Saline County Hazard Mitigation Plan - Trails GIS Home

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SALINE COUNTY
HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN
Created by Pioneer Trails Regional Planning Commission
802 S. Gordon
P.O. Box 123
Concordia, MO 64020
660-463-7934 phone
660-463-7944 fax
Authors
Rich Buford August 2011- Current
Drew Weisburg January 2010- August 2011
Saline County Hazard Mitigation Plan________________________________________
Table Of Contents
Introduction
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Assurance statements of compliance with FEMA
Basis for planning authority
Adoption by local governing bodies
Planning process
Participants and Jurisdictions represented
Time frame for preparation
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Section 1
Community Profiles
County Profile
Geography, geology, and climate
Form of government
Community partnership
Significant cultural/social issues
Public awareness
Media Relations
Demographic information
Economy, employment, and industry
Labor Force, average wage rate and unemployment
Primary Industries
Access to employment: incommuting and outcommuting
Codes and regulations
Existing community plans
Land use information
Development Trends
Floodplain Management
Wetland issues
NFIP participation
Environmental concerns
Endangered species, historic properties/districts, archeological sites
Identified Assets
Inventory of infrastructure
Roadways
Railways
Airports
Public Transportation
Telecommunications
Sewer and water facilities
Electric/Natural gas
Solid waste disposal
Law enforcement
Emergency Medical services
Fire Protection
Emergency Services 911
Underground infrastructure
Inventory of critical/key/essential facilities
Medical facilities
Schools
Longer term care facilities
Day care centers
Government facilities
Inventory of large employment, commercial, recreational centers
Large industrial or commercial centers
First Draft February 2010
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Page 2
Recreational facilities
Inventory of housing structures
Total inventory of structures
City/Town Profiles
Arrow Rock
Blackburn
Emma
Gilliam
Grand Pass
Malta Bend
Marshall
Miami
Mt. Leonard
Nelson
Slater
Sweet Springs
Saline County
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Section 2
Risk Assessment
Hazard identification and elimination process
Community wide hazard profile and list of hazards identified
Hazards not included and reasons for elimination
Tornadoes and Thunderstorms
Floods
Severe Winter Weather
Drought
Heat Wave
Earthquake
Dam Failure
Wildland fires
Multi-jurisdictional risk assessment in the county and municipalities
Hazard Profile worksheets
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Section 3
City/County capability Assessment
Mitigation Management policies
Existing Plans
Mitigation programs
National Flood Insurance Program
County Capabilities (Organization, Staffing, Training)
Responsibilities and Authorities
Intergovernmental and Interagency Coordination
Vulnerability Assessment of County Policies and Development Trends
Commitments to a Comprehensive Mitigation Program
Laws, Regulations and Policies Related to Development in Hazard-Prone Areas
County Laws, Regulations and Policies Related to Hazard Mitigation in General
How Local Risk Assessments are Incorporated and Prioritized into Local Planning
Current Criteria Used to Prioritize Mitigation Funding
Integration of Hazard Mitigation with the City/County Department’s Plans
How the County Determines Cost-Effectiveness of Mitigation Programs
Mitigation Funding Options
Governments Meet Requirements for Hazard Mitigation Funding Programs
Recommendations for Improvement
County and Municipal Policies and Development Trends
Saline County Community Capability Assessment
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Section 4
Introduction to Mitigation
Definition of Mitigation
Categories of Mitigation
Mitigation versus Response and Recovery
Mitigation Plan Benefits
County Hazard Mitigation Goals, Objectives, Strategy and Coordination
Ensure implementation through inclusion in adoption resolutions
Analysis and prioritization of mitigation actions
Saline County Existing Community Plans
Monitoring, evaluating and updating the plan
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Appendix A: Signed Adoption Resolutions
Appendix B: Government Building/Facility Repetitive Loss Listings
Appendix C: Acronyms
Appendix D: Maps
Appendis E: Update Changes Made to 2004 Hazard Mitigation Plan
Appendix F: Multi-Hazard Mitigation Resource Directory and Bibliography
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Introduction
Every year in the United States, natural disasters take the lives of hundreds of people
and injure thousands more. Nationwide, taxpayers pay billions of dollars annually to
help communities recover from hazard events. Most disasters that occur are predictable
and much of the damage caused by these events can be alleviated or even eliminated
with proper planning.
The Saline County Natural Hazard Mitigation plan is an effort to reduce the impact of
natural hazards on citizens and property by outlining actions that will mitigate the
hazards’ effects and break the cycle of repetitive disaster losses. Hazard mitigation as
defined by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) is any action taken to
eliminate or reduce the long-term risk to human life and property from natural and
technological hazards. Because Missouri is prone to several types of natural disasters,
mitigation planning becomes imperative in preventing human and economic loss.
Hazard mitigation planning is the process through which hazards that threaten
communities are identified, likely impacts of those hazards are determined, mitigation
goals are set and appropriate strategies to lessen impacts are determined, prioritized
and implemented. The Saline County Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan document the
County’s hazard mitigation planning process, identifies relevant hazards and risks and
outlines the strategy the County and participating jurisdictions will use to decrease
hazard vulnerability and increase resiliency and sustainability. This plan was updated in
2010, building off the framework of the 2004 version of this plan.
The Saline County Natural Hazard Mitigation Plan update was prepared by the staff of
the Pioneer Trails Regional Planning Commission. The Commission serves Lafayette,
Johnson, Saline and Pettis Counties as well as the 44 communities contained within
those counties. Formed under Chapter 251 of the Revised Statues of the State of
Missouri, all regional councils in Missouri operate as “quasi-governmental” entities.
Regional Planning Commissions serve communities on an advisory basis by nature and
county and municipal governments hold membership on a voluntary basis. The primary
role of the regional planning commission is to provide a technical staff capable of
providing sound advice to its membership and working for coordination of various
planning and infrastructure needs among the various counties and municipalities, as
appropriate.
Information in this plan will be used to help guide and coordinate mitigation activities and
decisions for local land use policy in future development plans. Proactive mitigation
planning will help reduce the cost of disaster response and recovery to the community
and its property owners by protecting critical facilities, reducing liability exposure, and
minimizing overall community impacts and disruption.
This plan is designed to provide a general blueprint for hazard mitigation activities and is
structured to serve as the basis for specific hazard mitigation efforts for multiple hazards.
This County mitigation plan complies with the State Emergency Management Agency
and FEMA planning guidance; FEMA regulations, rules, guidelines and checklists; Code
of Federal Regulations; and existing Federal and State laws; and such other reasonable
criterion as the President/Governor, Federal/State congresses and SEMA/FEMA may
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establish in consultation with City/County governments while the plan is being
developed.
This plan also meets the minimum planning requirements for all FEMA mitigation
programs such as the:
•
•
•
•
•
•
Flood Mitigation Assistance Program (FMA)
Pre-Disaster Mitigation Program (PDM)
Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP)
National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program (NEHRP)
National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP)
Community Rating System (CRS)
Participating jurisdictions in the planning process include:
Saline County Participating Jurisdiction
Jurisdiction
Saline County
City of Arrow Rock
City of Blackburn
City of Emma
City of Gilliam
City of Grand Pass
City of Malta Bend
City of Marshall
City of Miami
City of Mount Leonard
City of Nelson
City of Slater
City of Sweet Spring
New Participant
Continuing Participant
X
X
X
Not Participating
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
This plan was prepared pursuant to the requirements of the Disaster Mitigation Act of
2000 (Public Law 106-390) and the implementing regulations set forth by the Interim
Final Rule published in the Federal Register on February 26, 2002 and finalized on
October 31, 2007. (Hereafter, these requirements and regulations will be referred to
collectively as the Disaster Mitigation Act.) While the act emphasized the need for
mitigation plans and more coordinated mitigation planning and implementation efforts,
the regulations established the requirements that local hazard mitigation plans must
meet in order for a local jurisdiction to be eligible for certain federal disaster assistance
and hazard mitigation funding under the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and
Emergency Act (Public Law 93-288). Because Saline County is subject to many
hazards, access to these programs is vital.
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The DMA 2000 also provides specific criteria for the preparation and adoption of multijurisdictional mitigation plans by local governments to meet these requirements. The
Saline County Natural Hazard Mitigation Plan was prepared to support the requirements
of a mitigation plan for all participating local governments in the County. DMA
requirements specify that the following elements must be included in the plan:
•
•
•
•
•
•
The plan must document how the mitigation plan was prepared and who was
involved in the planning process
A risk assessment section should include:
> Identification of the hazards likely to affect the area, noting data
limitations and providing an explanations for eliminating hazards from
further consideration.
> A discussion of past events and description of the severity and resulting
effects
> A description of the local vulnerability to the described hazards in terms of
the types and numbers of buildings, infrastructure and critical facilities
located in the jurisdiction.
> A description of the potential dollar losses to the vulnerable structures
identified and a description o the methods used to calculate the estimate
> A description of the vulnerability in terms of land use and development so
that mitigation options can be considered in future land-use decisions
The plan must include a hazard mitigation strategy describing:
> Goals to reduce or avoid long-term vulnerability to the identified hazards
> A range of specific mitigation actions and projects to be considered, with
particular emphasis on new and existing buildings and infrastructure
> An action plan identifying how the actions will be prioritized, implemented
and administered by the local jurisdiction.
> For multi-jurisdictional plans Identifiable action items specific to the
jurisdiction requesting FEMA approval of the plan
All local units of government included in the plan must participate in the planning
process
Provisions for reviewing, monitoring and evaluating progress for the plans
implementation.
The plan must be updated every five years and re-approved.
Adoption by the local governing body. The plan must include documentation that
the local governing body has formally adopted the plan. In a multi-jurisdictional
plan, all participation local units of government seeking plan approval must
individually adopt the plan, with the exception of unincorporated units of
government.
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Assurance statements of compliance with Federal Regulations
This city/county mitigation plan complies with SEMA’s and FEMA’s planning guidance;
federal regulations, rules, guidelines, and checklists; Code of Federal Regulations; and
existing Federal and State laws; and such other reasonable criterion as the
President/Governor, Federal/State congresses and SEMA/FEMA may establish in
consultation with City/County governments while the plan is being developed. This plan
also meets the minimum planning requirements for all FEMA mitigation programs, such
as the Flood Mitigation Assistance (FMA) Program, the Pre-Disaster Mitigation (PDM)
Program, and the Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP), and where appropriate,
other FEMA mitigation related programs such as the National Earthquake Hazards
Reduction Program (NEHRP), the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) and the
Community Rating System (CRS).
Basis for planning authority
The basis for authority to create a natural hazard mitigation plan lies in Section 322 of
the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act (Stafford Act), 42
U.S.C. 5165. This act was enacted under Section 104 of the Disaster Mitigation Act of
2000 (DMA 2000), P.L. 106-390. Section 104 is the legal basis for FEMA’s Interim Final
Rule for 44 CFR Parts 201 and 206, published in the Federal Register on February 26,
2002.
Adoption by local governing bodies
Participation of local governing bodies as stakeholders is critical to successful mitigation
implementation. As former SEMA Deputy Director Beaufort C. “Buck” Katt writes,
“One thing we have learned over the years is that mitigation programs crumble
unless locals, both private and public, have a stake in the process; they simply must
feel a sense of ownership for the program to be successful. We strongly believe that
this effort will be successful and sustainable over the long term only if it enjoys
grassroots support that stems from a sense of local and individual ownership. For
this reason, SEMA Headquarters staff and Area Coordinators will support this
initiative by providing training and technical assistance to the RPCs, but the grant
funding will go to the participating counties/cities. The participating counties/cities will
use SEMA’s Scope of Work to contract with the RPCs and must participate fully in
the preparation of the Mitigation Plan. Once the Mitigation Plans are completed and
approved, these counties/cities will be eligible for future Mitigation Assistance and
will be able to more effectively carry out mitigation activities to lessen the adverse
impact of future disasters in those communities. “
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Therefore, PTRPC has collaborated with each local government to assure participation
and sense of ownership among local government officials.
To provide further involvement this plan will implement specific parts of a jurisdictions
emergency operations plan (or a similar plan) if it is currently being used by the
jurisdiction. We will also meet with the various jurisdictions and see if any of this plan
can be used and implemented into their existing plan for further use.
Planning process
The planning process began in October of 2009. Initial planning work began with
utilizing modern technology to encourage maximum participation. The Saline County
2004 Natural Hazard Mitigation Plan was posted on the Pioneer Trails Website
(www.trailsrpc.org) for public review along with a point of contact for comments and
questions about the 2004 plan and the update process. A virtual calendar was also
provided on the webpage under the Hazard Mitigation section that provided details of
Public meeting dates, times and locations. In order to comply with the Sunshine Law, all
public meeting notices were posted in the Main Entrance to the Pioneer Trails office and
website and press realeases were issued in the most widely distributed newspapers in
the County. Notifications were also sent to Emergency Managers, Mayor’s, Emergency
Responders, Area Hospitals, School District Superintendents and Safety Directors of
Higher Education Institutions. Mailings and press releases were distributed on a
schedule that allowed officials sufficient time to review the draft prior to the next hazard
mitigation update public meeting. Cities that were not represented at public meetings
were contacted during the planning process to provide data and input on the plan
update.
Two public meetings were held in December and January
Public Meeting #1
Friday, December 18, 2009
214 North Lafayette Avenue
Marshall, MO
The first public meeting introduced the public to the Hazard Mitigation update process.
The four phase process was described and outline and a timeframe for the update was
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discussed. The initial public meeting was an overview of the first two phases of hazard
mitigation planning, resource allocation and identifying hazards. Utilizing FEMA
guidelines, specifically FEMA-386, worksheet packets were generated and provided to
attendees. The worksheets outlined:
• Hazard Rankings
• Hazard Information
• Infrastructure Inventory
• Hazard Issues
• Regulatory Tools
• Financial Resources
Meeting attendees were asked to fill out the worksheets and respond back to provide
input into the update.
Public Meeting #2
Wednesday, January 19th, 2010
Saline County 9-1-1 Center
2025 S. Odell
Marshall, MO
The second public meeting reviewed the resources available in Saline County as well as
hazard identification. The third phase of the hazard mitigation process was also
introduced and discussed. Attendees reviewed goals, objectives and strategies from the
2004 plan to discuss actions that were accomplished in regards to hazard mitigation and
what goals need to be introduced or revised.
The initial draft of the 2010 Natural Hazard Mitigation Plan Update was posted online to
allow the public to review the plan and provide input.
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Participating
Jurisdiction
Saline County
City of Arrow Rock
City of Blackburn
City of Emma
City of Gilliam
City of Grand Pass
City of Malta Bend
City of Marshall
City of Miami
City of Mount
Leonard
City of Nelson
City of Slater
City of Sweet Springs
Hazard Mitigation Participation by Jurisdiction
Formal
Public
Participant
Telephone Email
Plan
Meeting
Adoption
Jesse Coslet
x
x
x
Becky Plattner
Karen Berry
Mary Duncan
Judy Coble
x
x
Ken Blair
Kathy Borgman
Karen Sims
x
x
x
x
Theresa Williams
x
x
x
x
x
x
Sydney Stonner
x
x
x
x
Russell Griffith
Tommy Goode
Meetings
with PTRPC
Staff
Letter of
Authorization
x
x
x
x
x
x
xx
x
x
x
x
xx
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Key Participants in the Planning Process:
Becky Plattner, Saline County Emergency Management Director
Sydney Stonner, Marshall Democrat Newswriter
Time frame for preparation
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Plan Mission
The mission of the Saline County Hazard Mitigation Plan is to substantially and
permanently reduce the community’s vulnerability to natural hazards. The plan is
intended to promote sound public policy designed to protect citizens, critical facilities,
infrastructure, private property, and the natural environment. This can be achieved by
increasing public awareness, documenting resources for risk reduction and lossprevention, and identifying activities to guide the community towards the development of
a safer, more sustainable community.
Plan Organization
The Saline County Hazard Mitigation Plan is developed and organized within the rules
and regulations established under the 44 CFR 201.6. The plan contains a Mitigation
Action Matrix, a discussion on the purpose and methodology used to develop the plan, a
profile of Saline County, as well as, the Hazard Identification and Vulnerability
Assessment of 8 natural hazards. In addition, the plan offers a thorough discussion of
the community’s current capability to implement the goals, objectives and strategies
identified herein. To assist in the explanation of the above identified contents there are
several appendices included which provide more detail on specific subjects. This plan is
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intended to improve the ability of Saline County to handle disasters and will document
valuable local knowledge on the most efficient and effective ways to reduce loss.
Hazards Identified
The Criteria provided by FEMA for the development of the Hazard Mitigation Plan
identifies 8 natural hazards that Saline County must address: Tornadoes/Severe
Thunderstorms, Floods, Severe Winter Weather, Drought, Heat Wave, Earthquakes,
Wildfires, and Dam Failures. Several natural hazards were excluded because of the
geography, geology, and location of Saline County and its jurisdictions, they were:
Avalanche, Coastal Erosion, Coastal Storms, Expansive Soils, Hurricane, Land
Subsidence, Landslide, Tsunami, and Volcanoes.
Goals, Future Planning, and Plan Coordination
The overall goals include (1) reduce risks and vulnerabilities of people in hazard prone
areas; (2) reduce the potential impact of natural disasters on new and existing properties
and infrastructure and the local economy; (3) promote education, outreach, research and
development of programs to improve the knowledge and awareness among citizens and
industry about hazards they may face, their vulnerability to identified hazards, and
hazard mitigation alternatives that can reduce their vulnerabilities; (4) strengthen
communication and coordinate participation between public agencies, citizens, non-profit
organizations, business, and industry to create a widespread interest in mitigation; (5)
establish priorities for reducing risks to the people and their property with emphasis on
long term and maximum benefits to the public rather than short term benefit of special
interest; and (6) secure resources for investment in hazard mitigation. These goals, as
well as the current objectives and actions will be reviewed every five years under the
coordination of the county’s Emergency Management Agency.
Numerous citizens and public organizations have participated in this process.
Implementation, monitoring and evaluation will be sustainable over the long term
because it enjoys grassroots support that stems from a sense of county, local and
individual ownership.
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*For future planning of this document more public involvement is necessary this
document will be posted on Pioneer Trails Regional Planning Commission’s website for
public display. Also planning meetings that coordinate with the Regional Homeland
Security meetings will have more support as the majority of emergency planning officials
(EMD, Police Chiefs, etc..) will be in attendance.
Section 1
Community Profiles
County profile
Saline County was established on November 25, 1820, by an act of Missouri’s
General Assembly, which separated the county from the Territory of Cooper County. It
was named Saline because of the large number of natural springs in the county that
contained common salt. As the land was developed, the area was found to contain very
deep brown loam soil, which produces abundant crops. This contributed to a thriving
commercial agriculture market, with Saline ranking as one of the top producers of corn in
Missouri.
Agriculture has been the main economic enterprise for Saline County.
Soybeans, corn and winter wheat are the major crops, and beef cattle and hogs are the
principal kinds of livestock. More than half of the county borders the Missouri River,
which has concomitant bottom lands that are agriculturally productive, a habitat for both
flora and fauna, and subject to periodic flooding. The river’s flood plains are used for
cultivated crops. The steeper areas are used mostly for pasture, hay, woodland, or
orchards.
In the early 1800’s the county was characterized as a “hunter’s paradise” with
plentiful game of several species and wide expanses of prairie and substantial
woodlands. The county courthouse was located in three different locations prior to the
decision in 1839 to locate it in the geographic center of the county on a site given to the
county by an early settler, Jeremiah Odell. When the county court decided to locate the
courthouse at this site they also decided to name the town Marshall, in honor of the U. S.
Supreme Court Chief Justice, John Marshall. The current courthouse is the third
structure in Marshall built to house the county government. The first one was built in
1841.
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Services, manufacturing and government account for nearly 60 percent of the
employment base in Saline County according to the 2000 census. Commerce and
industry are growing sources of income in Saline County. Some of these industries
include: meat packing, food processing, and feed and seed enterprises.
Figure 1
In the first census taken in the county in 1821, there were 1,176 people. By,
1880, the population had increased to 29,938. Saline County hit a high population of
33,703 in 1900, which has declined at a slow pace ever since to 23,370 in 2010.
However, the population was expected to increase at a modest rate of about 1.3 percent
per year over the next decade because of a projected increase in jobs. Looking at the
2010 data that has not been the case in Saline County as they seen a 1.6% loss in the
last decade.
Saline County
Population, 2010
23,370
Population, percent change, 2000 to 2010
-1.60%
Population, 2000
23,756
*Source 2010 U.S. Census
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Table 2
Jurisdiction
1980
1990
2000
2010
City of Arrow Rock
82
70
79
56
-29%
City of Blackburn
314
308
284
249
-12%
City of Emma
267
194
243
233
-4%
City of Gilliam
227
212
220
230
5%
City of Grand Pass
71
53
51
66
29%
City of Malta Bend
292
289
249
250
0%
12,781
12,711
12,433
13,065
5%
City of Miami
177
142
155
175
13%
City of Mount Leonard
131
96
122
87
-29%
City of Nelson
248
181
211
192
-9%
City of Slater
2,492
2,186
2,083
1,856
-11%
City of Sweet Spring
1,694
1,694
1,628
1,484
-9%
Unincorporated Area
6,143
5,387
5,998
5,427
-10%
Saline County
24,919
23,523
23,756
23,370
-2%
City of Marshall
% Change 1980 - 2008
Source: MSDC 2010 Census
Geography, geology and climate
Geography
Saline County is located in the north central part of the state in the Pioneer Trails
Regional Planning Commission. Counties bordering Saline County are Lafayette to the
west, Pettis to the south, and Cooper to the southeast. The Missouri River borders the
county on the north and east. Saline County is comprised of a land area of 755.55
square miles (483,000 acres) and a water area of 9.04 square miles. It has a total
population of 23,370 people, which accounts for a population density of 31 people per
square mile. Topography varies from river bottoms to some rough hilly terrain to a
predominate land cover of rolling hills and prairie.
The incorporated cities (including 2010 population) within the county are: Arrow Rock
(56), Blackburn (249), Emma (233), Gilliam (230), Grand Pass (66), Malta Bend (250),
Marshall (13,065), Miami (175), Mount Leonard (87), Nelson (192), Slater (1,856), and
Sweet Springs (1,484).
Page 16
Figure 2
Soils
According to the Missouri Cooperative Soil Survey, there are 7 total soil associations in
Saline County including the Haynie-Waldron-Leta Association, the Knox-Menfro-Sibley
Association, the Monona-Joy-Winterset Association, the Dockery-Colo Association, the
Macksburg-Arispe Association, the Sibley-Higginsville Association, and the WellerWinfield-Goss Association. See Figure 3.
Figure 3
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Saline County General Soil Units
Weller-Winfield-Goss
Association
15%
Haynie-Waldron-Leta
Association
11%
Knox-Menfro-Sibley
Assocation
11%
Monona-Joy-Winterset
Association
3%
Sibley-Higginsville
Association
23%
Dockery-Colo Association
5%
Macksburg-Arispe
Association
32%
The Haynie-Waldron-Leta Association ranges from 0 to 2 percent slope. It covers about
11 percent of the county and consists of soil located on the wide flood plains along the
Missouri River. The moderately well drained Haynie soils make up 25 percent of the
association, the somewhat poorly drained Waldron soils makeup 24 percent of the
association, the somewhat poorly drained Leta soils make up 17 percent of the
association, and minor soils make up the remaining 34 percent of the association.
The Knox-Menfro-Sibley Association is characterized by short side slopes that range
from 2 to 35 percent. It covers narrow and moderately wide ridge tops and side slops
that are dissected by many branching, V-shaped drainage ways. The gently sloping to
steep Knox soils make up 36 percent of the association. The gently sloping to steep
Menfro soils make up 34 percent of the association. The gently sloping to strongly
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sloping Sibley soils make up 16 percent of the association and minor soils make up the
remaining 14 percent of the association.
The Monona-Joy-Winterset Association ranges from 0 to 9 percent slope. It covers
about 3 percent of the county and consists of soil located on low broad ridge tops and
long, gentle side slopes of high stream terraces adjacent to flood plains along the
Missouri River. The gently and moderately sloping, well drained Monona soils make up
41 percent of the association, the nearly level, somewhat poorly drained Joy soils make
up 35 percent of the association, the nearly level, poorly drained Winterset soils make up
14 percent of the association, and minor soils make up the remaining 10 percent of the
association.
The Dockery-Colo Association ranges from 0 to 2 percent slope. It covers about 5
percent of the county and is located on flood plains along the Blackwater River and its
tributaries. The somewhat poorly drained Dockery soils make up 45 percent of the
association, the poorly drained Colo soils make up 24 percent of the association, and
minor soils make up the remaining 31 percent of the association.
The Macksburg-Arispe Association ranges from 1 to 14 percent slope. It covers about
32 percent of the county and is located on ridge tops and side slopes on high, broad
divides between the major drainage ways. The very gently sloping Macksburg soils
make up 36 percent of the association, the gently to strongly sloping Arispe soils make
up 35 percent of the association, and minor soils make up the remaining 29 percent of
the association.
The Sibley-Higginsville Association ranges from 2 to 14 percent slope. It covers about
23 percent of the county and is located on narrow ridge tops and smooth, short concave
side slopes. The gently to strongly sloping, well drained, Sibley soils make up 56
percent of the association, the gently to moderately sloping, somewhat poorly drained
Higginsville soils make up 36 percent of the association, and minor soils make up the
remaining 8 percent of the association.
The Weller-Winfield-Goss Association ranges from 2 to 45 percent. It covers about 15
percent of the county and is located on highly dissected areas adjacent to the
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Blackwater River and its tributaries. The gently to strongly sloping, moderately well
drained Weller soils make up 46 percent of the association, the gently to moderately
sloping, well drained Winfield soils make up 20 percent of the association, the
moderately steep to steep, well drained Goss soils make up 16 percent of the
association, and minor soils make up the remaining 18 percent of the association.
Climate
According to the Midwest Regional Climate Center, Saline County’s temperature ranges
from an average high in July of 88 degrees to a low of 16.5 degrees in January (See
Table below). The highest recorded temperature was 112 degrees and occurred on July
15, 1936. The lowest recorded temperature occurred on February 13, 1905 at -26
degrees.
The total annual precipitation is 37.33 inches. Of this, about 23.47 inches (63 percent),
falls in April through September, ranging from 3-5 inches each month. The heaviest 1day rainfall of record was 5.81 inches on September 22, 1970. The average seasonal
snowfall is 12.5 inches. The months of December and January average 3-4 inches of
snow, while November, March, and April see between 0-1 inches. The greatest snow
depth at any one time during the period of record was 11 inches on February 13, 1978.
On average, approximately 8 days of the year have at least one inch of snow.
*As of this writing (10-25-2011) the data on climate is the most rececent data available to
us from the website (http://cdo.ncdc.noaa.gov/cgi-bin/climatenormals/climatenormals.pl)
which is from 1971-2000 when future data becomes available to us we will implement it
in future updates to this plan.
Page 20
Table 3 1971-2000 NCDC Average Temperatures
Element
JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUN
JUL
AUG
SEP
OCT
NOV
DEC
ANN
Max °F
34.6
41.3
53.4
64.1
74.1
83.1
88.1
86.3
78.5
67.7
51.9
39.5
63.6
Min °F
16.5
21.7
32.0
41.7
53.0
62.0
66.7
64.1
54.8
44.0
32.3
22.0
42.6
http://mcc.sws.uiuc.edu/Temp/MO/235298_tsum.html
Figure 4
Saline County Mean Temperature (Max °F)
(Source: Midwestern Regional Climate Center)
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Jan
Feb
March
April
May
June
July
Month
Aug
Sept
Oct
Nov
Dec
Page 21
Table 4 1971-2000 NCDC Average Precipitation
Element
JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUN
JUL
AUG
SEP
OCT
NOV
DEC
ANN
Precip.
(in)
1.33
1.56
2.84
3.76
4.85
4.13
3.62
3.10
4.01
3.19
3.14
1.80
37.33
Oct
Nov
http://mcc.sws.uiuc.edu/Precip/MO/235298_psum.html
Figure 5
Saline County Mean Precipitation
5
4.5
4
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
Jan
Feb
March
April
May
June
July
Aug
Sept
Dec
Page 22
Table 5 1971-2000 Average Snowfall
Element
JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUN
JUL
AUG
SEP
OCT
NOV
DEC
ANN
Snow(in)
3.9
4.0
0.7
0.2
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.9
2.8
12.5
http://mcc.sws.uiuc.edu/Snow/MO/235298_ssum.html
Figure 6
Saline County Average Snowfall by Month
4
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUN
JUL
AUG
SEP
OCT
NOV
DEC
Page 23
Form of government
Saline County is classified as a 4th class county. Its county seat is in Marshall. The
county is governed by a three-member County Commission led by the Presiding
Commissioner. The county government is divided into the following departments and
divisions: Assessor’s Office, Auditor’s Office, Circuit Court Clerk, County Clerk, County
Commission, Public Administrator’s Office, Prosecuting Attorney’s Office, Recorder,
Sheriff’s Department, and Treasurer’s office.
Community partnerships
The county and its cities collaborate on numerous issues such as infrastructure, law
enforcement, and emergency services. MoDOT and the county and cities collaborate
concerning transportation issues. MDC and local firefighters work together to safeguard
the county’s forested areas.
Significant cultural/social issues
The county’s rural culture remains strong. The English as a second language population
is growing placing strong translation burdens on service, health care, and emergency
providers. There are some communities that have no health care providers so the need
to travel for care is a growing problem.
Page 24
Figure 7
Saline County Base Map
Miami
Gilliam
Slater
Grand Pass
Malta Bend
Mount Leonard
Marshall
Blackburn
Arrow Rock
Nelson
Emma
Sweet Springs
Legend
Interstate and Highways
Incorporated areas
®
Hydrologic features
0
3,125 6,250
12,500
18,750
25,000
Miles
Prepared 8-18-04 by Amber Wagner
Page 25
Public awareness
The initial meeting for Saline County was held on Friday, December 18, 2009.
Representatives from the county and all incorporated areas were invited to learn about
the benefits of creating hazard mitigation plans as well as the planning process. The
advantages of hazard mitigation were presented to local civic leaders at the meeting.
The local newspapers carried reports of the meeting.
Media relations
The Marshall Democrat-News is the official newspaper of Saline County. In addition, the
Sweet Springs Herald covers news in Sweet Springs and the surrounding areas. Both
provide adequate coverage of planning issues such as natural hazard mitigation.
KMMO is the only radio station based in Saline County and broadcasts on AM 1300/FM
102.9. This station covers local issues in depth. The Kansas City Star broadcast media
provide weather reports and warnings that detail specific cities and counties at risk. The
list of pertinent media outlets is included below.
Newspapers
Marshall Democrat-News
Sweet Springs Herald
Kansas City Star
News radio stations
KMMO, AM 1300/FM 102.9, Marshall
KXEO, AM 1340, Mexico
KWIX, AM 1230, Moberly
KCMO-FM Kansas City
KMBZ-FM Kansas City
Television stations
WDAF-TV, Channel 4, NBC, Kansas City
KCTV-TV, Channel 5, CBS, Fairway, KS
KMOS, Channel 6, PBS, Sedalia
KMBC-TV, Channel 9, ABC, Kansas City
KOMU-TV, Channel 8, NBC, Columbia
KRCG-TV, Channel 13, CBS, Jefferson City
KMIZ-TV, Channel 17, ABC, Columbia
KCPT, Channel 19, PBS, Kansas City
Page 26
KSHB, Channel 38, IND, Kansas City
KSMO, Channel 62, WB, Kansas City
News releases are distributed by PTRPC as the particular situation warrants. The media
plan for increasing hazard mitigation awareness will be initiated through the appropriate
local agencies as specific hazard seasons occur. At these times, residents are more
attuned to receiving prevention information. Various prevention instructions from the
FEMA website will be the main source of information to be disseminated through the
media.
Demographic information
The 2000 U.S. Census was used to construct a profile of the average Saline County
resident. Statistically, this average person is between age 35 and 44, has an income of
$16,132 and lives in a rural single-family home within a mile of 31.4 other people. The
average $59,700 home is maintained with a household income of $32,743. This person
has at least a high school diploma or its equivalent; lives in Saline County; works in the
county; and drives to work alone in less than 17 minutes.
Race
Although Saline County remains predominantly white in the 2000 Census, the diversity
of the population has increased. Historically, diversity has been scarce. However the
2000 Census showed the presence of non-white races increased to 3.4% of the total
population. The portion of the county’s Hispanic population in particular grew
significantly. Between 1990 and 2000, the county’s Hispanic population increased from
196 to 1,000, a 500% increase. The county’s increase exceeded the state’s 92.2%
increase..
Page 27
Table 6
Saline County Population Diversity (2010 Census)
RACE
Population
Percent
White
20,135
86.2
Black or African American
1,235
5.3
American Indian and Alaska
Native
75
0.3
Asian
124
0.5
Native Hawaiian and Other
Pacific Islander
158
0.7
Hispanic or Latino
1,925
8.2
Educational Attainment
Roughly 79% of Saline County’s 25-plus population are high school graduates or higher.
Depending upon regional economic conditions, this indicates the workforce should be
able to find alternative employment if a disaster were to eliminate jobs.
Table 7
Saline County’s Educational Attainment (2005-2009 American Community Survey)
Population 25 years and over
14,752
Less than 9th grade
1,177
9th to 12th grade, no diploma
1,833
High school graduate (includes equivalency)
5,603
Some college, no degree
2,842
Associate's degree
673
Bachelor's degree
1,619
Graduate or professional degree
1,005
Percent high school graduate or higher
79.6%
Percent bachelor's degree or higher
17.8%
Page 28
Age
The county’s age brackets in Table 8 show that 63.9% the population is of labor force
age; 38.4% of the workforce is age 25-54. Typical vulnerable populations include those
age 65 and over at 16.2% as well as those age 14 and under at 20.3% of the general
population.
Table 8
Saline County Population By Age (2010 Census)
Age
Population
Percent
Under 5 years
1,507
6.4
5 to 9 years
1,486
6.4
10 to 14 years
1,438
6.2
15 to 19 years
1,903
8.1
20 to 24 years
1,801
7.7
25 to 29 years
1,428
6.1
30 to 34 years
1,312
5.6
35 to 39 years
1,275
5.5
40 to 44 years
1,322
5.7
45 to 49 years
1,641
7.0
50 to 54 years
1,647
7.0
55 to 59 years
1,489
6.4
60 to 64 years
1,422
6.1
65 to 69 years
1,057
4.5
70 to 74 years
793
3.4
75 to 79 years
643
2.8
80 to 84 years
549
2.3
85 years and over
657
2.8
Economy, employment and industry
Labor force, average wage rate, unemployment rate
The 2000 U.S. Census reported that Saline County had a labor force (workers 16 and
over) population of 18,619 people or 78% of the county’s total population. Of this
population, 11,341 people are employed, 542 are unemployed, and 37 people are in the
Page 29
armed forces. 35.9% of this population were not active in the labor force. The 2000
unemployment rate was 4.6%, slightly better than Missouri’s 2000 rate of 4.7%.
The average wage for the first quarter of 2000 was $310 per week. Nearly 13.2% of the
population, or 2,899 persons, were below the federal poverty level.
Table 9
Saline County EMPLOYMENT STATUS (2005-2009 American Community Survey)
Population 16 years and over
In labor force
11,341
Civilian labor force
11,281
Employed
10,682
Unemployed
599
Armed Forces
60
Not in labor force
6,734
Primary Industries
Saline County’s primary products include frozen food products, air pollution control
equipment, developmental disabilities services, and retail trade.
The Census 2000 reported that most employed citizens work in management
occupations, with service and sales occupations following closely behind (see Table ).
Employment by industry within the county consists of 25.7% education/health/social
services, 19.6% manufacturing, 10.7% retail trade, 5.8% construction, and 4.7% public
administration. The remaining 34% includes: finance, insurance, real estate,
transportation, and public utilities, wholesale trade, agricultural, forestry, fishing and
mining.
Page 30
Table 10
Saline County Workforce Population by Occupation (Employed civilian workforce
16 years and over)
Occupation
Number
Percent
Management, Professional, and related occupations
Service Occupations
Sales and office occupations
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations
Construction, extraction, and maintenance
occupations
Production, transportation, and material moving
occupations
3,060
2,150
2,258
202
1,083
27
18.9
19.9
1.8
9.5
2,598
22.9
Figure 8
Saline County Employment by Industry
(Census 2000)
432
Other services (except public administration)
778
Arts, entertainment, recreation, accommodation
2,914
Educational, health, social
Professional, scientific, management, administrative, waste
management services
417
361
Finance, insurance, real estate, leasing
200
Information
593
Transport, warehouse, utilities
1,213
Retail trade
298
Wholesale trade
2,230
Manufacturing
Construction
654
Agriculture, forestry, fishing, mining
731
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
Number of Workers
Page 31
SALINE COUNTY MAJOR EMPLOYERS
Name
Product/Service
Total
Employees
AmeriCold Logistics
Cold Storage Plant
Bank of America
Banking Services
8
Bank MidWest
Banking Services
8
Big Bend Retreat
Nursing Care Facility
Butterfield Youth Services
Child & Adolescent
Treatment & related family
services
Case Ready Pork/Beef
Facility
160
106
Central Missouri Agri Service
Supported Employment
Service for adults with
disabilities
Grain Storage
City of Marshall
Municipal Service
125
City of Slater
Municipal Service
11
Municipal Service
21
Community Bank
Banking Services
33
Con Agra Frozen Foods
Frozen Foods
900
Coreslab
Precast & Prestressed
Concrete
John Deere Dealer
100
Cargill Meat Solutions
Center for Human Services
Deem's Farm Equipment
Diehm's Tire Service
Eidson Ussery Trucking Company
Fitzgibbon Hospital/Living
Center/Clinics
General Electric
GENCOM, Inc.
Gilpin Auto Parts
Tire and Automotive Sales
and Service
Trucking Company
Acute Care & Outpatient
Services
Air Pollution Control
Equipment
Trucking Company
Re-manufactured Auto
Parts & Salvage
75
57
533
90
33
12
40
520
193
57
10
Page 32
Hahn & Philips Grease Co.
Blender of inedible animal
greases, tallow & animal
protein
42
KMMO
AM/FM Radio Station
22
KRLI/KMZU
AM/FM Radio Station
33
SALINE COUNTY MAJOR EMPLOYERS
Name
Product/Service
Total
Employees
Kays Engineering, Inc.
Design & Build Custom &
Automated Machines
50
Kent Feeds, Inc.
Livestock and Poultry
Feed Manufacturing
Direct Mail and Mailing
List Clearing House
17
Marshall Democrat News
Daily Newspaper
32
Marshall Egg Products
Egg Processing & Cold
Storage
State Education Center
21
Mailings Clearinghouse, Inc.
Marshall Habilitation Center
Marshall Municipal Utilities
Marshall Public Schools
Mid-State Seed
Provider of Electrical,
Water and Wastewater
Treatment
Education
80
881
91
353
Seed Conditioning and
Storage
Leather Works and Sport
Gloves
25
140
Missouri Valley Community Action
Agency
Four Year Liberal Arts Co-Educational
Serving low-income
people in a 7-county area.
Monsanto
Ag Supply
Monsanto Research
Corn Research
Riggins R-Co.
Ag. Equipment
Dealer/Sales/Service
24
Salt Fork YMCA
Community Center
65
Slater Felt
Woven & Non-woven
Industrial Fabrics
45
Mid-West Quality Glove
Missouri Valley College
20
150
15
6
Page 33
Wal-Mart
Discount Store
W.B. Young
Wood and Huston Bank
Metal Fabrications
Banking Services
300
50
90
Access to employment: incommuting and outcommuting
The majority of Saline County’s workforce works inside the county. Most commuters
travel to Lafayette County to the northeast or Pettis County to the south. In the event of a
natural disaster confined to Saline County, the county’s outcommuters are likely to retain
their access to employment.
Figure 9
1.6%Cooper Co. MO
1.3% Jackson Co. MO
1.2% Boone Co. MO
0.7%Howard Co. MO
3.4% Pettis Co. MO
3.4%
Lafayette Co. MO
85.2%
Saline Co.
Saline County Outcommuting Patterns
Codes/regulations such as building, stormwater, fire and zoning
Page 34
Missouri state law dictates the powers and structure of county governments. Saline
County operates as a third-class county and has limited powers in regard to building
regulations. The County itself has no zoning laws because of its third-class
classification.
Existing community plans
County Emergency Operations Plan: The purpose of the Saline County Emergency
Operations Plan (EOP), prepared by The Louis Berger Group, Inc, and updated in
January 2004 (current update in 2010), is to “establish policies and procedures that will
allow the respective government of Saline County to save lives, minimize injuries,
protect property, preserve functioning civil government, and maintain economic activities
essential to their survival and recovery from natural and technological hazards.” The
EOP states the Presiding County Commissioner is responsible for emergency
management activities in locations that do not have a local emergency management
organization.
Saline County emergency management is set up along the following functional lines:
direction and control; communications and warning; emergency public information;
damage assessment; law enforcement; fire and rescue; resource and supply; public
works; evacuation; in- place shelter; reception and care; health and medical,
terrorism/bioterrorism, and civil disorder. The plan also defines lines of succession for
continuity of government during a disaster as well as preservation of records and the
logistics of administrative functions such as procedures for obtaining temporary use of
facilities. The EOP is reviewed annually and revised as needed.
Land use information
According to the Soil Survey of Saline County, Missouri (1993), the county has a total
area of 490,938 acres. Of this area, more than 300,000 acres are used for farming. The
Saline County Study reported that 46.4 percent of the land is prime farmland. Public
lands owned by the Missouri Department of Natural Resources and the Missouri
Department of Conservation make up 2% of the county’s land area. Much of this land is
in the Missouri River bottom.
Page 35
Development trends
Saline County continues to experience population growth that is projected to occur in the
future as more young adults leave the County. Development within the County remains
fairly stagnant with few new residential and commercial endeavors occurring.
Floodplain management
Floodplain regulations were revamped in 2004 to reduce the flood potential. Within
floodplain Zone A, new construction and improvements are not allowed without
extensive mitigation requirements. Any encroachments such as fill, new construction, or
other developments within in the floodway must not create any increase in flood levels
within the community during a base flood discharge.
Wetlands issues
The topography and soil content are not conducive to formation of large wetlands.
However, numerous small wetlands exist in varying degrees of quality.
NFIP participation
Floods are a potential threat to the county because of the Missouri and Blackwater
rivers. The county participates in the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP). The
policy number for Saline County is 290406. Specifically, the communities of Emma,
Marshall, Slater, and Sweet Springs are participating in NFIP. As of December 31, 2003,
the county has 8 flood insurance policies in force at $790,000. The city of Marshall has
13 policies in force at $555,500. The city of Sweet Springs has 5 policies in force at
$488,000. However, the communities of Malta Bend and Miami are not participating in
NFIP and have therefore been sanctioned.
Page 36
Table 11
Environmental concerns
Hazardous material sites from gas station to various commercial and industrial sites,
including pipelines. Most sites are located within urban areas. Natural disasters could
precipitate a release of hazardous materials at any of these sites. There is one
Superfund site in the county.
Endangered species, historic properties/district, archaeological sites
The only endangered and threatened species within Saline County is the bald eagle. No
plant species currently are listed for the county.
For the purposes of this report significant cultural and historic places will be considered
any place that is listed on the National Register of Historic Places administered by the
National Park Service. “Authorized under the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966,
the National Register is part of a national program to coordinate and support public and
private efforts to identify, evaluate, and protect our historic and archeological resources.
Properties listed in the Register include districts, sites, buildings, structures, and objects
that are significant in American history, architecture, archeology, engineering, and
culture.”
There are twenty nine sites listed on the national register of historic properties in Saline
County. A list of these are found below and can also be found on the Missouri state
website at http://www.dnr.mo.gov/shpo/Saline.htm.
Page 37
Table 12
Saline County Historic Register Sites
Arrow Rock
Arrow Rock State Historic Site Bridge
Arrow Rock State Historic Site Grave
Shelter
Arrow Rock State Historic Site Lookout
Shelter
Arrow Rock State Historic Site Open
Shelter
Arrow Rock Tavern
Baity Hall at Missouri Valley College
Bingham, George Caleb House
Blosser, Henry House
Buckner House
Chicago and Alton Depot
First Christian Church
First Presbyterian Church
Fisher-Gabbert Archaeological Site
Free Will Baptist Church of Pennytown
Guthrey Archaeological Site
Guthrey Archaeological Site
Murrell, George A House
Neff Tavern Smokehouse
Old Fort
Plattner Archaeological Site
Saline County Courthouse
Santa Fe Trail – Grand Pass Trail
Segments
Santa Fe Trail – Saline County Trail
Segments
Sappington, William B. House
Sweet Springs Historic District
Utz Site
Van Meter State Park Combination
Building
Van Meter State Park Shelter Building
Location
Date Listed on
Register
Arrow Rock
SE of Arrow Rock
SE of Arrow Rock
10/15/1966
3/4/1985
2/27/1985
SE of Arrow Rock
2/27/1985
SE of Arrow Rock
2/28/1985
SE of Arrow Rock
Marshall
2/23/1972
6/25/1986
10/15/1966
12/29/1978
4/19/1984
6/27/1979
9/12/1980
9/20/1977
3/16/1972
4/19/1988
8/25/1969
12/02/1970
11/14/1997
11/30/1978
1/13/1972
East of Malta Bend
Marshall
Marshall
Sweet Springs
Marshall
Address restricted
SE of Marshall
Address restricted
Address restricted
Napton
W of Arrow Rock
Van Meter State
Park
Address restricted
Marshall
Grand Pass vicinity
3/4/1971
8/24/1977
4/21/1994
Stanhope vicinity
6/30/1994
SW of Arrow Rock
Sweet Springs
Marshall vicinity
Marshall vicinity
1/21/1970
12/10/1997
10/12/1983
2/27/1985
Marshall vicinity
2/28/1985
Page 38
The Archeological Society of Missouri (ASM) has recorded 7 archaeological sites in
Saline County. In accordance with the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966, the
Archaeological and Historic Preservation Act of 1974 and the Antiquities Act of 1906,
information regarding specific locations of archaeological sites cannot be released. The
Missouri State Historic Preservation Office (SHPO) within the Outreach Office of MDNR
is in the process of setting up a GIS database that will house archaeological sites in
Missouri. Individuals in need of information may contact the SHPO for information on
specific sites. Reference for further information can be made to Missouri Department of
Natural Resources, 1-800-361-4827 or their website at
http://www.dnr.mo.gov/shpo/homepage.htm. The Missouri Archaeological Society’s
website is located at http://coas.missouri.edu/mas/ and provides reference documents
on archaeological sites in Missouri.
The categories discussed above may require special attention in the mitigation planning
phase, depending on the locations.
Identified assets
This section provides a survey of existing fixed assets such as infrastructure, critical
facilities, employment centers and recreation centers as major factors in disaster
mitigation.
Inventory of infrastructure
Infrastructure includes transportation, communications, water/wastewater, electricity and
natural gas, solid waste disposal, law enforcement, fire protection, emergency medical
services and emergency management. A detailed map of transportation infrastructure
can be found in Appendix D.
Roadways
Roadways continue to be the main source of transportation within the region to support
the movement of people and goods along 1,260.67 miles of road. The Missouri
Department of
Page 39
Transportation (MoDot) provides and maintains all federal and state roadways, which
consists of 344.34 miles or 27.3% of the county’s roads. Saline County itself maintains
more than 794 miles of roadway throughout the county. Incorporated areas maintain a
total of 121.63 miles within their jurisdictions.
Within the county’s road network are two major transportation corridors. Interstate 70 sits
on the southern border of the county in an east-west direction with a traffic volume
averaging between 30,000 to 40,000 vehicles per day. Interstate 70 is the main route
across the State of Missouri between St. Louis and Kansas City. State Highway 65 runs
north-south through the center of the county.
Railroads
The Union Pacific and the Chicago Missouri Western have routes through Saline
County. No passenger service is available within the county.
Airports
Marshall Municipal Airport is located in Marshall. The airport serves predominantly single
engine and antique aircraft. Commercial airline travel is accessible within 90-minute
drive from most locations in Saline County. Kansas City International Airport is located
approximately 90 miles to the east. Columbia Regional Airport in Columbia also provides
limited commercial service.
Public Transportation
OATS, Inc provides public transportation in the county. This publicly-funded system
provides door-to-door transportation service with flexible schedules to meet the needs of
those who may have little or no alternative means of travel, regardless of age or
disability.
Page 40
Telecommunications
New infrastructures and services are enhancing county residents’ quality of life. The
following list of communication facilities is not all-inclusive, but represents the major
providers of the county’s communications infrastructure.
Telecommunication Service Providers
Southwestern Bell Telephone
United Telephone Co.
Mid-Missouri Telephone
Wireless Communications Companies
AT&T Wireless Services
Cingular Wireless
Sprint PCS
T Mobile Wireless
Voice Stream Wireless
Southwestern Bell Wireless
Verizon Wireless
Long Distance Carriers
Sprint
Southwestern Bell
AT&T
Internet Service Providers
Southwestern Bell (T-1)
Numerous dial-up service providers
Television Communications
Six Kansas City based broadcast television stations
Marshall Cable
Douglas Cable
Galaxy Cable
Numerous satellite television service providers.
Page 41
Sewer and water facilities
The county continues to improve its ability to service residents and business with public
water and sewer. Four separate water supply districts serve portions of the county:
Saline County Public Water Supply District No. 1, Saline County PWSD No. 2, Saline
County PWSD No. 3, and Lafayette/Saline/Johnson PWSD No. 4.
Public water and sewer service is available within Marshall, Blackburn, Malta Bend,
Slater, Emma, and Sweet Springs. Wastewater needs are serviced by either private
sewer systems or individual septic tanks.
Figure 10
PUBLIC WATER SUPPLY DISTRICTS
Source: Saline County EOP
Saline County PWSD No. 1
Saline County PWSD No.2
Lafayette/Saline/Johnson Counties PWSD No. 4
Electricity and natural gas
Page 42
There are four providers of electrical service for the county: Kansas City Power and
Light, Union Electric, City of Slater, and City of Marshall Municipal Utilities.
Natural gas providers are Kansas Power and Light and Missouri Public Service.
Solid waste disposal
City of Marshall Municipal Utilities, City of Slater, and Waste Management collect the
county’s solid waste disposal. Waste is trucked to a landfill site in Marshall or Slater.
Law enforcement
The Saline County Sheriff’s Office includes the sheriff and 8 patrol officers. The
department participates in mutual aid agreements with all incorporated areas of the
county. The department out of the headquarters in Marshall covers the entire county.
The towns of Marshall, Sweet Springs, and Slater maintain municipal police
departments.
Emergency medical services
Ambulance service for Saline County is provided through 3 districts located at Marshall,
Slater and Sweet Springs. The ambulance services are dispatched as follows:
•
•
•
•
Slater Ambulance District No. 1 - dispatched through the Slater Police
Department.
Sweet Springs Ambulance District No. 2 - dispatched through the Sweet Springs
Police Department.
Saline County Ambulance District No. 3-dispatched by Marshall Police Dispatch
(E-911).
Table 13
Saline County Ambulance Services
District
Location
Saline County Ambulance District 3
P.O. Box 37, 233 West Morgan, Marshall
Slater Ambulance District 1
P.O. Box 85, 102 North Main, Slater
Sweet Springs Ambulance District 2
211 West Ray, Sweet Springs
Vehicles
3
3
2
Page 43
Figure 11
Source: Saline County EOP
No. 1—Slater Ambulance District
No. 2—Sweet Springs Ambulance District
No. 3—Saline County Ambulance District
Fire protection
The following fire protection departments provide services for the entire county:
•
•
•
•
•
•
Arrow Rock Volunteer Community Fire Department
Blackburn Fire Department
Malta Bend Fire Protection District
Marshall Fire Department/Saline County Rural Fire Protection District
Slater Volunteer Fire Department
Sweet Springs Volunteer Fire Department
The districts that service the county proved the following resources.
Page 44
Table 14
Saline County Fire Protection District
Fire Protection
Stations
Vehicles
District
*
Arrow Rock
1
3
Blackburn
1
3
Malta Bend
1
1
Marshall
1
6
Slater
1
5
Sweet Springs
1
5
*pumpers, tankers, rescue
Any development within five miles of a station and 1,000 feet of a hydrant is given an
ISO rating of 6. Rural areas that are beyond this type of service are given an ISO rating
of 9. The ISO rating can be reduced from 9 to 6 with enough water hauling capacity and
sufficient mutual aid response agreements with neighboring jurisdictions. It is the intent
of the fire protection districts and fire departments to provide improvements that will
allow most rural areas of the county to be granted the more preferable ISO rating of 6,
which would create a savings of 10 to 15 percent on insurance premiums and mitigate
risk of fire damage.
Emergency services (911)
Saline County has opened a new 9-1-1 Center in Marshall that now handles all the
dispatch for the County. The Saline County Sheriff’s Office is responsible for providing
backup dispatching for the Saline County Ambulance District, which is usually selfdispatched.
Underground Infrastructure
Due to homeland security concerns, underground utilities are not mapped in this plan.
According to the Missouri One Call System, Inc. as of January 2, 2004, the following
companies maintain underground utility lines within Saline County.
The following companies have underground lines running through Saline County:
Amerenue
AT&T Corp.
Page 45
B P Products N America Inc.
Central Missouri Power COOP
Central Missouri Electric COOP
Centurytel
Chariton Valley Telephone
City of Slater
Galaxy Cablevision
Kansas City Power & Light
Lafayette-Johnson Co PWSD 2
Lightcore
Mid Missouri Cellular
Mid Missouri Telephone Co.
Missouri Gas Energy
SBC (Southwestern Bell)
Southern Star Central Gas
Sprint Local
Time Warner Cable
The Missouri One Call utility location telephone number is 800-344-7483.
Inventory of critical/key/essential facilities
Relevant facilities include medical facilities, schools, long-term care facilities, day care
centers, and government facilities. These facilities represent resources for care and
shelter as well as populations requiring a higher level of care and installations critical to
community services.
Medical facilities
Saline County is supported by one hospital located in Marshall (see address below).
Residents also rely on hospitals located in Sedalia, Columbia, Boonville and
Warrensburg. All of the hospitals have developed emergency plans in accordance with
State and Federal regulations. Such plans are tested and exercised regularly.
Hospital
John Fitzgibbon Memorial Hospital
2305 S. 65 Hwy, Marshall
660-886-7431
Schools
More than 6,000 students attend the various preschool, elementary, middle, high school
or college in the area. The Marshall Public Schools is the largest school system in the
Page 46
county it has 7 separate schools from grade school through senior high school. Missouri
Valley College in Marshall has 1,425 students. The Sweet Springs RVII Schools have a
total of 448 students.
Table 15
Saline County Schools
School Name
Gilliam C-4
School District
Gilliam
Elementary
Hardeman R-X
Hardeman
Elementary
Malta Bend RV
Malta Bend
Elementary
Malta Bend
High
Marshall
Benton
Elementary
Bueker Middle
Eastwood
Elementary
Marshall Sr
High
Northwest
Elementary
Saline Co.
Career Center
Southwest
Elementary
Miami R-1
Miami
Elementary
Orearville R-IV
Orearville
Elementary
Slater
Alexander
Elementary
Slater High
Address
City
Total Students
Total Teachers
102 N. Street
Gilliam
43
6.1
Rte 4 Box 2042
Marshall
75
8.2
200 S Lin
Malta Bend
64
9.5
200 S. Lin
Malta Bend
68
9.9
467 S.
Ellsworth
565 S. Odell
313 E.
Eastwood
805 S. Miami
Marshall
168
24.3
Marshall
Marshall
726
187
52.9
14.5
Marshall
869
51.5
411 N. Benton
Marshall
242
16
900 W. Vest St
Marshall
n/a
9.9
215 E. Mitchell
Marshall
193
14.6
Rte 1 Box 28
Miami
86
11
Rte 2
Slater
59
8.5
515 N. Elm
Slater
285
27.2
515 N. Elm
Slater
184
13.7
Page 47
Sweet Springs
R-VII
Sweet Springs
Elementary
Sweet Springs
High
Additional
Schools in
Marshall
State School
#56
Vocational
Tech. School
Mo. Valley
College
St. Peters
School
Prairie View
State School
Olivet Christian
Academy
Calvary
Christian
School
105 Main
Sweet Springs
253
21.3
105 Main
Sweet Springs
213
19.4
925 N. Miami
Marshall
N/A
N/A
900 N. Miami
Marshall
N/A
N/A
500 E. College
Marshall
N/A
N/A
365 S. English
Marshall
N/A
N/A
945 N. Miami
Marshall
N/A
N/A
644 N. Franklin
Marshall
N/A
N/A
1823 S. Miami
Marshall
N/A
N/A
Page 48
Long-term care facilities
Table 16
Long-term care facilities
Facility name
Big Bend Retreat & RCF
Sweet Springs Care Center
Address
620 N. Emerson
518 E. Marshall
G. B. Blosser Home for the Aged
Mar-Saline Manor Care Center
Vanderpools II RCF I
Golden Oaks Retirement Home
Hartland Care
Marshall Residential Care
Other Special Facilities
Sheltered Workshop
Developmental Training Center
Vanderpools Mental Care
Center
Arrow Manor
J. Leo Hayob Highrise Marshall
Housing Authority
Cooper Home
Marshall Senior Citizens Center
836 E. Eastwood
809 E. Gordon
1325 S. Highland
Route 1, Hwy. H
Route 4, Hwy 240
904 Apache
City
Slater
Sweet
Springs
Marshall
Marshall
Marshall
Marshall
Marshall
Marshall
Beds
70
52
700 E. Slater
175 W. Slater
Marshall
Marshall
11
92
12
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
855 E. Eastwood
Marshall
N/A
421 Arrow
275 S. Redman
Marshall
Marshall
N/A
N/A
439 E. Yerby
72 W. Morgan
Marshall
Marshall
N/A
N/A
Day care centers
Table 17
Day care centers
Center/operator name
Head Start
Noah’s Ark Children’s
Center
Kiddie Kare Campus
Raggedy Ann & Andy
Nursery
Southside Assembly PreSchool
Address
1220 S. Miami
130 N. Jefferson
City
Marshall
Marshall
644 N. Franklin
710 E. Yerby
Marshall
Marshall
925 W. Morrow
Marshall
Source: Saline County EOP 2004
Page 49
Government-owned structures
County buildings include county and city government centers, police stations, fire
stations, ambulance bases. The following table and map detail these facilities.
Table 18
Location
Arrow Rock
Arrow Rock
Arrow Rock
Gilliam
Grand Pass
Malta Bend
Malta Bend
Malta Bend
Marshall
Marshall
Marshall
Marshall
Marshall
Marshall
Marshall
Marshall
Marshall
Nelson
Slater
Slater
Slater
Slater
Slater
Slater
Slater
Sweet Springs
Sweet Springs
Sweet Springs
Sweet Springs
Sweet Springs
Structure
City Offices
Fire Station 6th & Van Buren
U. S. Post Office
City Offices
U.S. Post Office
City Hall
Fire Department
U. S. Post Office
Ambulance
City Offices
Fire Department
Housing Authority 275 S. Redman
Municipal Utilities
Police Department
Public Library
Sanitation Department & Street Department
U. S. Post Office
City Hall
Ambulance
City Offices
Fire Department
Police Department
Public Library
Public Works
U. S. Post Office
City Hall
Public Library
Police Department
Water Plant
U.S. Post Office
Page 50
Inventory of large employment, commercial and recreation centers
Relevant facilities include those that concentrate large groups of people together in a
single location.
Large industrial/commercial centers
Several major manufacturing plants, a mix of both national and local companies, are
located within the county. These plants employ a minimum of 50 employees. The table
below also includes the area’s retail and commercial centers.
Page 51
Table 19
Saline County Employers, More Than 50 Employees
Company Name
Product/Service
City
AmeriCold Logistics
Cold Storage Plant
Marshall
BHA Group, Inc
Air Pollution Control
Equipment
Nursing Care Facility
Child & Adolescent Treatment
Supported Employment
Service for adults with
disabilities
Grain Storage
Municipal Service
Frozen Foods
Mattress/Box Spring
Manufacturer
Case Ready Pork/Beef
Facility
Acute Care & Outpatient
Services
Trucking Company
Design & Build Custom &
Automated Machines
Direct Mail and Mailing List
Clearing House
State Education Center
Provider of Electrical, Water
and Wastewater Treatment
Education
Four Year Liberal Arts CoEducational
Private Non-Profit
Corporation
Slater
193
Slater
Marshall
Marshall
57
100
106
Miami
Marshall
Marshall
Sweet Springs
90
125
900
50
Marshall
533
Marshall
520
Marshall
Marshall
57
50
Sweet Springs
80
Precast & Prestressed
Concrete
Community Center
Discount Store
Metal Fabrications
Big Bend Retreat
Butterfield Youth Services
Center for Human Services
Central Missouri Agri Service
City of Marshall
Con Agra Frozen Foods
Eastman House
Excel Corporation
Fitzgibbon Hospital/Living
Center/Clinics
GENCOM, Inc.
Kays Engineering, Inc.
Mailings Clearinghouse, Inc.
Marshall Public Schools
Missouri Valley College
Missouri Valley Human
Resource Community Action
Agency
Rinker Materials
Salt Fork YMCA
Wal-Mart
W.B. Young
Total
Employee
s
75
Marshall
Marshall
881
91
Marshall
Marshall
353
140
Marshall
150
Marshall
100
Marshall
Marshall
Marshall
65
300
50
Source: Saline County Development
*Wal-Mart has plans to replace the current Marshall location with a Super Center store.
Page 52
Recreation facilities
Within the county there are several large recreational areas. County and municipal
events draw large numbers of people to Saline County Fairgrounds. There are two
wildlife areas within the county Blind Pony and Grand Pass.
Inventory of housing structures
According to the 2000 U.S. Census, there are a total of 10,161 housing units in Saline
County, of those units over 50% are rural units, 88.7% are occupied, 61% are owner
occupied, 80% are single-family units, 8% are mobile homes, and only 10% are multifamily units.
Figure 12
Saline County Housing Types
(Census 2000)
10
Miscellaneous types
811
Mobile homes
1,039
Multi-family
8,159
Single-family
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
Number of Housing Units
Page 53
With a total of 9,015 households and 1,116 vacant units, the county would have a 11%
margin in dwelling units to accommodate changing residential needs.
Of the county’s 10,161 residential structures, 63% were constructed before 1970,
therefore the average structure in Saline County is 40 years old or older.
Figure 13
Saline County Housing Structure Age
1990-1994
.02%
1980-1989
.09%
1995-1998
.05%
1999-2000
.02%
Pre- 1930
.25%
203
275
502
934
2,585
1,927
1,433
2,160
1970-1979
19%
1940-1959
21%
1960-1969
14%
Total inventory of structures
The total Saline County assessed valuation for 2003, including both real estate and
personal property, was $215,643,732, according to Missouri Department of Revenue.
Rural parcels totaled $54,297,320. Urban assessed values were $158,745,260.
City/town/village profiles
The tables below provide a comparison of characteristics within Saline County’s
incorporated and unincorporated areas:
Page 54
Arrow Rock
Total population
Classification
Leadership structure
Median household income, 1999
Total housing units
Housing unit, median year built
Median gross rent
Median owner-occupied housing value
Master plan
Emergency Operations Plan
Zoning regulations
Building regulations
Subdivision regulations
Stormwater regulations
Floodplain regulations
Water service
Sewer service
Electric service
Fire service
Ambulance service
Rivers, streams
Major arterials
79
Village
Mayor/Council
$45,000
63
1943
$450
$115,600
no
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
no
Saline County PWSD No.2
private
Kansas City Power and Light
Arrow Rock
First Responders
Missouri River
Mo. Hwy. 41
Blackburn
Total population
Classification
Total housing units
Median gross rent
Master plan
Zoning regulations
Water service
Sewer service
Electric service
Fire service
Ambulance service
Rivers, streams
Major arterial
261
City-fourth class
Mayor/Council
$35,313
121
1949
$363
$36,300
no
no
no
no
no
no
no
Lafayette/Saline/Johnson Counties
PWSD No. 4
private
Blackburn
Sweet Springs
no
Mo. hwy 20
Page 55
Emma
Total population
Classification
Total housing units
Median gross rent
Master plan
Zoning regulations
Water service
Sewer service
Electric service
Fire service
Ambulance service
Rivers, streams
Major arterials
144
City-fourth class
Mayor/Council
$34,167
99
1946
$513
$62,700
no
yes
no
no
no
no
no
PWSD No. 4
private
Blackburn
Sweet Springs
Blackwater River
Mo. hwy 127
Gilliam
Total population
Classification
Total housing units
Median gross rent
Master plan
Zoning regulations
Water service
Sewer service
Electric service
Fire service
Ambulance service
Rivers, streams
Major arterials
229
Village
Mayor/Council
$27,813
109
1948
$245
$27,500
no
no
no
no
no
no
no
private
Slater
Slater
Missouri River
Mo. Hwy O, PP, 240
Page 56
Grand Pass
Total population
Classification
Total housing units
Median gross rent
Master plan
Zoning regulations
Water service
Sewer service
Electric service
Fire service
Ambulance service
Rivers, streams
Major arterials
53
Village
Chairman/Trustee
$40,313
29
1944
not available
$36,300
no
no
no
no
no
no
no
PWSD No. 4
private
Blackburn-Waverly-Malta Bend
Sweet Springs
Missouri River
Mo. Hwy 65, RR
Malta Bend
Total population
Classification
Total housing units
Median gross rent
Master plan
Zoning regulations
Water service
Sewer service
Electric service
Fire service
Ambulance service
Rivers, streams
Major arterials
251
City-fourth class
Mayor/Council
$27,250
103
1949
$329
$35,600
no
no
no
no
no
no
no
PWSD No. 4
private
Blackburn
Marshall
Missouri River
MO hwy 65
Page 57
Marshall
Total population
Classification
Total housing units
Median gross rent
Master plan
Zoning regulations
Water service
Sewer service
Electric service
Fire service
Ambulance service
Rivers, streams
Major arterials
12,471
City-third class
Mayor/Council
$31,649
5,137
1961
$410
$67,500
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
Marshall
Marshall
Marshall
Marshall
Marshall
no
MO hwy 65
Total population
Classification
Total housing units
Median gross rent
Master plan
Zoning regulations
Water service
Sewer service
Electric service
Fire service
Ambulance service
Rivers, streams
Major arterials
163
Special Charter
according to charter
$27,500
65
1948
$225
$18,800
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
private
Marshall
Marshall
Missouri River
Mo. hwy 41
Miami
Page 58
Mount Leonard
Total population
Classification
Total housing units
Median gross rent
Master plan
Zoning regulations
Water service
Sewer service
Electric service
Fire service
Ambulance service
Rivers, streams
Major arterials
157
Village
Mayor/Council
$20,833
52
1961
$438
$27,500
no
no
no
yes
no
no
no
PWSD No. 4
private
Blackburn
Sweet Springs
no
MO. hwy. 127
Nelson
Total population
Classification
Total housing units
Median gross rent
Master plan
Zoning regulations
Water service
Sewer service
Electric service
Fire service
Ambulance service
Rivers, streams
Major arterials
211
City-fourth class
Mayor/Council
$28,214
106
1951
$238
$20,500
no
no
no
no
no
no
no
Saline County PWSD No 3
private
Marshall
Marshall
Lamine River
MO. hwy. H
Page 59
Slater
Total population
Classification
Total housing units
Median gross rent
Master plan
Zoning regulations
Water service
Sewer service
Electric service
Fire service
Ambulance service
Rivers, streams
Major arterials
2,098
City-third class
Mayor/Council
$25,270
1,077
1951
$291
$32,300
N/A
yes
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
Slater
Slater
Slater
Slater
Slater
Missouri River
MO. hwy 240
Sweet Springs
Total population
Classification
Total housing units
Median gross rent
Master plan
Zoning regulations
Water service
Sewer service
Electric service
Fire service
Ambulance service
Rivers, streams
Major arterials
1,616
City-fourth class
Mayor/Council
$33,819
720
1952
$367
$47,300
no
yes
yes
yes
yes
no
yes
Sweet Springs
Sweet Springs
Kansas City Power & Light
Sweet Springs
Sweet Springs
Blackwater, Davis Creek, Harpers
Branch
MO. hwy. 70
Page 60
Saline County
Total population
Classification
Total housing units
Housing unit median year built
Median gross rent
Master plan
Zoning regulations
Water service
Sewer service
Electric service
Rivers, streams
Major arterials
23,756
County-fourth class
$32,743
10,019
1958
$391
$59,700
no
yes
yes
yes
no
no
no
various
various
Kansas City Power & Light, Slater,
Marshall
Missouri River, Blackwater River
Interstate I-70, Hwy. 65
Page 61
SECTION 2
Risk Assessment
Natural hazard identification/elimination process
Many sources were searched for data relating to natural hazards. Primary sources
included FEMA, SEMA, National Climate Data Center (NCDC) and National Oceanic
and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). US Geological Survey (USGS) and Center for
Earthquake Research and Information (CERI) were major sources for earthquake
information. Missouri DNR’s Dam Safety Division provided major information concerning
dams. Other sources included county officials; existing county, regional and state plans;
reports on the flood of 1993; position papers on transportation issues; and information
from local officials and residents. Additional sources included past State and Federal
disaster designations, current Flood Insurance Rate Maps (FIRMS), and available local
mitigation plans.
To identify the hazards relevant to Saline County, the above information sources were
searched for incidents of all possible natural hazards occurring within the county. Some
hazards are regional in scope and, therefore, are included in the hazard profiles.
Location-specific hazards not found through the information search were further
investigated to determine whether there would be a future possibility of occurrence.
Hazard event histories, repetitive loss information, and conversations with local residents
and officials were used to identify relevant hazards.
All hazards except of floods, and dam/levee failure should be considered county wide as
most thunderstorms, wildfires, sever winter weather, heatwaves, earthquakes, and
droughts are likely to cause damage throughout the county. However the presences of
floodplains vary from jurisdiction to jurisdiction and on pages 114-128 the flood plain
maps shows each jurisdiction along with the county its proximity to the floodplain. Dams
are even more location specific and with only two regulatied dams in Saline County the
maps on pages 186-189 show the estimated flooding that whould occur if a failure were
to happen. Levees are shown on the map on page 190 and follow the Missouri River
Page 62
along the northern border of the county. Levee data at this point is almost non existent in
the county, and gathering a vulnerability assessment is impossible without existing data
to support any claims made. The levee map shows what may happen if all levess failed.
These data limitations may be addressed in the future as the Army Corps of Engineers
provide the data.
Community-wide hazard profile and list of hazards identified
The largest disaster to impact Saline County in the recent past was the Great Flood of
1993. Loss of agricultural lands, homes, businesses, and infrastructures, as well as the
temporary closing of some local businesses contributed to economic losses throughout
the county and beyond. Several natural hazards can affect Saline County. History
indicates Saline County could be at risk of tornadoes and severe thunderstorms; riverine
flooding (including flash floods); severe winter weather (snow, ice, extreme cold);
drought; heat wave; earthquakes; wildfires and dam failures. Worksheet #1, Saline
County Hazard Identification and Analysis, is included at the end of this section. The
worksheet shows floods as the hazard with the greatest possible impact
Natural hazard risks to Saline County are ranked in descending order. The flood hazard
is followed by tornadoes/thunderstorms, severe winter storms, drought, heat wave,
earthquake, dam failure, and wildfire hazards.
These disasters can precipitate cascading hazards, or those hazards caused as a result
of a natural disaster. Cascading hazards could include interruption of power supply,
water supply, business and transportation. Natural disasters also can cause civil unrest,
computer failure and environmental health hazards. Any of these, in combination, could
possibly impact emergency response activities. Table 20 shows the relationships found
between Saline County’s natural disasters and categories of possible cascading
disasters. Examples of specific disasters include nuclear power plant damage,
hazardous materials release, mass transportation accidents, and disease outbreak due
to unsanitary conditions.
Page 63
TABLE 20
Cascading Hazards Resulting From Natural Disasters
Natural
Disaster
Tornado/Storm
Flood
Severe Winter
Drought
Heat Wave
Earthquake
Dam Failure
Wildfire
Power and
Communications
Interruption
Water
Supply
Interruption
Business
Interruption
Civil
Unrest
Computer
Failure
and/or
Loss of
Records
Transportation
Interruption
Health
and/or
Environm
ental
Hazards
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X = More than 50% chance of side effect in the case of a natural disaster.
Page 64
Location of Critical Facilities inside of Incorporated Areas.
Page 65
Page 66
Page 67
Page 68
Page 69
Hazards not included and reasons for elimination
According to the USGS website, landslides and land subsidence are not likely to occur
within Saline County due to the type of soil and substructure in the county. Further, the
risk of coastal storms, hurricanes, tsunamis, avalanche and volcanic activity does not
exist within the county due to the County’s geographic location, soil profile and geologic
structure.
Hazard Profile worksheets are included at the end of this section.
\
Page 70
Hazard: Tornado/Severe Thunderstorm
Background
When severe storms hit a community, they leave behind a distinctive trail. Toppled trees,
damaged buildings and cars, downed power lines crossing roadways and widespread
power outages are signs that a storm has struck. After such events, it can take
communities weeks to return to normal. These storms result in costly structural
damages, personal injury, property damage and death. Tornado intensity is determined
by using the F-Scale (Fujita 1981), as listed in Storm Data. This study follows the
accepted nomenclature that F2 and F3 tornadoes are strong and F4 are violent.
Ostby (1993) found that the occurrence of weak tornadoes (F0-F1) has shown a
dramatic increase since 1980, while the number of strong and violent tornadoes have
either remained steady or decreased. Reasons for this include improved verification
efforts by local NWS offices and the marked increase in storm chasing. Since strong and
violent tornadoes produce a more stable long-term data set, these categories were the
main focus of this study.
Description of Hazard
A tornado is a vortex of rapidly rotating air that must be in contact with the ground. This
means that to be a tornado, the swirling winds must be at the surface, capable of doing
damage. If there is debris (dust and other objects swirling in the winds), it is definitely a
tornado, even if there is no visible funnel cloud. If there is no debris with a funnel cloud,
then it might be a tornado but one cannot be certain that it is (or is not). A tornado can
move over a surface with few objects to be picked up and swirled about, or one may not
be able to see all the way to the surface beneath a funnel cloud because of intervening
hills, trees, or buildings. All funnel clouds should be treated as if they are tornadoes,
unless one can be certain that they will not touch down. See Figure 16 below.
Page 71
Figure 14
VIEW OF TORNADIC THUNDERSTORM
Source: NOAA
When storms influence a large area, the chances for significant hazards increase. The
majority of windstorms in a convective system are of marginal severity, with only isolated
events reaching high intensity. The most threatening situation would be for a very
intense convective wind event that also affected a large area. It appears that a few times
each year in North America, extreme convective wind events of this sort do occur. To
date, no such storm has struck a major city during a vulnerable time (e.g., the morning or
evening rush hours). However, it is only a matter of time until this sort of unfortunate
concatenation actually occurs. Given that the area affected can approach that of a
tropical cyclone’s damage swath, and certainly far exceeds that affected during a
tornado outbreak not being as intense, of course), it is uncomfortable to imagine the
potential devastation.
When such storms are accompanied by large hail (e.g., > 5 cm in diameter), the damage
potential soars to even greater heights than when the wind occurs alone. The
occurrence of hail has resulted in some of the costliest storms in United States history;
coupling a fall of large hail with winds approaching 50 m s-1 could produce incredible
damage in a populated area. Of course, economic losses to agriculture from such
storms are already high, but do not attract much public attention, and such losses would
Page 72
be very difficult to mitigate with a 20-30 min warning. Nevertheless, major property
losses can result when such storms cover a large area.
A timely forecast may not be able to do much to mitigate the property loss, but could
reduce the casualties. It appears possible to forecast these extreme events with some
skill, but further research needs to be done to test the existing hypothesis about the
interaction between the convective storm and its environment that produces the
extensive swath of high winds.
Convective wind events are a hazard to societies the world over, doing considerable
damage and occasionally generating many casualties. Most convection produces some
straight-line wind as a result of outflow generated by the convective downdraft, and so
anyone living in convection-prone areas of the world has experienced this phenomenon.
On rare occasions, the intensity of the wind achieves the potential for doing damage.
Whether or not damage actually occurs is the dependent on having structures in the
path of the wind that can sustain damage. Although engineered structures typically are
quite resistant to wind damage, many homes and outbuildings are quite vulnerable to
damage from even relatively modest windstorms. In the United States, it is assumed that
the potential for wind damage begins at around 25 m s-1 (50 kts). Of course,
considerable damage occurs in situations where there was no anemometer, and so wind
damage is graded according to its character: e.g., damage to tree limbs is considered
non-severe, but uprooted trees are considered to represent a severe event.
Various human activities place people at risk from convective winds, notably aircraft
operations and recreation. Most casualties from convective windstorms in the United
States arise from such situations. Given the high vulnerability of aircraft operations
during takeoff and landing procedures (the aircraft are operating on the margins of their
flight “envelope” during such times); it does not take a particularly intense event from a
meteorological standpoint to create many casualties. Commercial aircraft are less
vulnerable than private aircraft, but their high occupancy means that rare events can
have a large impact on casualty figures. Recreational boating also can account for many
casualties in relatively modest windstorms, whereas most commercial craft are unlikely
to be affected by marginal convective wind events.
Page 73
Figures 15, 16, 17
Characteristics
Severe windstorms range in type from downdrafts to tornadoes. The most frequent
surface winds in Missouri originate from the west and southwest. These winds are
associated with storms moving into the region from Kansas and Oklahoma. Tornadoes
range in size and severity. The dimensions of the storm can be measured by the size of
the damage path. It is important to note that the “average” can be misleading, since most
tornadoes are small. The typical tornado damage path is about one or two miles, with a
width of about 50 yards. The largest tornado path widths can exceed one mile, and the
smallest widths can be less than 10 yards. Widths can vary considerably during a single
tornado, because the size of the tornado can change considerably during its lifetime.
Path lengths can vary from what is basically a single point to more than 100 miles. Note
that tornado intensity (the peak wind speeds) is not necessarily related to the tornado
size. Detailed statistics about the time a tornado is on the ground are not available. This
time can range from an instant to several hours. Typically, ground time is roughly five
minutes or so. Detailed statistics about forward speed of tornadoes are not available.
Page 74
Movement can range from virtually stationary to more than 60 miles per hour, typical
storms move at roughly 10-20 miles per hour.
Likely Locations
Whenever and wherever conditions are right, tornadoes are possible, but they are most
common in the central plains of North America, east of the Rocky Mountains and west of
the Appalachian Mountains. Refer to Figure 20 for a map of the U.S. that identifies the
wind speeds in various regions; the study area has a high likelihood of severe winds.
FIGURE 18
WIND ZONES
Type of Damage
The damage from tornadoes comes from the strong winds they contain. It is generally
believed that tornadic wind speeds can be as high as 300 mph in the most violent
tornadoes. Wind speeds that high can cause automobiles to become airborne, rip
Page 75
ordinary homes to shreds, and turn broken glass and other debris into lethal missiles.
The biggest threat to living creatures (including humans) from tornadoes is from flying
debris and from being tossed about in the wind. It was once thought that the low
pressure in a tornado contributed to the damage by making buildings “explode” but this
is no longer believed to be true. Tornadoes are classified according to the F-Scale
developed by Theodore Fujita. The F-scale ranks tornadoes according to wind speed,
and the severity of damage caused within the wind speed ranges. Table 21 shows the
Fujita Tornado Measurement Scale.
Fujita Tornado Damage Scale
Developed in 1971 by Dr. Theodore Fujita of the University of Chicago
SCALE
F0
WIND ESTIMATE * (MPH)
< 73
F1
73-112
F2
113-157
F3
158-206
F4
207-260
F5
261-318
TYPICAL DAMAGE
Light damage. Some damage to chimneys; branches broken off
trees; shallow-rooted trees pushed over; sign boards damaged.
Moderate damage. Peels surface off roofs; mobile homes pushed
off foundations or overturned; moving autos blown off roads.
Considerable damage. Roofs torn off frame houses; mobile
homes demolished; boxcars overturned; large trees snapped or
uprooted; light-object missiles generated; cars lifted off ground.
Severe damage. Roofs and some walls torn off well-constructed
houses; trains overturned; most trees in forest uprooted; heavy cars
lifted off the ground and thrown.
Devastating damage. Well-constructed houses leveled; structures
with weak foundations blown away some distance; cars thrown and
large missiles generated.
Incredible damage. Strong frame houses leveled off foundations
and swept away; automobile-sized missiles fly through the air in
excess of 100 meters (109 yds); trees debarked; incredible
phenomena will occur.
IMPORTANT NOTE ABOUT F-SCALE WINDS: These precise wind speed numbers are
actually guesses and have never been scientifically verified. Different wind speeds may
cause similar-looking damage from place to place—even from building to building.
Without a thorough engineering analysis of tornado damage in any event, the actual
wind speeds needed to cause that damage are unknown.
Page 76
Hazard Event History
The NCDC reports that Saline County had 21 tornadoes from 1950-present. Of these
tornadoes, 14 were listed as being countywide, while the other three occurred in
Marshall, Blackburn, and Mt. Leonard Sweet Springs and Nelson. These tornadoes did
have only resulted in 6 injuries and no deaths. However, they did result in $4,300,000 in
property damages. (See Table 22 below).
Table 22
1 Magnitude
2 Death
3 Injuries
4 Property Damage
5 Crop Damage
Source: NCDC
Additional data on significant Saline County thunderstorms (downbursts, lightning, hail,
heavy rains and wind) indicates 86 thunderstorm/high wind events, 107 hail events and
Page 77
no lightning events since 1950. The 75 thunderstorm/high wind events from 1950-2003
resulted in:
•
•
•
$1,058,000 in property damages
$1,000,000 in crop damage
1 injury and 0 deaths (see table )
The 107 hail events from 1950-2003 resulted in:
•
•
•
$206,000 in property damages
$110,000 in crop damage
0 injuries and 0 deaths
Table 23
Saline County Thunderstorms 1950 - 2009
Location or
County
Date
Type
Mag
Dth
Inj
PrD
CrD
SALINE
6/12/1958 Tstm Wind
0 kts.
0
0
0
0
SALINE
6/12/1958 Tstm Wind
0 kts.
0
0
0
0
SALINE
7/1/1960 Tstm Wind
0 kts.
0
0
0
0
SALINE
6/6/1962 Tstm Wind
51 kts.
0
0
0
0
SALINE
9/13/1962 Tstm Wind
0 kts.
0
0
0
0
SALINE
4/2/1964 Tstm Wind
0 kts.
0
0
0
0
SALINE
6/14/1964 Tstm Wind
0 kts.
0
0
0
0
SALINE
6/15/1964 Tstm Wind
0 kts.
0
0
0
0
SALINE
4/10/1965 Tstm Wind
0 kts.
0
0
0
0
SALINE
9/3/1966 Tstm Wind
60 kts.
0
0
0
0
SALINE
4/21/1967 Tstm Wind
0 kts.
0
0
0
0
SALINE
5/15/1968 Tstm Wind
0 kts.
0
0
0
0
SALINE
9/9/1970 Tstm Wind
52 kts.
0
0
0
0
Page 78
SALINE
7/20/1973 Tstm Wind
0 kts.
0
0
0
0
SALINE
2/23/1977 Tstm Wind
0 kts.
0
0
0
0
SALINE
7/14/1978 Tstm Wind
0 kts.
0
0
0
0
SALINE
7/14/1978 Tstm Wind
0 kts.
0
0
0
0
SALINE
3/29/1979 Tstm Wind
54 kts.
0
0
0
0
SALINE
5/31/1980 Tstm Wind
0 kts.
0
0
0
0
SALINE
5/31/1980 Tstm Wind
0 kts.
0
0
0
0
SALINE
5/31/1980 Tstm Wind
52 kts.
0
0
0
0
SALINE
8/4/1980 Tstm Wind
0 kts.
0
0
0
0
SALINE
4/3/1981 Tstm Wind
55 kts.
0
0
0
0
SALINE
4/13/1981 Tstm Wind
52 kts.
0
0
0
0
SALINE
7/15/1981 Tstm Wind
0 kts.
0
0
0
0
SALINE
3/12/1982 Tstm Wind
56 kts.
0
0
0
0
SALINE
3/15/1982 Tstm Wind
0 kts.
0
0
0
0
SALINE
3/30/1982 Tstm Wind
54 kts.
0
0
0
0
SALINE
3/30/1982 Tstm Wind
53 kts.
0
0
0
0
SALINE
5/13/1982 Tstm Wind
50 kts.
0
0
0
0
SALINE
5/20/1982 Tstm Wind
65 kts.
0
0
0
0
SALINE
5/21/1982 Tstm Wind
65 kts.
0
0
0
0
SALINE
6/8/1982 Tstm Wind
61 kts.
0
0
0
0
Page 79
SALINE
6/8/1982 Tstm Wind
0 kts.
0
0
0
0
SALINE
6/8/1982 Tstm Wind
70 kts.
0
0
0
0
SALINE
6/9/1982 Tstm Wind
52 kts.
0
0
0
0
SALINE
9/13/1982 Tstm Wind
0 kts.
0
0
0
0
SALINE
12/1/1982 Tstm Wind
0 kts.
0
0
0
0
SALINE
12/1/1982 Tstm Wind
0 kts.
0
0
0
0
SALINE
4/27/1983 Tstm Wind
0 kts.
0
0
0
0
SALINE
5/12/1983 Tstm Wind
61 kts.
0
0
0
0
SALINE
6/15/1984 Tstm Wind
61 kts.
0
0
0
0
SALINE
5/8/1986 Tstm Wind
0 kts.
0
0
0
0
SALINE
6/2/1987 Tstm Wind
52 kts.
0
0
0
0
SALINE
9/14/1987 Tstm Wind
52 kts.
0
0
0
0
SALINE
3/24/1988 Tstm Wind
61 kts.
0
0
0
0
SALINE
5/15/1990 Tstm Wind
0 kts.
0
0
0
0
SALINE
4/15/1992 Tstm Wind
0 kts.
0
0
0
0
SALINE
7/15/1992 Tstm Wind
0 kts.
0
0
0
0
SALINE
9/7/1992 Tstm Wind
74 kts.
0
0
0
0
MARSHALL
3/30/1993 Thunderstorm 0 kts.
Winds
0
0
5K
0
SLATER
Wind
0
0
5K
0
Page 80
MIAMI
Winds
0
1
500K
500K
SLATER
Winds
0
0
500K
500K
MARSHALL
Winds
0
0
5K
0
ARROW
ROCK
Winds
0
0
5K
0
MARSHALL
Winds
0
0
0
0
SALINE
Winds
0
0
0
0
SALINE
Winds
0
0
2K
0
MARSHALL
Winds
0
0
0
0
SLATER
5/26/1996 Tstm Wind
52 kts.
0
0
0
0
MALTA
BEND
7/28/1996 Tstm Wind
0 kts.
0
0
5K
0
BLACKBURN 8/14/1997 Tstm Wind
70 kts.
0
0
0
0
MARSHALL
6/18/1998 Tstm Wind
60 kts.
0
0
0
0
MARSHALL
6/22/1998 Tstm Wind
60 kts.
0
0
0
0
MARSHALL
6/6/1999 Tstm Wind
0 kts.
0
0
25K
0
NELSON
6/25/2000 Tstm Wind
60 kts.
0
0
0
0
MARSHALL
6/14/2001 Tstm Wind
61 kts.
0
0
0
0
Page 81
SALINE
9/7/2001 Tstm Wind
61 kts.
0
0
0
0
MARSHALL
9/7/2001 Tstm Wind
61 kts.
0
0
1K
0
MARSHALL
5/8/2002 Tstm Wind
52 kts.
0
0
0
0
MARSHALL
5/8/2002 Tstm Wind
61 kts.
0
0
0
0
MIAMI
6/11/2002 Tstm Wind
52 kts.
0
0
0
0
NELSON
5/8/2003 Tstm Wind
52 kts.
0
0
0
0
SALINE
5/8/2003 Tstm Wind
52 kts.
0
0
0
0
MOUNT
LEONARD
5/24/2004 Tstm Wind
52 kts.
0
0
0
0
MARSHALL
6/12/2004 Tstm Wind
52 kts.
0
0
0
0
MARSHALL
7/5/2004 Tstm Wind
52 kts.
0
0
0
0
SWEET
SPRINGS
8/17/2004 Tstm Wind
52 kts.
0
0
2K
0
SWEET
SPRINGS
8/17/2004 Tstm Wind
61 kts.
0
0
0
0
SWEET
SPRINGS
6/7/2005 Tstm Wind
52 kts.
0
0
0
0
SWEET
SPRINGS
3/12/2006 Tstm Wind
61 kts.
0
0
2K
0
MARSHALL
7/13/2006 Tstm Wind
52 kts.
0
0
1K
0
SALINE
3/31/2008 High Wind
52 kts.
0
0
0K
0K
GRAND
PASS
Wind
0
0
0K
0K
MARSHALL
Wind
0
0
0K
0K
TOTALS:
0
1 1.058M
1.000M
Page 82
Table 24
Saline County Hail Storms 1950 - 2009
Location
or County
SALINE
SALINE
SALINE
SALINE
SALINE
SALINE
SALINE
SALINE
SALINE
SALINE
SALINE
SALINE
SALINE
SALINE
SALINE
SALINE
SALINE
SALINE
SALINE
SALINE
SALINE
SALINE
SALINE
SALINE
SALINE
SALINE
SALINE
SALINE
SALINE
SALINE
SALINE
SALINE
Date
5/22/1956
4/27/1959
5/16/1960
4/24/1961
6/6/1962
4/17/1963
4/10/1965
3/29/1968
6/4/1969
6/4/1969
5/10/1970
10/3/1973
5/6/1975
6/21/1977
5/31/1980
5/31/1980
5/31/1980
4/13/1981
4/16/1982
4/16/1982
5/16/1982
5/30/1982
11/1/1982
11/1/1982
11/1/1982
4/27/1983
5/1/1983
5/12/1983
5/12/1983
5/12/1983
5/18/1983
5/18/1983
Type
Hail
Hail
Hail
Hail
Hail
Hail
Hail
Hail
Hail
Hail
Hail
Hail
Hail
Hail
Hail
Hail
Hail
Hail
Hail
Hail
Hail
Hail
Hail
Hail
Hail
Hail
Hail
Hail
Hail
Hail
Hail
Hail
Mag
1.50 in.
1.75 in.
2.50 in.
1.75 in.
1.75 in.
1.75 in.
1.75 in.
1.00 in.
1.75 in.
1.75 in.
0.75 in.
1.75 in.
1.75 in.
2.75 in.
0.75 in.
0.75 in.
0.75 in.
1.75 in.
0.75 in.
0.75 in.
0.75 in.
0.75 in.
0.88 in.
1.50 in.
1.50 in.
1.75 in.
1.75 in.
1.75 in.
0.75 in.
1.75 in.
1.75 in.
1.75 in.
Dth
Inj
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
PrD
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
CrD
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Page 83
SALINE
SALINE
SALINE
SALINE
SALINE
SALINE
SALINE
SALINE
SALINE
SALINE
SALINE
SALINE
SALINE
SALINE
SALINE
SALINE
MARSHALL
6/18/1983
3/15/1984
3/15/1984
5/4/1984
9/13/1984
10/6/1984
5/30/1985
5/30/1985
#######
4/4/1986
5/11/1987
5/25/1989
6/5/1990
6/8/1990
5/4/1991
9/9/1992
3/30/1993
Hail
Hail
Hail
Hail
Hail
Hail
Hail
Hail
Hail
Hail
Hail
Hail
Hail
Hail
Hail
Hail
Hail
1.00 in.
0.75 in.
0.75 in.
0.75 in.
0.75 in.
1.75 in.
2.75 in.
2.75 in.
0.75 in.
0.75 in.
0.75 in.
1.75 in.
0.75 in.
1.75 in.
1.75 in.
1.00 in.
1.75 in.
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1K
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
MARSHALL 4/13/1993 Hail
1.00 in.
0
0
5K
0
MIAMI
MIAMI
MIAMI
SLATER
MARSHALL
5/24/1994
5/24/1994
5/24/1994
5/24/1994
6/25/1994
Hail
Hail
Hail
Hail
Hail
2.00 in.
1.75 in.
1.75 in.
1.75 in.
1.00 in.
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
50K
5K
5K
50K
0
50K
5K
5K
0
50K
MALTA
BEND
5/24/1996 Hail
1.00 in.
0
0
0
0
6/2/1996 Hail
MIAMI
5/23/1998 Hail
MIAMI
0.75 in.
1.00 in.
0.75 in.
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
SLATER
MALTA
BEND
4/20/1999 Hail
4/20/1999 Hail
1.75 in.
1.25 in.
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
MARSHALL
5/8/2000 Hail
0.88 in.
0
0
0
0
NELSON
5/8/2000 Hail
1.00 in.
0
0
0
0
Page 84
1.00 in.
0
0
0
0
SWEET
SPRINGS
6/20/2000 Hail
0.75 in.
0
0
0
0
MARSHALL
4/9/2001 Hail
0.75 in.
0
0
0
0
MARSHALL
4/9/2001 Hail
1.00 in.
0
0
0
0
MARSHALL
4/9/2001 Hail
0.75 in.
0
0
0
0
4/10/2001 Hail
NELSON
0.88 in.
0.75 in.
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
SWEET
SPRINGS
7/19/2001 Hail
2.00 in.
0
0
0
0
1.75 in.
0
0
0
0
9/20/2001 Hail
SALINE
1.75 in.
0.75 in.
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
SWEET
SPRINGS
4/19/2002 Hail
0.88 in.
0
0
0
0
1.75 in.
0
0
0
0
0.88 in.
0
0
0
0
1.00 in.
0
0
0
0
SWEET
SPRINGS
7/19/2002 Hail
0.75 in.
0
0
0
0
SWEET
SPRINGS
3/12/2003 Hail
0.75 in.
0
0
0
0
3/12/2003 Hail
MIAMI
1.25 in.
0.88 in.
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
SALINE
MARSHALL
5/4/2003 Hail
5/4/2003 Hail
1.50 in.
0.75 in.
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
MARSHALL
5/8/2003 Hail
0.75 in.
0
0
0
0
Page 85
MARSHALL
5/8/2003 Hail
1.00 in.
0
0
0
0
5/8/2003 Hail
SLATER
1.00 in.
0.88 in.
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.75 in.
0
0
0
0
0.88 in.
0
0
0
0
SWEET
SPRINGS
5/18/2004 Hail
0.75 in.
0
0
0
0
0.75 in.
0
0
0
0
1.00 in.
0
0
0
0
0.88 in.
0
0
0
0
0.88 in.
0
0
0
0
SWEET
SPRINGS
8/17/2004 Hail
1.00 in.
0
0
0
0
0.88 in.
0
0
0
0
SWEET
SPRINGS
3/12/2006 Hail
1.00 in.
0
0
0
0
SWEET
SPRINGS
3/12/2006 Hail
1.75 in.
0
0
75K
0
ARROW
ROCK
3/12/2006 Hail
1.75 in.
0
0
0
0
SLATER
SWEET
SPRINGS
4/18/2006 Hail
2/28/2007 Hail
2.50 in.
1.00 in.
0
0
0
0
15K
0K
0
0K
SWEET
SPRINGS
4/3/2007 Hail
0.75 in.
0
0
0K
0K
MALTA
BEND
8/16/2007 Hail
0.75 in.
0
0
0K
0K
NELSON
SWEET
SPRINGS
5/31/2008 Hail
5/15/2009 Hail
0.75 in.
1.00 in.
0
0
0
0
0K
0K
0K
0K
Page 86
1.00 in.
TOTALS:
0
0
0K
0
0 206K
0K
110K
In total, there were 214 tornado, thunderstorm/high wind, and hailstorm events. Of these
events, only 37 resulted in damages.
Frequency of Occurrence
The frequency of severe windstorms and tornadoes is difficult to predict. See Figure
below. They usually occur mostly during the spring and summer; the tornado season
comes early in the south and later in the north because spring comes later in the year as
one moves northward. Storms usually occur during the late afternoon and early evening,
but they have been known to occur in every state in the United States, on any day of the
year, and at any hour. Table J38 below depicts tornado occurrences are most commonly
seen in the spring months. In the southern states, tornado frequency peaks in March
through May; while in the northern states, peak frequency is during the summer months.
Along the gulf coast, a secondary tornado maximum occurs during the fall. In the
western states, the total number of tornadoes is higher than indicated. Sparse population
reduces the number reported. The map illustrates months of peak tornado activity by
state (1950-1991).
Figure 19
http://www.nssl.noaa.gov/NWSTornado/pic12.jpg (NOAA/NWS)
Page 87
Table 25
Figure Saline County: Occurrences of Tornadoes from 1950-2006, by
month
Jan Feb March April May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec
0
0
4
4
4
4
1
0
0
1
0
2
Source: NOAA
Intensity or Strength
Storms in Saline County range from F0 to F3. Refer to Table below.
Table 26
Storm Intensities for Saline County, 1950-2006
Jurisdictions F0
F1
F2
F3
F4
F5
Countywide
3
4
7
0
0
0
Marshall
1
0
0
1
0
0
Blackburn
0
0
1
0
0
0
Mt Leonard
1
0
0
0
0
0
Sweet
0
1
1
0
0
0
Springs
Nelson
1
0
0
0
0
0
Totals
6
5
9
1
0
0
Total
14
2
1
1
2
1
21
Lives Lost, Injuries, Property Damage, Economic Losses/Other Losses
Even though only about 10% of tornadoes are significant, these tornadoes are
responsible for the majority of deaths caused by tornadoes in the country, with violent
tornadoes claiming 67% of the total casualties. Furthermore, the US suffers millions of
dollars in damage costs in the aftermath of such events- an important consideration for
the insurance industry. Saline County has experienced economic losses from tornadoes
totaling $4,323,000, and six injuries.
Page 88
FIGURE 20
TORNADOES
Source: NOAA; U.S. data
Locations/Areas Affected
Based on available data, there is no predictable pathway for tornadoes and windstorms
to follow. In general, however, these storms run in a southwest to northeast direction.
Figure below depicts the distribution of storms across the county and its neighboring
areas.
Seasonal Pattern
Tornadoes occur mostly during the spring and summer; the tornado season comes early
in the south and later in the north because spring comes later in the year as one moves
northward. Tornadoes and storms usually occur during the late afternoon and early
evening, but they have been known to occur in every state in the United States, on any
day of the year, and at any hour.
in Saline County, most of the storms occurred in the months of March through June with
4 tornadoes in each month.
Speed of Onset and/Or Existing Warning Systems
Page 89
Tornadoes and other severe windstorms can occur instantly. The National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Agency and other agencies (National Weather Service) have prioritized the
research and understanding of the development of these types of storms in order to
protect citizens and their property. As a result of this research, Doppler Radar was
developed. Doppler Radar research was started in the 1950s by the Weather Radar
Laboratory. At about the same time, research was beginning on severe storms through
the National Severe Storms Project. In late 1963 the NSSL was formed to continue and
enhance these two efforts. By the 1970’s it was clear that Doppler Radar would greatly
benefit the National Weather Service and could help to provide much improved severe
thunderstorm and tornado warnings.
The new Radar, or NEXRAD for Next Generation Radar (officially WSR-88D), provides
forecasters with a detailed look at storms through reflectivity and velocity displays.
Reflectivity indicates rainfall or precipitation intensity and velocity displays the speed and
direction of the winds within the storm.
Through the Doppler Effect, a physical phenomenon marked by a change in frequency
depending on the motion of an object toward or away from a point, the radar can give a
picture of the winds within a storm. If, within a small area, high winds toward the radar
are adjacent to high winds away from the radar, a circulation has developed and
forecasters prepare to issue a warning. With this capability, tornado warning lead times
have increased in the last 10 years from less than 5 minutes to nearly 12 minutes
(NWS).
Phased Array Radar - NSSL will soon begin adapting SPY-1 radar technology for use in
spotting severe weather.
The mission of the Severe Weather Warning Applications and Technology Transfer
(SWAT) team is to develop severe weather warning applications and transfer them to
users to enhance their capability to warn of severe weather. There are two focus groups
within SWAT:
• National Weather Service Focus Group Staff Listing (SWAT-NWS)
• Federal Aviation Administration Focus Group Staff Listing (SWAT-FAA)
Page 90
Statement of Future Probable Severity
The level of tornado impacts is fairly predictable in regard to F-scale and distance from
the path of the storm as shown in the illustration below.
Figure 21
Based on the seventeen recorded tornado events, the future probable severity is shown
below:
Table 27
Future Probable Severity by F-Scale
F#
Future Probable Severity
F0
Limited
F1
Limited
F2
Critical
F3
Critical
F4
Catastrophic
F5
Catastrophic
Page 91
Figure 21
Tornado Hazard Map
Figure 22
Page 92
Page 93
Statement of Probable Risk
Table 28
Future Probable Risk of Occurrence by F-Scale
F#
F0
F1
F2
F3
F4
F5
Events
6
5
9
1
0
0
Risk
29%
24%
43%
5%
0%
0%
Probable Risk of Occurrence, by F-scale
Possible
Possible
Likely
Unlikely
Unlikely
Unlikely
Statement of Next Disaster’s Likely Adverse Impact on the Community
The enormous power and destructive ability of tornadoes are beyond humankind’s
capabilitiesto control. Severity, risk of death, injuries and property damages will continue
to be high. However, technological advances will facilitate earlier warning than
previously available. This, combined with a vigorous public education program and
improved construction techniques, provides the potential for significant reductions in the
number of deaths and injuries as well as a reduction in property damage.
Based on the above history, the likely adverse impact of future Saline County tornado
and thunderstorm events is shown below.
Without mitigation measures:
Life:
limited
Property:
limited
Emotional:
critical
Financial:
limited
Comments: none
With mitigation measures:
Life:
negligible
Property:
limited
Emotional:
limited
Financial:
limited
Comments: A mitigation activity to implement NOAA weather radio warning systems
could help reduce loss of life. An effective mitigation program could reduce the adverse
impact on life and emotional stress from critical to limited or better.
Page 94
Recommendation
•
•
•
New-home builders and public facilities should be provided with information
concerning safe-room construction and cost (e.g., FEMA Publication 320) and
should be encouraged to build new structures with safe rooms.
Homeowners and owners of public facilities should be provided with information
concerning safe-room construction and cost, and should be encouraged to
retrofit existing structures with safe-rooms.
All communities should be encouraged to adopt and enforce building codes with
wind load design for new construction and substantial improvements.
Page 95
Hazard: Flood
Food/Flash Flood Hazard Profile
Flooding poses a threat to lives and safety and can cause severe damage to public and
private property. With the exception of fire, floods are the most common and widespread
of all disasters. Most communities in the United States have experienced some kind of
flooding, after spring rains, heavy thunderstorms or winter snow thaws. The Repetitive
Loss table for the county is located in Appendix B.
Flooding is a natural event and has been characteristic of rivers throughout history. It
becomes a disaster when it is of such magnitude that both man-made and natural
landforms and human lives are destroyed or seriously damaged (Gaffney). A variety of
factors affect the type and severity of flooding throughout the planning region, including
urban development and infrastructure, and topography. A flood is defined as an overflow
or inundation that comes from a river or other body of water (Barrows, 1948) and causes
or threatens damage or any relatively high streamflow overtopping the natural or artificial
banks in any reach of a stream (Leopold and Maddock, 1954).
A flood, as defined by the National Flood Insurance Program is: “A general and
temporary condition of partial or complete inundation of two or more acres of normally
dry land area or of two or more properties from:
•
•
•
Overflow of inland or tidal waters,
Unusual and rapid accumulation or runoff of surface waters from any source, or
A mudflow.
Riverine flooding includes headwater, backwater, and interior drainage. Floods can be
slow or fast rising, dependent on the intensity over a certain length of time of the
rainstorms in the watershed or from rapid snowmelt or ice melt. Floods generally
develop over a period of days. During heavy rains from storm systems, including severe
thunderstorms, water flows down the watershed, collecting in, and then overtopping
valley streams and rivers.
Page 96
Flash flooding is characterized by rapid accumulation or runoff of surface waters from
any source. This type of flooding can occur within six hours of a rain event, after a dam
or levee failure, or sudden release of water held by an ice or debris dam. Flash floods
can catch people unprepared. Because flash flood can develop in just a matter of hours,
most flood-related deaths result from this type of flooding. Most flash flooding is caused
by slow-moving thunderstorms or heavy rains.
Several factors contribute to both riverine and flash flooding. Two key elements are
rainfall intensity (the rate of rainfall) and duration (length of time that the rainfall lasts).
Type of ground cover, soil type and topography all play important roles in flooding.
Flooding potential is further exacerbated in urban areas (disturbed lands) by the
increased runoff up from two to six times over what would occur on undisturbed terrain.
Soils lose their ability to absorb rain as land is converted from fields or woodlands to
buildings and pavement. During periods or urban flooding, streets become rivers, and
basements and viaducts become death traps as they fill with water.
Floodplains are located in lowland areas, relatively flat and adjoin rivers and streams.
These lowland areas adjacent to rivers and stream banks serve to carry excess
floodwater during rapid runoff. The term “base flood” or 100-year flood is the area in the
floodplain that is subject to a one percent or greater chance of flooding in any given
year, based on historical records. A 500-year flood is defined as the area in the
floodplain that has a .2 percent probability of occurring in any given year. While unlikely,
it is possible to have two 100 or even 500 year floods within years or months of each
other. The primary use for these terms is for the determination of flood insurance rates in
flood hazard areas. Using historic weather and hydrograph data experts derive the
estimated rate of flow or discharge of a river or creek. After extensive study and
coordination with Federal and State agencies, this group recommended the 1 -percentannual-chance flood (also referred to as the 100-year or “Base Flood”) be used as the
standard for the NFIP.
The 1-percent-annual-chance flood was chosen on the basis that it provide a higher
level of protection while not imposing overly stringent requirements or the burden of
excessive costs on property owners. The 1-percent-annual-chance flood (or 100-year
flood) represents a magnitude and frequency that has a statistical probability of being
Page 97
equaled or exceeded in any given year, or the 100-year flood has a 26 percent (or 1 in 4)
chance of occurring over the life of a 30-year mortgage.
Floodplains are a vital part of a larger entity called a watershed basin. A watershed basin
is defined as all the land drained by a river and its branches. In some cases, flooding
may not be attributed to a river, stream or lake. It may be the combination of excessive
rainfall, snowmelt, saturated ground and inadequate drainage.
The first move to floodplain management as a nonstructural alternative to flood control
was incorporated into the National Flood Insurance Act of 1968. This was 40 years after
the Flood Control Act of 1928 that authorized the United States Corps of Engineers
(USCOE) to control the Mississippi River with dams, levees and diversion channels. This
Act authorized the USCOE to undertake a structural approach to reducing flood
damages (thus keeping water from people). After numerous floods, and having spent
billions of dollars on floods and disasters, Congress looked at another approach to
reduce flood losses, adding a non-structural approach in the National Flood Insurance
Act of 1968. This act, called the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP), required local
governments to adopt regulations governing new development activities in identified
flood plains in order to be eligible for the sale of flood insurance within their jurisdictions.
The properties, in and near the floodplains of Saline County, are subject to flooding
events on an almost annual basis. Since flooding is such a pervasive problem
throughout the area, many residents have purchased flood insurance to help recover
from losses incurred from flooding events, been bought out, or have rebuilt to
construction standards. Flood insurance covers only the improved lands or the actual
building structures. Although flood insurance assists in recovery, it can provide an
inappropriate sense of protection from flooding. Many residents and businesses that
have flood damage rebuilt in the same vulnerable areas, only to be flooded again. These
properties are termed repetitive loss properties and are very troublesome because they
continue to expose lives and valuable property to the flooding hazard. Local
governments as well as federal agencies such as FEMA recognize this problem in the
floodplain insurance and attempt to remove the risk from repetitive loss properties
though projects such as acquiring land and relocating the home or by elevating the
structures. Continued repetitive loss claims from flood events lead to an increased
Page 98
amount of damage caused by floods, higher insurance rates, and contribute to the rising
cost of taxpayer funded disaster relief for flood victims.
Historical Statistics
The largest disaster to impact Saline County in recent years was the Midwest Flood of
1993. Its size and impact was unprecedented and has been considered the most costly
and devastating flood to ravage the U.S. in modern history. The number of record river
levels, its aerial extent, the number of persons displaced, amount of property damage
and its duration surpassed all earlier U.S. floods in modern times.
Page 99
Figure 23
The extent of the damage from the The Great Flood of 1993 can be found in the
following summary edited from information posted on the NWS website:
Late March rains quickened the melting rate of snow on the
ground and added volume to the runoff in southern Minnesota and
Wisconsin, feeding the headwaters of the Mississippi River. At the same
time the northern reaches of the Missouri River were becoming saturated.
Storms kept re-generating over the central states, dropping record
amounts of rain on a nine-state area, including Missouri primed for
flooding.
Starting as early as June 7, reports of levees being overtopped
and levee breaks became common. These breaches acted to delay the
flood crests, temporarily storing excess water in the adjacent lowlands,
but the rain kept falling. July brought more heavy rain to the Missouri and
upper Mississippi River basins in Missouri, Iowa, Kansas, Nebraska,
North and South Dakota, Illinois and Minnesota. Rainfall amounts of 5 to
7 inches in 24 hours were common. Precipitation for the month averaged
between six and seven inches above normal at Columbia and Kansas
City. The copious rain amounts during July sent record setting crests
Page 100
down the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers, causing river gauges to
malfunction along the way.
On the Missouri River it was estimated that nearly all of the 700
privately built agricultural levees were overtopped or destroyed.
Navigation on the Mississippi and Missouri River had been closed since
early July resulting in a loss of $2 million (1993) dollars per day in
commerce. The Missouri River was above flood stage for 77 days at
Hermann, Mo. At different times, flooding closed all bridges on the
Missouri River from Kansas City to St. Louis. In Missouri, flooding forced
closure of seven of eight railroad lines, as well as 12 commercial airports
and portions of highways 29, 35, 40/61, 47 and 70 across the state.
Over 1,000 flood warnings and statements, five times the normal,
were issued to notify the public and need-to-know officials of river levels.
Through the course of the Great Flood of 1993, 49 NWS forecast points
on the Missouri River logged record flood levels. Some forecast points
were above flood stage non-stop for five months.
The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers collected data for seven specific areas of damages
and costs and for one general area, regarding the Great Flood of 1993. The specific
areas of data collected were residential, commercial/industrial, public facilities,
transportation, utilities, agriculture, and emergency services. The general area was an
attempt to cover what might be thought of as secondary costs of the flooding. These
were the costs of buyout, mitigation, mission, unemployment assistance and crisis
counseling. For all categories of damages that included structures, the attempt was
made to get the number of structures damaged, extent of that damage, and the extent of
damage to any contents. For the revenue-generating activities, an attempt was made to
find the extent of revenues lost. Within agriculture, the number of acres damaged for
various crops were sought. For the transportation sector, the miles of roads and
railroads damaged were sought.
Buyout and relocation costs were typically received from local officials. Very few
counties in any District have this variable reported. These costs are typically included in
the mitigation costs rather than presented separately.
According to the maps, Saline County damages included:
•
•
•
•
•
50,000-99,999 damaged agricultural acreage
$10,000,000-$49,999,999 in agricultural damage
$100,000-$500,000 in commercial damage
$100,000-$499,999 in emergency expenses
$100,000-$499,999 in total public facilities damage
Page 101
•
•
•
$500,000-$999,999 in total residential damage
Greater than $5,000,000 in transportation system damage
Less than $25,000 in utilities damage
Figure 24
COMMERCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL
Source: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
The commercial variable included all commercial and industrial damages for the
particular area. The figures for all parts of the commercial/industrial damages were
derived from FEMA, SBA, and state and local sources. Refer to Figure 26 above.
The equipment damages for both commercial and industrial are found in the commercial
equipment damages variable. These estimates come from FEMA, SBA and local
sources. Commercial and industrial revenues lost were grouped under the commercial
variable. These estimates come from SBA and local sources.
Page 102
Figure 25
PUBLIC FACILITIES
FEMA Damage Survey Reports (DSRs) and local sources were used for the various
categories of damage to public facilities. The variables included under this category were
number of and damages to public structures, public equipment damage, costs of public
restoration and debris clearance, damages to parks and recreation facilities, and
damages to water control facilities. The latter variable was drawn from U.S. Department
of Agriculture and Corps sources as well as those sources used for the other public
variables. Refer to Figure 27 above.
Page 103
Figure 26
RESIDENTIAL PROPERTIES
The residential data gathered were numbers of residences damaged, structure damage
and content damage. This category included residential damage figures for both
structure and content not separated. Refer to Figure 88above.
Page 104
Figure 27
TRANSPORTATION
Variables for railroad damages were miles of lines flooded, amount of damages, and
revenues lost. These were determined by contacting the private railroad companies,
local officials, and the Federal Railroad Administration. The revenues lost depended
upon the cooperation of the railroad companies, information that was not always
forthcoming. Refer to Figure 29 above.
Variables for trucking damages were the number of trucking companies experiencing
damage, the amount of damages, and revenues lost. Damages were determined by
contact with the companies involved. Only in Kansas City and St. Louis Districts were
damages in this category reported.
Page 105
Damages to airports included numbers of airports damaged, amounts of that damage,
and revenues lost by airports. These variables were acquired from the Federal Aviation
Administration and local officials.
Transportation damages were also acquired on miles of roads flooded, traffic rerouting
costs, and damages to roads and bridges. Information was gathered from local and state
officials and from the FEMA DSRs.
Figure 28
UTILITIES DAMAGES
The utilities damages covered water, sewer, electric and general utilities. Data regarding
utilities damage was sought from state departments of natural resources or
Page 106
environmental protection, the FEMA DSRs and local officials. Very few answers were
obtained as to numbers of water facilities damaged. Names of some water facilities,
evidently those that suffered some damage, are included in the records. Numbers of
water customers affected and dollar amounts of water facilities damage were more
frequently reported. Very few areas reported lost water revenues. Refer to Figure J21
above. More information is available on sewerage systems as both the numbers
damaged and the dollar amounts of that damage are available.
Flood damages to the electrical power distribution system were collected through
discussions with local, regional and state officials, the FEMA DSRs and officials of the
involved electric companies. Variables are presented for number of companies affected,
number of customers affected, dollar damages to the companies and revenues lost. The
final utilities variable, utility systems - general, was a catchall variable but was
specifically used in the St. Louis District counties to report gas utility company damages.
That information was obtained from gas company officials. Otherwise, the FEMA DSRs
were the primary sources for utility damages not specifically assignable.
Page 107
Figure 29
EMERGENCY EXPENSES
The two emergency cost variables are the emergency preparedness and response costs
and the evacuation costs. The former was primarily derived from the FEMA DSRs, with
supplemental data coming from some local and regional officials. The latter variable
came from these same sources, as well as the Red Cross and FEMA Disaster Field
Offices. The final variable, crisis counseling, was derived from FEMA reports and state
sources. Refer to Figure 31 above.
According to the Department of Economic Development and Department of Labor and
Industrial Relations, employment impact and the occurrence of the 1993 floods did not
show a direct correlation in the Saline County area. July, August, September, October
and November’s unemployment rate are as follows: 6.6, 6.4, 5.4, 5.2, and 5.1,
respectively. The region was just recovering from a recession and the rates reflect a
Page 108
higher than normal unemployment rate due to the recession. The decrease in the
unemployment rate from August to September was the result of the student population
going back to school. In addition, manufacturing industries were closed for up to two
weeks and incurred damages.
Infrastructure problems included contaminated wells, collapsed wells, destroyed
pumping equipment, failed sewage treatment facilities or private septic systems,
contaminated ground and drinking water, sewage backups and treatment facilities
seriously purged by the floodwaters.
Consequently, Saline County was one of 102 counties declared federal disaster areas in
the summer of 1993. Assistance for Saline County included both individual assistance
and public assistance.
The Great Flood of 1993 is not the only flood event for Saline County. The region has
had 90 flood events from 1993-2003. While only one death has resulted from floods in
Saline County, there has been $8,555,000 in property damages and $12,250,000 in crop
damages. (See Table below).
Table 29
Saline County Flood Occurances 1950 - 2009
Location
or County
Date
Type
Mag
Dth
Inj
PrD
Marshall
5/1/1993 Flash
Flood
N/A
0
0
Marshall
8/12/1993 Flash
Flood
N/A
0
0 1K
Saline
4/11/1994 River
Flood
N/A
0
0 5.0M
Saline
4/11/1994 Flash
Flood
N/A
0
0
Saline
5/7/1995 River
Flood
N/A
0
0 2.8M
Saline
5/17/1995 Flash
Flood
N/A
0
0 2K
CrD
0
0
0
5.0M
0
0
2.0M
0
Page 109
Marshall
5/26/1995 Flash
Flood
N/A
0
0 2K
Saline
6/6/1995 River
Flood
N/A
0
0 700K
Saline
7/4/1995 River
Flood
N/A
0
0
0
0
Saline
8/2/1995 River
Flood
N/A
0
0
0
0
Flood
Flood
Flood
Flash
Flood
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Flood
Flood
Flood
Flood
Flood
Flood
Flood
Flood
Flood
Flood
Flood
Flood
Flood
Flood
Flood
Urban/sml
Stream
Fld
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Flood
Flood
Flood
Flood
Flood
Flood
Flood
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Saline
Saline
Saline
Malta
Bend
Saline
Saline
Saline
Saline
Saline
Saline
Saline
Saline
Saline
Saline
Saline
Saline
Saline
Saline
Saline
Slater
Saline
Saline
Saline
Saline
Saline
Saline
Saline
5/5/1996
5/6/1996
5/10/1996
5/26/1996
5/26/1996
5/26/1996
7/1/1996
7/6/1996
7/20/1996
7/21/1996
8/8/1996
11/17/1996
2/21/1997
3/1/1997
4/5/1997
4/11/1997
5/1/1997
5/1/1997
6/1/1997
6/22/1997
1/5/1998
2/11/1998
3/8/1998
3/28/1998
4/1/1998
4/8/1998
4/27/1998
0
2.0M
Page 110
Saline
Saline
Saline
Saline
Saline
Saline
Saline
Saline
Saline
Saline
Saline
Saline
Saline
Saline
Saline
Saline
Saline
Saline
Saline
Saline
Saline
Saline
Saline
Saline
Saline
Saline
Saline
Saline
Saline
Saline
Saline
Saline
Sweet
Springs
Saline
Saline
5/1/1998
6/10/1998
6/20/1998
7/27/1998
8/1/1998
9/13/1998
10/1/1998
10/17/1998
11/1/1998
12/1/1998
1/22/1999
1/31/1999
2/1/1999
2/7/1999
3/8/1999
4/14/1999
4/20/1999
Flood
Flood
Flood
Flood
Flood
Flood
Flood
Flood
Flood
Flood
Flood
Flood
Flood
Flood
Flood
Flood
Urban/sml
Stream
Fld
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0 10K
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Flood
Flood
Flood
Flood
Flood
Flood
Flood
Flood
Flood
Flood
Flood
Flood
Flood
Flood
Flood
Flash
Flood
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0 2.5M
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0 750K
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4/10/2001 Flood
5/4/2001 Flood
N/A
N/A
0
0
0
0
0
0
4/22/1999
4/26/1999
5/4/1999
5/12/1999
5/16/1999
6/1/1999
6/23/1999
6/27/1999
7/1/1999
8/8/1999
6/20/2000
2/9/2001
2/24/2001
3/13/2001
4/3/2001
4/10/2001
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Page 111
Saline
5/11/2001
5/17/2001
6/3/2001
6/14/2001
6/20/2001
7/12/2001
4/28/2002
5/6/2002
5/7/2002
Flood
Flood
Flood
Flood
Flood
Flood
Flood
Flood
Flash
Flood
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
5/11/2002
5/24/2002
6/12/2002
5/9/2003
Flood
Flood
Flood
Flash
Flood
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
0
0
0
0
0 40K
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Marshall
5/10/2003 Flash
Flood
N/A
0
0
0
0
Saline
Malta
Bend
5/10/2003 Flood
6/12/2003 Flash
Flood
N/A
N/A
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Malta
Bend
7/17/2003 Flash
Flood
N/A
0
0
0
0
Flood
Flood
Flood
Flood
Flood
Flood
Flood
Flood
Flash
Flood
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0 300K
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
8/29/2004 Flood
SALINE
11/1/2004 Flood
SALINE
11/24/2004 Flood
SALINE
1/3/2005 Flood
SALINE
1/4/2005 Flash
MARSHALL
Flood
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
SALINE
N/A
0
0
0
0
Saline
Saline
Saline
Saline
Saline
Saline
Saline
Saline
Saline
Saline
Saline
Malta
Bend
Saline
12/10/2003
3/5/2004
SALINE
3/6/2004
SALINE
3/29/2004
SALINE
5/19/2004
SALINE
5/26/2004
SALINE
6/12/2004
SALINE
8/4/2004
SALINE
8/4/2004
MARSHALL
2/13/2005 Flood
Page 112
SALINE
MARSHALL
5/14/2005 Flood
6/4/2005 Flash
Flood
N/A
N/A
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
SALINE
SALINE
MARSHALL
6/5/2005 Flood
6/12/2005 Flood
8/13/2005 Flash
Flood
N/A
N/A
N/A
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
SALINE
GILLIAM
8/26/2005 Flood
5/30/2006 Flash
Flood
N/A
N/A
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
MARSHALL
2/20/2007 Flood
N/A
0
0 0K
0K
MARSHALL
2/25/2007 Flood
N/A
0
0 0K
0K
MARSHALL
4/28/2007 Flood
N/A
0
0 0K
0K
Flood
Flood
Flood
Flood
Flood
Flood
Flood
Flood
Flash
Flood
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0K
0K
0K
0K
0K
0K
0K
0K
0K
0K
0K
0K
0K
0K
0K
0K
0K
0K
10/18/2007 Flood
SALINE
10/18/2007 Flood
MIAMI
2/5/2008 Flood
SALINE
2/17/2008 Flood
SALINE
3/4/2008 Flood
MARSHALL
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0K
0K
0K
0K
0K
0K
0K
0K
0K
0K
MIAMI
SALINE
SALINE
SALINE
MALTA
BEND
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0K
0K
0K
0K
0K
0K
0K
0K
0K
0K
SALINE
MIAMI
SALINE
MIAMI
MIAMI
SALINE
SALINE
MIAMI
SWEET
SPRINGS
5/7/2007
5/7/2007
5/7/2007
5/26/2007
5/31/2007
6/28/2007
7/1/2007
10/17/2007
10/17/2007
3/4/2008
3/17/2008
4/9/2008
4/24/2008
6/19/2008
Flood
Flood
Flood
Flood
Flash
Flood
Page 113
GILLIAM
6/24/2008 Flash
Flood
N/A
0
0 0K
0K
MARSHALL
7/30/2008 Flash
Flood
N/A
0
0 0K
0K
12/27/2008 Flash
Flood
N/A
0
0 0K
0K
12/27/2008 Flood
SALINE
1/1/2009 Flood
MARSHALL
N/A
N/A
0
0
0 0K
0 0K
0K
0K
TOTALS:
1
0 8.855M
12.250M
SWEET
SPRINGS
Page 114
The following map shows the floodplain areas as well as specific flood locations in the
county.
Figure 30
Page 115
Figure 31
Page 116
Figure 32
Page 117
Page 118
Page 119
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Page 124
Page 125
Page 126
Page 127
Page 128
Page 129
There are two major sources of riverine flooding in Saline County: the Missouri River and
the Blackwater River. The history of river crest levels along the Missouri River at Miami
and the Blackwater River near Blue Lick helps to illustrate the risk, severity and
repetitiveness of flood events for Saline County. There are 5 recorded historical events
recorded for the Missouri River at Miami. They are as follows:
Table 30
Top 5 Historical Crests for the Missouri River at Miami
Crest (feet)
32.6
29.0
28.4
28.24
27.58
Date
7/30/1993
7/16/1951
5/20/1995
4/01/1998
11/04/1998
Severity
Limited
Limited
Limited
Limited
Limited
Source: NOAA
For the Missouri River at Miami, the following crest levels have these impacts and future
probable severity:
29.0 Levees are overtopped. Farmland, homesteads, and primary and secondary
roads behind levees are flooded. State Highway 41 north of Miami is flooded. In
addition, the Missouri River backs up Baker’s Ditch and floods Highway 24, about
1 mile northeast of De Witt. (limited)
28.0 Agricultural levees may be overtopped. Flooding of farmland, homes, and
secondary roads behind levees is possible. (limited)
18.0 Low-lying rural areas outside of levees begin to flood. (limited)
The Severity ratings for the Missouri River at Miami were based on the extensive
property damage that could occur to farmland and homes near levees. However, the
damages are isolated to areas around the river, so critical facilities are not threatened
nor is over 10% of the property damaged in the county.
The Blackwater River near Blue Lick has had the following major crest levels:
Page 130
Table 31
Crest History for the Blackwater River near Blue Lick
Crest (feet)
41.53
36.25
35.36
35.15
34.52
Date
10/03/1986
5/18/1990
5/20/1995
4/13/1994
9/17/1998
Severity
Limited
Limited
Limited
Limited
Limited
Source: NOAA
For the Blackwater River near Blue Lick, the following crest levels have these impacts
and severity ratings:
37.0 County Road 339 and Old U.S. Highway 65 is flooded about .2 miles north of the
Blackwater River (limited)
29.0 Livestock in pastures along the river may be endangered. In addition, extensive
damage to cropland and pastures occurs. (limited)
24.0 Cropland and pastures along the river flood. (limited)
The Severity ratings for the Blackwater River were based on the fact that critical road
routes would be flooded as well as extensive crop and livestock damage sustained
around the river. However, no critical facilities would have to close nor would more than
10% of property would experience damage.
The flood event hazard history can also be used to predict future probable severity.
According to SEMA’s Severity Ratings Table, the 1993 floods would qualify as critical.
During the 1995 floods, some facilities were closed for more than 24 hours. Most other
flood events had minimal impact on quality of life, no critical facilities or services were
shut down for more than 24 hours, and property damage was less than 10%. Therefore,
the probable severity of future floods could range from critical to negligible in the
floodplain areas.
Page 131
Saline County faces two major risk factors for flooding: the Missouri and Blackwater
Rivers. The northeastern rim of the county lies directly in the Missouri River floodplain
where some of the 1993 flood damage occurred. According to the federal government’s
Flood Insurance Rating Maps (FIRM), for Saline County 15% of the land lies within the
100-year floodplain. The majority of that 15% lies directly adjacent to Missouri River
levees. These areas have experienced 13 flood events in nine years. Floodplain
communities include Treloar, Peers, and Dutzow.
Cities outside the Missouri River floodplain also are at risk of flooding from urban
streams. For instance, Straddle Creek has contributed to flash flooding near Marshall
and Salt Fork Creek has affected areas of Highway 41. Other small creeks around
Marshall have also resulted in flash flooding.
Flooding in Saline County reflects the following seasonal patterns. Although February,
March, and August had five or more events, the majority of flood events have occurred
in the months of April, May and June. See Table 32 below.
Table 32
Saline County: Flood Events by Month
Jan Feb March April May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Total
6
11
11
17
35
21
11
10
1
6
4
4
138
Therefore, the floodplain areas are highly likely to experience one or more flood events
during the months of April through June while the majority of the county is likely to
experience at least one flood event during these months.
The next “great” flood to invade the county’s floodplain areas may follow the pattern of
the 1993 floods. However, post-1993 mitigation measures already have been tested in
Page 132
the June 2001 flooding along the Missouri River. Despite high river levels, damages
were relatively minimal due to relocation of many homes and businesses after the floods
of the 1990s. The bulk of the water was retained in newly established wetlands or in
farmlands on the river side of levees. Therefore, the adverse impacts of future Missouri
River floods are shown below.
Life:
limited
Property:
limited
Emotional:
critical
Financial:
critical
Comments: The above values assume conditions at the time of the 1993 floods.
Life:
negligible
Property:
negligible
Emotional:
limited
Financial:
limited
Comments: Mitigation measures already have begun in the wake of the 1990s floods.
Further mitigation measures should be directed at improving land use practices and
elevating or redesigning vulnerable highways.
Recommendation
In 1996, MDNR/DGLS, Dick Gaffney prepared a Flood Analysis Report, based on four
documents: The Report and Recommendations of the Governor’s Task Force on Flood
Plain Management on behalf of Governor Carnahan, July, 1994; The Floods of ’93, State
of Missouri—The Federal Interagency Hazard Mitigation Team, Report For the Three
Presidential Disaster Declarations in Missouri, April, 1994, as set up by FEMA under
1988 Stafford Act; Sharing the Challenge: Floodplain Management into 21st Century –
The Report of the Interagency Floodplain Management Review Committee to the
Administration (Whitehouse) Floodplain Management Task Force; A Blueprint for
Change, June, 1994 and National Flood Policy in Review-1994 by Association of State
Floodplain Managers (ASFPM). Recommendations made by these documents are
summarized below:
Page 133
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
All four post-flood reports recommend that the state should take an active role in
flood plain management, determine state flood plain management, determine
state flood plain management policy and implement it.
The reports generally agreed that the hydrology of the Missouri and the
Mississippi rivers should be reviewed, with the possible result that base flood
elevations should be recalculated and new flood maps issued.
The encouragement of participation in the National Flood Insurance Program,
both by communities and individual property owners was stressed to the point
that recommendations stated that post-flood disaster assistance to those not
insured should be limited, reduced or withheld. The problems of mortgage
lenders and borrowers were addressed and escrow of premiums for flood
insurance was emphasized.
Maintaining flood insurance purchase requirements behind levee protection
works was recommended. Further, it was recommended that the state develop a
definition of market value to assure compliance with flood insurance regulations,
dealing with substantial damages.
Levees, levee districts, levee protection systems, state levee permits, levee
construction criteria, levee repairs and levee heights were addressed by the four
reports as a result of the levee failures in the 1993 flooding. More state
involvement in this topic was universally recommended, especially with regard to
oversight and permits. These recommendations imply that it is critical with
respect to property owners and their lives that the flood stages remain stable
(does not fluctuate as a result of levees built upstream). The aggregate result will
be to increase the flood danger by increasing the height and velocity of river flow
during floods.
Greater environmental sensitivity and increased state government involvement in
flood plain matters was stressed in the post-flood reports. Public health and
safety during flood events was also stressed, especially in regard to hazardous
materials.
Government agencies should inventory their property to determine their
vulnerability to future flooding.
Federal agencies should collaborate on an assessment of effectiveness of
stream gauging network and flood forecasting/models.
Insurance should be purchased behind levees to protect citizens against future
flood losses.
Need of a state definition of market value due to 1) NFIP rules not providing a
definition and 2). FEMA not abiding by its definition of market value.
Remove substantially and repetitively damaged structures from flood plains.
Acquire easements on lands through Emergency Wetlands Reserve program,
Conservation Reserve program, USFW.
Ensure that placement/security of hazardous materials on floodplains is done.
Page 134
Hazard: Severe Winter Weather (Snow, Ice and Extreme Cold)
Winter weather includes heavy snow, ice, freezing rain/sleet and extreme cold
temperatures.
It is different than other hazards such as dam failure or tornadoes in that the hazard
tends to occur over a much larger area, often times affecting areas from several counties
to multiple states.
Severe winter weather affects every State in the continental United States. Areas where
such weather is uncommon, such as Missouri, are typically disrupted more severely by
severe winter weather than are regions that experience this weather more frequently. In
addition, winter storms may spawn other hazards such as flooding, severe
thunderstorms, tornadoes, and extreme winds, or hamper recovery efforts.
As a hazardous winter weather phenomena, the National Weather Service (NWS)
defines snow as a steady fall of snow for several hours or more. Heavy snow is defined
as either a snowfall accumulating to 4 inches in depth in 12 hours or less, or snowfall
accumulation to 6 inches or more in depth in 24 hours or less. In states such as
Missouri, where lesser accumulations can cause significant impacts, lower thresholds
may be used. A blizzard means that the following conditions prevail for a period of three
hours or longer: 1) sustained wind or frequent gusts to 35 miles an hour or greater; and
2) considerable falling and/or blowing snow (i.e., reducing visibility to less than ¼ mile).
Sleet is defined as pellets of ice composed of frozen or mostly frozen raindrops or
refrozen partially melted snowflakes. These pellets of ice usually bounce after hitting the
ground or other hard surfaces. Heavy sleet is a relatively rare event defined as the
accumulation of ice pellets covering the ground to a depth of 0.5 inch or more.
Freezing rain or freezing drizzle occurs when rain or drizzle freezes on surfaces such as
the ground, trees, power lines, vehicles, streets, highways, etc. Small accumulations of
ice can cause driving and walking difficulties while heavy accumulations produce
extremely dangerous and damaging conditions.
Page 135
An ice storm is used to describe occasions when damaging accumulations of ice are
expected during freezing rain situations. Heavy accumulations of ice can bring down
trees, electrical wires, telephone poles and lines, and communication towers.
Communications and power can be disrupted for days while utility companies work to
repair the extensive damage. The power outages can also create an increased risk of
fire, as residents seek use of alternative fuel sources (wood or kerosene for heat and
fuel-burning lanterns or candles for emergency lighting). These accumulations of ice
make walking and driving extremely dangerous. Significant ice accumulations are
usually accumulations of 0.25 inches or greater.
Figure 33
A combination of severe winter weather types occurring over a wide area is usually
called a winter storm. Winter-storm formation requires below freezing temperatures,
moisture, and lift to raise the moist air to form the clouds and cause precipitation. Lift is
commonly provided by warm air colliding with cold air along a weather front. Various
causes exist for winter storms in the United States. Winter storms in Midwestern and
Plains States typically develop over southeast Colorado on the lee side of the Rockies.
These storms move east or northeast and use both the southward plunge of cold air
from Canada and the northward flow of moisture from the Gulf of Mexico to produce ice,
snow, and sometimes blizzard conditions. These fronts may push deep into the interior
regions, sometimes as far south as Florida.
Page 136
Heavy snow can immobilize a region and paralyze a city, stranding commuters, stopping
the flow of supplies, and disrupting emergency and medical services. Accumulations of
snow can collapse buildings and knock down trees and power lines. In rural areas,
homes and farms may be isolated for days, and unprotected livestock may be lost. The
cost of snow removal, repairing damages, and loss of business can have large economic
impacts on cities and towns.
Extreme cold often accompanies a winter storm or is left in its wake. Prolonged
exposure to the cold can cause frostbite or hypothermia and become life threatening.
Infants and elderly people are most susceptible to extremely cold weather conditions.
What constitutes extreme cold and its effect varies across different areas of the United
States. In areas unaccustomed to winter weather, near freezing temperatures are
considered “extreme cold.” Freezing temperatures can cause severe damage to citrus
fruit crops and other vegetation. Pipes may freeze and burst in homes that are poorly
insulated or without heat. In the north, below zero temperatures may be considered as
“extreme cold.” Long cold spells can cause rivers to freeze, disrupting shipping,
and Ice jams may form and lead to flooding.
Extreme cold temperatures are ranked based upon a wind chill chart that figures the
temperature on how the wind and cold feel on exposed skin. As the wind increases, heat
is carried away from the body at a faster rate, driving down the body temperature.
Frostbite, hypothermia and death can result from winter weather. Seventy percent of
snow injuries result from vehicle accidents, 25% occur in people getting caught in the
weather. Cold injuries occur to 50% of people over 60 years old, 75% happen to males
and 20% occur in the home.
Page 137
Figure 34
The National Weather Service has adopted several different watches and warnings to
indicate severe winter weather. They are listed below:
WINTER WEATHER ADVISORY:
Winter weather conditions are expected to cause significant
inconveniences and may be hazardous. If caution is exercised, these
situations should not become life threatening. The greatest hazard is
often to motorist.
WINTER STORM WATCH:
Severe winter conditions, such as heavy snow and/or ice, are possible
within the next day or two.
WINTER STORM WARNING:
Severe winter conditions have begun or are about to begin in your area.
BLIZZARD WARNING:
Snow and strong winds will combine to produce a blinding snow (near
zero visibility), deep drifts, and life threatening wind chill. Seek refuge
immediately.
Page 138
FROST/FREEZE WARNING:
Below freezing temperatures are expected and may cause significant
damage to plants, crops, or fruit trees. In areas unaccustomed to
freezing temperatures, people who have homes without heat need to take
added precautions.
Weather data indicates that the Missouri counties north of the Missouri River may
receive an average annual snowfall of 18 to 22 inches. Counties south of the Missouri
River may receive an annual average of 8 to 12 inches. According to the Midwestern
Regional Climate Center, Saline County’s average snowfall for the years 1892-2011 was
15.23 inches. Of this amount, the majority of the snow fell in the months of December
through February. http://www.hprcc.unl.edu/cgi-bin/cli_perl_lib/cliMAIN.pl?mo5298
Table 33
Saline County: Snowfall Averages 1892-2011 from Station 235298 (Marshall,
MO)
Sno
w
(in)
Ja
n
4.3
Fe
b
4.8
Marc
h
2.5
Apri
l
0.5
Ma
y
0.0
Jun
e
0.0
Jul
y
0.0
Au
g
0.0
Sep
t
0.0
Oc
t
0.1
No
v
1.1
De
c
3.6
Annu
al
15.23
Source: Midwestern Regional Climate Center
From 1994-2011, there have been 22 incidents of either heavy snow or ice. The
majority of this weather occurred in January (36 percent of storms occurred in this
month), followed by December (31 percent). See Table below:
Table 34
Saline County: Number of Snow or Ice Events by month, 1994-2011
Jan Feb March April May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Total
8
2
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
7
22
Source: NCDC
These 22 winter storm events for Saline County resulted in the following:
•
•
•
occurred primarily in the months of December and January;
caused no deaths or injuries;
damaged property valued at $32,650,000.
The chart below details these storm statistics.
Page 139
Table 35
Saline County Snow and Ice Occurances 1994 - 2011
Location
or
County
Date
SALINE
4/5/1994 Winter
Storm
N/A
0
0 500K
0
SALINE
1/18/1995 Heavy
Snow
N/A
0
0 200K
0
11/11/1995 Snow/ice N/A
12/8/1995 Snow
N/A
1/27/1997 Heavy
N/A
Snow
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
SALINE
SALINE
SALINE
Type
Mag
Dth
Inj
PrD
CrD
SALINE
1/11/1998 Ice
Storm
N/A
0
0
0
0
SALINE
11/8/2000 Ice
Storm
N/A
0
0
0
0
SALINE
12/11/2000 Ice
Storm
N/A
0
0
0
0
SALINE
12/13/2000 Heavy
Snow
N/A
0
0
0
0
SALINE
1/28/2001 Winter
Storm
N/A
0
0
0
0
SALINE
2/9/2001 Winter
Storm
N/A
0
0
0
0
SALINE
1/30/2002 Ice
Storm
N/A
0
0 32.0M
SALINE
12/10/2003 Winter
Storm
N/A
0
0
0
0
SALINE
12/12/2003 Winter
Storm
N/A
0
0
0
0
SALINE
1/25/2004 Winter
Storm
N/A
0
0
0
0
SALINE
1/5/2005 Ice
Storm
N/A
0
0
0
0
0
Page 140
SALINE
11/29/2006 Ice
Storm
N/A
0
0 0K
0K
SALINE
11/30/2006 Heavy
Snow
N/A
0
0 0K
0K
SALINE
12/1/2006 Heavy
Snow
N/A
0
0 0K
0K
SALINE
1/12/2007 Winter
Storm
N/A
0
0 0K
0K
SALINE
2/12/2007 Heavy
Snow
N/A
0
0 0K
0K
SALINE
12/9/2007 Ice
Storm
N/A
0
0 0K
0K
0
0 32.650M
TOTALS:
0
Below are some of the comments from the NCDC website regarding the major snow or
ice events that resulted in property damages for the period from 1994-2009:
January 31, 2002:
A long-lived major ice and snow storm blasted much of northwest,
northern and central Missouri from late Tuesday, January 29th,
until Thursday, January 31st. Ice accumulations of over an inch
were observed from the Kansas City metropolitan area, east and
north through Moberly Missouri. At one point 409,504 total
customers were without electrical power in the CWA, with some
residents without power up to two weeks. For the Kansas City
area, the ice storm was ranked as the worst ever. Further north
across northern Missouri, heavy snow fell generally along and
north of a line, from St. Joseph to Trenton to Kirksville. Snow
accumulations ranged from 8 to 14 inches.
January 18, 1995:
In West-Central and Central Missouri, a slow moving winter storm
dumped heavy snows across the region beginning the evening of
the 18th and persisting into the 19th. The heaviest snow fell in two
main bands, which remained nearly stationary overnight. It was
also accompanied by thunder and lightning at times, with snowfall
rates of two inches per hour. Many schools and businesses were
closed on the 19th as roads were extremely hazardous or closed.
Mail delivery was slowed and even halted in some areas as many
carriers became stuck, or could not get through closed roads. At
least one storefront awning collapsed due to the weight of the
snow.
April 5, 1994:
Widely scattered thundershowers produced locally heavy sleet
along Interstate 70. Even though temperatures were a little above
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freezing, sleet covered roads quickly, resulting in several auto
accidents during rush hour. The mixed precipitation gradually
changed to all snow by 0200 CST on the 6th. Along and south of
Highway 50 the precipitation began mainly as rain and changed to
a mixture overnight. The accumulating precipitation was generally
intermittent but a period of steady snow occurred from around daybreak
through mid-morning. Total snow and ice accumulations ranged from one
to three inches north of Highway 50.
The Midwestern Regional Climate Center further details snowfall extremes for Saline
County from 1897-2001, and are listed in the table below:
Table 36
Month
Saline County: Snowfall Extremes, 1897-2001
High (in)
Year
1-Day Max
(in)
Date
JAN
14.0
1977
9.8
01-21-1958
FEB
15.0
1993
11.0
02-13-1978
MAR
12.3
1949
8.4
03-12-1949
APR
4.0
1970
4.0
04-02-1970
MAY
0.0
-
-
-
JUN
0.0
-
-
-
JUL
0.0
-
-
-
AUG
0.0
-
-
-
SEP
0.0
-
-
-
OCT
0.0
-
-
-
NOV
5.5
1975
5.5
11-26-1975
DEC
13.5
1973
10.5
12-30-1973
The Midwestern Regional Climate Center’s records for Saline County from 1971-2000
show that the maximum temperatures drop to 32°F or below an average of 7.4 days in
December, 11.8 days in January, and 6.7 days in February. On average, temperatures
below zero occur 28 days annually.
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There have been 3 days of extreme cold recorded by NCDC for the years from 19942003, which resulted in no loss of life or any property/crop damages. As shown in Table
37.
Table 37
Saline County: Extreme Cold Days, 1994-2009
Location
or
County
Saline
Date
Time
Type
1/10/1997
12:00AM
Saline
10/6/2000
12:00AM
Saline
12/10/2000
8:00 AM
Extreme
Cold
Extreme
Cold
Extreme
Cold
Mag
1
Dth
2
3
Inj
PrD
4
CrD
5
N/A
0
0
0
0
N/A
0
0
0
0
N/A
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
Total
Note:
Data from Table 35 was provided by the NCDC within NOAA. The report
query noted that the data represent ice and snow events between January 1, 1950
and November 30, 2009. However, no dates prior to 1994 were displayed in the
query results. It is for this reason that the data provided in above should be used with
limited reliability in depicting all events, related injuries and property damage during
this time frame. The numbers in the table denote the number of winter storms that
occurred in each year listed. The winter storms listed include snow and ice events
This is mainly due to the fact that winter weather and winter storms are more
“subjective” and this kind of information has not been summarized (graphically or
otherwise).
It is quite difficult to make an objective and quantitative measure of the probability and
severity of snow storms, ice storms, and extreme cold, due to the fact that these types of
storms are more subjective in nature and are harder to record. Therefore, an analysis
should be considered subjective and qualitative.
Excessive winter weather can prove devastating. Primary concerns include the potential
loss of heat, power, telephone service and a shortage of supplies if storm conditions
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continue for more than a day. Further, employees may be unable to get to work due to
icy conditions, unplowed roadways or facility damage.
In addition to snow, the effects of temperature and wind chill increase the severity of a
winter storm. Wind blowing across exposed skin drives down the skin temperature and
eventually the internal body temperature. The faster the wind blows, the faster the heat
is carried away, the greater the heat loss and the colder it feels. Exposure to low wind
chills can be life threatening to humans and animals.
According to the State of Missouri’s Hazard Analysis Plan (2007), areas south of the
Missouri River may have a moderate severity to such events. This may be due to
complacency and a lower level of preparedness. People living in this area may have
homes with inadequate insulation or fail to maintain an adequate supply of home heating
fuels. People may be less likely to equip their vehicles with snow tires or purchase fourwheel drive vehicles. Local and state governments may not maintain sufficient amounts
of equipment and materials. Schools and businesses may not establish formal snow
routes or closing procedures.
Event
Winter Storm/Heavy Snow
Ice Storm
Extreme Cold
Blizzard
Probable Severity
Limited
Limited
Critical
Critical
Statement of Probable Risk:
From 1994-2009, there were a total of 22 snow or ice events and 3 extreme cold
occurrences. Therefore, 25 events of severe winter weather were noted for an 11 year
period, resulting in an average 1.56 events per year. As a result, the probability of a
future occurrence is highly likely that some form of severe winter weather will occur in
the county. As shown in Table 38.
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Table 38
Saline County Frequency of Snow, Ice, and
Feezing Conditions 1994 - 2009
Year
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
Event
Winter Storm/Heavy Snow
Ice Storm
Extreme Cold
Storms
1
2
0
2
1
0
5
2
1
2
1
1
3
3
0
0
Probable Risk of Occurrence
Highly Likely
Likely
Likely
Without Mitigation Measures
Life:
Critical
Property:
Critical
Emotional:
Critical
Financial:
Critical
Comments: none
With Mitigation Measures
Life:
Limited
Property:
Limited
Emotional:
Limited
Financial:
Limited
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Comments: Public education about winter hazards and health dangers can reduce
deaths and injuries.
Recommendation
Mitigation activities for Saline County should include the education of its workers and
residents about prevention of injuries and deaths from severe winter weather.
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Type of Hazard: Drought
Drought is defined as the deficiency of precipitation over an extended period of time,
usually a season or more. This deficiency results in a water shortage for some activity,
group or environmental sector. Drought should be considered relative to some long-term
average condition of balance between precipitation and evapotranspiration (i.e.,
evaporation + transpiration) in a particular area, a condition often perceived as “normal”.
It is also related to the timing (i.e., principal season of occurrence, delays in the start of
the rainy season, occurrence of rains in relation to principal crop growth stages) and the
effectiveness (i.e., rainfall intensity, number of rainfall events) of the rains. Other climatic
factors such as high temperature, high wind, and low relative humidity are often
associated with drought in many regions of the world and can significantly aggravate its
severity.
Drought should not be viewed as merely a physical phenomenon or natural event. Its
impacts on society result from the interplay between a natural event (less precipitation
than expected resulting from natural climatic variability) and the demand people place on
water supply. Human beings often exacerbate the impact of drought. Recent droughts in
both developing and developed countries and the resulting economic and environmental
impacts and personal hardships have underscored the vulnerability of all societies to this
hazard.
Current drought literature commonly distinguishes between five “categories” of drought,
defined in simplified terms below:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Agricultural drought, defined by soil moisture deficiencies.
Hydrological drought, defined by declining surface and groundwater supplies.
Meteorological drought, defined by precipitation deficiencies.
Hydrological drought and land use, defined as a meteorological drought in one
area that has hydrologifcal impacts in another are, i.e. a drought in the Rocky
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Mountains may be significant in Missouri because the Missouri River is in part
dependant upon upstream precipitation and snow pack, and
5. Socioeconomic drought, defined as drought impacting supply and demand of
some economic commodity.
Each of these definitions relates the occurrence of drought to water shortfall in some
component of the hydrological cycle. Each affects patterns of water and land use, and
each refers to a repetitive climatic condition. In urban areas, drought can affect those
communities dependent on reservoirs for their water, as decreased water levels due to
insufficient rain can lead to the restriction of water use. In agricultural areas, drought
during the planning and growing season can have a significant impact on yield.
Regardless of the specific definition, droughts are difficult to predict or forecast both as
to when they will occur, and how long they will last. However, there are several tools
that are used to predict and measure the severity of droughts. The most commonly
used drought severity indices are the Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) and the
Crop Moisture Index. Each of these indices is published jointly on a weekly basis by the
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and the U.S. Department of
Agriculture (USDA). Other drought indices include Percent of Normal Precipitation,
Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI), Reclamation Drought Index, and Precipitation
Deciles. These are the standard drought indices recognized by National Drought
Mitigation Center.
The Palmer Index (PDSI) is more widely used than any other single indicator. The PDSI
measures the departure of water supply (in terms of precipitation and stored soil
moisture) from demand (the amount of water required to recharge soil and keep rivers,
lakes and reservoirs at normal levels.) The result is a scale from +4 to -4 at 1.0 and .5
intervals. By relating the PDSI number to a regional index, one can compile data which
reflects long-term wet or dry tendencies.
Table 39
4.0 or more
3.0 to 3.99
2.0 to 2.99
1.0 to 1.99
.5 to .99
PALMER CLASSIFICATIONS
Extremely Moist
Very Moist Spell
Unusual Moist Spell
Moist Spell
Incipient Moist Spell
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.49 to -.49
-.5 to -.99
-1.9 to -1.99
-2.0 to -2.99
-3.0 to -3.99
-4.0 or less
Near Normal Conditions
Incipient Drought
Mild Drought
Moderate Drought
Severe Drought
Extreme Drought
Missouri is divided into six regions, shown in figure 30, for similar climatic conditions for
reporting purposes of the PDSI: Northwest, Northeast, West Central, Southwest,
Southeast, and Bootheel. These regions are illustrated on the map below. Saline
County is found in Region 1or the Northwest region.
Figure 35
MISSOURI DROUGHT REGIONS
The Crop Moisture Index (CMI) uses meteorological approaches to monitor week-toweek crop conditions shown in table 39. It is a Palmer Index derivative and reflects
moisture supply in the short term across major crop-producing regions. As such, it is not
intended to assess long-term droughts. It is based on the mean temperature and total
precipitation for each week within a Climate Division, as well as the CMI value from the
previous week. NOAA and USDA prepare weekly maps for the continental U.S.
displaying the CMI.
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In addition to the NOAA/USDA indices, water management agencies in Missouri have
access to the Missouri Crop and Weather Report, produced by the Missouri Agricultural
Statistics Service. These reports provide detailed statistical information on weather
conditions, crop conditions, topsoil moisture supply and subsoil moisture supply by
subregion throughout Missouri.
The Missouri Department of Natural Resources produced a Missouri Drought Response
Plan (1995) that provides for measured responses to worsening effects of drought. It
allows flexibility in responding to drought and guides both local and statewide mitigation
efforts. This plan relies primarily upon the Palmer Index to indicate drought severity, and
supports its findings directly with streamflow, reservoir-level and groundwater-level
measurements. Based upon the measurements, a Drought Response System was
established that is divided into four phases:
Phase 1 – Advisory Phase calls for a drought monitoring and assessment system to
provide enough lead-time for state and local planners to take appropriate action when
the Palmer Drought Index is greater than or equal to -1.0.
Phase 2- Drought Alert occurs when the Palmer Drought Index reads -1.0 to -2.0, and
streamflow, reservoir levels and groundwater levels are below normal over a several
month period. Once the data demonstrates that there is a Phase 2 drought condition,
the Water
Resources Program Director declares drought alert for any region of the state and the
Director of the Department of Natural Resources may activate and chair the Drought
Assessment Committee (DAC). The DAC then activates the Impact Task Forces that
include the following Departments:
•
•
•
•
•
•
Agriculture
Natural Resources and Environmental Recreation
Water Supplies and Wastewater
Health
Social
Economic
Page 150
Phase 3- Conservation Phase is activated when the PDSI is between -2 and -4, and
when streamflows, reservoir levels and groundwater levels continue to decline and
forecasts indicate and extended period of below normal precipitation.
Phase 4 – Drought Emergency (Possible Local Rationing Phase) is activated when
the PDSI exceeds -4 and/or when the DAC determines that Phase 4 activities are
required.
In Missouri, the 1999-2000 droughts began in July of 1999 and developed rapidly into a
widespread drought just three months later. The entire state was placed under a Phase
1 Drought Advisory level by DNR and the Governor declared an Agricultural Emergency.
In October the U.S. Agriculture Secretary declared a federal disaster, making lowinterest loans available to farmers in Missouri and neighboring states. By June of 2000,
the entire state was under a Phase 2 Alert for drought conditions.
From records kept from the Missouri’s DNR, past drought status for Saline County from
August 2002 through September 2006 indicate 8 phase 1 declarations, 6 phase 2
activations, and 2 phase 3 declarations. The table below summarizes this information:
Table 40
Date
February 17, 2006
April 5, 2006
Mary 4, 2006
August 16, 2006
September 19, 2006
January 13 2004
November 13, 2003
October 9, 2003
September 5, 2003
August 12, 2003
July 29, 2003
May 20, 2003
March 4, 2003
January 22, 200
October 8, 2002
September 11, 2002
Saline County’s Past Drought Status
Phase
Advisory Phase
Advisory Phase
Drought Alert
Drought Alert
Drought Alert
Advisory Phase
Drought Alert
Advisory Phase
Advisory Phase
Drought Alert
Drought Alert
Advisory Phase
Conservation Phase
Conservation Phase
Advisory Phase
Advisory Phase
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Drought in Saline County is primarily a problem with rural water supply and agricultural
water supply, especially those supplied by small water structures. When good water
becomes a scarce commodity and people must compete for the available supply, the
importance of drought severity and duration increases dramatically.
The following map of Missouri groundwater indicates Saline County lies in an area of
Glacial Drift and Alluvium (green) and Pennsylvanian and Mississippian Limestones and
sandstones (turquoise blue). The most widely used aquifer in this region is the glacial
drift. The glacial drift can yield from less than a gallon of water a minute, to as much as
500 gpm. Average yields are probably less than 5 gpm. During times of drought,
domestic wells located on hills and ridges will be affected more than wells located in the
FIGURE 36
valley bottoms. During times of prolonged drought the upland wells may not be
adequate for domestic water supply.
There are also wells in alluvial soils along the Missouri River (shown in beige)
that typically yield more than 1,000 gallons per minute and the water is suitable for
irrigation.
Page 152
The State of Missouri has a Drought Response Plan that divides the state into three
regions according to their susceptibility to drought depending on the characteristics of
surface and ground water supplies. Regions were judged to have slight, moderate or
high susceptibility to drought and were labeled either Region A, B, or C. See the
following map:
Region A has minor surface and groundwater supply drought susceptibility. Surface
and groundwater resources are generally adequate for domestic, municipal, and
agricultural needs.
Region B has moderate surface and groundwater supply drought susceptibility.
Groundwater resources are adequate to meet domestic and municipal water needs, but
due to required well depths, irrigation wells are very expensive.
Region C has severe surface and groundwater supply drought susceptibility. Surface
water sources usually become inadequate during extended drought. Ground water
resources are naturally of poor quality and typically only supply enough water for
domestic needs. Irrigation is generally not feasible. When irrigation is practical,
groundwater withdrawal may affect other users. Surface water sources are used to
supplement irrigation supplied by groundwater sources.
Saline County is located in Region C.
Page 153
Figure 37
Statement of Probable Future Severity
Missouri’s average annual rainfall ranges from about 34 inches in the northwest to about
48 inches in the southeast. According to the Midwestern Regional Climate Center,
Saline County’s average annual rainfall is 37.33 inches. Precipitation-related impacts
on time scales ranging from a few days to a few months can include effects on wildfire
danger, non-irrigated agriculture, topsoil moisture, range and pasture conditions, and
unregulated stream flows. Lack of precipitation over a period of several months or years
adversely effects reservoir stores, irrigated agriculture, groundwater levels, and well
water depth.
Page 154
Based on the above information in conjunction with Missouri’ DNR’s drought response
system, the probable levels of severity for each phase are as follows:
Phase
Phase 1, Advisory
Phase 2, Alert
Phase 3, Conservation
Phase 4, Emergency
Probable Severity
negligible
limited
critical
critical
Overall, it is possible for Saline County to experience drought in any given year. From
2002-2004, the DNR has listed 13 drought status maps. Of those 13 drought status
maps, Saline County had 6 Advisory alerts, 3 Drought alerts, and 2 Conservation alerts.
From that information as well as other past occurrences, the following levels of probable
risk were derived:
Phase
Phase 1, Advisory:
Phase 2, Alert:
Phase 3, Conservation:
Phase 4, Emergency:
Probable Risk
likely
likely
likely
possible
Based on recent history, the likely adverse impact of future Saline County droughts is
shown below.
Life:
negligible
Property (crop damage):
critical
Emotional:
critical
Financial:
critical
Comments:
none
Life:
Property (crop damage):
Emotional:
Financial:
negligible
limited
limited
limited
Page 155
Comments: Educating farmers on the latest techniques for soil moisture maintenance,
for example, could help stem the emotional impacts by reducing drought-related financial
losses. Increased consolidation of small water structures also should be investigated.
Recommendation
•
•
Initiate a mitigation activity to discern and promote a set of best practices for
drought-resistant farming.
Initiate a cooperative effort to reduce the number of small water structures and
educate city residents on watering restrictions of lawns.
Hazard: Heat Wave
Description
Slow and silent, a heat wave does not descend upon a city with the fury of a tornado,
hurricane, or a winter storm. It moves over an area as a large, deep air mass with
descending air, retarding the development of any significant precipitation that would
provide relief to the ground surface’s rising temperatures. As this air mass moves slowly
or just sits over one area for days or even weeks, its rising surface temperatures begin
to take its toll on the people who are trapped in it.
According to NOAA, heat is the number two killer among natural hazards. Only the cold
temperatures of winter take a greater toll. In contrast to the visible, destructive, and
Page 156
violent nature of floods, hurricanes, and tornadoes, a heat wave is a silent killer. Heat
kills by taxing the human body beyond its abilities. Normally, the body has ways of
keeping itself cool, by letting heat escape through the skin, and by evaporating sweat
(perspiration). If the body does not cool properly, the victim may suffer a heat-related
illness. Anyone can be susceptible although the very young and very old are at greater
risk.
Heat-related illnesses can become serious or even deadly if unattended. In the
disastrous heat wave of 1980, more than 1,250 people died nationwide. In a normal
year, about 175 Americans succumb to the bodily stresses of summer heat. Damage to
the body ranges from heat cramps to death.
Heat Cramps:
Heat cramps are muscular pains and spasms due to heavy exertion.
They usually involve the abdominal muscles or the legs. It is generally thought that the
loss of water and salt from heavy sweating causes the cramps.
Heat Exhaustion:
Heat exhaustion is less dangerous than heat stroke. It typically occurs when people
exercise heavily or work in a warm, humid place where body fluids are lost through
heavy sweating. Fluid loss causes blood flow to decrease in the vital organs, resulting in
a form of shock. With heat exhaustion, sweat does not evaporate as it should, possibly
because of high humidity or too many layers of clothing. As a result, the body is not
cooled properly. Signals include cool, moist, pale, flushed or red skin; heavy sweating;
headache; nausea or vomiting; dizziness; and exhaustion. Body temperature will be near
normal.
Heat Stroke:
Page 157
Also known as sunstroke, heat stroke is life-threatening. The victim’s temperature control
system, which produces sweating to cool the body, stops working. The body
temperature can rise so high that brain damage and death may result if the body is not
cooled quickly. Signals include hot, red and dry skin; changes in consciousness; rapid,
weak pulse; and rapid, shallow breathing. Body temperature can be very high—
sometimes as high as 105oF.
The National Weather Service defines a heat wave as three consecutive days of 90
degrees Fahrenheit plus temperatures. These high temperatures generally occur from
June through September, but are most prevalent in the months of July and August.
Air temperature is not the only factor to consider when assessing the likely effects of a
heat wave. High humidity, which often accompanies heat in Missouri, can increase the
harmful effects. Relative humidity must also be considered, along with exposure, wind,
and activity. The Heat Index devised by the NWS combines air temperature and relative
humidity. Also known as the apparent temperature, the Heat Index is a measure of how
hot it really feels. For example, if the air temperature is 102 degrees and the relative
humidity is 55% then it feels like 130 degrees; 28 degrees hotter than the actual ambient
temperature.
To find the Heat Index from the table shown below, find the air temperature along the left
side of the table and the relative humidity along the top. Where the two intersect is the
Heat Index for any given time of day.
Figure 38
A
I
R
T
E
M
P
E
R
A
T
U
R
E
RELATIVE HUMIDITY
40% 45% 50% 55% 60% 65% 70% 75% 80% 85% 90% 95% 100%
110°° 136
108°° 130 137
106°° 124 130 137
HEAT INDEX
Apparent Temperature
104°° 119 124 131 137
102°° 114 119 124 130 137
100°° 109 114 118 124 129 136
98°° 105 109 113 117 123 128 134
96°° 101 104 108 112 116 121 126 132
94°°
97 100 102 106 110 114 119 124 129 135
Page 158
F°°
92°°
94
96
99 101 105 108 112 116 121 126 131
90°°
91
93
95
97 100 103 106 109 113 117 122 127
132
88°°
88
89
91
93
95
98 100 103 106 110 113 117
121
86°°
85
87
88
89
91
93
95
97 100 102 105 108
112
84°°
83
84
85
86
88
89
90
92
94
96
98 100
103
82°°
81
82
83
84
84
85
86
88
89
90
91
93
95
80°°
80
80
81
81
82
82
83
84
84
85
86
86
87
In addition, the NWS recently has devised a method to warn of advancing heat waves up
to seven days in advance. The new Mean Heat Index is a measure of how hot the
temperatures actually feel to a person over the course of a full 24 hours. It differs from
the traditional Heat Index in that it is an average of the Heat Index from the hottest and
coldest times of each day.
According to NCDC, there were 14 extreme heat events from 1994-2009. Shown in
Table 41 below.
Table 41
Saline County Extreme Heat Occurannces 1994 - 2009
Location
or
County
Date
Type
Mag
Dth
Inj
PrD
CrD
SALINE
SALINE
6/12/1994 Heat
N/A
7/18/1999 Excessive N/A
Heat
4
22
55
0
0
0
50K
0
SALINE
Heat
0
0
0
0
SALINE
Heat
3
0
0
0
SALINE
Heat
2
0
0
0
Page 159
SALINE
Heat
2
0
0
0
SALINE
Heat
4
0
0
0
SALINE
Heat
1
0
0
0
SALINE
Heat
1
0
0
0
SALINE
Heat
0
0
0
0
SALINE
Heat
4
0
0
0
SALINE
Heat
0
0
0
0
SALINE
Heat
2
0
0
0
SALINE
Heat
0
0
0K
0K
45
55
0
50K
TOTALS:
Source: NCDC
According to NCDC, the heat waves impacted an entire region that included Saline
County and resulted in:
•
•
•
55 deaths
45 injuries
property damage valued at $50,000.
The NWS has developed a Heat Index/Heat Disorder Chart that relates ranges of HI with
specific disorders, particularly for people in higher risk groups.
HEAT INDEX
HEAT DISORDER
130 F or higher
heat stroke/sunstroke likely with continued exposure
Page 160
105 F to 129 F
sunstroke, heat cramps or heat exhaustion possible with
prolonged exposure and/or physical activity
90 F to 104 F
sunstroke, heat cramps and heat exhaustion possible with
prolonged exposure and/or physical activity
80 F to 89 F
fatigue possible with prolonged exposure and/or physical activity
The levels of severity, by Heat Index apparent temperature, are:
•
•
•
•
Extreme Danger (heat stroke or sunstroke highly likely at 130ºF or higher);
Danger (sunstroke, muscle cramps, and/or heat exhaustion likely at 105ºF to
129ºF);
Extreme Caution (sunstroke, muscle cramps, and/or heat exhaustion possible at
90ºF to 104ºF); and
Caution (fatigue possible at less than 90ºF).
The NWS uses these levels in their weather warning messages to alert the public to the
dangers of exposure to extended periods of heat, especially when high humidity acts
along with the high temperatures to reduce the body’s ability to cool itself.
Although most heat-related deaths occur in cities, residents of rural areas are at risk due
to factors that can include age, outdoor activities, or lack of air conditioning. While heatrelated illness and death can occur due to exposure to intense heat in just one
afternoon, heat stress on the body has a cumulative effect. The persistence of a heat
wave increases the danger. Excessive heat can lead to illnesses and other stresses on
people with prolonged exposure to these conditions.
In addition to the human toll, the Midwestern Climate Center, in a paper on the 1999
heat wave, points up other possible impacts such as electrical infrastructure damage
and failure, highway damage, crop damage, water shortages, livestock deaths, fish kills,
and lost productivity among outdoor-oriented businesses.
There are several impacts on transportation documented in case studies. Aircraft lose lift
at high temperatures. Phoenix airport has been closed due to periods of extreme heat
that made aircraft operations unsafe. Highways and roads are damaged by excessive
Page 161
heat. Asphalt roads soften. Concrete roads have been known to “explode” lifting –three
to four foot pieces of concrete. During the 1980 heat wave hundreds of miles of
highways buckled (NOAA, 1980). Stress is placed on automobile cooling systems, diesel
trucks and railroad locomotives. This leads to an increase in mechanical failures. Train
rails develop sun kinks and distort. Refrigerated goods experience a significant greater
rate of spoilage due to extreme heat.
Various sectors of the agriculture community are affected by extreme heat. Livestock,
such as rabbits and poultry, are severely impacted by heat waves. Millions of birds have
been lost during heat waves. Milk production and cattle reproduction also decreases
during heat waves. Pigs are also adversely impacted by extreme heat. In terms of crop
impacts in the summer of 1980, it is unclear what the impacts are of very high
temperatures for a few days, versus the above average summer temperatures or the
drought. We do know that high temperatures at the wrong time inhibit crop yields.
Wheat, rice, corn, potato, and soybean crop yields can all be significantly reduced by
extreme high temperatures at key development stages.
The electric transmission system is impacted when power lines sag in high
temperatures. In 2002 a major west coast power outage impacting 4 states was blamed
in part on extreme high temperatures causing sagging transmission lines to short out.
The combination of extreme heat and the added demand for electricity to run air
conditioning causes transmission line temperatures to rise. The demand for electric
power during heat waves is well documented. In 1980, consumers paid $1.3 billion more
for electric power during the summer than the previous year. The demand for electricity,
5.5% above normal, outstripped the supply, causing electric companies to have rolling
black outs.
The demand for water increases during periods of hot weather. In extreme heat waves,
water is used to cool bridges and other metal structures susceptible to heat failure. This
causes a reduced water supply and pressure in many areas. This can significantly
contribute to fire suppression problems for both urban and rural fire departments.
The rise in water temperature during heat waves contributes to the degradation of water
quality and negatively impacts fish populations. It can also lead to the death of many
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other organisms in the water ecosystem. High temperatures are also linked to rampant
algae growth, causing fish kills in rivers and lakes.
The future probable severity for Saline County is shown below according to severity
levels.
Index
Severity
Heat Index of 130ºF or higher:
Heat Index of 105ºF to 129ºF:
Heat Index of 90ºF to 104ºF:
Heat Index of less than 90ºF:
Response Level
Probable
Extreme Danger
Danger
Extreme Caution
Caution
catastrophic
critical
limited
negligible
Statement of Probable Risk:
In Saline, according to the Midwestern Regional Climate Center, days with temperatures
of 90 degrees and above generally occur during the months of July and August. See
Table below.
Table 42
Saline County: # of Days Temp 90 Degrees or Above, Derived from 1971-2009
Averages for Station 235298
Jan Feb March April May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Annual
0.0 0.0 0.0
0.3
0.8
8.5
15.6 12.1 4.7
0.2 0.0 0.0 42.7
The 14 excessive heat occurrences for Saline County from 1994-2009 also happened
primarily in July and August. These events were characterized by temperatures of at
least 100 degrees, with 6 of the events having heat index records at 105 degrees and
over.
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Table 43
Saline County: Excessive Heat by month, 1994-2009
Jan Feb Mar April May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Total
0
0
0
0
0
1
7
5
1
0
0
0
14
The county’s risk of experiencing heat waves is shown below according to Heat Index
severity levels.
Index
Response Level
Probable Risk
Heat Index of 130°F or higher
Heat Index of 105°F to 129°F
Heat Index of 90°F to 104°F
Heat Index of less than 90°F
Extreme Danger
Danger
Extreme Caution
Caution
Unlikely
Likely
Likely
Highly Likely
The “Extreme Caution” level is likely because 2 of the 9 recent heat waves have
produced heat indices of 100 degrees and higher. The “Danger” level is likely because
10 of the 14 events produced heat indices of 105 degrees and higher. There are on
average 43 days a year with temperatures over 90 degrees, so the “Caution” level is
highly likely.
The adverse impacts of future heat waves affecting Saline County at the “Extreme
Caution” level are shown below.
Life:
limited
Property:
limited
Emotional:
limited
Financial:
limited
Comments: None.
Life:
negligible
Property:
negligible
Emotional:
negligible
Financial:
limited
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Comments: The MCC information shows that, although temperature and moisture
extremes on July 28-30, 1999 matched those during the major heat wave of 1995, fewer
persons died in July 1999. The reduction in fatalities is partially attributable to mitigation
measures. The most extreme period was preceded by 10 hot days during which urban
cooling centers and care monitoring procedures for the urban elderly already were
initiated. The news media also provided vast amounts of useful information about
behaviors to lessen heat stress and where to seek help.
Recommendation
•
•
Initiate a mitigation activity to provide cooling centers or protable fans for the
elderly during sustained high temperatures.
Initiate an education program to teach outdoor workers, students, and the
general public on the dangers of extended exposure to high temperatures and
simple measures to avoid harmful consequences.
Hazard: Earthquakes
According to SEMA, earthquakes can be defined as shifts in the Earth’s crust causing
the surface to become unstable. This instability can manifest itself in intensity from slight
tremors to large shocks. The duration can be from a few seconds up to five minutes.
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The period of tremors and shocks can last up to several months. The larger shocks can
cause ground failure, landslides, uplifts, and liquefaction and sand blows.
The Earth’s crust is made up of gigantic plates, commonly referred to as tectonic plates.
These plates form what is known as lithosphere and vary in thickness from 6.5 miles
(beneath oceans) to 40 miles (beneath mountain ranges) with an average thickness of
20 miles. These plates “float” over a partly melted layer of crust called the athenosphere.
The plates are in motion and where one plate joins another, they form boundaries.
Where the plates are moving toward each other is called convergent plate boundary and
when they are moving away from each other is called divergent plate boundary. The
San Andreas Fault in California is a horizontal motion boundary, where the Pacific plate
is moving north while the North American plate is moving west. These movements
release built up energy in the form of earthquakes, tremors and volcanism (volcanoes).
Fault lines such as the San Andreas come all the way to the surface and can be readily
seen and identified. There are fault lines that do not come all the way to the surface, yet
they can store and release energy when they adjust. Many of the faults in the Central
United States can be characterized this way.
The subterranean faults were formed many millions of years ago on or near the surface
of the earth. Subsequent to that time, these ancient faults subsided, while the areas
adjacent were pushed up. As this fault zone (also known as a rift) lowered, sediments
then filled in the lower areas. Under pressure, they hardened into limestones,
sandstones, and shales – thus burying the rifts. With the pressures on the North Atlantic
ridge affecting the eastern side of the North American plate and the movements along
the San Andreas Fault by the Pacific plate, this pressure has reactivated the buried rift(s)
in the Mississippi embayment. This particular rift system is now called the Reelfoot Rift.
There are eight earthquake source zones in the Central United States, two of which are
located within the State of Missouri. Other zones, because of their close proximity also
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affect Missourians. These are the Wabash Valley Fault, Illinois Basin, and the Nemaha
Uplift. The most active zone is the New Madrid Fault which runs from Northern
Arkansas through Southeast Missouri and Western Tennessee and Kentucky to the
Illinois side of the Ohio River Valley.
The Nemaha Uplift is of concern to Missourians because it runs parallel to the
Missouri/Kansas border from Lincoln, Nebraska to Oklahoma City, Oklahoma.
Its
earthquakes are not as severe as the historic New Madrid fault zone, but there have
been several earthquakes that have affected the Missouri side of the line. New Madrid
earthquake damage covers over more than 20 times the area of the typical California
earthquake because of the Midwest’s underlying geology.
Ground shaking affects
structures close to the earthquake epicenter but also can affect those at great distances.
Certain types of buildings at a significant distance from the earthquake epicenter may be
damaged. Non reinforced masonry structures, tall structures without adequate lateral
resistance, and poorly maintained structures are specifically susceptible to large
earthquakes. Owners of these structures should be aware of their potential for seismic
damage.
Earthquakes can be measured by intensity or by magnitude. The Richter magnitude
scale was developed in 1935 by Charles F. Richter of the California Institute of
Technology as a mathematical device to compare the size of earthquakes. The
magnitude of an earthquake is determined from the logarithm of the amplitude of waves
recorded by seismographs. Adjustments are included for the variation in the distance
between the various seismographs and the epicenter of the earthquakes. On the Richter
Scale, magnitude is expressed in whole numbers and decimal fractions. For example, a
magnitude 5.3 might be computed for a moderate earthquake, and a strong earthquake
might be rated as magnitude 6.3. Because of the logarithmic basis of the scale, each
whole number increase in magnitude represents a tenfold increase in measured
amplitude; as an estimate of energy, each whole number step in the magnitude scale
corresponds to the release of about 31 times more energy than the amount associated
with the preceding whole number value. The Richter Scale is not used to express
damage. An earthquake in a densely populated area which results in many deaths and
considerable damage may have the same magnitude as a shock in a remote area that
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does nothing more than frighten the wildlife. Large-magnitude earthquakes that occur
beneath the oceans may not even be felt by humans.
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Richter Magnitudes
Less than 3.5
Earthquake Effects
Generally not felt, but recorded.
3.5-5.4
Often felt, but rarely causes damage.
Under 6.0
At most slight damage to well-designed buildings.
Can cause major damage to poorly constructed buildings
over small regions.
6.1-6.9
Can be destructive in areas up to about 100 kilometers
across where people live.
7.0-7.9
areas.
Major earthquake. Can cause serious damage over larger
8 or greater
several
Great earthquake. Can cause serious damage in areas
hundred kilometers across.
The Mercalli Scale is based on observable earthquake damage. From a scientific
standpoint, the Richter scale is based on seismic records while the Mercalli is based on
observable data that can be subjective. For example a level I-V on the Mercalli scale
would represent a small amount of observable damage. At this level doors would rattle,
dishes break and weak or poor plaster would crack. As the level rises toward the larger
numbers, the amount of damage increases considerably. The higher number 12,
represents total damage. Refer to Figure J30.
Intensity scales, like the Modified Mercalli Scale measure the amount of shaking at a
particular location.
The following is an abbreviated description of the 12 levels of Modified Mercalli intensity.
I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
VI.
Not felt except by a very few under especially favorable conditions.
Felt only by a few persons at rest, especially on upper floors of buildings.
Felt quite noticeably by persons indoors, especially on upper floors of buildings.
Many people do not recognize it as an earthquake. Standing motor cars may
rock slightly. Vibrations similar to the passing of a truck. Duration estimated.
Felt indoors by many, outdoors by few during the day. At night, some
awakened. Dishes, windows, doors disturbed; walls make cracking sound.
Sensation like heavy truck striking building. Standing motor cars rocked
noticeably.
Felt by nearly everyone; many awakened. Some dishes, windows broken.
Unstable objects overturned. Pendulum clocks may stop.
Felt by all, many frightened. Some heavy furniture moved; a few instances of
fallen plaster. Damage slight.
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VII.
VIII.
IX.
X.
XI.
XII.
Damage negligible in buildings of good design and construction; slight to
moderate in well-built ordinary structures; considerable damage in poorly built
or badly designed structures; some chimneys broken.
Damage slight in specially designed structures; considerable damage in
ordinary substantial buildings with partial collapse. Damage great in poorly built
structures. Fall of chimneys, factory stacks, columns, monuments, walls.
Heavy furniture overturned.
Damage considerable in specially designed structures; well-designed frame
structures thrown out of plumb. Damage great in substantial buildings, with
partial collapse. Buildings shifted off foundations.
Some well-built wooden structures destroyed; most masonry and frame
structures destroyed with foundations. Rails bent.
Few, if any (masonry) structures remain standing. Bridges destroyed. Rails
bent greatly.
Damage total. Lines of sight and level are distorted. Objects thrown into the air.
Abridged from The Severity of an Earthquake, a U. S. Geological Survey General Interest
Publication.
Indirect hazards may also occur at great distances from large earthquakes. Liquefaction
(disintegration of alluvial soils), landslides and lifeline disruptions will most affect areas
closest to the epicenter, but may occur at significant distances. Subsurface conditions of
the Mississippi and Missouri River valleys tend to amplify earthquake ground shaking.
According to the SEMA map shown below, Saline County’s highest projected Modified
Mercalli Intensity resulting from a 6.7 earthquake is a Level V. For an earthquake of
magnitude 7.6, the highest projected Modified Mercalli Intensity rating is Level VI. For
an earthquake of magnitude 8.6, Saline County has a Level VII rating.
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FIGURE 39
Projected Earthquake Intensities
Page 171
During the winter of 1811-1812 three earthquakes estimated to have been magnitude
7.5 or greater were centered in the New Madrid fault in southeast Missouri. Thousands
of aftershocks continued for years.
Significant earthquakes, each about magnitude 6, occurred in 1843 near Marked Tree,
Arkansas, and on October 31, 1895 near Charleston, Missouri. In November 1968 a
magnitude 5.5 earthquake centered in southeastern Illinois caused moderate damage to
chimneys and walls at Hermann, St. Charles, St. Louis, and Sikeston, Missouri. The felt
areas include all or portions of 23 states. Other earthquakes have occurred throughout
southeastern parts of Missouri. Smaller, but still destructive, earthquakes are even more
likely, according to the Missouri Seismic Safety Commission.
New Madrid earthquakes can cover up to twenty times the area of typical California
earthquakes because of the differing geology. Missouri and much of the Midwest can
feel earthquakes from very far away because the geology of the area is more amenable
to ground shaking than the California geology. Earthquakes in the approximate range of
7.5 to 8.0 on the Richter scale are capable of causing widespread damage over a large
region. Earthquakes at magnitude 6.0 can cause serious damage to areas located close
to the earthquake’s location. Scientists from the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and the
Center for Earthquake Research and Information at the University of Memphis (CERI)
have made several estimates regarding the probability of magnitude 6.0 or higher
earthquake in the New Madrid Zone. The estimated probability of a magnitude 6.0 or
greater earthquake is 25-40% through the year 2053. The January 2003 estimates
show at 7-10% chance of magnitudes between 7.5 and 8.0 in a 50-year period ending in
2053. The probability of an earthquake increases with each passing day, which makes it
difficult to rate. However, based on information from the Center for Earthquake Research
and Information at the University of Memphis, the probability of an earthquake event is
rated as moderate and the severity is rated as high.
Based on the Projected Earthquake Intensities map and Modified Mercalli damage
scale, the future probable severity for each level is shown below.
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Level
Modified Mercalli levels I-V:
Modified Mercalli levels VI:
Modified Mercalli levels VII:
Modified Mercalli levels VIII-XIII:
Probable Severity
negligible
limited
critical
catastrophic
Many Midwestern communities are located near the New Madrid fault, an area with a
high seismic risk. Estimates of the recurrence intervals of the large 1811-1812
earthquakes are about 500 to 1000 years. Most residents are not aware of this risk
because the last significant earthquake occurred in the early 19th century. However,
small quakes along this fault continue to occur in Missouri about every 8 days.
The map of the New
Madrid
and
Wabash
Valley seismic zones
shows earthquakes prior
to 1974 as well as those
quakes detected with the
help of advanced sensor
technology after 1974.
Red circles on the map
indicate earthquakes that
occurred from 1974 to
2002 with magnitudes
larger than 2.5 located
using modern instruments
(University of Memphis).
Green circles denote
earthquakes
that
occurred prior to 1974
(USGS
Professional
Paper
1527).
Larger
circles indicate larger
earthquakes.
Based on the history of
the New Madrid Fault and
FIGURE 40
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the January 2003 estimates, Saline County stands a 25-40% chance of experiencing an
earthquake of magnitude 6.0 or greater within the next 50 years. Since Saline County
lies a good distance from the New Madrid Fault, small earthquakes usually are not
noticeable. The more severe threat stems from an earthquake producing Modified
Mercalli impact levels of VII-XIII.
Level
Modified Mercalli levels I-V:
Modified Mercalli levels VI:
Modified Mercalli levels VII:
Modified Mercalli levels VIII-XIII:
Probable Risk
unlikely
likely
possible
possible
The impact on the general public, small- to medium-size businesses, life-line services,
and the infrastructure may be radically lessened if precautions are undertaken at
multiple levels. Increased education, concern and subsequent action can reduce the
potential effects of earthquakes, and this can be done in conjunction with preparations
for other natural hazards. A program that recognizes the risk of flooding, landslides and
other dangers and which incorporates earthquake issues will be the most beneficial to
Saline County citizens.
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Individuals and all levels of government have roles in reducing earthquake hazards.
Individuals can reduce their own vulnerability by taking some simple and inexpensive
actions within their own households. Local government can take action to lower the
threat through the proper regulation of poor sites, assuring that vital or important
structures (police, fire and school buildings) resist hazards, and developing infrastructure
in a way that decreases risk. State agencies and the legislature can assist the other
levels of action and provide incentives for minimizing hazards.
Based on January 2003 estimates, Saline County is most at risk for Modified Mercalli
Level VI as likely adverse impacts
Life:
critical
Property:
critical
Emotional:
critical
Financial:
critical
Comments: none
Life:
limited
Property:
limited
Emotional:
critical
Financial:
limited
Comments: Education, building regulation enhancements, and infrastructure
enhancements will help to minimize building damage and injuries.
Recommendation
•
•
Increased education, concern and subsequent action can reduce the potential
effects of earthquakes can be done in conjunction with preparations for other
hazards. A program that recognizes the risk of flooding, landslides and other
dangers that incorporate earthquake issues will be of most benefit to citizens.
Individuals and government have roles in reducing earthquake hazards.
Individuals can reduce their own vulnerability by taking actions in their own
households. Local government can take action to lower the threat through the
proper use of poor sites, assuring that vital or important structures (police, fire,
school buildings) resist hazards and developing infrastructures in a way that
decreases risk. State agencies and legislature can assist the other levels of
action and provide incentives for minimizing hazards.
Communities and developers coordinate with NRCS, Division of Geology and
Resource Assessment regarding appropriate sitings of subdivisions and other
structures.
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Hazard: Dam/ Levee Failure
The purpose of a dam is to impound (store) water, wastewater or liquid borne materials
for any of several reasons, including flood control, human water supply, irrigation,
livestock water supply, energy generation, containment of mine tailings, and recreation
or pollution control. Many dams fulfill a combination of the above functions.
Manmade dams may be classified according to the type of construction material used,
the methods used in construction, the slope or cross-section of the dam, the way the
dam resists the forces of the water pressure behind it, the means used for controlling
seepage and, occasionally, according to the purpose of the dam.
The materials used for construction of dams include earth, rock, tailings from mining or
milling, concrete, masonry, steel, timber, miscellaneous materials (such as plastic or
rubber) and any combination of these materials.
Embankment dams— Embankment dams are the most common type of
dam in use today in Missouri (99% of all dams in Missouri are made of earthen
materials; the other 1% are constructed of concrete). They have the general shape
shown here. Materials used for embankment dams include natural soil or rock, or waste
materials obtained from mining or milling operations. An embankment dam is termed an
“earthfill” or “rockfill” dam depending on whether it is comprised of compacted earth or
mostly compacted or dumped rock. The ability of an embankment dam to resist the
reservoir water pressure is primarily a result of the mass weight, type and strength of the
materials from which the dam is made.
Concrete dams—Concrete dams may be categorized into gravity and
arch dams according to the designs used to resist the stress due to reservoir water
pressure. Typical concrete gravity dams are shown here and are the most common form
of concrete dam. The mass weight of concrete and friction resist the reservoir water
pressure. A buttress dam is a specific type of gravity dam in which the large mass of
concrete is reduced, and the forces are diverted to the dam foundation through vertical
or sloping buttresses. Gravity dams are constructed of vertical blocks of concrete with
flexible seals in the joints between the blocks.
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Concrete arch dams are typically rather thin in cross-section. The
reservoir water forces acting on an arch dam are carried laterally into the abutments.
The shape of the arch may resemble a segment of a circle or an ellipse, and the arch
may be curved in the vertical plane as well. Such dams are usually constructed of a
series of thin vertical blocks that are keyed together; barriers to stop water from flowing
are provided between blocks. Variations of arch dams include multi-arch dams in which
more than one curved section is used, and arch-gravity dams which combine some
Because the purpose of a dam is to retain water effectively and safely, the water
retention ability of a dam is of prime importance. Water may pass from the reservoir to
the downstream side of a dam by:
•
•
•
•
•
Passing through the main spillway or outlet works
Passing over an auxiliary spillway
Overtopping the dam
Seepage through the abutments
Seepage under the dam
Overtopping of an embankment dam is very undesirable because the embankment
materials may be eroded away. Additionally, only a small number of concrete dams have
been designed to be overtopped. Water normally passes through the main spillway or
outlet works; it should pass over an auxiliary spillway only during periods of high
reservoir levels and high water inflow. All embankment and most concrete dams have
some seepage. However, it is important to control the seepage to prevent internal
erosion and instability. Proper dam construction, and maintenance and monitoring of
seepage provide this control.
Dam failures are most likely to happen for one of five reasons:
•
•
•
•
•
Overtopping caused by water spilling over the top of a dam Structural failure of
materials used in dam construction
Cracking caused by movements like the natural settling of a dam
Inadequate maintenance and upkeep
Piping—when seepage through a dam is not properly filtered and soil particles
continue to progress and form sink holes in the dam
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Dam failures can be devastating for the dam owners, to the dam’s intended purpose
and, especially, for downstream populations and property. Property damage can range
in the thousands to billions of dollars. No price can be put on the lives that have been
lost and could be lost in the future due to dam failure. Failures know no state
boundaries—inundation from a dam failure could affect several states and large
populations.
Although the majority of dams in the U.S. have responsible owners and are properly
maintained, still many dams fail every year. In the past several years, there have been
hundreds of documented failures across the nation (this includes 250 after the Georgia
Flood of 1994). A life was recently lost in New Hampshire as a result of a dam failure.
Dam and downstream repair costs resulting from failures in 23 states reporting in one
recent year totaled $54.3 million.
Early in this century, as many dams failed due to lack of proper engineering and
maintenance, it was recognized that some form of regulation was needed. One of the
earliest state programs was enacted in California in the 1920s. Federal agencies, such
as the Corps of Engineers and the Department of Interior Bureau of Reclamation built
many dams during the early part of the twentieth century and established safety
standards during this time. Slowly, other states began regulatory programs. But it was
not until the string of significant dam failures in the 1970s that awareness was raised to a
new level among the states and the federal government.
In Missouri, the first state legislation aimed at regulating dams was passed in 1889 and
was called the Dam Mills and Electric Power Law. The law was concerned only with
damaged caused by construction and lake formation. It did not address the engineering
aspects of design or downstream safety of dams.
In 1972, Congress passed the National Dam Safety Act (P.L. 92-367) that called for an
inventory of dams in the U.S. and one time inspection of dams that would result in loss
of life from a failure. In 1986, Congress enacted the Water Resources Development Act
(P.L. 99-662). Title XII-Dam Safety authorized the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
(USACE) to maintain and periodically update the inventory of dams. In 1988 funds were
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appropriated for this effort. FEMA and USACE developed a Memorandum of Agreement
where FEMA assumed responsibility for maintaining and updating the inventory using
the funds authorized. The Water Resources Development Act of 1996 (P.L. 104-303)
Section 215 reauthorized periodic update of the National Inventory of Dams (NID) by
USACE and continued a funding mechanism. For the 1998 update, the USACE resumed
the lead responsibility and worked with FEMA and other agencies. There are about
77,000 dams in the inventory.
Federal law and the Association of Dam Safety Officials (ASDSO) Model State Dam
Safety program defines a dam as “any artificial barrier, including appurtenant works,
which impounds or diverts water and which 1.) is 25 feet or more in height from the
natural bed of the stream or watercourse measured at the downstream toe of the barrier,
or from the lowest elevation of the outside limit of the barrier, if it is not across a stream
channel or watercourse to the maximum water storage elevation; or 2.) has an
impounding capacity at the maximum water storage elevation of fifty acre-feet or more.
This Act does not apply to any such barrier which is not in excess of six feet in height,
regardless of storage capacity, or which has a storage capacity at a maximum water
storage elevation not in excess of fifteen acre-feet, regardless of height (P.L. 92-367;
Dam Safety Act of 1972) unless such barrier, due to its location or other physical
characteristic, is likely to pose a significant threat to human life or property in the event
of its failure.”(P.L. 99-662, Water Resources Development Act of 1986).
Criteria for dams in the NID are as follows:
1) All high hazard potential classification dams
2) All significant hazard potential classification dams
3) Low hazard or undetermined potential classification dams which
Equal or exceed 25 feet in height and which exceed 15 acre-feet in storage
Equal or exceed 50 acre-feet storage and exceed 6 feet in height.
The NID has definitions for downstream hazard potential. These definitions are different
from the Missouri Department of Natural Resources, Geological Survey and Resource
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Assessment, Dam and Reservoir Safety Program. The NID definitions, as accepted by
the Interagency Committee on Dam Safety are as follows:
1) Low Hazard Potential
Dams assigned the low hazard potential classification are those where failure or
disoperation results in no probable loss of human life and low economic and/or
environmental losses. Losses are principally limited to the owner’s property.
2) Significant Hazard Potential
Dams assigned the significant hazard potential classification are those dams
where failure or disoperation results in no probable loss of human life but can cause
economic loss, environmental change, disruption of lifeline facilities, or impact other
concerns. Significant hazard potential classification dams are often located in
predominantly rural or agricultural areas but could be located in areas with
population and significant infrastructure.
3) High Hazard Potential
Dams assigned the high hazard potential classification are those where failure or
disoperation will probably cause loss of human life.
In September 1979, ninety years after the first state legislation was passed, the Missouri
House Bill 603 (called the Dam Safety Law) was passed by the Missouri Legislature and
became effective in September 1979, as a result of the USACE inspection program that
Missouri led the country in total number of unsafe dams. House Bill 603 (now contained
in Sections 236.400 through 236.500 of the revised statues of Missouri) excluded certain
dams from regulation-those less than 35 feet high, and allowed exemptions for others
used for agricultural purposes and those regulated by other state or federal agencies.
The law requires that a construction permit application be made to construct new dams
or modify, remove or alter existing dams. Owners of existing dams 35 feet or more in
height must obtain a registration permit and owners of new dams 35 feet or more in
height must obtain a safety permit after construction to operate the structures. All
regulated dams must be inspected periodically to assure that their continued operation
does not constitute a hazard to public safety, life and property.
The construction of dams in Missouri has always been an important part of the state’s
economy primarily from the standpoint of the recreational areas they create. The
Missouri Department of Natural Resources, Geological Survey and Resource
Assessment, Dam and Reservoir Safety Program who inspect the dams are critical to
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the safety of Missouri citizens. The Dam and Reservoir Safety Program operates under
the general guidance of the Dam and Reservoir Safety Council. The Council is
responsible for the development of the rules and regulations and the determination of
enforcement procedures to make the law operative. All seven council members are
appointed by the Governor.
The Missouri Dam and Reservoir Safety Program is responsible for ensuring that all new
and existing non-agricultural, non-federal dams 35 feet or more in height meet minimum
safety standards. The program reviews engineering plans and specifications; conducts
hydrologic, hydraulic and structural analysis of dams; monitors construction of new dams
and modification of existing dams; performs safety inspections of existing dams;
responds to dam safety emergencies so that public safety, life and property are
protected. Basic functions of the program include inspections, permit issuance
(construction, registration and safety permits), compliance and review, data
management (around 4000 dams in Missouri, of which only about 600 are regulated
under Missouri law), inundation mapping (provided to recorder of deeds for each county
showing areas impacted by dam failure).
Dam owners are solely responsible for the safety and the liability of the dam and for
financing its upkeep, upgrade and repair. While most infrastructure facilities (roads,
bridges, sewer systems, etc.) are owned by public entities, the majority of dams in the
United States are privately owned. Many different types of people and entities own and
operate dams. About 58 percent are privately owned. Local governments own and
operate the next largest number of dams, about 16 percent. State ownership is next with
about four percent; the federal government, public utilities and undetermined interests
each own smaller numbers of dams (5%).
2009 Statistics:
Number of Missouri state-regulated dams: 680
Number of Missouri dams in National Inventory of Dams: 5,242
Thousands of people have been injured, many killed, and billions of dollars in property
damaged by dam failures in the United States. The problem of unsafe dams in Missouri
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was underscored by dam failures at Lawrenceton in 1968, Washington County in 1975,
Fredericktown in 1977, a near failure in Franklin County in 1978 and Taum Sauk in
2005. No records were found to indicate any dam failures in Saline County.
Statement of Probable Future Severity
Missouri Geological Survey and Resource Assessment Division has defined three levels
of hazard potential: high, significant and low hazard, as accepted by the Interagency
Committee on Dam Safety.
•
•
High:
Significant:
•
Low:
Failure or disoperation will probably cause loss of human life
Failure or disoperation results in no probable loss of human life,
but can cause economic loss, environmental damage, disruption
of lifeline facilities, or impact other concerns. Significant hazard
potential classification dams are often located in predominantly
rural or agricultural areas but could be located in areas with
population and significant infrastructure.
Failure or disoperation results in no probably loss of human life
and low economic and/or environmental losses. Losses are
principally limited to the owner’s property.
According to Missouri DNR’s Dam Safety Division in Rolla, Saline County now has 23
dams.
Of the 23 dams, the Missouri DNR rated 1 as “high” hazard, 17 significant
hazard, and 5 as low hazard dams. Only 2 dams are regulated by the State. Highhazard dams exhibit one or more characteristics: more than 30 years old; high ratio of
maximum storage to dam height; and/or high population density downstream. See the
summary table of the county’s dams below. The high hazard dams are highlighted.
Table 44
Saline County Dams
Official Name Receiving
River
Only Way
Lake Dam
Wally’s Lake
Dam
Blackburn
Pond
(MONONAME
209)
TR-Bear
Creek
TR-Salt
Fork
TR-East
Fork Elm
Branch
Dam
Height
(ft)
21.0
Watershed
Year
Built
Hazard
State
Regulated
435.0
1930
S
No
30.0
57.0
1973
L
No
28.0
170.0
1966
H
No
Page 182
Robertson
Lake Dam
Van Meter
Dam
Marshall
State School
Lake Dam
State School
Dam B
Elson Lake
Dam
MONONAME
512
C+S Lake
Dam
Summers
Lake Dam
Cott Lake
Dam
Bryan Lake
Dam
Marsh Lake
Dam
MFA
Research
Farm Lake
Dam
Miles Lake
Dam
TR-Salt
Fork
Blackwater
River
TRMissouri
River
TR-Salt
Fork
15.0
48.0
1956
S
No
60.0
212.0
1963
S
Yes
31.0
270.0
1934
L
No
TR-Salt
Fork
TR-Salt
Branch
Missouri
River
Salt Fork
Offstream
TR-Buck
Creek
TR-Bear
Creek
TR- Bear
Creek
TR-Salt
Fork
TR-Rock
Creek
TR-Finney
Creek
20.0
254.0
N/A
L
No
25.0
890.0
1967
L
No
20.0
40.0
N/A
L
No
25.0
160.0
1977
L
No
25.0
50.0
1975
L
No
25.0
26.0
1977
L
No
28.0
148.0
1950
L
No
24.0
70.0
1956
L
No
20.0
173.0
1972
L
No
24.0
230.0
1975
L
No
25.0
46.0
1800
S
No
25.0
150.0
1970
L
No
25.0
91.0
1800
S
No
31.0
27.0
1800
L
No
TR-North
Fork Finney
Creek
Rasse Lake
TR-Salt
Dam
Fork
Blackwtaer
River
Town and
TR-North
Country Lake Fork Finney
Dam
Creek
Vogel Lake
TR-North
Dam
Fork Finney
Creek
Peterson
TR-Finney
Lake Dam
Creek
Page 183
Blind Pony
Lake Dam
City of Sweet
Springs Dam
B
City of Sweet
Springs Dam
A
Pony Creek
35.0
Blackwater 20.0
River
Offstream
Blackwater 20.0
River
Offstream
L=Low
3232.0
1968
L
Yes
7.0
N/A
L
No
4.0
N/A
L
No
Source: MO Department of Natural Resources
S=Significant
H=High
The probably future severity of a dam failure for Saline County is below.
Hazard Level
High
Significant
Low
Catastrophic
Critical
Negligible
Statement of Probable Risk/Likeliness Of Future Occurrence
According to the Dam and Reservoir Safety Program within MDNR, the likeliness of a
future occurrence of dam failure is very likely, due to the conditions of dams in Missouri.
While the definition varies from place to place, it generally means if failure of a highhazard dam occurs, there probably will be loss of life. It must be emphasized that this
determination does not mean that these dams are in need of repair—these dams could
be in excellent condition or they could be in poor condition. “High-hazard” just reflects
the dam’s potential for doing damage downstream should it fail.
High-hazard potential dams exist in every state and affect the lives of thousands
downstream. The current issue and debate is over the increasing number of these high
hazard structures—not because more high-hazard dams are being built, but that more
development is occurring downstream. Dam and reservoir safety regulators generally
have no control over local zoning issues or developers’ property rights. So this issue
continues to worry regulators as the trend persists.
Hazard Level
High
Probable Risk
Likely
Page 184
Significant
Low
Likely
Likely
Statement of Next Disaster’s Likely Adverse Impact on Community
The impact on the downstream community, dependent upon what is downstream could
be very serious. The adverse impacts of future dam failures affecting Saline County at
the high hazard level are shown below. Intersecting almost all the issues above is the
issue of public education about dams. The ordinary citizen is unaware that the beautiful
lakes on which he or she boats, skis or fishes are only there because of manmade
dams. Developers build in dam break flood inundation areas knowing nothing about the
potential that an upstream dam has, to cause devastation should it fail. In fact, some
developers and zoning officials are completely unaware of dams within their community.
Even if citizens understand and are aware of dams, they still can be overly confident in
the infallibility of these manmade structures. Living in dam break flood-prone areas is a
risk. Many dam owners do not realize their responsibility and liability toward the
downstream public and environment.
The adverse impacts of future dam failures affecting Saline County at the high hazard
level are shown below.
Life:
catastrophic
Property:
catastrophic
Emotional:
catastrophic
Financial:
catastrophic
Comments: One large dam holding back a high volume of water could destroy life and
property for several miles downstream.
Life:
negligible
Property:
negligible
Emotional:
negligible
Financial:
negligible
Comments: None.
Recommendation
Page 185
The County Hazard Mitigation Planning Committee should initiate mitigation activities to
institute a dam permitting, inspection and enforcement for the county. This requires
working with DNR Dam Safety Program to identify appropriate mitigation activities.
The following map shows dam locations in relation to populated areas.
Page 186
Page 187
Page 188
Page 189
Levees
According to Wikipedia a levee or dyke “is an elongated naturally occurring ridge or
artificially constructed wall, which regulates water levels. It is usually earthen and often
parallel to the course of a river in its floodplain.” This ridge or levee in Saline county is a
continuous embankment along the Missouri river that runs along the northern and
eastern county line.
A data limitation with levee’s is that as of this writing (10-25-2011) there is no historical
data for levees and levee failure. After numorous calls to the Missouri Levee and
Drainage Distric Association http://www.mldda.org/ , along with looking at the National
Levee Database I concluded after hours of searching that the data does not exist and
will be implemented at a later date as the data becomes available.
The Saline County Levee Failure map as shown on page 190 was created using ArcGIS,
along with USGS topo maps. Looking at the elevation from the topo we were able to
estimate where the majority of flooding would take palce if the levees failed. Unlike dams
which have a more central location that holds back water levees follow along the
Missouri river so we took into account any failure as being they all failed. The failure only
looks at the hazard that would be encountered in Saline County. As newer and better
data becomes available we will update this map as it is not very scientific in nature and
therefor is a major limitation.
Page 190
Page 191
Hazard: Wildfires
The term wildfire is defined as “a highly destructive, uncontrollable fire.” During a wildfire,
the fire produces the same amount of energy in 10 minutes as a nuclear bomb. Fires
that burn forest plants can be classified in three ways: ground fires, surface fires, and
crown fires. Ground fires burn the humus layer of the forest floor, surface fires burn
forest undergrowth and surface litter, and crown fires advance through the tops of trees.
Atmospheric factors such as temperature, humidity, and rainfall are important factors in
determining the combustibility of a given forest.
Humans, either through negligence, accident, or intentional arson, have caused
approximately 90% of all wildfires in the last decade in the U.S. Accidental and negligent
acts include unattended campfires, sparks, burning debris, and irresponsibly discarded
cigarettes. Refer to Table 44 below. The remaining 10% of fires are mostly caused by
lightning, but may also be caused by other acts-of-nature such as volcanic eruptions or
earthquakes.
Forest and grassland fires can and have occurred on any day throughout the year. The
majority of the fires, however, and the greatest acreage loss occur during the spring fire
season, which is between February 15 and May 10. This time period tends to have the
lowest humidity and highest winds in Missouri and thus makes the land more vulnerable
to fire than other times of the year. In addition, spring is the time of the year when rural
residents normally burn their garden spots, brush piles, etc. Many landowners also still
believe it is necessary to burn the woods in the spring of the year in order to get more
grass, kill ticks, and get rid of the brush. These conditions, together with below normal
precipitation and high temperatures, result in extremely high fire danger. Many fires
occur in October and November due to the dryness associated with fall in Missouri.
Furthermore, many rural residents use this time of year to burn leaves and debris thus
setting the stage for a fire that burns out of control.
Page 192
TABLE 45 REASONS FOR FIRES IN MISSOURI
Lightning
Camping
Smoking
Debris Burning
Arson
Equipment Use
Railroads
Children
Miscellaneous Causes
>1%
1%
4%
58%
20%
3%
1%
1%
12%
During March and April 2000 Missouri sustained devastating fire damage to thousands
of acres resulting from wildland fires. Warm temperatures and low humidity increased
the occurrence and fueled the flames scorching many areas of the state. In an attempt to
raise the public’s awareness of the hazardous situations, Governor Mel Carnahan and
State Fire Marshal Bill Farr issued a statewide voluntary burn ban, urging citizens to
refrain from conducting any open burning. In addition, the Missouri Department of
Conservation and U.S. Forestry Service issued burn bans throughout state and federally
owned land. The Missouri Division of Fire Safety is urging fire service agencies and local
governments to begin planning for this situation by adopting a local ordinance to prohibit
open burning during a high fire hazard time period. Missouri statutes do not allow the
state to issue a MANDATORY burn ban at the state level.
One responsibility of the Forestry Division is protecting state and private land from the
destructive effects of wildfires. The Forestry Division works closely with rural fire
departments to assist with fire suppression activities. Nearly 900 rural fire departments
have mutual aide agreements with the division. Forestry personnel provide training,
equipment and grants to rural fire departments to help them become a more effective
firefighting team.
Statutory authority is given to fire protection districts via RSMo 321.220 (12) to “adopt
and amend bylaws, fire protection and fire prevention ordinances.” However,
coordination with the county prosecuting attorney’s office is strongly recommended
before implementing such an ordinance to ensure enforcement ability. Voluntary fire
Page 193
service associations should also coordinate similar efforts at the local level to adopt
open burning laws.
Not only is the land affected, but also personnel throughout many fire service agencies
are pushed to their limit battling these types of fires. These situations place Missouri
citizens and responding fire fighters at risk.
According to SEMA’s 2000 Hazard Analysis, wildfires are most common in the southern
districts of the state. However, it is possible for wildfires to occur in Saline County due to
drought, debris burning and incendiary fires. According to the MDC table below,
humans cause at least 88% of Missouri fires. Debris burning is consistently the number
one cause of wildfires. Incendiary fires, willfully set on another person’s property,
continue to rank second in the number of wildfires each year. Fires caused by natural
ignition, like lightning, are rare despite 50 to 70 thunderstorm days per year.
No Missouri fires are listed among the significant wildfires in the U.S. since 1825. Fires
covering more than 300 acres are considered large in Missouri. Missouri averages
3,500 fires a year with 45,000 acres burned, or an average fire size of 12 acres.
However, there have been no significant fire occurrences in Saline County.
Wildfires can flare out of control, often with catastrophic results. Grass grows back
quickly with little damage, but fires in forests and croplands are costly. Grass and
shrubs take one to five years to grow back. Trees, however, can take 20 to 100 years to
return.
Additional losses occur in the buffer area between undeveloped and developed land.
Even when they can respond immediately, firefighters in rural areas may not be able to
prevent large fires from destroying remote homes and property. The FEMA website
points out that as residential areas expand into previously undeveloped areas; people
living in these communities are increasingly threatened by forest fires. Protecting
Page 194
structures from fire in these buffer areas poses special problems, and can stretch
firefighting resources to the limit. Propane tanks located near trees and vegetation can
increase the risk of destruction in the event of fire. Fatalities occasionally can result from
wildfires, usually due to overexertion or heart attack. The MDC diagram below illustrates
the possible severity of a fire’s progression.
FIGURE 41
Wildfire fuel includes combustible material in the form of vegetation such as grass,
leaves, ground litter, plants, shrubs and trees.
Location
Buffer areas
Forests
Croplands
critical
critical
critical
Judging from the county’s lack of wildfires as well as lack of fire fuel land, a disastrous
wildfire is not likely. The following fire danger index is used by MDC. The likeliness of a
future occurrence, at each of the fire danger index levels, is shown below.
Page 195
Level
Low Fire Danger
Moderate Fire Danger
High Fire Danger
Extreme Fire Danger
Probable Risk of Occurrence
highly likely
highly likely
likely
possible
The likely adverse impact of a disastrous Saline County wildfire is shown below.
Life:
negligible
Property:
negligible
Emotional:
negligible
Financial:
negligible
Comments: None
Life:
negligible
Property:
negligible
Emotional:
negligible
Financial:
negligible
Comments: None
Recommendation
Missouri Department of Conservation and Saline County Fire Districts to develop an
education outreach program for communities that have a greater chance of future fires.
MDC has an ongoing educational effort in certain at risk areas. This effort includes
visiting schools, local fairs and other events to educate and pass out fire prevention
pamphlets in terms of seasonal or broad fire prevention approach. Establishing local
ordinances to prohibit open burning during hazardous conditions is a proactive
approach.
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Page 198
Page 199
Page 200
Page 201
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Page 203
Multi-jurisdictional risk assessment in the county and municipalities
Saline County hazards strongly tend to be either geographically random or regional in
scope. While some areas have experienced a few small tornadoes and localized flash
flooding, the 1993 Missouri River flood and the flood of 2007 are the only major disasters
to impact the county. The county and most of the incorporated areas have experienced
only scattered damage from winter storms, small tornadoes, thunderstorms, heat waves,
and drought.
Page 204
Hazard Profile Worksheet
Methodology
In creating a vulnerability analysis I took GIS data and combined it with HAZUS
building count data from the HAZUS Data DVD #2. Joining the tables based on the
census block I then found out what location had the hazard affected and separated them
based on Incorporated lands and Un-incorporated lands. This gave me numbers of
buildings and population (2010 census data) figures to work with. I then took the number
of buildings affected by the hazard broken down by the type of building and divided that
number by the total number of buildings and assume that that would be the same
percentage of people affected. This percentage was then multiplied by the total
population affected which gave me my population count for that specific building type.
Residential
Commercial
Industrial
Agricultural
Public Bulidings
Totals
# of People # of Buildings Approx. Value
1727
182
2069
Population Totals
County Population 2010 Census
218
# of People # of Buildings Approx. Value
Residential
Commercial
Industrial
Agricultural
Public Bulidings
5729
1012
7798
53804
For Example in the table above we take the number of buildings and divided that by the
total 182/218=83% this is then multiplied by the total number of people affected which is
.83x2069=1727.
The approx value is based on average building dimensions and pricing. We estimated
that all residential buildings are 1500 sq/ft at $92 sq/ft = $140,000 commercial 2200 sq/ft
at $165 sq/ft = $360,000 industrial 3500 sq/ft at $165 sq/ft = $500,000 agricultural 3200
sq/ft at $20 sq/ft =$60,000 public building 25,000 sq/ft at $165 sq/ft = $2,250,000.
The currently at risk population was formed by taking the total number of people affected
and divided that by the county wide population which gave us a percent.
Page 205
Incorporated Land
# of People
Residential
Commercial
Industrial
Agricultural
Public Bulidings
# of Buildings
2049
103
15
8
23
Approx. Value
1073 $150,220,000
54
$19,440,000
8
$4,000,000
4
$240,000
12
$27,000,000
Un-Incorporated Land
# of People# of BuildingsApprox. Value
Residential
2632
1378
$192,920,000
Commercial
57
30
$10,800,000
Industrial
8
4
$2,000,000
Agricultural
17
9
$540,000
Public Bulidings
15
8
$18,000,000
Page 206
Un-Incorporated Land
Incorporated Land
# of People
Residential
Commercial
Industrial
Agricultural
Public Bulidings
# of Buildings
626
8
2
6
0
Approx. Value
328 $45,920,000.00
4 $1,440,000.00
1 $500,000.00
3 $180,000.00
0
$0.00
# of People# of BuildApprox. Value
Residential
2575 1348 $188,720,000.00
Commercial
126
66 $23,760,000.00
Industrial
13
7
$3,500,000.00
Agricultural
21
11
$660,000.00
Public Bulidings
29
15 $33,750,000.00
Page 207
Page 208
Historcial Drought Damage 2000-2010
County Wide
Property
Damage
Crop
Damage
Livestock
$0
$0
$0.00
Page 209
Historical Heat Wave 1994-2011
County Wide
Deaths
Injuries
Crop Damage
46
55
$50,000
Page 210
Earthquake Estimated 8% Damage
Residential
Commercial
Industrial
Agricultural
Public Bulidings
# of People
# of Buildings
Approx. Value
1792
938
$131,331,200
68
36
$12,816,000
14
8
$3,760,000
11
6
$336,000
18
10
$21,600,000
Page 211
Dam and Levee Failure
# of People
Residential
Commercial
Industrial
Agricultural
Public Bulidings
# of Buildings
571
4
0
2
6
299
2
0
1
3
Approx. Value
$41,860,000
$720,000
$0
$60,000
$6,750,000
Page 212
Wildfire Urban Interface Potential Loss
# of People
Residential
Commercial
Industrial
Agricultural
Public Bulidings
# of Buildings
7617
166
38
36
36
3988
87
20
19
19
Approx. Value
$558,320,000
$31,320,000
$10,000,000
$1,140,000
$42,750,000
Page 213
A Vulnerability Assessment worksheet is included on the following page.
Loss estimates were calculated using a combination of information from the community
profiles, historical loss data in the hazard profiles, parcel information, and general
knowledge of the jurisdiction. Rough economic estimates also were included.
•
•
The number of buildings was by using 2000 U.S. Census statistics for population
and housing units. Commercial building numbers were obtained from the MO
Department of Economic Development Research Division. Medical, government,
schools, utilities, public service buildings and wastewater/water buildings were
determined using the County Emergency Operations Plan and interviews with the
public and the EMD.
Dollar figures were primarily based upon the average assessed valuation per
parcel and adjusted for a realistic market value.
Page 214
Table 46
Page 215
TABLE 47
SALINE COUNTY HAZARD IDENTIFICATION AND ANALYSIS
Table 48
Page 216
SECTION 3
City/County Capability Assessment
Mitigation management policies
The Saline County Emergency Management Agency is charged with preparing for
disasters. That duty includes advising the County Commission on mitigation measures
and implementing those measures deemed appropriate by the Commission. In general,
the county’s policies encourage cooperation between Saline County agencies as well as
cooperation between county agencies and those of neighboring jurisdictions.
Existing plans
Saline County does not currently have a Master Plan.
The county’s Emergency Operation Plan is approved by the County Commission and
identifies facilities and resources that require special security during a disaster; promotes
the development and maintenance of mutual aid agreements with nearby agencies;
requires participation in drills and exercises; identifies vulnerabilities in countyadministered road, water, and wastewater facilities; and includes an evacuation plan.
The EOP includes all-hazard mitigation measures and is currently being updated from
2004.
Mitigation programs
Overall, the county has limited mitigation programs currently in operation. The main
mitigation programs are participation in and administration of the National Flood
Insurance Program. The county also coordinates with Missouri River levee districts
through the U.S. Corps of Engineers.
National Flood Insurance Program
The following communities participate in the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP):
Saline County
City of Emma
Page 217
City of Marshall
City of Slater
None of the jurisdictions that participate in the NFIP are currently in the Community
Rating System.
Arrow Rock, Blackburn, Gilliam, Miami, Mt. Leonard, Malta Bend and Nelson do not
participate in the NFIP because they do not have a special flood hazard area.
In order to continue compliance with the NFIP, participating jurisdictions in Saline County
take the following actions:
•
•
•
•
•
Continued enforcement of floodplain ordinance
Regulation of development in the floodplain
Encouragement of public awareness
Encourage local government to buy out Repetitive Loss Properties (Mainly in
Sedalia)
Floodplain identification and mapping (integration of floodplain management and
GIS departments)
City/County capabilities (organization, staffing, training, etc.)
The capabilities of emergency management, fire protection, law enforcement, and
emergency medical services are detailed at the end of Section I.
The primary EOC is located at the Saline County Sheriff’s Department in Marshall. The
facility is equipped for sustained operations over an extended period of time. A primary
alternate
EOC is located at the Saline County Courthouse in Marshall. The incorporated areas of
Marshall, Slater, and Sweet Springs also have their own municipal EOCs. The EOC has
survivable communications for operating forces, commercial and public broadcast
stations, the State Emergency Management Agency, cities within the county, and
neighboring jurisdictions. Communication and warning systems are tested on a regular
basis. The communities of Arrow Rock, Marshall, Slater and Sweet Springs have
outdoor warning sirens. Of these municipalities who responded to the questionnaire,
have sirens that are tested on a monthly basis. A substantial amount of the county’s
unincorporated area is not within hearing range of sirens.
Page 218
Countywide, substantial emergency response equipment is available to respond to
events.
Within the county, there are a total of seven fire protection districts or fire departments
and three ambulance districts. In addition to the Saline County Sheriff’s Department,
there are three municipal police departments in Marshall, Slater, and Sweet Springs.
Substantial vehicle and heavy equipment is available through municipal and county
public works departments. American Red Cross has a service center in the county. One
hospital is located in the county, and most Kansas City metropolitan area medical
facilities are located within a one-hour drive from any location in Saline County.
The county has not conducted at least one full-scale EOP exercise within the last four
years including testing and evaluating alert notification, coordination and control, and
communications.
Responsibilities and Authorities
Saline County government and their municipal governments responding to the
questionnaire indicated the following:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
County has legal basis for authority to order an evacuation.
County has legal basis for redirecting funds for emergency use.
County does have legal basis for ordering a curfew.
County has limited legal basis for commandeering facilities, equipment, and
materials.
County has legal basis to authorize lines of succession to carry out emergency
activities.
County has system to safeguard records to conduct emergency operations
County has system to safeguard vital records to reconstitute local government.
County has substantially developed an all-hazard vulnerability analysis to access
potential consequences of disasters.
County has a multi-hazard emergency operations plan.
County has mutual aid compacts with other jurisdictions.
County EOP addresses the protection of people with special needs.
Page 219
Intergovernmental and Interagency Coordination
The County Emergency Management Agency interacts with the municipalities and single
purpose governments on a regular basis to maintain communication and coordination of
policy related to emergency management. A new Saline County 9-1-1 Center allows for
greater communication coordination between agencies.
The Saline County Local Emergency Planning Commission meets monthly and seeks to
coordinate the various emergency departments, bringing together representatives from
the areas of fire, law enforcement, emergency medical, public health officers from the
county, incorporated areas and adjacent jurisdictions.
Vulnerability Assessment of County Policies and Development Trends
Commitments to a comprehensive mitigation program
On a comprehensive basis, the county maintains and regularly updates the Emergency
Operation Plan that includes mitigation measures for all hazards, both natural and
manmade.
County laws, regulations and policies related to development in hazard-prone
areas
The floodplain management ordinances of the county and municipalities are based on
policies to protect health and welfare of people and minimize damage to public
infrastructure and physical structures. They also restrict avoidable increases in flood
height or velocity and protect individuals from buying land unsuited for the intended use
due to a flood hazard.
County laws, regulations and policies related to hazard mitigation in general
The county does not currently have any official building codes, subdivision, or
stormwater regulations. However, the county does participate in the National Flood
Insurance Program and therefore has floodplain regulations in place.
Because the county has only a Level VI earthquake zone for a 7.6 earthquake, the
county is not required to implement Missouri statute RSMo 319.203, which requires that
Page 220
cities and counties in the Level VII earthquake zone pass “an ordinance or order”
regarding earthquake preparedness and building requirements demonstrating
compliance with 319.207 for certain types of structures.
How local risk assessments are incorporated and prioritized into local planning
Of the hazard risks the county has exposure to, riverine and flash flooding hazard risks
are foremost in frequency and potential magnitude in loss of people and property.
Enforcement of floodplain ordinances and placement of public infrastructure provide the
most effective tools to minimize known risks.
The county and municipalities recognize the danger and economic impact of severe
winter storms. Clearing of snow and ice from roadways is a main priority during these
events. The Missouri Department of Transportation has responsibility for the interstate
and state designated highways within the county. The County Highway Department and
municipalities clear their respective roadways, prioritizing known hazardous stretches of
roadways, school bus stops, and intersections in efforts to reduce accidents and
maintain the movement of people and goods.
Current criteria used to prioritize mitigation funding
Mitigation funding is based upon the combination of expected damage, the assumed
frequency of damage, and the likelihood of death or injury to people.
Integration of hazard mitigation with the city/county department’s plans
The county does not currently have an EMA committee, but the county and the cities rely
on the county’s EOP for direction. In addition, the Local Emergency Planning
Committee meets quarterly and more often as needed.
Page 221
How the county determines cost-effectiveness of mitigation programs
Cost-effectiveness is considered on a case-by-case basis, dependent upon the scope of
damages, estimated savings in future hazard events, the type of mitigation project, and
the probable hazard to human life in future events. For example, FEMA-funded
mitigation projects must meet the benefit/cost analysis criteria required by FEMA.
Mitigation funding options including current and potential sources of federal,
state, local, private
The county and incorporated areas have historically relied upon federal disaster
declarations in cases of heavy widespread damages. Sources have included FEMA,
SEMA, the Missouri Department of Natural Resources and Department of Economic
Development (DED), and various other grant programs. In addition, investments in
infrastructures that have mitigating effects have been funded from sources such as local
tax revenues. Other funding options being considered for the future include the grant
sources identified in SEMA’s Regional Planning Commission Hazard Mitigation Planning
Guide – 2002.
How county government meets requirements for hazard mitigation funding
programs
The county’s EOP and floodplain ordinance include various measures addressing
floodplain development.
Recommendations for improvement
Recommended improvements include expanded mutual aid agreements among
neighboring jurisdictions, improved capabilities of the EOC, updating and adding warning
sirens for greater countywide notification of emergencies, adopt and implement
stormwater regulations, educate the public concerning the link between stormwater
runoff and flash floods, promote drought-resistant farming techniques and design
Page 222
recommendations to reduce impervious surfaces, work with DNR to promote dam
maintenance, and generally increase education for public safety.
In addition, Missouri’s Structural Assessment and Visual Evaluation (SAVE) Coalition
facilitates the use of volunteer engineers, architects and qualified building inspectors
who perform damage assessments of homes following disasters such as earthquake,
floods and tornadoes. The SAVE Coalition can provide sound advice to communities
and citizens concerning the safety of reentering their homes following a disaster, with the
added intent of minimizing the need for sheltering by keeping people in their homes as
much as safely feasible. Missouri statute RSMo 44.023 provides immunity from liability
for those working in disaster volunteer programs.
The Missouri Seismic Safety Commission (under Missouri statutes RSMo 44.227,
44.229, 44.231, 44.233, 44.235, and 44.227) has developed a Strategic Plan for
Earthquake Safety in Missouri that contains a number of recommendations for
earthquake mitigation. The commission also sponsors Earthquake Awareness activities
each year, including exhibitions at the St. Louis Science Center and the State Capitol.
The Saline County Hazard Mitigation Committee may want to investigate the possibility
of bringing some of these programs to a local venue.City/town/village policies and
development trends
TABLE 49
City Regulations
Jurisdiction
Arrow Rock
Blackburn
Gilliam
Grand Pass
Malta Bend
Marshall
Miami
Mt. Leonard
Slater
Sweet Springs
Master
Plan
Zoning
Building
Code
Earthquake
Design
Subdivision
Regulations
Stormwater
Regulations
Floodplain
Regulations
Yes
no
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
N/A
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
N/A
Yes
Yes
no
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
N/A
Yes
No
no
No
No
No
No
No
No
N/A
No
Yes
yes
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
N/A
Yes
Yes
yes
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
N/A
No
No
yes
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Page 223
TABLE 50
SALINE COUNTY CAPABILITY ASSESSMENT
Policies and
Programs
Document
Reference
(ex. Zoning
Ordinance)
(ex.
Comprehensive
Plan & page
number)
Floodplain
management
Saline
County
Floodplain
Management
High
Multi-hazard
emergency
plan
Saline
County
Emergency
Operations
Plan
Medium
Flood
insurance
Joined NFIP
April 1, 1989,
# 290834
High
The county administers and participates fully in
the NFIP.
Missouri
River levee
issues
levee
districts
Medium
Coordination with county jurisdictions through US
Corps of Engineers.
Effectiveness for
Mitigation
Rationale for Effectiveness
(ex. low because allows development in floodplain)
(ex. low,
medium,
high)
New construction and improvements are not
allowed without extensive mitigation
requirements. Any encroachments such as fill,
new construction, or other developments within in
the floodway must not create any increase in
flood levels within the community during a base
flood discharge.
Consider more formal mutual aid agreements,
improve the Emergency Operations Center,
warning systems in rural areas, emergency
response equipment, training for volunteer
agencies and the private sector, and public
preparedness education.
Page 224
SECTION 4
Introduction to Mitigation
All-hazard mitigation planning is the process associated with devising strategies needed
to mitigate the damages associated with disasters like
Definition of mitigation
According to FEMA’s “Report on Costs and Benefits of Natural Hazard Mitigation,”
hazard mitigation is defined as “sustained action taken to reduce or eliminate the longterm risk to people and property from hazards and their effects.” The goal of mitigation
is to reduce or eliminate loss of lives and property.
Categories of mitigation
Mitigation includes any activities that prevent an emergency, reduce the chance of an
emergency happening, or lessen the damaging effects of unavoidable emergencies.
Efforts by Federal, State, and local governments can restrict development in vulnerable
areas, direct new development to less vulnerable areas, and promote ways to safeguard
existing development in hazard-prone areas. Individuals also can participate through
practicing sound personal safety and property prevention measures.
There are five categories of mitigation that can produce safer environments. They are
prevention, property protection, natural resource protection, emergency services,
structural projects, and public information.
•
•
•
•
Prevention tools can include regulatory methods such as planning and zoning,
building regulations, open space planning, land development regulations, and
stormwater management.
Property protection measures reduce the risk of building damage through
acquisition of land, relocation of buildings, modifying at-risk structures, and
floodproofing at-risk structures.
Natural resource protection can reduce hazard impacts through measures such
as erosion and sediment control or wetlands protection.
Structural mitigation controls natural hazards through projects such as reservoirs,
levees, diversions, channel modifications and storm sewers.
Page 225
•
Public information includes providing hazard maps and information, outreach
programs, real estate disclosure, technical assistance and education.
Mitigation versus preparedness, response and recovery
Mitigation differs from response and recovery in that mitigation is designed to address
long term activities that reduce or eliminate a hazard and/or a hazard’s damages such
as development and implementation of a hazard mitigation plan, promoting/developing
tornado safer rooms, promoting/developing business continuity plans, rerouting
transportation of HAZMAT materials, development/enforcement of building/fire seismic
and flood codes and promoting flood buyouts or retrofit projects. Response and recovery
activities occur at the disaster onset and during the post disaster time frame. Response
activities include immediate actions that save lives, protect property and stabilize the
situation and include alerting, securing and aiding the public, mobilizing emergency
personnel and equipment, implementing plans and protective actions, assessment of the
disaster, activating the incident command system and response and react to the
disaster’s effects. Recovery activities occur after the disaster has occurred. Activities
ensure that all systems return to normal. Such activities include implementation of
damage assessment procedures, remove debris, develop after action reports, develop
disaster assistance grants and rebuild better.
Mitigation plan benefits
Hazard mitigation planning is a tool communities use to:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Reduce death, injury and property losses.
Identify specific problems and appropriate solutions.
Achieve multiple objectives in a sustainable and efficient manner.
Reduce future risks.
Prioritize post-disaster projects.
Enhance funding opportunities through Federal, State and local programs.
Promote public participation and ownership of solutions.
County Hazard Mitigation Goals, Strategy and Coordination
Saline County’s mitigation goals were derived from conferences with the presiding
commissioner (acting as the Emergency Management Director), jurisdiction stakeholders
as well as the key planning documents (i.e. Emergency Operations Plan and the
Page 226
meetings and workshops conducted on July 1 and August 19, 2004 during the
development of the Saline County Hazard Mitigation Plan.
The four mitigation goals are:
Goal #1: Protect the lives and livelihoods of all citizens
Goal #2: Ensure continued operation of government and emergency function in a
disaster.
Goal #3: Preserve and maintain property, infrastructure, businesses, and jurisdiction
vitality
Goal #4: Manage growth through sustainable principles and practices.
Evaluation
Several mitigation actions were proposed at the mitigation workshop. Participants
received a preliminary draft of the capabilities, vulnerabilities, and mitigation sections of
the plan two weeks prior to the workshop.
The following table provides an analysis of the county’s proposed mitigation actions.
Each action was reviewed according to the STAPLEE criteria. STAPLEE criteria
include: social, technical, administrative, political, legal, economic and environmental
considerations. The asterisks in the columns on the right indicate the action would have
a positive effect.
Page 227
Table 51
Saline County Proposed Mitigation Action Evaluation
Proposed Action (abbreviated for
S
T
A
P
readability)
Raise public awareness
*
*
*
*
Develop public outreach programs that *
*
*
*
ensure all members of the jurisdiction
have access to information on hazards,
consequences, and steps to be taken to
reduce risk at home and work
Develop and distribute pertinent hazard *
*
*
*
mitigation measures to give to
employees and visitors in the county
Promote development of emergency
*
*
*
*
plans by businesses
Identify special needs populations and
*
*
*
*
develop special outreach programs to
address their risk
Provide sufficient warning systems
*
*
*
*
Identify geographic areas in need of
additional warning systems and acquire
needed equipment
Assist communities with securing
funding for early warning systems,
improved communications systems,
county wide GIS systems and
databases, county wide GPS capability,
and mitigation projects
Partner with local radio stations to
assure that appropriate warning is
provided to county residents of
impending disasters
Encourage special needs population to
obtain NOAA radios, saferooms
Decrease occurrence and impacts of
flooding
Encourage participation in NFIP by nonparticipating communities
Promote environmentally-sound
watershed and stormwater practices to
decrease flash flooding.
Increase and maintain appropriate
emergency equipment
Review and upgrade, as needed,
policies for identifying and budgeting
additional equipment
L
E
E
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Page 228
Execute and maintain mutual aid
agreements with all relevant agencies
Review and upgrade redundancies for
911 Center/EOC
Reduce or prevent impacts from hazards
on private properties
Educate residents on property
protection from hazards (checklists,
preparedness kits)
Encourage utilities, communications,
developers to construct underground
lines
Jurisdiction planning departments
encouraged to use hazard maps with
developers, home buyers, construction
and engineers
Reduce or prevent impacts from hazards
on public properties
Encourage jurisdictions to adopt new
codes and enforce current codes and
ordinances for all hazards
Encourage emergency response
agencies and districts to relocate
facilities away from geographically
redundant areas
Encourage jurisdiction agencies to
coordinate communications plans
Encourage upgrade of lifeline facilities
to meet most current building seismic
codes
Protect employment and commercial
facilities
Construct tornado saferooms
Encourage up-to-date commercial and
industrial disaster plans that are
coordinated with community disaster
plans
Encourage operation and infrastructure
backup systems for commercial and
industrial businesses
Reduce and prevent degradation of, or
conflicts with, natural resources
Promote construction and use practices
that facilitate rainwater percolation into
local water tables to reduce the effects
of flash flooding and drought
Use of best practices for drought-
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Page 229
resistant farming
Work with DNR to identify primary
maintenance techniques for earthen
dams and encourage their use
Use regulation to ensure that development
will not put people in harm’s way or
increase threats to existing properties
Develop minimum standards for
building codes in all cities
Encourage local governments to
develop and implement regulations for
the securing of hazardous materials
tanks and mobile homes to reduce
hazards during flooding and high winds
Develop and implement building and
zoning regulations
Strengthen critical structures and
infrastructures
Review, prioritize, institute and monitor
needed upgrades or retrofits for critical
buildings and infrastructures
Review emergency access routes and
evacuation routes and mitigate any
problem areas
Strengthen multi-jurisdictional cooperation
among emergency agencies
Identify, review, and implement
mechanisms to foster collaboration
among jurisdictions, agencies, and
special districts
Encourage active participation and
responsibility of chief elected officials in
mitigation planning and activities
Schedule meetings between EMD,
city/county, and SEMA to familiarize
officials with mitigation planning and
implementation and budgeting for
mitigation projects
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Page 230
All goals from the 2004 plan were reviewed and re-evaluated with input from the public
and Saline County emergency management officials. Upon further re-evaluation it was
determined to carry forward the goals from the 2004 plan into the 2010 update in order
to continue to mitigate the effects of natural hazards in Saline County.
Overall there were several successful mitigation actions that occurred in the last five
years. Mitigation actions completed include:
•
Tornado sirens were added at Missouri Valley College. The College began a
tornado emergency awareness service that provides the public with information
that will allow community members to become aware of tornado mitigation
activities they can participate in.
•
After the flood of 2007 the Army Corps of Engineers rebuilt the levees, but did
not raise their heights.
•
The City of Sweet Springs added hazard warning sirens in their community
•
Saline County constructed a modern and efficient 9-1-1 center that enacted a
County wide 9-1-1 system and a central authority center to alert citizens in an
emergency situation.
Goal #1: Protect the lives and livelihoods of all citizens
Provide sufficient warning systems.
Actions:
• Identify geographic areas in need of additional warning systems and acquire needed
equipment
• Assist communities with securing funding for early warning systems, improved
communications systems, county wide GIS systems and databases, county wide GPS
capability, and mitigation projects
• Partner with local radio station to assure that appropriate warning is provided to county
residents of impending disasters
• Encourage special needs population to obtain NOAA radios and saferooms
• Locate and provide better tower placement to improve weather radio reception and
communication abilities
Page 231
Raise public awareness
Actions:
• Develop public outreach programs that ensure all members of the jurisdiction have
access to information on hazards, consequences, and steps to be taken to reduce risk
at home and work
• Develop and distribute pertinent hazard mitigation measures to give to employees and
visitors in the county
• Promote development of emergency plans by businesses
• Identify special needs populations and develop special outreach programs to address
their risk
Increase and maintain appropriate emergency equipment
Actions:
• Review and upgrade, as needed, policies for identifying and budgeting additional
equipment
• Execute and maintain mutual aid agreements with all relevant agencies
• Review and upgrade redundancies for 911 Center/EOC
Decrease occurrence and impacts of flooding
Actions:
• Encourage participation in NFIP by non-participating communities
• Promote environmentally-sound watershed and stormwater practices to decrease flash
flooding.
Goal #2 – Ensure continued operation of government and emergency function in a
disaster.
Strengthen critical structures and infrastructures
Actions:
• Review, prioritize, institute and monitor needed upgrades or retrofits for critical
buildings and infrastructures
• Review emergency access routes and evacuation routes and mitigate any problem
areas
Strengthen multi-jurisdictional cooperation among emergency agencies
Actions:
• Identify, review, and implement mechanisms to foster collaboration among
jurisdictions, agencies, and special districts
Encourage active participation and responsibility of chief elected officials in mitigation
planning and activities
Actions:
• Encourage meetings between EMD, city/county, and SEMA to familiarize officials with
mitigation planning and implementation and budgeting for mitigation projects
Goal #3 – Preserve and maintain property, infrastructure, businesses, and jurisdiction
vitality.
Page 232
Reduce or prevent impacts from hazards on private properties
Actions:
• Educate residents on property protection from hazards (checklists, preparedness kits)
• Encourage utilities, communications, developers to construct underground lines
• Jurisdiction planning departments encouraged to use hazard maps with developers,
home buyers, construction and engineers
Reduce or prevent impacts from hazards on public properties
Actions:
• Encourage jurisdictions to adopt new codes and enforce current codes and ordinances
for all hazards
• Encourage emergency response agencies and districts to relocate facilities away from
geographically redundant areas
• Encourage jurisdiction agencies to coordinate communications plans
• Encourage upgrade of lifeline facilities to meet most current building seismic codes
• Encourage NFIP participation for all communities
Protect employment and commercial facilities
Actions:
• Construct tornado saferooms
• Encourage up-to-date commercial and industrial disaster plans that are coordinated
with community disaster plans
Goal #4: Manage growth sustainable principles and practices
Reduce and prevent degradation of, or conflicts with, natural resources
Actions:
• Promote construction and use practices that facilitate rainwater percolation into local
water tables to reduce the effects of flash flooding and drought
• Encourage best practices for drought-resistant farming
• Work with DNR to identify primary maintenance techniques for earthen dams and
encourage their use
Use regulation to ensure that development will not put people in harm’s way or
increase threats to existing properties
Actions:
• Encourage minimum standards for building codes in all cities
• Encourage local governments to develop and implement regulations for the securing
of hazardous materials tanks and mobile homes to reduce hazards during flooding and
high winds
• Encourage development and implementation of zoning regulations
Page 233
Strategic implementation
The goals, objectives, and actions steer the plan toward group involvement such as
individual communities, chambers of commerce, large employers, etc. All actions shown
above were found to be cost-effective, environmentally sound, and technically feasible.
The following set of underlying operating principles will improve fiscal and operational
efficiency, help maintain a focus on the greater goal of overall community well-being,
and help ensure implementation. Each action will be implemented according to the
following strategies. The public will have the opportunity to review the plan on the
Pioneer Trails Regional Planning website and at their local emergency management
office. Public input of plan maintenance will be allowed to be made at city council
meetings during the course of the plans cycle.
•
•
•
•
Incorporate mitigation objectives into existing and future plans, regulations, programs
and projects.
Promote and encourage collaboration between disparate agencies and departments
to create a synergism that results in benefits that would not be possible through a
single agency.
Employ sustainable principles and techniques in the implementation of each
objective to attain maximum benefits. For example, watershed protection decreases
the incidence and severity of flood.
Create and implement a prioritization process that includes monetary, environmental,
and sociological considerations.
Ensure implementation through inclusion in adoption resolution
The county’s Natural Hazard Mitigation Plan will be implemented by the County
Commission and its delegates. The implementation process will include coordination
among county departments and coordinated with other relevant agencies or districts
through the county’s Emergency Management Agency. The county will set up a system
to monitor progress and evaluate the effectiveness of implemented actions with revisions
as needed. Every five years, the county will review the plan and include any needed
updates. The updated plan will be submitted for SEMA/FEMA approval. Copies of the
signed adoption resolutions are included in Appendix A.
In addition, the plan will be reviewed for any necessary updates following any major
disasters that occur within the county.
Page 234
Analysis and prioritization of mitigation actions
Saline County’s mitigation actions promote and/or support the development of local
hazard mitigation plans, projects and activities. Examples include targeting repetitive
flood loss properties for buyout and instituting additional environmental measures (such
as watershed protection) as well as encouraging local building codes, emergency
operation plans, master plans, planning and zoning ordinances, floodplain ordinances,
local disaster plans, local mitigation plans, and commercial/industrial disaster plans.
The following matrix provides an analysis and prioritization of the county’s natural hazard
mitigation goals, objectives and actions. The matrix also illustrates the relationship
between the state’s identified hazards and the county’s mitigation actions. All actions
will be coordinated, where applicable, with Missouri’s mitigation actions.
Criteria for prioritization are:
•
•
Historically, Saline County has been most affected by flooding hazards followed in
severity by tornado/thunderstorms, severe winter storm, drought, and heat wave.
The risk of earthquake, dam failure, and wildfire must be addressed even though the
county has not yet experienced these hazards; and
Some actions may be high priorities, but will require a lengthy process of preparatory
steps (for example, researching alternative techniques or education for community
acceptance). Therefore, these types of actions will show up as a “high” priority with
a somewhat distance future target date for completion.
Certain hazards can impact incorporated areas more than the county as a whole. The
incorporated areas that could be specifically affected (or responsible for action) are
coded as follows:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
AR = Arrow Rock
BL = Blackburn
EM = Emma
GL = Gilliam
GP = Grand Pass
MA = Marshall
MB = Malta Bend
MI = Miami
MT = Mt. Leonard
NE = Nelson
SL = Slater
SW = Sweet Springs
A = Every incorporated area could be affected or involved
Page 235
NOTE: All actions affect the county jurisdiction in some way. Therefore, county
involvement is assumed for all of the items on the following Action Matrix.
Page 236
SALINE COUNTY’S PROPOSED FIVE-YEAR ACTION MATRIX
Action
Probable
Lead
Organizer
Potential
Funding
Sources
Tornado
Flood
Winter
Drought
Heat Wave
Earthquake
Dam Failure
Wildfire
Community
Natural Hazards
Priority
Rank
New,
and
Revisi Estimat
Type of on,
ed
Strateg Ongoin Target
y
g
Date
Evaluation
Goal #1: Protect the lives and livelihoods of all citizens.
1.1 Provide sufficient warning systems.
Identify
geographic
areas in
need of
additional
warning
govt.
systems and
program
acquire
Medium:
Warning
funds/
needed
Preventi Revisio Continui County EMA private
coverage
A equipment.
on
n
ng
director
funding
maps
Assist
communities
with securing
funding for
early
warning
systems,
improved
communicati
ons systems,
county wide
GIS systems
and
databases,
county wide
GPS
govt.
capability,
program
and
High:
Warning
funds/
mitigation
Preventi Revisio Continui County EMA private
coverage
A projects
on
n
ng
director
funding
maps
Partner with
local radio
stations to
assure that
appropriate
High:
Preventi Revisio
Contracts with
City and
warning is
Continui
n/a
all parties
on
n
County EMD
provided to
ng
county
residents of
impending
A disasters
Encourage
special
High:
Govt.
Program
needs
New
2010
program completed,
population to
and
and
funds/priv distributed,
obtain NOAA Preventi ongoin continui County EMA
ate
and
A radios and
on
g
ng
director
funding implemented
x x
x
X X X X X X X X
X X X
X X X
X X X
X
Page 237
saferooms
Locate and
provide
better tower
placement to
improve
weather
radio
reception
and
communicati Preventi
A on abilities
on
New
1.2 Raise public awareness
Develop
public
outreach
programs
that ensure
all members
of the
jurisdiction
have access
to
information
on hazards,
consequenc
es, and
steps to be
taken to
New
reduce risk
Public
and
at home and informati ongoin
A work
on
g
Develop and
distribute
pertinent
hazard
mitigation
measures to
give to
New
employees
Public
and
and visitors informati ongoin
A in the county
on
g
Promote
development
of
Preventi Revisio
emergency
on
n
plans by
A businesses
Identify
special
needs
populations
and develop
special
outreach
New
programs to
and
address their Preventi ongoin
A risk
on
g
High:
2010
Internal
Program
and
funds/priv
completed and
continui County EMA
ate
ng
director
funding implemented X X X
X
Fed,
2010
state,
local govt.
and
Completed
continui County EMA program
ng
director
funds and publicized X X X X X X X X
2010
and
continui County EMA
ng
director
Medium
City and
2012 County EMD
Internal
Completed
funds and publicized X X X
internal
Annual review
X X X
/ upgrades
High:
Govt.
Program
2010
program completed,
and
funds/priv distributed,
continui County EMA
ate
and
ng
director
funding implemented X X X
X X X
X X X
X
1.3 Increase and maintain appropriate emergency equipment
Page 238
Review and
upgrade, as
needed,
policies for
identifying
and
budgeting
additional
Preventi
equipment
on
Execute and
maintain
mutual aid
agreements
with all
relevant
Preventi
agencies
on
Review and
upgrade
redundanci
es for 911
Center/EO Preventi
C
on
govt.
program
funds/
High: County EMA private Backups have
A
New
2010
director
funding been installed. x x x x x x x X
1.4 Decrease the occurrence and impact of flooding.
Encourage
participation
in NFIP by
nonHigh:
County
MI, participating Preventi Ongoin Continui floodplain
MB communities
on
g
ng
manager
n/a
NFIP
X
Promote
environment
ally-sound
watershed
and
stormwater
govt.
practices to Natural
program
decrease
resource
Medium:
County
funds/
flash
protectio Ongoin Continui floodplain
Flooding
private
A flooding.
n
g
ng
manager
funding
reports
X
Goal #2: Ensure continued operation of government and emergency function in a disaster.
2.1 Strengthen critical structures and infrastructures
Review,
prioritize,
institute and
monitor
needed
upgrades or
retrofits for
govt.
critical
New
High:
program
buildings and Property and
2010
funds/
infrastructure protectio ongoin
County EMA private Annual review
and
A s.
n
g
annually
director
funding
/ upgrades x x x
x x X
Review
emergency
govt.
access
Medium:
program
/evacuation
2010
funds/
routes and
Preventi Revisio and
County EMA private Annual report
A mitigate any
on
n
annually
director
funding
completed.
x x
x
X
Page 239
problem
areas.
2.2 Strengthen multi-jurisdictional cooperation among emergency agencies
Identify,
review, and
implement
mechanisms
to foster
collaboration
among
jurisdictions,
High:
agencies
2010
and special Preventi Ongoin
County EMA internal
Increase in
and
A districts.
on
g
annually
director
funds
agreements x x x
x x X
2.3 Encourage active participation and responsibility of chief elected officials in mitigation planning
Encourage
meetings
between city
and county
EMD’s,
SEMA, and
city/county
govt.
New
officials to
Medium
program
Preventi and
City and
Attendance
X X X X X X X X
familiarize
and
funds /
on
County EMD
Ongoin
Records
officials with
ongoing
private
g
mitigation
funding
planning and
implementati
on and
budgeting for
mitigation
projects
Identify ways
to promote
FEMA safety
New Medium:
tips and
Public
2010 &
Information
and
mitigation
Informati ongoin continui County EMA internal
distributed
A techniques.
on
g
ng
director
funds
seasonally x x x x x x x X
Goal #3 Preserve and maintain property, infrastructure, businesses, and jurisdiction vitality
3.1 Reduce or prevent impacts from hazards on private properties
Educate
residents on
property
protection
Federal,
from hazards
state,
(checklists,
Public
High:
local govt.
preparednes Informati ongoin continui County EMA program
Status
A s kits)
on
g
ng
director
funds
improved
x x x x x x x X
Encourage
utilities,
communicati
Inquiries and
ons,
design
developers
High:
County
plans/construc
to construct
2010 & Planning/Buil
tion of
underground Preventi
Internal underground
continui
ding
A lines
on
New
ng
Department
funds
infrastructure
Jurisdiction
High:
County
planning
Preventi
2010 & Planning/Buil Internal
Completed
A departments
on
New continui
ding
funds and publicized
X X
X X X
Page 240
encouraged
ng
Department
to use
hazard maps
with
developers,
home
buyers,
construction
and
engineers
3.2 Reduce or prevent impacts from hazards on public properties
Encourage
jurisdictions
to adopt new
codes and
enforce
current
codes and
High:
ordinances
Revised
2010 &
for all
Preventi
County
Internal regulations in
continui
A hazards
on
New
ng
Commission
funds
place
Encourage
emergency
response
agencies
and districts
to relocate
facilities
High:
Fed.,
away from
2010
state,
geographical Property
local govt.
and
ly redundant Protectio
program At risk facilities
continui
A areas
n
New
ng
County EMA
funds
located
Encourage
jurisdiction
Fed and
agencies to
state
coordinate
Medium:
govt.
communicati Preventi Ongoin continui
Status
program
A ons plans
on
g
ng
County EMA
funds
improved
Encourage
upgrade of
lifeline
facilities to
meet most
Medium:
Fed and
current
2010
state
building
and
govt.
seismic
Preventi
continui
program Construction
A codes
on
New
ng
County EMA
funds
complete
3.3 Protect employment and commercial facilities
Construct
Property
Tornado safe
tornado
protectio
Low: County EMA internal
rooms
saferooms
n
New
2010
director
funds
publicized.
Encourage
up-to-date
commercial
and
All facilities
industrial
contacted and
disaster
update
plans that
Preventi Revisio Medium: County EMA internal procedure in
are
on
n
2010
director
funds
place.
X X X X X X X X
X
X X X
X X X X X X X X
X
x
x x x x x x x x
Page 241
coordinated
with
community
disaster
plans
Goal #4: Manage growth through sustainable principles and practices.
4.1 Reduce and prevent degradation of, or conflicts with, natural resources.
Promote
construction
and use
Practices
practices
incorpora
that facilitate
ted into
rainwater
Natural
subdivisio
percolation resource
govt. program
n
into local
protectio
High: County EMA funds/ private regulation
A water tables.
n
New
2010
director
funding
s
x
x
Encourage
best
practices for Natural
droughtresource
govt. program Practices
resistant
protectio
Low:
County/city funds/ private publicize
A farming.
n
New
2011 Zoning officer
funding
d
x
Work with
DNR to
identify
primary
maintenance
Priorities
techniques
in place.
for earthen
Dam
dams and
govt. program owners
encourage
Preventi
Medium: County EMA funds/ private contacted
A their use.
on
New
2011
director
funding
.
x
4.2 Use regulations to ensure that development will not put people in harm’s way or increase threats
to existing properties
Encourage
New
minimum
Building
Property
and
High:
standards for
County
Protecti
internal
funds
codes in X X X
X
Commission
building
Ongoin 2012
on
place
codes in all
g
A cities
Encourage
local
governments
to develop
and
implement
regulations
New
for the
Building
Property
and
High:
securing of
County
Protecti
internal
funds
codes in X X X
X
Commission
hazardous
Ongoin 2012
on
place
materials
g
tanks and
mobile
homes to
reduce
hazards
during
A flooding and
Page 242
A
high winds
Encourage
development Property New
and
and
Protecti
implementati
Ongoin
on
on of zoning
g
regulations
High:
2011
County
Commission
internal funds
Building
codes in X X X
place
X
TABLE 52
SALINE COUNTY EXISTING COMMUNITY PLANS
Source
Existing Goal Statements
Comprehensive
Plan
No comprehensive plan has been
developed.
Capital
Improvements
Plan
Currently no capital improvement plan
Economic
Development Plan
The Marshall-Saline Development
Corporation provides economic
development assistance to the county.
They operate under a broad scope of
offering economic development assistance,
by undertaking many projects and programs
to help existing industries grow and to bring
new or expanding industries to the county.
2008 Regional Transportation Plan
Transportation
Plan
Emergency
Management Plan
Saline County
Emergency
Operations Plan
2004
Stormwater
Management
Effective Goal for
Mitigation?
No
No. A capital
improvement plan
could delineate and
drive large
mitigation
measures.
Yes.
Yes.
The plan includes policies and procedures
to save lives, minimize injuries, protect
property, preserve functioning civil
government, and maintain economic
activities.
Yes
The county itself has no stormwater
management regulations. However, several
individual jurisdictions have adopted
regulations.
Yes.
Page 243
Monitoring, Evaluating, and Updating the Plan
Saline County has developed a method to ensure regular review and update of the
Hazard Mitigation Plan. The Saline County Emergency Management Director (EMD) will
include hazard mitigation objectives in the weekly meeting with the County Commission
as needed. If there is a need for a new committee to work on the plan, the County
Commission will appoint such. As planning begins for each objective, the public will be
encouraged to participate in the form of county meetings. The county will publicize the
various objectives and the objective at hand by way of media coverage and published
reminders.
The County Commission and the EMD will be responsible for monitoring and evaluating
the progress of the mitigation strategies in the plan. They will review each goal and
objective to determine their relevance to changing situations in the county, as well as
changes in State or Federal policy, and to ensure that they are addressing current and
expected conditions. They also will review the risk assessment portion of the plan to
determine if this information should be updated or modified. The parties responsible for
the various implementation actions will report on the status of their projects and will
include which implementation processed worked well, any difficulties encountered, how
coordination efforts were proceeding, and which strategies should be revised.
The County EMD will then have three months to update and make changes to the plan
before submitting it to the committee members and the State Hazard Mitigation Officer.
If no changes are necessary, the State Hazard Mitigation Officer will be given a
justification for this determination.
All meetings of the County Commission, City Councils and Boards of Aldermen are
public and posted per the Sunshine Law of the State of Missouri. Pioneer Trails
Regional Planning Commission will continue to host any hazard mitigation
announcements or information, as well as a copy of the latest plan, on the PTRPC
website (www.trailsrpc.org).
Page 244
Page 245
Saline County Hazard Mitigation Plan
Appendix A: Signed Plan Adoption Resolutions
[To be included]
Page 246
Appendix B: Government Building/Facility Repetitive Loss Listings
Table 53
Saline County: Repetitive Loss Statistics as of 8/31/2009
Total
Closed Losses
Total
Community Name
Losses
Payments
Saline County
2
1
$25,361
*Source* Grant Fitzgerald SEMA (10-26-2011)
Page 247
Appendix C: Acronyms
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
ASM Archaeological Survey of Missouri
BFE Base Flood Elevation
BLM Bureau of Land Management
CDBG Community Development Block Grant
CEDS Comprehensive Economic Development Strategy
CERI Center for Earthquake Research and Information at the University of Memphis
CFR Code of Federal Regulations
CPC Climate Prediction Center
CRS Community Rating System
DMA 2000 Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000
EDA Economic Development Administration
EPA Environmental Protection Agency
FEMA Federal Emergency Management Agency
FIRM Flood Insurance Rate Map
FMA Flood Mitigation Assistance (FEMA Program)
FTE Full Time Equivalent
GIS Geographic Information System
HMGP Hazard Mitigation Grant Program
HMST Hazard Mitigation Survey Team
HUD Housing and Urban Development (United States, Department of)
ICC Increased Cost of Compliance
LMI Labor Market Information
MACOG Missouri Association of Councils of Governments
MCC Midwestern Climate Center
MoDOT Missouri Department of Transportation
MPA Missouri Press Association
NCDC National Climate Data Center
NEHRP National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program
NFIP National Flood Insurance Program
NFPA National Fire Protection Association
NHMP Natural Hazard Mitigation Plan
NIBS National Institute of Building Sciences
NIFC National Interagency Fire Center
NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
NRHP National Register of Historic Places
NRCS Natural Resources Conservation Service
NWS National Weather Service
OEDP Overall Economic Development Program for Lincoln, Montgomery & Warren
Counties, July 1998; farm decline, p.c-16
PDM Pre-Disaster Mitigation Program
PDSI Palmer Drought Severity Index
SBA Small Business Administration
SEMA Missouri State Emergency Management Agency
SHMO State Hazard Mitigation Officer
Page 248
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
SPC Storm Prediction Center
USACE United States Army Corps of Engineers
USDA United States Department of Agriculture
USFA United States Fire Administration
USFS United States Forest Service
USFWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service
USGS United States Geological Survey
Page 249
Appendix D
Appendix D: Maps
Page 250
Appendix D
Page 251
Appendix D
Page 252
Appendix D
Page 253
Appendix D
Page 254
Appendix D
Page 255
Appendix D
Page 256
Appendix D
Page 257
Appendix D
Page 258
Appendix D
Page 259
Appendix D
Page 260
Appendix D
Page 261
Appendix D
Page 262
Appendix D
Page 263
Appendix D
Page 264
Appendix D
Page 265
Appendix D
Page 266
Appendix D
Page 267
Appendix D
Page 268
Appendix D
Appendix E: Update Changes
Page 269
Appendix D
Jurisdiction Participation
Page 270
Appendix D
Page 271
Appendix D
Page 272
Appendix D
Page 273
Appendix D
Page 274
Appendix D
Page 275
Appendix D
Page 276
Appendix D
Appendix F: Definitions
Base Flood Elevation (BFE):
An elevation, usually determined by an engineer, that represents the minimum elevation
required for protection from flooding on a specific site.
Drought:
The dictionary definition of drought is a period of prolonged dryness. Current drought
literature commonly distinguishes between three categories of drought:
•
•
•
Agricultural drought, defined by soil moisture deficiencies;
Hydrological drought, defined by declining surface water and groundwater
supplies; and
Meteorological drought, defined by precipitation deficiencies.
Dam failure assessment levels:
• High: Failure or miss-operation will probably cause loss of human life.
• Significant: Failure or miss-operation results in no probable loss of human life
but can cause economic loss, environmental damage, disruption of lifeline
facilities, or impact other concerns. Significant hazard potential classification
dams are often located in predominantly rural or agricultural areas but could be
located in areas with population and significant infrastructure.
• Low: Failure or miss-operation results in no probable loss of human life and low
economic and/or environmental losses. Losses are principally limited to the
owner’s property.
Mitigation:
According to FEMA’s “Report on Costs and Benefits of Natural Hazard Mitigation,”
hazard mitigation is defined as “sustained action taken to reduce or eliminate the longterm risk to people and property from hazards and their effects.”
Sustainable:
Policies, projects or actions that “meet the needs of the present without compromising
the ability of future generations to meet their needs.” (U.N. World Commission of
Environment and Development)
Page 277
Section E
Appendix G: Multi-Hazard Mitigation Resource Directory
and Bibliography
Community Profile
Climate: MRCC- http://mcc.sws.uiuc.edu/html/MWclimate_data_summaries.htm#
HPRCC: http://www.hprcc.unl.edu/cgi-bin/cli_perl_lib/cliMAIN.pl?mo5298
Agriculture stats: http://agebb.missouri.edu/mass/agrifact/Saline/index.htm
Soil :
http://soils.missouri.edu/HTML_manuscripts/soilsmdb/surveytext.asp?varname=physio&
varcnty2=MO195
Census Summary: http://censtats.census.gov/data/MO/05029195.pdf
West Central Region data:
http://www.ded.mo.gov/business/researchandplanning/regional/westcentral/index.shtml
Incorporated population by county:
http://mcdc2.missouri.edu/pub/webrepts/misc/mo/Incorporated_by_County_2000.pdf
Natural Divisions of MO: http://www.conservation.state.mo.us/nathis/natcom/natdiv/
Saline Co Historic Sites: http://www.dnr.mo.gov/shpo/Saline.htm
http://www.nationalregisterofhistoricplaces.com/mo/Saline/state.html
Community Misc.: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saline_County,_Missouri
University of Missouri Extension: http://www.outreach.missouri.edu/saline/
Water Resources of MO: http://mo.water.usgs.gov/
Hazard Section
Flood
https://disasterhelp.gov/portal/jhtml/community.jhtml?community=Flood&index=0&id=20
County Floodplain Manager list
http://www.sema.state.mo.us/NFIPContactList.pdf
Flood picture: http://www.kctv5.com/Global/story.asp?S=1881214
Tornados
US Historic Map http://mapserver2.esri.com/cgi-bin/hazard.adol?s=3&c=93.087334,39.154622&p=3&cd=z&d=0
Snow/Ice Pictures: http://www.crh.noaa.gov/eax/SnowIceStorm.htm
Drought:
MO Drought Info: http://www.dnr.state.mo.us/geology/droughtupdate.htm
Dams: MO Department of Natural Resources – Water Safety Division
Map Tools
CARES: http://cares. missouri.edu
Census Maps:
http://mcdc2.missouri.edu/webrepts/geography/mosf1_pbmaplinks/29195.html
Elevation/topography of US: http://nationalatlas.gov/relief.html
Geological Map of MO:
http://www.dnr.mo.gov/geology/adm/publications/GenGeoMap.pdf
August 2004
Page 278
APPENDIX E
MSDIS: http://msdisweb.missouri.edu/data/doqq/index.htm
Missouri Groundwater Map:
http://www.dnr.state.mo.us/geology/adm/publications/MoGrndH2O.pdf
Missouri Land Resources Map :
http://soils.missouri.edu/mo_mlra/missouri_mlra.htm#map
MO Mineral Resources : http://www.dnr.mo.gov/geology/adm/publications/MinRes.pdf
Hazard Maps: http://eqhazmaps.usgs.gov/
Other Sources
Anonymous (1888). History of southeast Missouri, Goodspeed Publishing Co.,
Chicago.
Bolt, B. A. (1972). San Fernando Rupture Mechanism and the Pacoima Strong-Motion
Record, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am. 62, 1039-1047.
Braatz, D.T. (1994). “Hydrologic Forecasting for the Great Flood of 1993,” Water
International, Volume 19, No.4, pp. 190-198.
Crandell, F. (1949). Ground Vibration Due to Blasting and its Effects Upon
Structures, J Boston Soc. Civil Eng. 36, 222-245.
Dam and Reservoir Guidelines for Community and County Emergency Action
Planning,Missouri Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geology and Land
Survey, Dam andReservoir Safety, 1989
Davison, C. (1936). Great Earthquakes, Thomas Murby and Co., London.
Draft, USCOE, Flood Plain Management Assessment of the Upper Mississippi and
LowerMissouri Rivers and their Tributaries (FPMA).
Drew, John D. and DuCharme, Charles B., The Record Flood of 1993, an Open
File Report(OFR-93-95-WR) of the Division of Geology and Land Survey (DGLS),
Missouri Department of Natural Resources
Faber, Scott, The Real Choices Report: America’s Flood Control Policy Failures,
American Rivers, 1994.
Fujita, T., 1981: Tornadoes and Downbursts in the context of generalized
planetary scales. J. Atmos. Sci., 38, 1511-1534.
Fuller, M. L. (1912). The New Madrid Earthquake, U. S. Geol. Surv., Bull. 494,
Washington,D.C.
Galway, J. G., 1977: Some Climatological Aspects of Tornado Outbreaks. Mon.
Wea. Rev., 105, 477-484.
Gordon, D. W., T. J. Bennett, R. B. Herrmann, and A. M. Rogers (1970). The
South Central Illinois Earthquake of November 9, 1968; Macroseismic studies, Bull.
Seism. Soc. Am. 60, 953-971.
Grazulis, T. P., 1993: Significant Tornadoes 1680-1991. A Chronology and
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Guidelines for Determining Flood Flow Frequency, Bulletin 17B, March 1982,
Office of Water Coordination, U.S. Department of the Interior.
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Page 279
APPENDIX E
Gutenberg, B. and C. F. Richter (1956). Earthquake magnitude, intensity, energy,
and acceleration (second paper), Bull. Seism. Soc. Am. 46, 105-143.
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solutions.Preprints, 13th Conf. Weather. Forecasting and Analysis, Vienna, VA, AMS
(Boston), 504-507.
Hart, J.A., 1993: SVRPLOT: A New Method of Accessing and Manipulating the
NSSFC Severe Weather Data Base. Preprints, 17th Conf. On Severe Local Storms,
St. Louis, AMS (Boston), 40-41.
Humphreys, A. A. and Abbot, H. L. (1861). Report upon the Physics and
Hydraulics of the Mississippi River by the Corps of Topographical Engineers, U.S.
Army, J. B. Lippincott and Co., Philadelphia.
Johnston, Larry R, and Monday, Jacquelyn L., Floodplain Management in the
United States: An Assessment Report, The Federal Interagency Flood plain
Management Task Force, 1992.
Josephson, D.H. (1994). “The Great Midwest Flood of 1993,” Natural Disaster
Survey Report, Department of Commerce, NOAA, National Weather Service, Silver
Spring, Maryland.
Kelly, D.L., J.T. Schaefer, and C.A. Doswell, III, 1985: Climatology of Nontornadic
Severe Thunderstorm Events in the United States. Mon. Wea. Rev. 113, 1997-2014.
Kisslinger, C. and 0. W. Nuttli (1965). The earthquake of October 21, 1965 and
Precambrian structure in Missouri, Earthquake Notes 36, 32-36.
Kusler, Jon, and Larson, Larry, Beyond the Ark, A New Approach to U.S.
Floodplain Management, In Environment, June 1993.
Larson, L.W. (1993). “The Great Midwest Flood of 1993,” Natural Disaster Survey
Report, National Weather Service, Kansas City, Missouri.
Lawson, A. C. (1908). Atlas of maps and seismograms accompanying the Report
of the State Earthquake Commission upon the California Earthquake of April 18,
1906,
Washington, D.C. (Reprinted by the Carnegie Institution of Washington, 1970).
Mal, A. K. (1972). Rayleigh waves from a moving thrust fault, Bull. Seism. Soc.
Am. 62, 741-752.
Mateker, E. J. (1968). Earthquakes in Missouri, Wash. Univ. Mag. (St. Louis, Mo.)
39, 46-51.
McDermott, J. F. (1949). Old Cahokia, St. Louis Historical Documents
Foundations, St. Louis.
Missouri Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geology and Land Survey,
Dam and Reservoir Safety, Maintenance, Inspection and Operations of Dams in
Missouri, 1991.
Myers, Mary Fran and White, Gilbert F., The Challenge of the Mississippi Flood, in
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Meteorological Drought, Weather Bureau Paper No. 45, National Weather Service,
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August 2004
Page 280
APPENDIX E
Missouri Department of Natural Resources, DGLS, Water Resources Report #54,
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Missouri Drought Response Plan, Water Resources Report No 44. Missouri
Department of Natural Resources, 1995; Don Miller and Charlie Hays
Mitchell, B. J. (1972). Radiation and attenuation of Rayleigh waves from the
southeastern Missouri earthquake of October 21, 1965 (submitted to J. Geophys.
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National Climatic Data Center Technical Report No 2000-02; A Climatology of
Recent Extreme Weather and Climate Events, Tom Ross and Neal Ott (October,
2000).
National Flood Policy in Review-1994 by Association of State Floodplain Managers
(ASFPM)
National Inventory of Dams Methodology, State and Federal Agency Manual,
Version 2.0, November, 2001, Headquarters, USACE, Civil Works Engineering
Division, Association of State Dam Safety Officials, U.S. Army Topographic
Engineering Center.
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 1959-1995: Storm Data. Vols.
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Neumann, F. (1959). Seismological aspects of the earthquake engineering
problem, Proc. Northwest Conif. Structural Engrs., 3rd, State College of Washington,
Pullman, Wash., 9 -23.
Nicholls, R. R., C. J. Johnson, and W. I. Duvall (1971). Blasting vibrations and their
effectson structures, U.S. Bur. Mines, Bull. 656, Washington, D.C.
Nuttli, 0. W. (1973). Seismic wave attenuation and magnitude relations for eastern
North America J. Geophys. Res. 78, (in press).
Nuttli, O. W. (1973). The Mississippi Valley Earthquakes of 1811 and 1812
Intensities, Ground Motion and Magnitudes, Bulletin of the Seismological Society of
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Ostby, F. P., 1993: The Changing Nature of Tornado Climatology. Preprints, 17th
Conf. On Severe Local Storms, St. Louis, AMS (Boston), 1-5.
Parrett, Charles; Melcher, Nick B and James, Robert W, Flood Discharges in the
Upper Mississippi River Basin, 1993, U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1120-A, 1993.
Rasch, Kenneth M, Editorial on Flooding and Flood Plain Management in Land
and Water, July/August, 1994
Richter, C. F. (1958). Elementary Seismology, W. H. Freeman and Co., San
Francisco.
Schaefer, J. T. and R. Edwards, 1999: The SPC Tornado/Severe Thunderstorm
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State Emergency Management Agency, The Response, Recovery and Lessons
Learned from the Missouri Floods of 1993 and 1994, the Missouri Section 409 Plan
etc.; January 1995.
August 2004
Page 281
APPENDIX E
Sharing the Challenge: Floodplain Management into 21st Century-the Report of the
Interagency Floodplain Management Review Committee to the Administration
(Whitehouse) Floodplain Management Task Force; A Blueprint for Change, June
1994.
Simich, Frederick, The Great Mississippi of 1927” in the National Geographic
Magazine, September 1927, Vol. 52, No. 3
Stauder, W. and 0. W. Nuttli (1970). Seismic studies: south central Illinois
earthquake of November 9, 1968, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am. 60, 973-981.
Swenty, Brian, 1989, Engineering Analysis of Dams, Missouri Department of
Natural Resources, Division of Geology and Land Survey, Dam and Reservoir
Safety.
Technical Procedures Bulletin, Series No. 358, Drought Severity (Palmer) Index,
National Weather Service, NOAA, Silver Spring, MD, 1985.
Tibbetts, John, “Waterproofing the Midwest”, in Planning, American Planning
Association, April, 1994.
The 1993 Mississippi River Floods, World Wildlife Fund, 1994.
The Floods of ’93, State of Missouri-the federal Interagency Hazard Mitigation
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Report for the three Presidential Disaster Declarations in Missouri, April, 1994, as set
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The Report and Recommendations of the Governor’s Task Force on Flood Plain
Management on behalf of Governor Carnahan, July, 1994.
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, The Great Flood of 1993 Post-Flood Report, North
Central Division, September, 1994.
Missouri Highway and Transportation Department, Water Over Road,1994.
Wiggins, J. H., Jr. (1964). Construction of strong motion response spectra from
magnitude and distance data, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am. 54, 1257-1269.
Williams, Ted, The River Always Wins, Audubon, July/August, 1994.
The Great Flood of 1993, a Natural Disaster Survey Report of the National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) of the U.S. Department of
Commerce, 1994.
Wyss, M. and J. N. Brune (1968). Seismic moment, stress and source dimensions
for earthquakes in the California-Nevada region, J. Geophys. Res. 73, 4681-4694.
August 2004
Page 282

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