשׁם ְכּ ָת ָבא Now, O King, set up a prohibition, and sign the writing. ן־א ְריָ וָ ָתא ַ בוּתְך ִמ ָ ָ ַהיְ ִכל ְל ֵשׁיז Is/Was he able to save you from the lions? וּב ַא ְר ָעא ִדּי ֵשׁיזִ יב ְל ָדנִ יֵּ אל ִמן־יַ ד ַא ְריָ וָ ָתא ְ וּמ ִצּל וְ ָע ֵבד ָא ִתין וְ ִת ְמ ִהין ִבּ ְשׁ ַמיָּ א ַ ְמ ֵשׁיזִ ב He saves and delivers and performs signs and wonders in the heavens and on the earth, who saved Daniel from the power of the lions. יציא ַבּיְ ָתה ְדנָ ה ַעד יוֹם ְתּ ָל ָתה ִל ַירח ֲא ָדר ִ וְ ֵשׁ And he (they) finished this house on the third day of the month of Adar. 44 Answer Key: Basics of Biblical Aramaic
