Proceeding - Program Pascasarjana

Transcription

Jadwal Presentasi International Interdisciplinary Studies Seminar Program Pascasarjana Universitas Brawijaya
Applied Mathematics (AM)
13 April 2016
No
Penulis
Judul
Hari- Tgl
Pukul
Ruang
Moderator
Rabu, 13 April
2016
Rabu, 13 April
2016
12.4513.05 WIB
13.0513.25 WIB
Application New class of p-Supremum Bounded Variation
Double Sequences
Rabu, 13 April
2016
13.2513.35 WIB
R.2.01
Dr. Abdul Rouf AlGhifari, MS
Stability of almost surjective -isometries of Banach spaces
Rabu, 13 April
2016
13.3513.45 WIB
R.2.01
Sa’adatul Fitri
Campanato Type Estimates for Solutions of an Elliptic
Systems Class
Rabu, 13 April
2016
13.4513.55 WIB
R.2.01
6
Syaiful Anam
Particle Swarm Optimization with Mutation and Crossover
Operator for Global Optimization
Rabu, 13 April
2016
13.5514.05 WIB
R.2.01
7
Vira Hari
Krisnawati
Konstruksi Large Set Dari Finite Projective Plane Order 3
Rabu, 13 April
2016
14.0514.15 WIB
R.2.01
8
Nur Syazana
Anuar
Norfifah Bachock
Some Further Results on Blasius and Sakiadis Problems in
Nanofluids Using Buongiorno Model and Thermophysical
Properties of Nanoliquids
Rabu, 13 April
2016
14.1514.25 WIB
R.2.01
Muhammad Rezal
Kamel Ariffin
On The Security of RSA Key Equation
Rabu, 13 April
2016
14.2514.35 WIB
R.2.01
Mai Zurwatul Ahlam
Mohd Jaafar
A Note on Apical Single Swelling
Rabu, 13 April
2016
14.3514.45 WIB
R.2.01
1
Siti Hasanah
Invited Speaker
2
Norfifah
Invited Speaker
3
Moch.
Aruman Imron
4
Minanur
Rohman
5
Nurul Nur
Hanisah
Adenan
Siti Hajar
10
Mas’oad
9
Ratno Bagus Edy
Wibowo
Marjono
R.2.01
R.2.01
11
Nurnazhifa
Ab. Rahman
Sharifah Kartini Said
Husain
On Central Extension of Leibniz Algebras
Rabu, 13 April
2016
14.4514.55 WIB
R.2.01
12
Nur Atikah
Jalal
Sharifah Kartini Said
Husain
Centroids and Derivations of Leibniz Algebras
Rabu, 13 April
2016
14.5515.05 WIB
R.2.01
13
Mohd Luqman
Mat Rofa Ismail
Hakim Rosli
Sumbangan Jamshid Al-Kasyi Dalam Matematik dan
Perbandingan Dengan Penemuan Tokoh Barat
Rabu, 13 April
2016
15.0515.15 WIB
R.2.01
14
Norlida Md
Noor
Nazihah Mohamed
Ali
Comparing Three Homogeneity of Variance Tests: Levene’s
Test, Bartlett’s Test and O’brien’s Test
Rabu, 13 April
2016
15.4515.55 WIB
R.2.01
15
Siti Khadijah
Abd Majid
MD Sohel Rana
Determine the Desire for Children: Evidence from Bdhs Data
by Using Multinomial Logistic Regression Approach
Rabu, 13 April
2016
15.5516.05 WIB
R.2.01
Biodiversity Management
13 April 2016
No
Penulis
Judul
Pukul
Ruang
Moderator
Rabu, 13 April
2016
12.4513.00 WIB
R.3.03
Dr. Bagyo Yanuwiadi
Soil Characteristic of Land Suitability for Smallholder’s Oil Rabu, 13 April
Palm in Seruyan Regency, Central Kalimantan
2016
13.0013.15 WIB
R.3.03
Dr. Bagyo Yanuwiadi
Interactions among Diversity of Arthropods in Areas with
Mahogany (Swietania macrophylla ) in Purwodadi
Botanical Garden, Pasuruan, East Java, Indonesia
Rabu, 13 April
2016
13.1513.30 WIB
R.3.03
Dr. Bagyo Yanuwiadi
1
Puspita
Ayuningtyas
Prawesti
2
Hafiizh Prasetia Soemarno
Abdul Wahib
Muhaimin
3
Henri
Restu Nugraha
Endang
Arisoesilaningsih
4
Shinta Hiflina
Yuniari
Asus Maizar
Yuni Kilawati
Suryanto Hertika
Density and Intensity Metallothionein Expressed in
Interior Cavity Crasostrea cucullata on The Prenduan
Beach, Sumenep District, East Java
Rabu, 13 April
2016
13.3013.45 WIB
R.3.03
Dr. Bagyo Yanuwiadi
5
Nuddin
Harahab
Erlinda Indrayani
Bioeconomic Analysis Tuna Fish In East Java
Rabu, 13 April
2016
13.4514.00 WIB
R.3.03
Dr. Bagyo Yanuwiadi
6
Muhammad
Afnan Nazmi
Abd Rahman
Mansor Monsi
Modifications of Interval Single-Step Procedure for
Rabu, 13 April
Simultaneous Bounding Real Zeroes of A Polynomial With
2016
Halley Correction
14.1514.30 WIB
R.3.03
Dr. Bagyo Yanuwiadi
7
Nur Fazlin
Razali
Nor Aliza Abd
Rahmin
Scheduling on Nurse Rostering Problem by Using Simple
Heuristic
Rabu, 13 April
2016
14.3014.45 WIB
R.3.03
Dr. Bagyo Yanuwiadi
8
Nurfarah Alya
Ab Latif
Fudziah Ismail
Solving Fuzzy Differential Equations (Fdes) by Using
Predictor-Corrector (Pc) Method
Rabu, 13 April
2016
15.0015.15 WIB
R.3.03
Dr. Bagyo Yanuwiadi
9
Setyono Yudo
Tyasmoro
Anna Satyana
Karyawati
The Determination of N, P And K Fertilizer On Wet Land
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Varieties Ciherang Based On
Omission Plot Method
Rabu, 13 April
2016
15.4516.00 WIB
R.3.03
Dr. Bagyo Yanuwiadi
Antibacterial Effect Exploratian of Holothuria scabra
Againts Aeromonas hidrophyla Bacteria
Rabu, 13 April
2016
16.0016.15 WIB
R.3.03
Dr. Bagyo Yanuwiadi
10 Maftuch
The Effect of Unsustainable Behaviours on the
Occurrence of Forest Fires in Indonesia (an Overview of
The Villages’ Potency Census 2014)
Hari- Tgl
Aris Rusyiana
Hanikatus
Sholihah
Ariffin
Environmental Policy
13 April 2016
No
Penulis
Judul
Pukul
Ruang
Moderator
Rabu, 13 April
2016
12.4513.00 WIB
R.3.04
Wike, S.Sos.,M.Si.,Ph.D
Meta-Analysis of Dietary Exogenous Enzymes
Supplementation on Crude Protein Digestibility of
Rabu, 13 April
Broiler: A Statistical Approach toward Environmentally- 2016
Friendly Broiler Production
13.0013.15 WIB
R.3.04
Human Activities and Implications Pollution on The
Prenduan Coastal, Sumenep, East Java Indicators:
Expression of Metallothionein (Mt) In Gills Oyster
(Crassostrea cuccullata )
Hari- Tgl
1
Dyah Ayu
Wijayanti
2
Faizal Andri
3
Febi Wahyu
Sulistyadi
Change Landscape Residential Area and Vegetation
Around the Military Airbase Abdul Rachman Saleh with
Mapping Method
Rabu, 13 April
2016
13.1513.30 WIB
R.3.04
4
Hendri
Prananta
Perangin
Angina
Washing Coal Use The Chance Cone
Rabu, 13 April
2016
13.3013.45 WIB
R.3.04
5
Maftuch
Eksplorasi Efek Antibakteri Holothuria scabra Terhadap Rabu, 13 April
Bakteri Aeromonas hidrophyla
2016
13.4514.00 WIB
R.3.04
6
Purnomo
Ethnobotany of Plants Custom Javanese Wedding
Ceremonies: Plants As A Symbol of Hope and The
Doctrine of Life
Rabu, 13 April
2016
14.1514.30 WIB
R.3.04
7
Sri Sudaryanti Soemarno
Marsoedi
Bagyo
Yanuwiadi
The Use of Multivariate Analyses to Assess The Health
of The Upper Brantas Catchment Using
Macroinvertebrate Communities
Rabu, 13 April
2016
14.3014.45 WIB
R.3.04
8
Sumardi
M. Bisri
Soemarno
A. Munawir
Beton Hibrida Berpenguat Kaca: Sebuah Solusi
Pemanfaatan Limbah
Rabu, 13 April
2016
15.0015.15 WIB
R.3.04
9
Harsuko
Riniwati,
Nuddin
Harahab
Analysis of Public Perception of Fish Frozen Productin
Malang City with Gesca Method
Rabu, 13 April
2016
15.4516.00 WIB
R.3.04
The Effect of Food Security to Human Resources Tough
of Airborne Infantry Batallion 502/18/2 Army Strategic
Reserve Command In Jabung Malang City With GeSCA
Method
Rabu, 13 April
2016
16.0016.15 WIB
R.3.04
Boussinesq’s Method For Propagation And Run Up of
Tsunami Wave
Rabu, 13 April
2016
16.1516.30 WIB
R.3.04
Eko Widodo
10 Zaenal Fanani
Mohamad
11 Faiz Zil Ikram
Mahmud,
Chen Chuei
Yee
Application New class of p-Supremum
Bounded Variation Double Sequences
Moch. Aruman Imron
Department of Math, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics,
University of Brawijaya,Malang.
Abstract
The classical theorem on the uniform convergence of sine series with monotone decreasing coefficients have been
proved by Chaundy and Jollife in 1916. Recently, the monotone decreasing coefficiets has been generalized by
classes supremum bounded variation sequence and p-supremum bounded variation sequences. In two variables,
class of supremum bounded variation double sequences and p-supremum bounded variation double sequences
were studied under the uniform convergence of double sine series. This class has generalizedto new class of psupremum bounded variation double sequences. Futhermore, we discuss an application of class of p -supremum
bounded variation double sequences
Keywords::Bounded variation, Double sequence, application
INTRODUCTION
The classical theorem on the uniform convergence of sine series with monotone decreasing
coefficients have been proved by Chaundy and Jollife (1916) and Zygmund (1959) as stated in Theorem
1.
Theorem 1. Suppose that {𝑎𝑘 } ⊂ [0,∞) is decreasing tending to zero. The necessary and sufficient
conditions for the uniform convergence of the series
∞
∑ 𝑎𝑘 sin 𝑘𝑥
(1)
𝑘=1
is lim 𝑘 𝑎𝑘 = 0.
𝑘→∞
As the single sine series (1) we discuss double sine series of two variables. Let 𝑎 = {𝑎𝑗𝑘 } ⊆ ℂ and
consider the double sine series of the form
𝑚
𝑛
∑ ∑ 𝑎𝑗𝑘 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑗𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑘𝑦
(2)
𝑗=1 𝑘=1
As an idea in one variable, to investigate the uniform convergence of double sine series, the
coefficients of the series in Korus(2011) are supposed to be member of class of general monotone
double sequences. In two variables, Supremum Bounded Variation Double Sequences of first type
(SBVSDS1) and Supremum Bounded Variation Double Sequences of second type (SBVSDS2) have been
introduced by Korus (2011).
Furthermore, Imronet. al. (2013b) defined class of p-Supremum Bounded Variation single Sequences
single inImron et. all. (2013b)and double sequences in Imron et. all. (2013c). Futhermore those classes
have been generalized to the new classes in imron (2013d) as follows
Definition 1. Let 𝑎 = {𝑎𝑘 } and 𝛽 = {𝛽𝑘 } be two sequences of complex and positive numbers,
respectively. A couple (𝑎, 𝛽) is said to be class of p-Supremum Bounded Variation Sequences second
type of 𝜆 written (𝑎, 𝛽) ∈ 𝒮ℬ𝒱𝒮1𝑝𝜆 , if there exists C > 0 and integer 𝜆 ≥ 1 and {𝑏(𝑙)},, converges to
infinity depend only {𝑎𝑘 } such that
1
1/𝑝
2𝑛−1
2𝑚
𝐶
≤
sup ∑ 𝛽𝑘 , 𝑛 ≥ 𝜆,,
𝑛 𝑚≥𝑏(𝑛)
( ∑ |Δ𝑎𝑘 |𝑝 )
𝑘=𝑛
𝑘=𝑚
for 1 ≤ 𝑝 < ∞.
Definition 2. Let 𝑎 = {𝑎𝑗𝑘 } and 𝛽 = {𝛽𝑗𝑘 } be two double sequences of complex and positive numbers,
respectively. A couple (𝑎, 𝛽) is said to be class of
p-Supremum Bounded Variation Double
Sequencessecond type of 𝜆 written (𝑎, 𝛽) ∈ 𝒮ℬ𝒱𝒟𝒮2𝑝𝜆 , if there exists C > 0 and integer 𝜆 ≥ 1 and
{𝑏(𝑙)}, converging to infinity, depending only {𝑎𝑗𝑘 } such that
𝑝 1/𝑝
(i) (∑2𝑚−1
𝑗=𝑚 |Δ10 𝑎𝑗𝑛 | )
𝐶
≤ 𝑚 sup ∑2𝑀
𝑗=𝑀 𝛽𝑗𝑛 , 𝑚 ≥ 𝜆, 𝑛 ≥ 𝜆,,
𝑀≥𝑏(𝑚)
𝐶
𝑝 1/𝑝
(ii) (∑2𝑛−1
≤ 𝑛 sup ∑2𝑁
𝑘=𝑛 |Δ01 𝑎𝑚𝑘 | )
𝑘=𝑁 𝛽𝑚𝑘 , 𝑚 ≥ 𝜆, , 𝑛 ≥ 𝜆,
(iii)
𝑁≥𝑏(𝑛)
𝑝 1/𝑝
𝐶
2𝑚−1 ∑2𝑛−1
∑2𝑀 ∑2𝑁 𝛽
(∑𝑗=𝑚 𝑘=𝑛 |Δ11 𝑎𝑗𝑘 | ) ≤
sup
𝑚𝑛 𝑀+𝑁≥𝑏(𝑚+𝑛) 𝑗=𝑀 𝑘=𝑁 𝑗𝑘
, 𝑚, 𝑛 ≥ 𝜆,
for 1 ≤ 𝑝 < ∞.
In the present paper, we will discuss an application of new classes of p-supremum bounded variation
double sequences of first type(𝒮ℬ𝒱𝒟𝒮1𝑝 ) and p-supremum bounded variation double sequences of
seconnd type (𝒮ℬ𝒱𝒟𝒮2𝑝 ).
METHODS
This research was doneby study of literature , books and the supporting scientific journals to get a
well understanding , then develop resultsrelated to the research that has been published in the journal.
The results ofthis research are communicated in a seminar.In summary the method of the research
isapplying the new class of p-supremum bounded variation double sequences of seconnd type .
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In this section we study the uniform convergence of double sine series (2) with coefficients of
the class of p-Supremum Bounded Variation Double Sequences second type of 𝜆.
Let(𝑎, 𝛽) ∈ 𝒮ℬ𝒱𝒟𝒮2𝑝𝜆 , 1 ≤ 𝑝 < ∞.
Theorem3.
1
1−
𝑝
sequence{(𝑚𝑛)
sup
𝑀+𝑁≥𝑏𝑚+𝑛
If
2𝑁
∑2𝑀
𝑗=𝑀 ∑𝑘=𝑁 𝛽𝑗𝑘 }converges to 0, for𝑚 + 𝑛 → ∞, thenthe series(2)uniformly
convergence at𝐷 = {(𝑥, 𝑦): 0 ≤ 𝑥, 𝑦 ≤ 𝜋}.
Proof.To prove the uniformly regularly convergent of double sine series (1.2), first by letting the single
sine series with coefficients of double sequence {𝑎𝑗𝑘 }
∞
∑ 𝑎𝑗𝑛 sin 𝑗𝑥, 𝑛 = 1, 2, 3, …,
(3)
𝑗=1
∞
∑ 𝑎𝑚𝑘 sin 𝑘𝑦, 𝑚 = 1, 2, 3, … .
(4)
𝑘=1
1
𝑝
1−
Furthermore, by the condition {(𝑚𝑛)
sup
2𝑁
∑2𝑀
𝑗=𝑀 ∑𝑘=𝑁 𝛽𝑗𝑘 }converges to 0, for𝑚 + 𝑛 → ∞,it can
∞
𝜆
𝜆
be proved that for any 𝑚 ≥ 𝜆, ({𝑎𝑚𝑘 }∞
𝑘=1 , 𝛽 ) ∈ 𝒮ℬ𝒱𝒮2𝑝 and for any 𝑛 ≥ 𝜆, ({𝑎𝑗𝑛 }𝑛=1 , 𝛽) ∈ 𝒮ℬ𝒱𝒮2𝑝.
Hence by condition of this Theorem and according toTheorem 3.1. shown by Imron et. al (2013a)
implies the uniform convergence of the series (3) and (4). The second, we show that the double series
(2) is convergence at (x,y) for all 0 ≤ 𝑥, 𝑦 ≤ 𝜋.
(i)
Following an idea from Moricz [2], for (𝑥, 𝑦) ≠ (0, 0 we represent the rectangular partial
sums
2
𝑚
𝑛
𝑆𝑚𝑛 (𝑥, 𝑦) = ∑ ∑ 𝑎𝑗𝑘 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑗𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑘𝑥 , 𝑚, 𝑛 ≥ 𝜆,
𝑗=𝜆 𝑘=𝜆
of series (2) to perform a double summation by part yields
𝑚
𝑛
𝑚
∑ ∑ 𝐷𝑗∗ (𝑥 )𝐷𝑘∗ (𝑦)∆11 𝑎𝑗𝑘
𝜆=1 𝑘=𝜆
𝑛
𝑆𝑚𝑛 (𝑥, 𝑦) =
+ ∑ 𝐷𝑗∗ (𝑥 )𝐷𝑛∗ (𝑦)∆10 𝑎𝑗,𝑛+1 )
𝑗=𝜆
∗ ( ) ∗( )
∗
+ ∑ 𝐷𝑚
𝑥 𝐷𝑘 𝑦 ∆01 𝑎𝑚+1,𝑘 + 𝑎𝑚+1,𝑛+1 𝐷𝑚
(𝑥)𝐷𝑛∗ (𝑦) (5)
𝑘=𝜆
where 𝐷𝑛∗ conjugate Dirichlet kernel defined as
𝑛
𝑐𝑜𝑠 12𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑛 + 12)𝑥
𝐷𝑛∗ (𝑥 ) = ∑ sin 𝑘𝑥 =
,𝑛 ≥ 𝜆
2𝑠𝑖𝑛12𝑥
𝑘=𝜆
and |𝐷𝑛∗ (𝑥)| ≤ 𝜋𝑥 for 𝑥 ∈ (0, 𝜋].
Given condition in this theorem, by Lemma 2.13 in Imron et. all. (2013c), we obtained
∞
∞
∑ ∑|∆11 𝑎𝑗𝑘 | < ∞
𝑗=𝜆 𝑘=1
thus
∞
∞
∑ ∑|𝐷𝑗∗ (𝑥)𝐷𝑘∗ (𝑦)∆11 𝑎𝑗𝑘 | < ∞
(6)
𝑗=𝜆 𝑘=1
Given condition of this theorem, by Lemmma 2.12 in Imron et. Al. (2013c),
|𝑎𝑗𝑘 | → 0, for 𝑗 + 𝑘 → ∞
and from
∞
(7)
∞
∆10𝑎𝑚𝑛 = ∑ ∆11 𝑎𝑚𝑘 , ∆01 𝑎𝑚𝑛 = ∑ ∆11 𝑎𝑗𝑛,
𝑘=𝑛
𝑗=𝑚
we have
∞
∆10 𝑎𝑗,𝑛+1 = ∑ ∆11 𝑎𝑗𝑘 .
𝑘=𝑛+1
Further
∞
∞
∞
∑|∆10 𝑎𝑗,𝑛+1 | ≤ ∑ ∑ |∆11 𝑎𝑗𝑘 | → 0 as 𝑛 → ∞.
𝑗=𝜆
𝑗=1 𝑘=𝑛+1
This implies that, for all 0 < 𝑥, 𝑦 ≤ 𝜋
𝑚
∑ 𝐷𝑗∗ (𝑥 )𝐷𝑛∗ (𝑦)∆10 𝑎𝑗,𝑛+1 → 0 as 𝑛 → ∞,
(8)
𝑗=𝜆
uniformly in m. Similarly, for all 0 < 𝑥, 𝑦 ≤ 𝜋
𝑛
∗ ( ) ∗( )
∑ 𝐷𝑚
𝑥 𝐷𝑘 𝑦 ∆01 𝑎𝑚+1,𝑘 → 0 as 𝑚 → ∞,
(9)
𝑘=𝜆
uniformly in n. By (7)
∗ ( ) ∗( )
𝑎𝑚+1,𝑛+1 𝐷𝑚
𝑥 𝐷𝑛 𝑦 → 0 as 𝑚 + 𝑛 → ∞.
(10)
Consequently by (5), (6), (8), (9) and (10)
(ii)
𝑆𝑚𝑛 (𝑥, 𝑦) → 0, as 𝑚 + 𝑛 → ∞.
∞ ∑∞
(
)
∑
For 𝑥, 𝑦 = (0, 0), 𝑗=𝜆 𝑘=𝜆 𝑎𝑗𝑘 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑗𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑘𝑥 = 0.
3
From the first and second part of this proof it can be concluded that series (2) convergence is uniformly
at (x,y) for all 0 ≤ 𝑥, 𝑦 ≤ 𝜋. The proof is complete. ∎
2𝑟 )
EXAMPLE 4. Set 𝑚𝑟 = 2(2
for 𝑟 = 1, 2, 3, … and
0
𝑗 −2
0
𝑎𝑗1 =
𝑗 −2
{ 0
if
1 ≤ 𝑗 < 𝑚1 ,
if
𝑗 = 𝑚𝑟 ,
if𝑛𝑗 < 𝑗 < 𝑚𝑟2 ,
if𝑚𝑟2 ≤ 𝑗 < 2𝑚𝑟2 ,
if2𝑚𝑟2 ≤ 𝑗 < 𝑚𝑟+1.
We define the sequence {𝛽𝑗1 }, where 𝛽𝑗1 = 𝑎𝑗1 , for every j. By Theorem 2.1. in Korus (2011)
𝑗
({𝑎𝑗1 }, {𝛽𝑗1 }) ∈ 𝒮ℬ𝒱𝒟𝒮𝑝 with constant 𝐶 = 4 and 𝑏(𝑗) = [ ].
2
The second example
0
if
1 ≤ 𝑗 < 𝑚1 ,
−2
𝑚𝑟
if
𝑗 = 𝑚𝑟
0 if𝑚𝑟 < 𝑗 < 𝑚𝑟2 ,
−3/2
𝑚𝑟+1 if𝑚𝑗2 ≤ 𝑗 ≤ 2𝑚𝑗2
𝑎𝑗2 =
{
if2𝑚𝑟2 < 𝑗 < 𝑚𝑟+1.
0
We define the sequence {𝛽𝑗2 }, where 𝛽𝑗2 = 𝑎𝑗2 , for every j. By Theorem 2.4. In Imron et. All. (2013b),
({𝑎𝑗2 }, {𝛽𝑗2 }) ∈ 𝒮ℬ𝒱𝒟𝒮2𝑝 with constant 𝐶 = 2 and 𝑏(𝑗) = 𝑗1/2 .
Finally, we define ({𝑎𝑗𝑘 }, {𝛽𝑗𝑘 }) ∈ 𝒮ℬ𝒱𝒟𝒮2𝑝 . Thus
𝑎𝑗𝑘 = 0 for 𝑗 ≥ 1, 𝑘 ≥ 3.
Futhermore the second and third condition of Definition 1.4 are satiesfied for 𝐶 = 4 and 𝑏 (𝑙 ) = 𝑙1/2,
this means ({𝑎𝑗𝑛 }, {𝛽𝑗𝑛 }) ∈ 𝒮ℬ𝒱𝒟𝒮2𝑝 . Thus by Definition 2, (𝑎, 𝛽) ∈ 𝒮ℬ𝒱𝒟𝒮2𝑝𝜆 .
It can be proved that the series (2) uniform convergence.
1
𝑝
1−
Proof. It will be proved that sequence{(𝑚𝑛)
sup
2𝑁
∑2𝑀
𝑗=𝑀 ∑𝑘=𝑁 𝛽𝑗𝑘 }converges to 0, for𝑚 + 𝑛 →
∞. Example For𝑝 = 1.
For 𝑘 = 1,
2𝑀
2𝑀
∑ 𝛽𝑗𝑘 = ∑ 𝑗 −2
𝑗=𝑀
𝑗=𝑀
−2
It can be proved that ∑2𝑀
converge to 0 and the same way for𝑘 = 2 . By Theorem 3, the series (2)
𝑗=𝑀 𝑗
converges uniformly atat (x,y) for all 0 ≤ 𝑥, 𝑦 ≤ 𝜋. ∎
CONCLUSIONS
In this paper we have introduced the application of class 𝒮ℬ𝒱𝒟𝒮2𝑝𝜆. We have investigated that
(i)
(ii)
1
𝑝
1−
If sequence{(𝑚𝑛)
sup
2𝑁
∑2𝑀
𝑗=𝑀 ∑𝑘=𝑁 𝛽𝑗𝑘 }converges to 0, for𝑚 + 𝑛 → ∞, thenthe
series (2) uniformly convergence at𝐷 = {(𝑥, 𝑦): 0 ≤ 𝑥, 𝑦 ≤ 𝜋}
For example of class of class of 𝒮ℬ𝒱𝒟𝒮2𝑝𝜆in example 4.
4
ACKNOWLDGEMENTS
The authors gratefully acknowledge the support of the Department of Mathematics, Faculty of
Mathematics and Sciences University of Brawijaya andthe Graduate School University of Brawijaya .
REFERENCES
Chaundy, T. W., and Jollife, A. E., 1916, The Uniform Convergence of Certain class Trigonometric Series,
Proc. London Soc. 15 , 214-116.
Imron, M.A.,Indrati, C.R.,and Widodo, 2013, Uniform Convergence of Trigonometric Series Under pSupremum Bounded Variation Condition, Proceeding of 3rd Annual Basic International
Conference, M041-M043,FMIPA,UB,Malang.
Imron, M.A., Indrati, C.R., and Widodo, 2013, Some properties of class of p-Supremum bounded
Variation sequences, Int.Journal of Math. Analysis, Vol 7, no.35, 1703-1713.
Imron, M.A., Indrati, C.R.,and Widodo, 2013, On Uniform Convergence of Double Sine SeriesUnder
Condition of p-Supremum Bounded Variation Double Sequences, Int.Journal of Math. Analysis,
Vol 7, no.51,2535-2548.
Imron, M.A., 2016, A New Condition of p-Supremum Bounded variation Double Sequences, Proceeding
of the sixth Basic International Conference, ,FMIPA, UB, Malang.
Korus, P, 2010, Remark On the uniform And L1-Convergence Of Trigonometric Series, Acta Math.
Hungar, 128(4)..
Korus, P, 2011, On the uniform Convergence Of Double sine series with generalized monotone
coefficients, Periodica Math. Hungar, 63, 205-214.
Zygmund, A., 1959, Trigonometric Series, Vol I, II, Second ed. Cambridge Univ. Press.
5
Stability of almost surjective 𝜺-isometries of Banach spaces
Minanur Rohman1*, Ratno Bagus Edy Wibowo2, Marjono3
1Departement
of Mathematics, University of Brawijaya
of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, University of Brawijaya
3Departement of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, University of Brawijaya
2Departement
Abstract
Assume that X and Y are real Banach spaces that strictly convex and T : X →Y bean almost surjective 𝜀-isometry which
satisfies
sup lim inf 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡(𝑡𝑦, 𝑇𝑥)/|𝑡|< ½,
𝑦∈𝑆𝑌 |𝑡|→∞
Then there exists an affine surjective isometry V : X →Y such that
‖𝑇𝑥 − 𝑈𝑥‖≤ 2𝜀
for all 𝑥 ∈X.
Keywords: almost surjective, 𝜀-isometry
Introduction
A mapping from a Banach space X to another Banach space Y , T : X →Y, is said to be an 𝜀-isometry
provided there exists 𝜀≥ 0 such that
|‖𝑇𝑥 − 𝑇𝑦‖ − ‖𝑥 − 𝑦‖|≤𝜀
for all 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈X. In another hand, a mapping U : X →Yis called to be an isometry if the following equality is hold,
‖𝑇𝑥 − 𝑇𝑦‖ = ‖𝑥 − 𝑦‖
for all 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈X. Now, assume that there is a mapping T : X →Y where T be an 𝜀-isometries. Then, the problem to
find a mapping U : X →Ywhich is an (true) isometry is called as Hyers-Ulam problem.
In 1945, Hyers and Ulam proposed the following question : Wheter for every surjective 𝜀-isometry Twith
T(0) = 0, there exist a surjective (true) isometry U : X → Y and K(X,Y)>0 such that
‖𝑇𝑥 − 𝑈𝑥 ‖≤ K(X,Y)𝜀
for all 𝑥 ∈X.
Hyers-Ulam have proved that for a mapping for every surjective 𝜀-isometry T: X →Y (X and Y are
Euclidean spaces), then there is an (true) isometry U : X →Y where U is defined below
U(𝑥) = lim
𝑛→∞
T(2𝑛 𝑥)
2𝑛
for all 𝑥 ∈X. Further, they also proved that there is a constant K(X,Y) = 10 such that
‖𝑇𝑥 − 𝑈𝑥 ‖≤10𝜀.
A year later, Bourgin (1946) also study about Hyers-Ulam problem in 𝐿𝑝 spaces and he found that the
constant K(X,Y) is 12.
In 1983, after many partial results extending over almost four decades, Gevirtz extended the theorems
of Hyers-Ulam and D. G. Bourgin to arbitrary Banach spaces X and Y with better estimate 5𝜀. For more detail
6
explanations, see J. Gevirtz (1983). Finally, Omladič and Šemrl showed that 2𝜀 is a sharp constant K(X,Y) for
general Banach spaces. See Omladič and Šemrl (1995).
In the real-world, it is very difficult to find and make measurements of a surjective mapping. Thus, it is
natural to ask if a mapping, which only nearly preserves distances and only almost covers the target space,
can be well approximated by a surjective isometry.The surjectivity assumption of mapping T as an 𝜀isometry is relaxed by Šemrl and Väisälä (2003), that is a mapping T must not be surjective, but almost
surjective.
Let T: X →Y be a map, 𝑌1 a closed subspace of Y, and 𝛿 a nonnegative real number. Then, T maps X𝛿 –
onto (almost surjective for about 𝛿) 𝑌1 if for every 𝑦 ∈ 𝑌1 there is 𝑥 ∈ 𝑋 with
‖𝑇𝑥 − 𝑦‖≤𝛿,
and for for every 𝑢 ∈ 𝑋 there is 𝑣 ∈ 𝑌1 there is with
‖𝑇𝑢 − 𝑣‖≤𝛿.
Our aim is to present that for every 𝜀-isometry T, then there is an (true) isometry V if the inequality
sup lim inf 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡(𝑡𝑦, 𝑇(𝑋))/|𝑡|< ½.
is satisfied. Note 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡(𝑡𝑦, 𝑇(𝑋)) = ‖𝑡𝑦 − 𝑇(𝑋)‖ show that it is a metric induced by norm. We also write 𝑇𝑥
instead of 𝑇(𝑥 ); this simplification is standard in functional analysis.
Stability of almost surjective 𝜺-isometry of Banach spaces.
We use a proposition and a theorem of previous studies which is not proved here.
Proposition 1. Let X is a Banach space and Y is uniformly convex Banach space. Let T : X→Y be an 𝜀-isometry
with T(0) = 0. If there is a surjective linear isometry U : X→Y such that
‖𝑇𝑥 − 𝑈𝑥 ‖= o(‖𝑥 ‖)
as ‖𝑥 ‖ → ∞, then
‖𝑇𝑥 − 𝑈𝑥 ‖≤ 2𝜀
for all 𝑥 ∈ 𝑋.
Proof. See Igor. A. Vestfrid (2004)
The definition below is needed in discussing the last two theorem.
Definition 2. i. C(T) denote the convex Hull that cover (𝑇𝑥 ∪ −𝑇𝑥).
ii. The functional in Y* which is bounded by 𝛽𝜀 for 𝛽> 0 on C(T) is denoted by 𝑀𝜀 , that is
𝑀𝜀 = { 𝜙 ∈Y* is bounded by 𝛽𝜀 on C(T) for some 𝛽> 0 }
iii. Annihilator of 𝑀𝜀 , E = 𝑀𝜀 ⊥, is a set such that ⟨𝜙, 𝑓⟩ = 0, for every 𝜙 ∈ 𝑀𝜀 and 𝑓 ∈ 𝐸,
E = 𝑀𝜀 ⊥ = { 𝑓 ∈ 𝐸 : ⟨𝜙, 𝑓⟩ = 0 for every 𝜙 ∈ 𝑀𝜀 }
iv. 𝑆𝑌 denote the unit sphere of space Y.
7
v. Let 𝛼 ≥ 0. A closed subspace M⊆ X is said to be 𝛼-complemented provided there exist a closed subspace
N⊆ X with 𝑀 ∩ 𝑁 = {0} and a projecton P : X→M along N such that X = 𝑀 + 𝑁and ‖𝑃‖ ≤ 𝛼.
Theorem 3. Let T : X→Y be an 𝜀-isometry with T(0) = 0. Let E be 𝛼-complemented in Y and P be a projection
P : X →M along N such that X = 𝑀 + 𝑁and ‖𝑃‖ ≤ 𝛼. Let co(𝑇𝑥 ∪ −𝑇𝑥) ⊂E + B for some bounded set B⊂Y.
Then there is a surjective norm-one linear operator U : E→X such that
‖𝑈𝑃𝑇𝑥 − 𝑥 ‖≤ 4𝜀
Proof. See Igor Vestfrid (2015, theorem 4)
Theorem 4 (main theorem). Let T : X→Y be an 𝜀-isometry with T(0) = 0.
i.
If sup lim inf 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡(𝑡𝑦,co(𝑇𝑥 ∪ −𝑇𝑥))/|𝑡|< 1, then there is a surjective norm-one linear operator
U : Y→X such that
‖𝑈𝑇𝑥 − 𝑥 ‖≤ 4𝜀, 𝑥ϵX.
ii.
If lim inf 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡 (𝑡𝑦, 𝑇𝑥)/|𝑡|< ½ for every 𝑦 ∈ 𝑆𝑌 , then U is injective. We denote its inverse by V :=
iii.
𝑈−1 :X →Y.
If sup lim inf 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡(𝑡𝑦, 𝑇𝑥)/|𝑡|< ½, the V is a surjective linear isometry satisfying
|𝑡|→∞
‖𝑇𝑥 − 𝑉𝑥 ‖≤ 2𝜀, 𝑥ϵX.
proof. To abbreviate the notions, following Väisälä (2001),we set:
a. 𝜏(𝐶 (𝑇)) = sup lim inf 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡(𝑡𝑦,co(𝑇𝑥 ∪ −𝑇𝑥))/|𝑡|
b. 𝜚(𝑦, 𝑇) = lim inf 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡 (𝑡𝑦, 𝑇𝑥)/|𝑡|
|𝑡|→∞
c. 𝜏(𝑇) = sup lim inf 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡(𝑡𝑦, 𝑇𝑥)/|𝑡|
i. Choose 𝜏(𝐶 (𝑇))< q’ < q” < 1. Suppose that there is a norm-one 𝜑 ∈ 𝑀𝜀 . Then there is 𝑦 ∈ 𝑆𝑌 such that
(4.1)
⟨𝜑, 𝑦⟩> q”.
By the definition of 𝑀𝜀 , there is r> 0 such that
(4.2)
|⟨𝜑, 𝑢⟩| <r
for all 𝑢 ∈ 𝐶(𝑇). Since 𝜏(𝐶 (𝑇))< q’, there are sequences {𝑡𝑛 } ⊂ ℝ and {𝑢𝑛 } ⊂ 𝐶(𝑇) such that
(4.3)
|𝑡𝑛 | → ∞ and ‖𝑦 − 𝑢𝑛 /𝑡𝑛 ‖< q’
for all 𝑛.
8
Since ‖𝜑‖ = 1 and |𝑡𝑛 | → ∞, it follows that (4.3) become
q‘ >‖𝑦 − 𝑢𝑛 /𝑡𝑛 ‖
≥‖𝑦‖ - ‖𝑢𝑛 /𝑡𝑛 ‖
= ‖𝜑‖‖𝑦‖ - ‖𝜑‖‖𝑢𝑛 /𝑡𝑛 ‖
≥ |⟨𝜑, 𝑦⟩| - |⟨𝜑, 𝑢𝑛 /𝑡𝑛 ⟩|
> q” - |⟨𝜑, 𝑢𝑛 ⟩|/|𝑡𝑛 |
> q” - r/|𝑡𝑛 |
= q”
(from 4.1)
(from 4.2)
which implies q’ > q”, a contradiction with our assumption.
Since 0 ≤|⟨𝜑, 𝑦⟩|< q’ < 1 and q’ is arbitrary, then ⟨𝜑, 𝑦⟩ = 0. If 𝑦 ≠ 0, then clearly 0 = 𝜑 ∈ 𝑀𝜀 , or 𝑀𝜀 = {0}.
Consequently, 𝑀𝜀 ⊥ = E = Y. from the Theorem 3, since E = Y, then B = ∅. On the other hands, since 𝑀𝜀 ⊥ = Y,
then P in the Theorem 3is an identity mapping 𝐼 with ‖𝐼 ‖≤ 𝛼. It implies that there is a linear surjective
operator norm-one U : X→Y such that
‖𝑈𝑇𝑥 − 𝑥 ‖≤ 4𝜀.
ii. Let 𝑦 ∈ 𝑆𝑌 . We show that
‖𝑈𝑦‖ ≥ 1 - 2 𝜚(𝑦, 𝑇)
which implies injectivity of U.
Let 𝜚(𝑦, 𝑇)< q’ < ½. Then there are sequences {𝑡𝑛 } ⊂ ℝ and {𝑥𝑛 } ⊂ 𝑋 such that for |𝑡𝑛 | → ∞, we have
‖𝑦 − 𝑇𝑥𝑛 /𝑡𝑛 ‖ ≤ lim inf {‖𝑡𝑛 𝑦 − 𝑇𝑥𝑛 ‖/|𝑡𝑛 |}
|𝑡|→∞
= 𝜚(𝑦, 𝑇)< q’
for all 𝑛. The above inequality could be expressed as
‖𝑡𝑛 𝑦 − 𝑇𝑥𝑛 ‖ ≤ |𝑡𝑛 |(lim inf {‖𝑡𝑛 𝑦 − 𝑇𝑥𝑛 ‖/|𝑡𝑛 | })
|𝑡|→∞
(4.4)
< q’ |𝑡𝑛 |
Since 𝑦 ∈ 𝑆𝑌 , then ‖𝑦‖= 1, which implies (4.4) become
|𝑡𝑛 | − ‖𝑇𝑥𝑛 ‖ ≤ ‖𝑡𝑛 − 𝑇𝑥𝑛 ‖
≤ q’ |𝑡𝑛 |
or
‖𝑇𝑥𝑛 ‖ ≥ (1 – q’) |𝑡𝑛 |.
Since T is an 𝜀-isometry, then
(4.5)
‖𝑥𝑛 ‖ ≥ ‖𝑇𝑥𝑛 ‖ - 𝜀 ≥ (1 – q’) |𝑡𝑛 | - 𝜀.
On the other hand, by (i) and ‖𝑈‖ ≤ 1, clearly
q’ |𝑡𝑛 | >‖𝑡𝑛 𝑦 − 𝑇𝑥𝑛 ‖
≥ ‖𝑡𝑛 𝑈𝑦 − 𝑈𝑇𝑥𝑛 ‖
≥ ‖𝑥𝑛 ‖ − |𝑡𝑛 | ‖𝑈𝑦‖ − ‖𝑈𝑇𝑥𝑛 − 𝑥𝑛 ‖
≥ ‖𝑥𝑛 ‖ − |𝑡𝑛 | ‖𝑈𝑦‖ − 4𝜀,
9
which implies
(4.6)
‖𝑥𝑛 ‖< q’ |𝑡𝑛 |+|𝑡𝑛 | ‖𝑈𝑦‖+ 4𝜀
= (q’ + ‖𝑈𝑦‖) |𝑡𝑛 | + 4𝜀.
Substitute (4.5) into (4.6), we get
(1 – q’) |𝑡𝑛 | - 𝜀< (q’ + ‖𝑈𝑦‖) |𝑡𝑛 | + 4𝜀.
Divide by |𝑡𝑛 |, then for |𝑡𝑛 | → ∞ we have
‖𝑈𝑦‖> 1 – 2q’.
Since q’ was arbitrary in interval (𝜚(𝑦, 𝑇),1/2), then 𝜚(𝑦, 𝑇)< ½ and
‖𝑈𝑦‖ ≥ 1 - 2 𝜚(𝑦, 𝑇).
iii. We know that 𝜏(𝑇)<𝜚(𝑦, 𝑇) which implies ‖𝑈𝑦‖ ≥ 1 - 2𝜏(𝑇) in (ii). By combining (i) and (ii), we also have
U is bijective. Hence, its inverse is bijective and bounded with
‖𝑉 ‖ ≤
1
.
1 - 2𝜏(𝑇)
By (i), for every t> 0,
(4.7)
‖𝑡𝑉𝑥 − 𝑇(𝑡𝑥)‖ ≤‖𝑉 ‖‖𝑡𝑥 − 𝑈𝑇(𝑡𝑥)‖
4𝜀
≤ 1 - 2𝜏(𝑇)
for every 𝑥 ∈ 𝑋. Since T is an 𝜀-isometry and from (4.6), then
4𝜀
𝑡‖𝑉𝑥 ‖ ≤ ‖𝑇(𝑡𝑥)‖+ 1 - 2𝜏(𝑇)
4𝜀
≤ t ‖𝑥 ‖+ 𝜀 + 1 - 2𝜏(𝑇)
≤ t ‖𝑥 ‖+ (1 +
4
1 - 2𝜏(𝑇)
)𝜀
for every 𝑥 ∈ 𝑋. Divide above inequality by t and since 𝜀> 0 was arbitrary, for t → ∞ we have
‖𝑉𝑥 ‖ ≤ ‖𝑥 ‖.
Since U : Y →X with ‖𝑈𝑦‖ ≤ 1, then ‖𝑥 ‖ ≤ 1, which implies
‖𝑉𝑥 ‖ ≤ 1.
Hence U(𝑦) and V(𝑥) are (true) isometri. By Proposition 1, we have
‖𝑇𝑥 − 𝑉𝑥 ‖≤ 2𝜀. ∎
10
Summary
Our conclusion is if there is an 𝜀-isometry with T(0) = 0, then there is an (true) isometry if satisfy
sup lim inf 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡(𝑡𝑦, 𝑇(𝑋))/|𝑡|< ½.
Acknowledgment
We express our gratitude to Igor A. Vestfrid that explain some notion of his theorems.
Bibiography
Benyamini, Yoav, dan Lindenstrauss, Joram, 2000,Geometricnonlinear Functional Analysis, Colloquium
publications, American Mathematical Society, vol. 48.
Bourgin, D. G., 1946, Aproximate isometries, Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 52, 704-714. MR8,157f.Zbl 060.26405.
Cheng, L., Dong, Y., Zhang, W., 2013, On stability of nonlinear non-surjective ε-isometris of Banach spaces, J.
Funct. Anal. 264, 713-734.
Cheng, Lixin, dan Zhou, Yu, 2014, On perturbed metric-preserved mappings and their stability characteristic,
J. Funct. Anal. 266, 4995-5015. Dilworth, S. J., 1999, Approximate Isometries on finite-dimensional
normed spaces, Bull. London Math. Soc. 31, 471-476.
Figiel, Tadeusz, at. al., 2000, Isometries of Normed Spaces, Math. Subj. Class. 46B04.
Gevirtz, Julian, 1983, Stability of isometries on Banach spaces, Proceedings of The American Mathematical
Society, Vol. 89, Num. 4, 633-636.
Hyers, D. H., dan Ulam, S. M., 1945, On approximate isometries, Bull. Amer. Math. Soc., 51, 288-292.
Johnson, W.B., dan Lindenstrauss, J., 2001, Handbook of The Geometry of Banach Spaces, Volume 1,
Amsterdam : North-Holland.
Qian, Songwei, 1995, 𝜀- Isometries Embeddings, American Matematical Society, vol. 123, no. 6, 1797-1803.
Rana, Inder K., 2002, An Introduction to Measure and Integration, second edition, Graduate Studies in
Mathematics vol. 45, Providence: American Mathematical Society.
Šemrl, Peter, dan Väisälä, Jussi, 2003, Nonsurjective nearisometris of Banach Spaces, J. Funct. Anal. 198,
268-278.
Omladič, Matjaž, dan Šemrl, Peter, 1995, on non linear perturbation of isometries, Math. Ann. 303, 617-628.
Väisälä, Jussi, 2002, A survey of nearisometries, Papers on Analysis: A Volume Dedicated to Olli Martio on
the Occasion of His 60th Birthday, in: Rep. Univ. Jyväskylä Dep. Math. Stat., vol. 83, 305-315.
Vestfrid, Igor A., 2004, Almost surjective ε-isometris of Banach spaces, Colloq. Math. 100, 17-22.
Vestfrid, Igor A., 2015, Stability of almost surjective ε-isometris of Banach spaces, J. Funct. Anal. 269 21652170.
11
Campanato Type Estimates for Solutions
of an Elliptic Systems Class
Sa’adatul Fitri1
1Departement
of Mathematics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Brawijaya University
Abstract
We study the Hölder regularity of weak solutions to linear elliptic partial differential equations with continuous
coefficients. Campanato type estimates are obtained for the validity of regularity of solutions.
Keywords: weak solutions , the Hölder regularity, Campanato type estimates.
INTRODUCTION
The aim of this paper is to present the Hölder regularity of weak solutions to linear elliptic partial
differential equations of second order
n
− ∑ Di (aij (x)Dj u) = f + div g
(E) {
in Ω
i,j=1
u=0
on ∂Ω
considered in a bounded open set Ω ⊂ ℝ𝑛 , with a smooth boundary 𝜕Ω, where the coefficients
aij (x); i, j = 1,2, … , n are assumed to be continuous in Ω and suppose that ∃μ1 > 0, μ2 > 0 such that
n
|2
μ1 |γ
≤ ∑ aij (x)γi γj ≤ μ2 |γ|2 ; ∀x ∈ Ω, ∀γ = (γi ) ∈ ℝn .
i,j=1
Domain Ω is bounded domain in ℝn and u = u(x): Ω → ℝ is the unknown. Let f: Ω → ℝ and g: Ω → ℝn are
given integrable functions such that f, g ∈ L2 (Ω).
Let X = W01,2 (Ω) is a Hilbert space with an inner product and a norm are defined to be
n
〈u, v〉 = ∫ ∑ aij Di u Dj v dx
Ω i,j=1
‖u‖ = 〈u, u〉1/2 ,
for all u, v ∈ X.
We also denote the inner product in L2 (Ω) by
(u, v) = ∫Ω u v dx ; ∀u, v ∈ L2 (Ω).
Definition 1. (a weak solution)
(1) The bilinear form B[u, φ] is defined to be
n
B[u, φ] = ∫ ∑ aij Di u Dj φ dx
Ω i,j=1
for u, φ ∈ X
Sa’adatul Fitri
[email protected]
Departement of Mathematics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Brawijaya University,
Jl. Veteran Malang 65145 Indonesia
12
(2) We say a function u ∈ X is a weak solution of (E) provided
B[u, φ] = (f + div g , φ) ; ∀φ ∈ X
where ( , ) denote the inner product in L2 (Ω).
Definition 2. (Hölder regularity)
̅  Ω, there is c > 0 and 0 < 𝛽 < 1 such that
u is Hölder regularity if for any open subset B  Ω such that B
|u(x) − u(y)| ≤ c|x − y|β , ∀x, y ∈ B.
Denotes, u ∈
β
(Ω).
Cloc
Definition 3. (Campanato Space)
Let Ω  ℝn be a bounded domain and  > 0, 𝑢 ∈ ℒ 2, (Ω) : Campanato space iff u ∈ L2 (Ω),
[u]ℒ2 2, (Ω) =
sup
x0 ∈Ω
0<𝜌<𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚(Ω)
2
ρ−
∫ |u − u̅Ω∩Bρ(x0) | dx < +∞
Ω∩Bρ(x0 )
Theorem 1. (Characterization Campanato)
If 0 < 𝛼 < 1 then
̅ ) ≅ ℒ 2,n+2α (Ω).
C 0,α (Ω
There is equivalence between Campanato Space and Hölder regularity. So, the author utilizes it to prove
the Hölder regularity of weak solutions of (E). We use some techniques to get the Campanato estimate.
METHODS
Before getting the main result, we consider the existence of a weak solution of (E). We use the Riesz
representation theorem to prove it. After that, we use Campanato type estimates to prove the Hölder
regularity in the interior the domain. Some techniques used are,
1. Comparison step
2. Iteration step
3. Hölder regularity step.
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
In the following we use the Riesz representation theorem to prove the existence of weak solution of (E).
Theorem 2. ∃1 𝑢 ∈ 𝑊01,2 (Ω) a weak solution of (E).
Proof. Since 𝑋 = 𝑊01,2 (Ω) is a Hilbert space with inner product and norm
n
〈u, v〉 = ∫ ∑ aij Di u Dj v dx
Ω i,j=1
‖u‖ = 〈u, u〉1/2 .
For any 𝜑𝜖𝑋
B[u, φ] = (f + div g , φ),
that is
n
∫ ∑ aij Di u Dj φ dx = ∫ f φ dx − ∫ g Dφ dx.
Ω i,j=1
Ω
Ω
13
We define an operator T = T(φ) by
T(φ) = ∫ f φ − g Dφ dx , φ ∈ X.
Ω
We claim that T(φ) is linear, bounded and continuous. In fact, the followings are shown.
Let λ1 , λ2 ∈ ℝ and φ1 , φ2 ∈ X.
T(λ1 φ1 + λ2 φ2 )
= ∫ f (λ1 φ1 + λ2 φ2 ) − g D(λ1 φ1 + λ2 φ2 ) dx
Ω
= ∫ (λ1 f φ1 + λ2 f φ2 ) − (λ1 g Dφ1 + λ2 g Dφ2 ) dx
Ω
= λ1 (∫ f φ1 − g Dφ1 dx) + λ2 (∫ f φ2 − g Dφ2 dx)
Ω
|T(φ)| ≤
Ω
∫ |f ||φ| dx − ∫ |g| |Dφ| dx
Ω
Ω
1
2
≤
1
2
1
2
(∫ |f |2 dx) (∫ |φ |2 dx) + (∫ |g |2 dx) (∫ |Dφ|2 dx)
Ω
≤
1
2
Ω
Ω
Ω
C(‖f‖L2(Ω) +‖g‖L2 (Ω) )‖φ‖
Therefore the Riesz representation theorem yields there exist a unique element u ∈ X such that
〈u, φ〉 = T(φ),
for all φ ∈ X,
that is
n
∫ ∑ aij Di u Dj φ dx = ∫ f φ dx − ∫ g Dφ dx
Ω i,j=1
Ω
∀φ ∈ X.
Ω
This is the definition of a weak solution.
■
The following is the main results. We divide the proof into three steps.
𝑛
𝑞
Theorem 3. Let 𝑢 ∈ 𝑊01,2 (Ω) be a weak solution of (E), where we assume that 𝑓 ∈ 𝐿𝑙𝑜𝑐 (Ω), 𝑞 > , dan g∈
2
𝐿𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑐 (Ω), 𝑠 > 𝑛. Then u is locally Hölder continuous with some positive exponent 𝛽 < 1.
Proof:
Step 1. Comparison
Let B3R0 (x̅0 ) Ω with x̅0 ∈ Ω and R 0 > 0 . Let x0 ∈ BR0 (x̅0 ) and 0 < 𝑟 < 𝑅 ≤ 2R 0 . We work
on Br (x0 )  BR (x0 )  B3R0 (x̅0 ).
Figure 1. Any ball 𝐵𝑟 in Ω
14
We now suppose that the coefficients aij (x) are continuous. That is, their oscillation
𝜔(𝑟) ≔ max [ sup aij (x) − inf aij (x)],
BR(x0 )
i,j=1,…,n BR(x0 )
becomes small if r is small.
We consider the boundary-value problem
(G1) {
− ∑ Di (aij (x0 )Dj v) = 0
in BR (x0 )
v=u
on ∂BR (x0 )
with the constant coefficients aij (x0 ). We find from the standard theory the unique existence of weak
solution v ∈ W1,2 (BR (x0 )) of (G1) and satisfy the gradient L∞ -estimate
1
∫|Dv|2 dx
sup |Dv|2 ≤ c
(
B
BR(x0 )
R x0 )
2
(1)
Now we will prove the following estimate.
Lemma 1. (Comparison estimate)
∃𝑐, 𝛿 > 0 such that
𝑟 𝑛
∫ |Du|2 dx ≤ 𝑐 (( ) + δ)
𝑅
Br (x0 )
s−n 2q−n
where β = min {
s
,
q
∫ |Du|2 dx + 𝑐R2β+n−2
BR(x0 )
}.
For the proof of Lemma 1, we make a gradient 𝐿2 -estimate for a solution 𝑢.
𝑟 𝑛
∫ |Du|2 dx ≤ 𝑐1 ( )
𝑅
BR(x0 )
∫ |Du|2 dx + 𝑐2
BR (x0 )
∫ |Dv − Du|2 dx
BR(x0 )
(2)
Then, subtracting (E) from (G1) and multiply by test function  = v − u to have
∫ |Dv − Du|2 dx ≤ δ
BR (x0 )
∫ |Du|2 dx + cR2β+n−2 (‖g‖2Ls(BR (x0)) + ‖f‖2Lq (BR(x0)) )
BR (x0 )
(3)
s−n 2q−n
where β = min {
s
,
q
}.
Finally, we combine (1), (2), and (3) to get Lemma 1.
Step 2. Iteration
Lemma 2. ∃c1 , c2 > 0 such that
∫ |Du|2 dx ≤ c1 (
Br(x0 )
𝑟 𝐵
)
𝑅0
∫ |Du|2 dx + c2 𝑅0 B ,
0 <∀ r ≤ 𝑅0
B𝑅0 (x0 )
where
c1 = (A−ε )−1 , c2 =
c−2B
1 − A−B−ε
15
For the proof of Lemma 2, let
φ(r) =
∫ |Du|2 dx ≥ 0
Br (x0 )
which is non decreasing and
A = n ; B = 2β + n − 2
Then by Lemma 1 in step 1 we have, for all 0 < 𝑟 < 𝑅 ≤ R 0
r A
φ(r) ≤ 𝑐 (( ) + δ) φ(R) + cRB
R
r A
For 𝛿 > 0 choose 𝑐̃ > 0 such that 𝛿 < 𝑐̃ (R) and we have
φ ( r ) ≤ c0 (
r A
) φ(R 0 ) + cr B
R0
where c0 = c(1 + 𝑐̃ ).
Suppose that A ≥ B without loss of generality.
Set
R i = i R 0 , 0 <  < 1.
Then
R i+1 = i+1 R 0 = R i ,
0 < R i+1 < R i ,
and so,
i−1
φ ( R i ) ≤ ( c0 
A )i
φ(R 0 ) + c ∑(c0 A )j (R (i−1)−j )
B
j=0
Choose ε > 0 such that ε < 𝐴 − 𝐵 and c0 𝐴 ≤ 𝐴−𝜀 , where we use that c0 > 0 is large.
Then we have
φ(R i ) ≤ (A−ε )i φ(R 0 ) +
c
(i−1 R 0 )B .
1 − A−B−ε
For any positive r < 𝑅, we choose i0 ∈ ℕ such that R i0+1 < 𝑟 ≤ R i0 . Then
φ(r) ≤ φ(R i0 )
c
(i0−1 R 0 )B
1 − A−B−ε
r B
c−2B
< (A−ε )−1 ( ) φ(R 0 ) +
rB
R0
1 − A−B−ε
≤ (A−ε )i0 φ(R 0 ) +
Thus there are c1 , c2 > 0 such that
φ(r) < c1 (
r B
) φ(R 0 ) + c2 r B ,
R0
0 <∀ r ≤ 𝑅0
where
c1 = (A−ε )−1 ;
c2 =
c−2B
1 − A−B−ε
16
Step 3. Hölder regularity
By Poincare’s inequality and Lemma 2 we have
2
∫ |u − u̅Br(x0) | dx
𝑐̂ 𝑟 2
≤
∫ |𝐷𝑢|2 𝑑𝑥
𝐵𝑅 (𝑥0 )
⏟
Br (x0 )
=𝜑(𝑟)
r B
ĉr 2 c1 ( ) φ(R 0 ) + c2 r B
R0
1 B
= ĉ (c1 ( ) φ(R 0 ) + c2 ) r B+2 = Cr B+2
R0
<
Consequently we see that
2
∫ |u − u̅Br (x0) | dx ≤ C r n+2β
Br (x0 )
s−n 2q−n
holds for all x0 ∈ BR0 (x̅0 ) and 0 < 𝑟 < 2R 0 , where β = min {
if β =
if β =
s−n
s
2q−n
q
then 𝑛 + 2 (
s−n
then 𝑛 + 2 (
s
,
q
} and
) > 𝑛 ↔ s > 𝑛,
s
2q−n
q
n
) > 𝑛 ↔ s > 2.
We invoke the characterization of Hölder continuous functions due to Campanato, which implies that, for
B = BR0 (x̅0 )
u ∈ L2 (B) and
sup
x0 ∈B
0<𝑟<𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚(B)=2R0
r −(n+2β) ∫B
2
r(x0 )∩B
|u − u̅Br(x0)∩B | dx ≤ C
is equivalent to
u ∈ C β (B).
β
(Ω).
Since B = B3R0 (x̅0 )  Ω is arbitrary, we find that u ∈ Cloc
■
CONCLUSION
The Hölder regularity of a weak solution of (E) can be shown by using Campanato estimates. We use
gradient 𝐿2 -estimate for solutions and combine with Poincare’s inequality to get Campanato estimates.
Finally, we use equivalence between Campanato Space and Hölder regularity.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This paper could not be written to its fullest without Prof. Masashi Misawa from Department of
Mathematics University of Kumamoto, who is my thesis supervisor. I thank him. I also wish to thank the
Indonesian government who has provided financial support.
REFERENCES
L. C. Evans. 1998. Partial Differential Equations. American Mathematical Society.
Giaquinta, M. 1993. Introduction to Regularity Theory for Nonlinear Elliptic Systems. Birkhauser Verlag.
Basel-Switzerland.
17
Konstruksi Large Set dari Finite Projective Plane Order 3
Vira Hari Krisnawati
Jurusan Matematika, Fakultas Matematika dan Ilmu pengetahuan Alam, Universitas Brawijaya
Email: [email protected]
Abstrak
Large set merupakan suatu koleksi dari himpunan semua k-subset atas v-set ke dalam sejumlah tertentu sistem
Steiner S(t, k, v) yang saling lepas (mutually disjoint). Untuk finite projective planes order q, atau disebut juga sistem
Steiner S(2, q  1 , q2  q  1 ), large set dari projective planes order 3 atau sistem Steiner S(2, 4, 13) merupakan satusatunya yang eksis, sedangkan large set dari projective planes order 2 tidak eksis, dan order 4 masih belum diketahui
keeksisannya.
Konstruksi dari suatu projective planes order 3 tergantung dari 6 buah garis generator sedemikian sehingga garis
lainnya dapat ditentukan secara tunggal. Serta, koleksi dari himpunan semua 4-subset atas 13-set dapat didekomposisi
menjadi suatu projective planes order 3 yang tetap, himpunan dari 2 titik kolinear, dan 3 titik kolinear. Dengan
menggunakan beberapa kondisi ini dilakukan beberapa pendekatan untuk menganalisis konstruksi large set dari finite
projective planes order 3.
Kata kunci: sistem Steiner, finite projective planes, large set.
Abstract
A large set is a partition of the set of all k-subsets over v-set into a number of mutually disjoint Steiner systems S(t,
k, v). For finite projective planes of order q which is called a Steiner system S(2, q  1 , q2  q  1 ), there is only known
a large set of projective planes of order 3, while a large set of projective planes of order 2 do not exist and the existence
of large set of projective planes of order 4 is still unsettled problem.
The construction of projective planes of order 3 depends on the six important lines such that other lines can be
determined uniquely. And, the collection of all 4-subsets over 13-set can be decomposed as a fix projective planes of
order 3, the set of 2 collinear points, and the set of 3 collinear points. By using these conditions, we do some
approaches to analyse the construction of large set of finite projective planes of order 3.
Keywords: Steiner systems, finite projective planes, large set.
PENDAHULUAN
Finite projective planes merupakan suatu konstruksi geometri yang merupakan perluasan dari konsep
bidang, yang terdiri dari himpunan titik dan garis bersama dengan suatu relasi yang didefinisikan di
dalamnya dengan order 2 sebagai order terkecil. Dalam kombinatorial matematika, sistem Steiner
merupakan suatu tipe blok desain. Secara spesifik, sistem Steiner S(t, k, v) adalah suatu himpunan titik
sebanyak v elemen dan blok sebanyak k elemen yang memenuhi suatu ketentuan bahwa setiap subset dari
himpunan titik yang memuat t elemen hanya muncul dalam blok yang tunggal. Finite projective planes ini
merupakan salah satu contoh dari sistem Steiner dengan t = 2, yaitu finite projective planes berorder q yang
dinotasikan sebagai PG(2, q) dapat dinyatakan sebagai suatu sistem Steiner S(2, q + 1, q2 + q + 1).
Suatu large set merupakan koleksi dari himpunan semua k-subset atas v-set ke dalam sejumlah tertentu
sistem Steiner S(t, k, v) yang saling lepas. Banyak ilmuwan mengembangkan beberapa teori tentang large
set dalam suatu konstruksi pengulangan (recursive). Metode recursive membutuhkan suatu koleksi awal
(basic) dari large set untuk memulainya. Menentukan large set memang agak sulit karena hal ini
memerlukan suatu metode yang tepat dan efektif.
Menurut Magliveras, 2009, large set dari projective plane order 3 atau sistem Steiner S(2,4,13)
merupakan satu-satunya yang eksis, sedangkan large set dari projective planes order 2 atau sistem Steiner
S(2,3,7) tidak eksis dan order 4 atau sistem Steiner S(2,5,21) masih belum diketahui keeksisannya. Dalam
literatur Chouinard II, 1983, keeksisan large set ini ditentukan berdasarkan metode pencarian lucky
komputer sesuai dengan finite group yang tepat sedemikian sehingga diperoleh 15 kelas non isomorfik
large set.
Berdasarkan Krisnawati, 2012, konstruksi dari suatu projective planes order 3 tergantung dari 6 buah
garis generator sedemikian sehingga garis lainnya dapat ditentukan secara tunggal. Serta, koleksi dari
himpunan semua 4-subset atas 13-set dapat didekomposisi menjadi suatu projective planes order 3 yang
18
tetap, himpunan dari 2 titik kolinear, dan himpunan dari 3 titik kolinear. Oleh karena itu, dengan
menggunakan beberapa kondisi ini dalam penelitian ini dilakukan beberapa pendekatan untuk menganalisis
konstruksi large set dari finite projective planes order 3. Untuk mengamati dan menguji beberapa kondisi
tertentu, digunakan software matematika yang berkaitan dengan teori grup yaitu GAP (Group, Algorithms,
and Programming).
METODE PENELITIAN
Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah studi literatur dan analisis penentuan sifat-sifat yang terkait.
Langkah-langkah yang diperlukan adalah sebagai berikut:
1. Menganalisis metode konstruksi large set dari finite projective planes order 3 atau sistem Steiner
S(2, 4, 13), yaitu LS[55](2, 4, 13) berdasarkan Chouinard II.
2. Melakukan rekonstruksi large set dari finite projective planes order 3. Menurut Chouinard II, 1983,
terdapat 15 non isomorfik kelas dari large set LS[55](2, 4, 13). Order dari elemen-elemen dalam setiap
kelas tersebut masih acak dan sebagian besar ordernya lebih dari 6, maka ditentukan elemen-elemen
yang setara atau ekuivalen dengan cara memilih order terkecil yang seragam. Hal ini dapat dilakukan
dengan menentukan double koset atas grup automorfisma finite projective planes order 3.
3. Melakukan dekomposisi dari semua himpunan 4-subset atas 13-set menjadi suatu projective planes
order 3 yang tetap, himpunan dari 2 titik kolinear, dan 3 titik kolinear. Kemudian, menganalisa sifat
dekomposisi tersebut sedemikian sehingga dapat membentuk large set.
4. Mengkaji konstruksi finite projective planes order 3 yaitu untuk membentuk projective planes order 3
tergantung dari 6 buah garis generator sehingga sisa garis lainnya dapat ditentukan secara tunggal.
Kemudian, dilakukan analisis keterkaitan dengan konstruksi large set-nya.
Untuk mengamati dan menguji beberapa kondisi pada langkah 2 dan 3 digunakan software matematika
yang berkaitan dengan teori grup yaitu GAP (Group, Algorithms, and Programming).
HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN
Menurut Chouinard II, 1983 konstruksi large set dari finite projective planes order 3 menggunakan grup
siklik berorder 11. Hal ini didasarkan pada suatu Lemma yang menyatakan bahwa salah satu elemen dalam
13 
grup simetri S13 yang menetapkan partisi   ke dalam projective planes order 3 adalah elemen berorder
4
11. Adapun metode yang dilakukan oleh Chouinard II, 1983 yaitu:
1. Misal  adalah finite projective planes order 3 dan L  adalah himpunan garis dari  dimana 6 buah
garis generatornya yaitu: {1,2,4,12}, {1,3,5,11}, {1,6,7,13}, {2,3,9,13}, {2,5,7,10}, dan {3,4,6,10}; atau
secara detail L  terdiri dari:
l1  1, 2, 4,12 
l2  1, 3, 5,11
l3  1, 6, 7,13 
l4  1, 8, 9,10 
l5   2, 3, 9,13 
l6   2, 5, 7,10 
l7   2, 6, 8,11
l8  3, 4, 6,10 
l9  3, 7, 8,12 
l10   4, 5, 8,13
2. Bentuk grup siklik beroder 11, yaitu H  (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11)
l11   4, 7, 9,11
l12  5, 6, 9,12 
l13  10,11,12,13
sedemikian sehingga │L 

(L  ) │= 0 untuk setiap h  H \ e . Kemudian {(L  ) h  H } menghasilkan 11 buah finite
projective plane order 3 yang saling lepas (mutually disjoint).
3. Bentuk himpunan bagian dari grup simetri S13 , yaitu A  ak  S13 k  1, , 5 sedemikian sehingga {
h
h


5
a
 L  k a k  A } adalah himpunan dari 5 buah finite projective plane order 3 yang saling lepas dari
k 1
orbit yang berbeda.
4. Tentukan semua orbit dari L  ak untuk setiap ak  A atas H, yaitu
(L  ak )H = { (L  ak )h h H }.
Jadi large set dari finite projective planes order 3 dapat dibentuk oleh:
19
5
a
 ( L  k )H = LS[55](2,4,13).
k 1
Berdasarkan Chouinard II, 1983 telah diperoleh 15 kelas non isomorfik large set dari  atas himpunan A
yang terdiri dari 5 buah elemen yang masih dalam bentuk cycle type dengan order berbeda dan tidak
teratur. Oleh karena itu, dilakukan pengamatan terhadap semua kemungkinan elemen dari A dengan
menggunakan double koset atas G (grup automorfisma  ), yaitu Gak H untuk setiap ak  A dalam 15
kelas non isomorfik tersebut. Hal ini dikarenakan G adalah grup automorfisma  sehingga diperoleh:
5
 ( L
G
k 1
) ak
H
5
=  L  ak
H
k 1

= LS[55](2,4,13).

Dengan menggunakan GAP, dihitung Gak H  ga k h h  H untuk setiap ak  A sedemikian sehingga
diambil A yang terdiri dari elemen-elemen yang mempunyai order terkecil.
Tabel 1. Rewrite Daftar Elemen dari Grup Simetri S13 Pembentuk Large Set.
Elemen a k  S13
Kelas
a2
a3
a4
a1
1
(1,4)
(1,6) (2,4)
(4,11) (6,8) (9,10)
(1,3) (4,7) (5,10)
(8,13) (10,11)
(6,13) (8,9)
a5
(1,3) (2,10)(5,8)
(7,12) (9,11)
2
e
(1,4)(2,5) (3,12)
(6,11)(8,10)
(1,12) (2,6) (7,13)
(9,11)
(1,13)(3,7)(11,12)
(1,3) (5,6) (812)
(9,13) (10,11)
3
e
(1,5) (2,9) (3,6)
(4,13) (7,10)
(1,7) (3,8) (5,11)
(10,13)
(1,5) (2,4) (3,7)
(6,12) (8,10)
(3,12) (4,11)
(6,8) (7,13)
4
(1,10) (3,7)
(5,12) (6,13)
(1,2)(3,4) (7,10)
6
(1,6) (3,8)
(1,8) (2,9)
(7,10) (11,12)
(1,6) (2,13) (7,12)
(10,11)
(1,3) (4,11) (5,9)
(6,8)
(1,2) (3,11) (5,6)
(8,10)
(2,10) (5,6) (8,9)
(12,13)
(1,4)(2,12) (3,11)
(9,13)
(1,11) (2,7) (3,12)
(6,10)
(2,6) (3,10)
5
(1,11) (3,13)
(9,12)
(1,6) (3,8)
7
(1,3)(4,5)(8,9)
(10,11)(12,13)
(1,11)(2,6)(8,13)
(1,7) (3,9) (4,10)
(6,12)
(2,5) (3,6) (7,12)
(9,11)
8
(1,4) (2,9)
(5,8) (11,12)
(1,6) (2,5)
(11,13)
(3,8) (7,9)
(10,12)(11,13)
(1,7)(3,6)(4,9)(5,
13) (8,11) (10,12)
(1,2)(3,8)(4,5)
(10,13)
(6,13) (7,9)
(10,12)
(1,4) (2,5)
(3,8)
(1,2) (3,8)
(4,12) (7,13)
(9,10)
(2,9) (7,13)
(10,12)
(1,6) (2,9) (3,5)
(4,10) (12,13)
(1,4) (7,9)
(8,12) (11,13)
(1,2) (3,6) (5,8)
(7,10) (11,12)
(1,2)(3,12) (5,6)
(8,9)
(1,7) (3,6)
(5,13) (9,10)
(1,9) (2,6) (3,4)
(5,12) (7,8)
(1,5)(4,11) (6,9)
(7,10) (8,13)
(1,12) (2,7) (3,9)
(10,13)
(1,2) (3,6) (4,12) (8,10)
(9,11)
(1,7) (4,13)
(6,9) (8,11)
(1,13) (2,11) (3,9)
(10,12)
(1,5) (7,13)
(1,8)(2,4)(3,10)
(7,12)(9,11)
(1,5) (2,3) (4,6)
(8,11) (10,13)
(1,2) (5,12)
(6,8) (9,10)
(1,7) (2,3) (4,6)
(5,9)(8,11)(10,13)
(1,2) (4,7) (6,13)
(8,12) (10,11)
(1,6) (3,9) (5,11)
(7,10)
(5,13) (6,7)
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
(1,5) (2,3) (4,11) (6,9)
(10,13)
(1,8,7) (3,13,11)
(4,10,6)
(1,10) (2,3) (6,11) (8,13)
(1,4) (2,3) (5,11)
(6,13)(7,12)
(1,3) (2,10)
(6,13) (7,12)
(1,5) (2,12)
(3,13) (6,7)
(9,11)
(1,4) (3,5)
(6,11) (7,13)
(1,8) (2,12)
(5,7) (6,9)
(1,2)(3,12) (4,7)
(5,11)(9,13)
(1,3)(4,9) (7,11)
(1,4) (2,13)(5,9)
(1,6) (2,7) (4,5)
(8,10) (11,12)
(1,7)(2,8) (3,10)
(4,11) (5,8)
(7,10)
(1,12) (4,6)
(5,11) (8,9)
Berdasarkan Tabel 1 tersebut terlihat sebagian besar setiap elemen dari A berorder 2, tetapi tidak dapat
ditemukan dalam bentuk cycle type yang sama. Pada kelas 2 dan 3, A dapat memuat elemen identitas; serta
pada kelas 5 dan 6, A dapat memuat elemen yang sama. Namun pada kelas 14, double koset Ga3 H tidak
memuat elemen berorder 2, sehingga diambil suatu elemen berorder 3. Oleh karena itu, dengan
menggunakan elemen-elemen yang sebagian besar berorder 2 ini dapat dilakukan rekonstruksi large set
dari finite projective plane order 3.
20
Untuk menganalisa konstruksi large set ini, dilakukan dekomposisi dari semua himpunan 4-subet atas
13-set setelah ditetapkan  , suatu finite projective planes order 3.
Misal didefinisikan:
X  : { S  P S  4 , 2 titik dari S adalah kolinear},
Y  : { S  P S  4 , 3 titik dari S adalah kolinear},
selanjutnya X  dan Y  masing-masing dapat dinotasikan sebagai X dan Y , sedemikian sehingga dapat
dinyatakan dekomposisi dari semua himpunan 4-subset atas 13-set menjadi:
13 
   L  X  Y .
4
Kemudian, dianalisa beberapa sifat dari dekomposisi tersebut.
Misal  adalah suatu PG(2,3) yang tetap. Secara general dapat dimisalkan L  l1 , l2 ,, l13 dimana
l1   a, b, c, d
l2   a, e, f , g 
l3   a, h, i, j 
l4  a, k, l, m 
l5  b, e, h, k 
l6  b, f , i, l 
l7  b, g, j, m 
l8  c, e, i, m 
l9  c, f , j, k 
l10  c, g, h, l
l11  d , e, j, l 
l12   d , f , h, m 
l13  d , g, i, k
(1)
Adapun beberapa lemma dan teorema yang terkait dengan dekomposisi X dan Y tersebut adalah sebagai
berikut.
Lemma 1. Untuk setiap S  X , S dapat dinyatakan sebagai suatu kombinasi linear dari 4 garis tertentu
atau komplemen dari 4 garis tersebut dalam L.
Bukti.
Ambil sebarang S  X . Misal S  a, b, e, i  , maka terdapat 6 garis di L yaitu l1, l2 , l3 , l5 , l6 , dan l8 yang
masing-masing memuat 2-subset dari S. Dan terdapat garis lain yang tunggal yaitu l4 , l7 , l11, dan l13 yang
masing-masing memuat satu titik dari S. Karena setiap 2 garis dari l4 , l7 , l11, dan l13 beririsan di satu titik,
setiap titik dalam (l4  l7  l11  l13 ) \ S terletak dalam 2 garis tersebut, maka
S  l4  l7  l11  l13 .
Jadi, S dapat dinyatakan sebagai kombinasi linear dari 4 garis tertentu dimana masing-masing garis memuat
satu titik di S.
Dan karena ∑ l k  L l k  Ø dan S = S + Ø, maka S dapat dinyatakan sebagai jumlah dari komplemen 4 garis
tersebut di L.
Misal S  R  R' dimana R   a, b  dan R' e, i . Maka terdapat 2 garis di L yaitu l1 dan l8 yang
masing-masing memuat R dan R' , sehingga S  l1  l8  d , m  dimana d  l1 dan m  l8 . Karena
d , m  l12 dan l12 \ {d , m}  { f , h} , maka
l12   lr   lt  l12  P  l12  { f }  P  l12  {h}  l12  { f , h}  {d , m} .
r 12
f lr
sehingga
t 12
hlt
S  l1  l8  l12   l r   lt
r 12
f lr
t 12
hlt
 l1  l8  l12  l 2  l 6  l9   l3  l5  l10 .
Dengan demikian, S juga dapat dinyatakan sebagai kombinasi linear dari 9 garis yang sesuai atau
komplemen dari 4 garis di atas.
■
Lemma 2. Untuk setiap S  Y , S dapat dinyatakan sebagai suatu kombinasi linear dari 5 garis tertentu atau
komplemen dari 5 garis tersebut dalam L.
Bukti.
21
Ambil sebarang S  Y . Misal S   a, b, c, e , maka terdapat 3 garis di L yaitu l 2 , l5 , dan l8 yang masingmasing memuat {a, e},{b, e}, dan {c, e} . Kemudian harus dihilangkan titik yang termuat di dalam
l2  l5  l8  \ S dengan menentukan garis yang tidak memuat sebarang titik di S yaitu l12 dan l13 , maka
S  l2  l5  l8  l12  l13 .
Jadi, S dapat dinyatakan sebagai kombinasi linear dari 5 garis tertentu yang tepat.
Dan karena ∑ l k  L l k  Ø dan S = S + Ø, maka S dapat dinyatakan sebagai jumlah dari komplemen 5 garis
tersebut di L.
Untuk S   a, b, c, e , terdapat garis yang tunggal l1  L sedemikian sehingga l1  S  3 dan
l1  S  {d , e} dimana d  l1 dan e  S , serta terdapat garis l11  L sedemikian sehingga d , e l11 .
Karena l1  l11  {d} dan { j, l}  l11 , S  l1  l11  { j, l} . Dengan cara bukti yang sama dengan Lemma 1,
{ j, l} dapat dinyatakan sebagai jumlah dari beberapa garis di L, yaitu  lr   lt  { j, l} .
r 11
jlr
sehingga
t 11
llt
S  l1  l11   l11   lt
r 11
jlr
t 11
hlt
 l1  l11  l3  l7  l9   l 4  l6  l10 .
Dengan demikian, S juga dapat dinyatakan sebagai kombinasi linear dari 8 garis yang sesuai atau
komplemen dari 5 garis di atas.
■
Lemma 3. Banyaknya elemen dalam X dan Y, yaitu X  234 dan Y  468 .
Bukti.
Ambil sebarang S  X , yang berarti 2 titik dari S kolinear. Pertama, pilih 2 titik di P, misal a, b  l1 .
Kemudian pilih satu titik dari 9 titik di P \ l1 , misal e. Maka terdapat garis l 2 dan l5 yang masing-masing
memuat {a, e} dan {b, e} . Selanjutnya untuk melengkapi titik yang lain di S, pilih titik dari 4 titik di P \
l1  l2  l5  sehingga dapat ditentukan
13 
   13  4   4
2
2 3  33  13
X  

 2  3 2  13  234.
2
 4
2 3
   2
 2
Sekarang ambil sebarang S  Y , yang berarti 2 titik dari S collinear atau terdapat dengan tunggal l  L
sedemikian sehingga l  S  3 . Untuk membentuk S  Y , pilih 3 titik pada setiap garis di l  L dan satu
titik yang lain di P \ l sehingga dapat ditentukan
 4
Y  13     13  4   2 2  3 2 13  468.
 3
■
Seperti yang telah diketahui X dan Y dapat ditentukan secara tunggal setelah ditetapkan  , suatu
finite projective plane order 3. Dengan menggunakan GAP, dapat ditentukan grup automorfisma X dan Y
yaitu:
Aut X   Aut Y   Aut    G  PSL3,3.
Jadi, grup automorfisma X dan Y masing-masing sama dengan grup automorfisma  yaitu isomorfik
dengan Projective Special Linear Group, PSL(3,3).
Selanjutnya dilakukan analisa terhadap konstruksi finite projective plane order 3 dalam X dan Y .
Teorema 4. Misal  adalah finite projective plane order 3 yang tetap. Maka tidak ada finite projective plane
order 3,  ' dalam Y .
Bukti.
22
Misal L adalah himpunan garis dari  seperti yang diasumsikan pada (1). Andaikan terdapat finite
projective plane order 3,  ' dalam Y . Misal L’ adalah himpunan garis dari  ' . Berdasarkan definisi
himpunan Y dan karena dalam projective plane setiap 2 titik terletak dalam satu garis, maka untuk setiap
li ' L’ terdapat dengan tunggal li  L sedemikian sehingga li '  li  3 . Oleh karena itu, dapat
didefinisikan relasi korespondensi  antara l i dan li ' .
Kemudian, konstruksi  ' dengan mengamati kemungkinan korespondensi garis dalam L’ dan mengecek
pasangan titik dalam garis tersebut untuk menentukan kemungkinan 3 titik kolinear dari garis yang lain.
Secara umum, metode pembuktian ini dilakukan dengan memilih titik yang sesuai dan garis yang tepat
sehingga dapat terjadi kontradiksi dengan pengandaian.
Misal l1  a, b, c, d  l1 '  a, b, c, e . Karena a, e  l1 ' , kemungkinan 3 titik kolinear untuk
l2  a, e, f , g dibagi 2 kasus, yaitu:
(i) Kasus 1. Misal l2 '  a, f , g,  dimana   d , h, i, j, k , l, atau m.
Sebagai contoh asumsikan l2 '  a, d , f , g dan ambil l3 '  a, h, i, l  l3  {a, h, i, j} sehingga dapat
ditentukan
secara
tunggal
garis
Kemudian
bentuk
l4 '  a, h, i, l  l4  {a, k, l, m} .
l5 '  {b, d , h, k}  l5  b, e, h, k . Karena d , f  l2 ' dan d , h  l5 ' maka d  l12 ' yang berarti
l12  d , f , h, m  l12 '  f , h, m,* . Karena 3 titik kolinear dari l12 ' telah beririsan di satu titik
dengan beberapa garis yang telah ditentukan kecuali l1 ' dan titik a telah muncul dalam 4 garis serta
b, h l5 ' maka *  c atau e.
 Misal l12 '  c, f , h, m . Karena c, f l12 ' dan j, k  l 4 ' , maka tidak dapat dibentuk 3 titik kolinear
dari garis l9  c, f , j, k sehingga terjadi kontradiksi dengan pengandaian.
 Misal l12 '  e, f , h, m. Karena titik h telah muncul dalam 3 garis di atas, maka dapat diperoleh
secara tunggal l10 '  {c, g, h, j}  l10  c, g, h, l. Serta karena c, e  l1 ' dan e, m l12 ' , maka
e  l8 ' yang berarti l8  c, e, i, m  l8 '  c, i, m,* . Dari 3 titik kolinear l8 ' telah beririsan




di satu titik dengan beberapa garis yang telah ditentukan kecuali l2 ' dan l5 ' , tetapi
l2 'l5 '   d  yang berarti l8 '  c, d , i, m . Karena titik d telah muncul dalam 3 garis di atas, maka
dapat ditentukan secara tunggal l10 '  {c, g, h, j}  l12  c, g, h, l sehingga merupakan suatu
kontradiksi.
(ii) Kasus 2. Misal l2 '  e, f , g,  dimana   d , h, i, j, k , l, atau m.
Sebagai contoh asumsikan l2 '  d , e, f , g. Berdasarkan kemungkinan dari 3 titik kolinear l12 ' yang
belum beririsan satu titik dengan l1 ' tetapi d , e, f  l 2 ' maka dapat dibentuk l12 '  b, f , h, m .
Karena b, e  l12 ' dan b, h  l12 ' maka b l5 ' yang berarti l5  b, e, h, k  l5 '  {e, h, k,*} . Dan
karena 3 titik kolinear dari l 5 ' telah beririsan di satu titik dengan semua garis yang telah ditentukan
tersebut maka
*  P \ l1 ' l2 ' l12 ' l5 '  i, j atau l.
 Ambil l5 '  e, h, i, k . Tetapi karena d , g  l5 ' dan i, k  l5 ' , maka tidak dapat dibentuk 3 titik
kolinear dari garis l13  d , g, i, k sehingga terjadi kontradiksi dengan pengandaian.


Ambil l5 '  e, h, j, k . Karena titik e telah muncul dalam 3 garis tersebut maka dapat diperoleh
secara tunggal garis l8 '  {e, i, l, m}  l8  c, e, i, m . Serta karena b, f l12 ' dan i, l  l8 ' , maka
tidak dapat dibentuk 3 titik kolinear dari garis l6  b, f , i, l sehingga terjadi kontradiksi dengan
pengandaian.
Ambil l5 '  e, h, k , l . Karena titik e telah muncul dalam 3 garis di atas, maka dapat diperoleh
secara tunggal l8 '  {e, i, j, m}  l8  c, e, i, m . Serta karena d , e  l 2 ' dan e, j  l8 ' sehingga
e  l11' yang berarti l11  d , e, j, l  l11'  d , j, l,*. Dari 3 titik kolinear l11 ' telah beririsan di
satu titik dengan beberapa garis yang telah ditentukan kecuali l1 ' dan l12 ' , tetapi l1 'l12 '  b 
yang berarti l11'  b, d , j, l. Tetapi karena b, j  l11 ' dan j, m  l8 ' serta b, m  l12 ' , maka tidak
23
dapat dibentuk 3 titik kolinear dari garis l7  b, g, j, m sehingga terjadi kontradiksi dengan
pengandaian.
Hal ini dapat dilakukan dengan cara yang sama untuk setiap kemungkinan sehingga dapat disimpulkan
bahwa tidak ada finite projective plane order 3 dalam Y .
■
Berdasarkan bukti Teorema 4 yang berkaitan dengan distribusi Y dan dengan memperhatikan sifat X,
maka dapat dibentuk konstruksi PG(2,3) yang berkaitan dengan dekomposisi garis dalam X dan Y, yaitu:
Misal  adalah suatu PG(2,3) yang memuat himpunan garis L  l1 , l2 ,, l13 seperti yang telah
ditetapkan pada (1). Maka,
1. Terdapat  ' sedemikian sehingga memuat 12 garis dalam Y dan 1 garis dalam L. Sebagai contoh:
l7 '  b, g, l, m 
l4 '   a, j, k , m 
l10 '  c, g, h, j
l1 '  a, b, c, e
l2 '   a, d , f , g 
l5 '  b, d , h, k 
l8 '  c, d , i, m 
l12 '  e, f , h, m 
l6 '  b, f , i, j 
l9 '  c, f , k , l 
l13 '  e, g, i, k
l3 '  a, h, i, l 
sehingga dapat ditentukan secara tunggal garis l11'   d , e, j, l   l11  L.
2. Terdapat  ' sedemikian sehingga memuat 12 garis dalam Y dan 1 garis dalam X. Sebagai contoh:
l5 '  b, d , e, k 
l8 '  c, d , i, m 
l1 '   a, b, c, j
l11'  e, j, l, m 
l12 '  d , f , h, j 
l2 '  a, e, f , i 
l9 '  c, f , k , l 
l6 '  b, h, i, l 
l7 '  b, f , g, m 
l13 '   g, i, j, k
l10 '  c, e, g, h
l4 '   a, h, k , m 
sehingga dapat ditentukan secara tunggal garis l3 '   a, d , g, l  X .
3. Terdapat  ' dalam X. Sebagai contoh:
l5 '  b, c, k , m 
l1 '   a, b, e, i
l11'  e, f , j, m 
l8 '  c, d , e, h 
l6 '  b, d , f , g 
l12 '  e, g, k , l 
l2 '  a, c, f , l 
l9 '  c, g, i, j 
l3 '   a, d , j, k 
l13 '   f , h, i, k .
l10 '  d , i, l, m
l7 '  b, h, j, l 
l4 '   a, g, h, m 
Dengan demikan setelah ditetapkan PG(2,3)  , maka untuk sembarang PG(2,3)  ' , dimana  '   di
dalam large set memuat beberapa garis di X dan Y, serta dapat dikonstruksi beberapa  ' di X.
KESIMPULAN
Suatu large set merupakan koleksi dari himpunan semua k-subset atas v-set ke dalam sejumlah tertentu
sistem Steiner S(t, k, v) yang saling lepas. Large set dari finite projective planes order 3 merupakan satusatunya yang eksis, sehingga dalam penelitian ini dilakukan beberapa pendekatan untuk menganalisis
konstruksi large set tersebut.
Berdasarkan hasil pembahasan, dapat diperoleh beberapa ketentuan antara lain:
1. Dalam 15 kelas non isomorfik large set dari  atas suatu himpunan yang terdiri dari 5 buah elemen
masih dalam bentuk cycle type dengan order berbeda dan tidak teratur. Kemudian dengan
menggunakan GAP, dilakukan pendekatan isomorfik rekonstruksinya sedemikian sehingga diperoleh
sebagian besar setiap elemen dari himpunan tersebut berorder 2, tetapi tidak dapat ditemukan dalam
bentuk cycle type yang sama.
2. Koleksi dari himpunan semua 4-subset atas 13-set sama dengan gabungan dari finite projective planes
order 3 yang tetap, himpunan 2 titik kolinear (X), dan himpunan 3 titik kolinear (Y). Dan juga, tidak
terdapat PG(2,3) dalam Y dan terdapat PG(2,3) dalam X.
UCAPAN TERIMA KASIH
Penulis mengucapkan terima kasih atas bantuan dana penelitian DPP/SPP FMIPA Universitas Brawijaya
sehingga dapat terselesaikan penelitian ini dengan baik. Serta terima kasih kepada teman-teman sejawat di
Jurusan Matematika Universitas Brawijaya atas dukungan moril untuk menekuni bidang penelitian ini.
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
Chouinard II, Leo G. 1983. Partitions of the 4 Subsets of a 13-Set Into Disjoint Projective Planes. Discrete
Mathematics. 297 - 300.
Hughes, D.R. and F.C. Piper. 1973. Projective Planes, Springer. New York. Heidelberg. Berlin.
24
Krisnawati, Vira Hari; Karim, Corina dan Endang Wahyu. 2012. Analisis Beberapa Karakteristik dari
Konstruksi Finite Projective Plane Order 2 dan 3. DPP/SPP FMIPA Universitas Brawijaya.
Magliveras, Spyro S. 2009. Large sets of t-designs from groups, Math. Slovaca 59, No.1, 19 – 38.
25
The Effect of Unsustainable Behaviours on the Occurrence of Forest Fires in
Indonesia
Puspita Ayuningtyas Prawesti1, Aris Rusyiana and Romy Hermawan
Faculty of Administrative Science, Brawijaya University
Abstract
This paper is aimed at divulging the effect of unsustainable behaviours of citizens on the occurrence of forest
fires in Indonesia. The selection of Indonesia in this paper is under the consideration that Indonesia has the third largest
area of tropical forests in the world that plays very important roles in global environmental issues. To achieve the
objective, the writersapply quantitative methodology by using categorical regression model. The data of this paper is taken
from that of The Villages’ PotencyCensuses in Indonesia conducted by Central Statistics Board in 2014. From the data
analysis, it is found that (1). The occurrence of forest fires are not influenced by the major occupations of the Indonesian
citizens in agriculture, (2). However, the happening of forest fires in this country is triggered by the unsustainable planting
pattern of the citizens that is by burning fields before planting, (3). In fact, the occurrence of forest fires in Indonesia is also
generated by the unsustainable waste management by the citizens. From these results, the writers give recommendations
for policy makers to raise the awareness of the society about the importance of sustainable behaviours for the successful
implementation of sustainable forest management.
Keywords: forest fire, planting pattern, sustainable behaviour, sustainable forest management, waste management
INTRODUCTION
One of the most important concerns in the environmental management field is the prevention of the
occurrence of forest fires. Since, as per the expression from Tietenberg (1998), forest fires are able to intensify
global warming, decrease biodiversity, cause the decline in agricultural productivity, increase soil erosion and
desertification as well as precipitate the decrease of traditional cultures of people indigenous to the forests. In
addition, according toTacconi (2003), fores fires can generate the following negative impacts such as: smoke
haze pollution, increased carbon emission, forest degradation, forest deforestation, loss of products and
services as well as loss in rural sectors.In fact, forest fires are viewed as serious threats on sustainable
development due to its direct effect on the ecosystem (United Nations International Strategy for Disaster
Reduction, 2002). Considering these very undesirable effects of forest fires on environment, it is imperative
that the occurrences of forest fire be prevented.
The endeavours to prevent forest fires have been intensified by scientific community and global
society after the 1997/1998 El Nino Southern Oscillation whereby fire affected up to 25 million hectares of
land in the world (Rowell and Moore, 2001). In regional level, South East Asia community has been aware of
the potential threats of forest fires as manifested in the signing of the Agreement on Trans boundary Haze
Pollution in June 2002 by all members of ASEAN organization. In national level, Indonesia has strengthened the
policies to prevent the forest fires after the most severe forest fire in 1997/1998 that Glover (2001) described
the event as one of the worst environmental disaster in the century due to its impacts on forests and the large
amount of carbon that is emitted during the event.
One of the ways to prevent the happening of forest fire is the implementation of sustainable forest
management. According to United Nation (2008), sustainable forest management refers to a vigorous and
growing concept aimed at maintaining and improving the economic, social and environmental values of all
kinds of forests for the advantages for present and future generations. FAO/ITTO/INAB (2003) further expressed
1
Writer’s Address of Correspondence:
PuspitaAyuningtyasPrawesti
Email : [email protected]
Address : Magister of Administrative Science, Faculty of Administrative Science, Brawijaya University
Jl. M.T. Haryono 163 Malang 65145
25
that sustainable forest management is typified by several elements as follows: extent of forest resources,
forest biological diversity, forest health and vitality, productive functions of forest resources, protective
functions of forest resources, socio-economic functions of forest resources as well as legal, policy and
institutional framework. In addition, Toman and Ashton (1996) uttered that the sustainable forest
management must consider the following basic issues, namely: intergenerational responsibility, resource
substitutability and a special status for ecological asset as well as implications for sustainable forest ecosystem
and management. The concept of sustainable forest management has generated numerous initiatives and
changes at various levels led to the amendment in forest policies and regulations that has been followed by
local, national, regional and international forestry organizations.As FAO (2003) stated, if the concept of
sustainable forest management is transferred into action, it will result to the following actions:
participatory/community forestry, integrated and participatory forest fire management, landscape restoration,
protected area management, integrated and participatory watershed management, in situ conservation of
biological diversity, forest auditing and certification and so forth. If we consider the statement from FAO, we
can conclude that the sustainable forest management cannot be implemented without the sustainable
behaviours of the citizens to protect their forests since FAO emphasized the importance of participatory
and/or community actions in the implementation of sustainable forest management. Furthermore, Skutsch, et.
al., (2009) argued that the involvement of community in the implementation of forest management has 2
(two) advantages such as: it is cheaper and it is able to create greater impacts.
The importance of participation from the citizens in the implementation of sustainable forest
management has made the government in United Kingdom formulate numerous programs and interventions
on influencing the behaviour change of its citizens for forest sustainability (Morris, et. al., 2012). In addition,
Morris et. al. (2012) divided the interventions to influence people to implement sustainable forest
management into 3 (three) parts, first, the interventions targeting behaviours to sustainable forest
management that is termed by ‘input’ behaviour. Second, the interventions targeting on behaviours leading to
well-being benefits by assisting and encouraging engagement with trees, woods and forest that termed by
‘outcome’ behaviors. Third, the interventions targeting at both sustainable forest management and well-being
termed by ‘input-outcome’ behaviour. The instances of ‘input’ behaviours are tree-planting, woodland
management for biodiversity, the examples of ‘outcome’ behaviours include education and learning, while the
instances of ‘input-outcome’ behaviours are environmental volunteering.
There are several theories underlining the behaviour and behavioural change, as follows:
a. The Theory of Planned Behaviour and Theory of Reasoned Action
The theory of planned behaviour (hereinafter referred as TPB) is one that is the most widely used in
behavioural studies. The theory of planned behaviour (Ajzen and Madden, 1986) developed from
theory of reasoned action (Fishbein and Ajzen, 1975) postulating intentions to act as the best
behavioural predictors. Intention refers to a result of the attitude combination towards particular
behaviour. That is the evaluation of positive or negative behaviour, its expected outcome as well as
subjective norms, that are the social pressures exercised on an individual as an outcome from his
perceptions of what other people think they should do and their tendency to comply with these
thoughts.
b. The Theory of Health Belief Model
The theory of health belief model (Rosenstock, 1966; Sharma and Romas, 2012) is a model using
cognitive approach theorizing that behaviour is determined by a set of beliefs about threats to
individual’s well-being and the effectiveness as well as the outcomes of particular behaviours.
c. Stages of Change
The stages of change (or sometimes is also termed by the Transtheoretical Model) (Prochaska and
DiClemente, 1983; Prochaska, et. al., 1992) is an applied cognitive model sub-dividing individuals into
5 (five) groups representing different level of motivational readiness (Heimlich and Ardoin, 2008). The
stages manifesting level of motivational readiness are as follows: pre-contemplation, contemplation,
preparation, action and maintenance.
26
d.
Social and Technological Theories of Behaviour and Behaviour Change
1. Social practice theory postulates that the recognition that an individual practices (such as: ways
of conducting, habits, routinized behaviours) are arrangements from numerous inter-conncted
elements such as: norms, physical and mental activities, meanings, knowledge deriving from his
behaviours or actions as part of his everyday lives (Reckwitz, 2002).
2. Diffusion of Innovation Theory
Diffusion of innovation theory postulates that innovation as an agent of behavioural change with
the term of innovation is defined as an idea, object, practice perceived as new (Rogers, 2013).
e. Integrated Tools and Frameworks of Behaviour and Behavioural Change
This theory proposes that changing people behaviour is such a complex duty;thus, it needs more
complex tools and framework (Jackson, 2005). Nevertheless, Jackson explained that complex
framework may be good in conceptual understanding but poor in empirical quantification and vice
versa for simple framework.
These theories must be converted into actions, policies and programs that are aimed at influencing
people to act sustainable behaviours to support the implementation of sustainable forest management.
Morris (2012) explained that the most successful programs on influencing the citizens’ behaviours in United
Kingdom to implement sustainable forest management are as follows:
a. The programs that are based on good comprehension of individuals’ and groups’ motivations, values
and perceptions;
b. The programs targeting wider social environment of individuals;
c. The programs applying multi-faceted strategy;
d. The programs assisting active engagement of participants in project delivery and designs.
On the other hand, the programs attempting to influence the citizens’ behaviours that do not follow the above
points turned out to be less effective or failed. This finding depicts that influencing citizens’ behaviours to
support the implementation of sustainable forest management is not an easy task to do.
Considering the difficult tasks of the government to influence the citizens’ behaviours to implement
sustainable forest management even in developed countries like United Kingdom that has more abundant of
resources and has implemented that concept in longer period of time, the tasks will be more difficult if they
are applied in developing countries like Indonesia. Forest fire in Indonesia is a serious problem not only in
national level but also in global scale. Since, Indonesia has the third largest area of tropical forests in the world
that plays very important roles in global environmental issues. In national level, the occurrence of forest fire
Indonesia can cause the destruction of some of the last intact lowland rain forests, the death of a large
percentage of wild orang-utans and any other wild animals as well as the degradation of water quality of
rivers, lake and near shore ocean water (Schweithelm and Glover, 1999). In global level, forest fires in
Indonesia can cause air pollution and thick haze to neighbouring countries resulting in people who suffer
chronic respiratory, skin and eye ailments as well as increase the level of carbon dioxide emission contributing
to the more severe global warming (Dennis, 1999). To overcome the issues of forest fires in Indonesia, we
must address the main causes of the occurrences of forest fires in this country. Harrison, et. al. (2009) argued
that main cause of forest fire in Indonesia is the unsustainable behaviours by the citizens such as: land
clearance by burning, use of fire as a weapon in land dispute, use of fire for resource extraction, use of fire for
burning waste and so forth.
Therefore, this study would like to test the argumentation of Harrison, et. al whether unsustainable
behaviours of citizens have a significant effect on the occurrences of forest fires in Indonesia. Of this objective,
the writers propose 3 (three) hypotheses, as follows:
Hypothesis 1. Major occupations of Indonesian Citizens in agriculture influences the occurrence of forest fire,
Hypothesis 2.The happening of forest fires in this country is triggered by the unsustainable planting pattern of
the citizens that is by burning fields before planting
Hypothesis 3.The occurrence of forest fires in Indonesia is also generated by the unsustainable waste
management by the citizens.
27
By the findings of this study, the writers will give recommendations for policy makers to change the
behaviours of citizens to implement sustainable forest management by applying the above theories of
behaviour and behavioural change. In addition, the findings of this paper are expected to enrich the literatures
on the behaviour interventions on the effectiveness of the implementation of sustainable forest management.
On the other hand, there have been numerous researches studying the forest fire in Indonesia
(Gellert, 1998; Tacconi, 2003; Vayda, 2010; Bizard, 2011).The findings of these studies showed that the causes
of forest fires in Indonesia are the impact of logging, the weak policy of preventing forest fires from the
government, financial crisis as occurred in 1997 as well as low level awareness of the society. However, none
of the studies above that directly relate the occurrence of forest fire with unsustainable behaviour of citizens.
Additionally, those studies were only conducted in some areas of Indonesia, this study attempts to analyse the
occurrence of forest fires caused by unsustainable behaviours of citizens in all areas in Indonesia. Thus, this
study will close some research gaps left by prior studies concerning Indonesian forest fires.
RESEARCH METHOD
To achieve the objective of this study, the writer applies quantitative method. The distinction
between quantitative and qualitative methods lies on the fact that qualitative method expresses phenomena
through descriptive words, while quantitative method expresses then through numbers. (Duffy and Chenail,
2008). Qualitative study elaborates about experiences, views and feelings of individual and generates
subjective data and therefore, it can be seen as an inductive view in the linkage between theory and research
(Brymann and Bell, 2007). On the other hand, quantitative study is a research method that uses natural
science and positivist approach to social phenomena (McGovern, 2009). Therefore, quantitative uses
deductive view to link theory and research (Horn, 2009).Positivists state the strength of the quantitative
method is the objectivity because it maintains the distance between the observer and the observed
(McGovern, 2009). Since this study applied positivistic view and deductive approach, quantitative
methodology is considered best suited. Saunders, et. al (2009) said that positivism approach believes that only
observable phenomena can provide credible facts and data. They further stated that positivism uses theory to
develop hypotheses that will be tested and therefore, confirmed or rebutted and will result in more
development of that theory while deduction approach has 5 (five) phases as follows: deduce a hypothesis,
state the hypothesis in operational terms, test the hypothesis, examine the outcome and modify the theory
from the findings.
In addition, quantitative method was chosen for following reasons:
a. Previous researches – numerous studies on forest fires were conducted by using qualitative
approaches. Using quantitative approach, this study is aimed at completing the findings of previous
researches as well as presenting different point of view in the domain of Indonesian forest fires.
b. Time constraint – qualitative approach generally time consuming as the researcher only had a limited
time to conduct this research.
c. Objectivity – Quantitative research is widely known for its objectivity because the researcher does not
influence the study with his views and perceptions (Horn, 2009).
DATA COLLECTION TECHNIQUE
This study uses the data from the villages’ potency censuses (PODES) conducted by Central Board of
Statistics in 2014. The PODES is a longstanding tradition of data collection at the lowest administrative tier of
local governments concerning small area estimation (SAE). The PODES consists of more than 82,000 villages
(desa) and urban neighborhoods (kelurahan) across all 511 districts in Indonesia. The census is conducted
every 3 (three) years by the Indonesian Central Board of Statistic (BadanPusatStatistik) since 1983. Detail
information is gathered on a range of characteristics- ranging from public infrastructures and village finance to
crime and disaster information. Information is gathered by conducting interviews with the key informants such
28
as:kepaladesa (rural village heads) and lurah (urban neighborhood heads) and/or other credible informants as
well as some field observation (BPS, 2014).
To analyse the data, writers use logit regression method. Considering a village or neighbourhood as a
sample unit j, the model is :
Ei∗ = β0+∑ βiWi +∈i
With:
Ei∗ = Logit P (Ei∗ = 1)
Wi is a set of districts characteristics (i.e solid waste mismanagement of villagers, landfiring for agriculture, and
main income of villagers at agricultural sector).
∈i is normally distributed with zero and variance σ2
This one level logit regression model is estimated with STATA command ver 11.00. This model also reflects
determinants and definition of variable which are used in this paper (Table 1). Table 1 also shows source of
datasets which are used in this quantitative approach academic paper.
Table 1. Determinants, definition and data sources
Determinants
Definition
Fire Forest
Total number of fire forest within a
village/neighbourhood in Indonesia in the last 3
years near 2014
Waste Mismanagement
The location of households’ solid waste by
throwing into the hole and firing it
Agriculture Land Firing
The density of inhabitans habitual behaviour
for preparing agricultural land by firing
Agricultural as main income The main income of villagers as farmers
Sources
BPS Podes 2014
BPS Podes 2014
BPS Podes 2014
BPS Podes 2014
Sources: Defined by authors from PODES 2014
DATA ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS
This section presents the results from the data analysis commenced by presenting the results of one
level logit regression. Table 2 below shows logit association of forest fire with three determinant factors. In
addition, table 2 shows that waste mismanagement of villagers, main occupation of villagers in agriculture and
land firing before farming are three determinants of fire forest in rural area in Indonesia.
Table 2.Logit Regression results of forest fire in Indonesia 2014
Waste mismanagement (by fire)
Agriculture as main income
Agriculture Land Firing
Pseudo R Square
Coef
SE
P> |z|
.1178745**
.0021904
1.350555**
4,2%
.0610684
1100859
.0596594
0.054
0.984
0.000
** reported at p-value < 0.05
Source: Calculated by authors from PODES 2014
The coefficient of logit shows that the first determinant of forest fire which is represented by the
unsustainable behaviours of households at the villages that throw the waste by digging hole and/or firing the
solid waste have positive correlation with forest fire. It means that the third hypothesis is proven.
29
Furthermore, the villages/neighbourhoods with high density of inhabitans’ unsustainable behavior for
preparing their agricultural land by firing uphave potential risks to the occurrence of forest fires. This finding
supports the second hypothesis. Likewise, the risk of agricultural sector as a main income of households at
villages/neighbourhood shows positive association with the occurrence of forest fires. Nonetheless, this factor
turns out to be insignificant, meaning that the main occupation of villagers in agricultural sector in Indonesia
does not significantly trigger the happening of forest fires within villages/neighbourhoods in Indonesia. It
means that the first hypothesis is rejected.
These findings represents that unsustainable behaviours of citizens trigger the occurrence of forest
fire in Indonesia. Therefore, the writers give recommendations for policy makers in Indonesia to raise the level
of awareness of the citizens about the importance in applying sustainable behaviours as an important part of
the implementation of sustainable forest management. To successfully change the behaviours of citizens, the
writers suggest the government to formulate comprehensive strategies to change the citizen behaviours for
successful implementation of sustainable forest management, as follows:
a. Provide training, socialization and campaign about the importance of sustainability in forest
management
Providing the citizens with adequate information and knowledge is important in the efforts of
changing their behaviours. As stated by Morris (2012), the programs that are based on good
comprehension of individuals’ and groups’ motivations, values and perceptions turns out to be more
effective than the programs that are run without their understandings.
b. Use the education to raise awareness of the society about the importance of the pursuit of
sustainability, particularly in forest management
Borrowing the opinions from Timmeret. al. (2009) and Lebel and Lorek (2008) in the area of
sustainable consumption and production, the key obstacle in the implementation of sustainable
consumption and behaviour is the difficulty in changing the behavior of people to implement
sustainable consumption and production. In their opinions, campaigns and socialization turned out to
be less effective since information may be easily forgotten. This point of view can also be applied in
the field of sustainable forest management. Since, the writer believes that education can lay
foundations in the minds of young generation to save their forests and hence, to apply sustainable
forest management in their daily practices. In addition, education can grow beliefs in the community
that sustainable forest management is important and it is their duties to implement it. Since,
according to the theory of Health Belief Model,beliefs is effective to change people’s behaviors and
actions.
c. Activate the participation of society in the implementation of sustainable forest management.
As have been explained earlier by FAO (2003), sustainable forest management is less effective without
the community participation. Government cannot stand alone to assist the citizens to change.
Community can be more effective in raising the awareness of the people of other community as well
as the people inside the community itself. Stimulating citizen participation can be achieved by building
supportive communities, providing meaningful works, conducting forest competitions and contests,
acknowledging the achievement of citizens, discussing with the citizens about their hopes towards
their forests and so forth. The writers believe that these strategies can motivate the citizens to
implement sustainable forest management in their daily lives. Since, citizens are the highest modals
and resources to the successful implementation of sustainability in the processes of forest
management.
d. Use multi-faceted approaches
As have been explained by Morris (2012), multi-faceted approaches turn out to be more effective
than single-faceted approaches. To formulate multi-faceted approaches, the writers adopt the
concept of ‘4E’ proposed by Jackson (2005). Jackson theorized that to generate behavioural changes,
it needs four strategies, such as: enable, encourage, engage and exemplify. The concept of ‘4E’ of
Jackson can be viewed in the following table:
30
Table 3. The Implementation of Multi-Faceted Approach by Using ‘4E’ proposed by Jackson (2005)
Enable
Remove Barriers
Give information
Encourage
Tax system
Expenditure-grants
Engage
Community action
Co-production
Provide facilities
Provide
variable
alternatives
Educate/train/provide
skills
Reward schemes
Recognition / social
pressures
Penalties, fines and
other enforcement
action
Deliberative fora
Personal contacts /
Enthusiasm
Media campaign
Provide capacity
Exemplify
Leading by example
Achieving
consistency
policies.
in
Use network
Multi-faceted approaches will result greater impacts on changing the citizen behaviour than singlefaceted approaches. In addition, changing the citizen behaviour is not an easy duty to do by the government,
the government needs to implement multi-faceted approach.
CONCLUSION
This paper is aimed at divulging the effect of unsustainable behaviours of citizens on the occurrence
of forest fires in Indonesia. From the data analysis, it is found that (1). The occurrence of forest fires are not
influenced by the major occupations of the Indonesian citizens in agriculture, (2). However, the happening of
forest fires in this country is triggered by the unsustainable planting pattern of the citizens that is by burning
fields before planting, (3). In fact, the occurrence of forest fires in Indonesia is also generated by the
unsustainable waste management by the citizens. By these results, the writers propose recommendations for
policy makers to formulate comprehensive strategies to change the citizen behaviour to implement
sustainable forest management. The recommendations are as follows: provide training, socialization and
campaign, provide education, activate the citizen participation as well as use multi-faceted approaches.
The major limitation of this study lies on the fact that it only uses the censuses of the villages’ potency
conducted by Indonesian Central Board of Statistics in single year (2014) and single level. Therefore, it opens
an opportunity for other fellow researchers to conduct further studies by using the censuses of the villages’
potency in simultaniously years (time series) and multilevel modelling to provide more robust of findings.
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Soil Characteristic of Land Suitability for Smallholder’s Oil Palm
in Seruyan Regency, Central Kalimantan
Hafiizh Prasetia1, Soemarno2, Abdul Wahib Muhaimin3, Ariffin4, Nova Annisa5
1
Graduate Program, Environmental Science, University of Brawijaya
2 Department of Soil Science, University of Brawijaya
3 Department of Agribusiness, University of Brawijaya
4 Department of Agricultural Cultivation, University of Brawijaya
5 Department of Environmental Engineering, University of Lambung Mangkurat
Abstract
The oil palm plantation is influenced by soil quality. The objective of the research is to determine soil characteristics for
oil palm plantation in Seruyan Regency, Central Kalimantan. Research was done by soil survey on land unit area and
laboratory analysis. Location of research include Tabiku Village, Sembuluh I Village, and Pembuang Hulu I Village. The
soil pH were raanging from 5.04 to 6.43. The organic carbon were ranging from 0.77 to 1.49 %. The nitrogen contents
were low (0.06 – 0.13 ppm). Phosphor was calculated about 3.85 to 48.14 ppm. Potassium was calculated about 8.86 to
45.31 ppm. Agronomic action used farmer and plantation industry very variance, so characteristic and climate quality,
land, agronomic, post harvest wil can level of agronomic compound of oil palm in tide land wich better for produce,
efficiency, and green environment. Seruyan regency is a potential area for oil palm plantation development.
Keywords: soil characteristics, land suitability, oil palm.
INTRODUCTION
The rapid development of oil palm plantation in Seruyan Regency, Central Kalimantan needs the proper
management of land. It is particularly important due to lands has numerous physical, chemical biological
properties which are important to support oil palm productivity. Chemical properties of soil affect the
productivity of oil palm crops. The deficiency of soils mineral has been reported widely contributes to the
decrease of oil palm crop production. Soil biodiversity, for example, offered particular promise as soil health
indicators. The chemical, physical, and biological characteristics of soil provided opportunities for
sustainable oil palm plantation management (Bindraban, et al., 2000; Fageria, et al., 2002).
Sustainable oil palm plantation argues that land management is important. Principally, the argument
centered on the fact soils is media for oil palm plants to grow. Many studies have examined the effect of soil
nutrients deficiency on oil palm plant performance. Soil ecologist and agriculturist are particularly interested
on how plants utilize nutrients that are distributed in soils. Plants growth is affected by the chemical
makeup of the soil. Scholars point out that the success sustainable agricultural practices is often considered
to be limited by the availability of nutrient in soil. Other factors ch as soil salinity, humidity and alkalinity
also play an important role in crop production. Brady (2004) found that the conserved lands provide
opportunities for sustainable agriculture practices.
The sustainable production of oil palm involves many considerations of land selection, planting
materials, technical and administrative management, labour availability, harvesting efficiency and
environmental conditions. The cost of producing economically sustainable yields will depend largely on the
nature of the land and soils on which the palms are grown. The nature of the land and soil will, to a large
extent, determine the appropriate management practices to be employed and the yield potential. The oil
palm has a relatively shallow, coarse and inefficient root system, with most of the active roots found in the
upper 30 cm of the soil (Gray 1969; Tinker 1976). Therefore, to maintain an adequate nutrient supply to the
palm, the nutrient concentration in the soil must be higher than that required for most crops.
The objective of this paper is to review the soil properties and their effect on oil palm management and
yield. Other characteristics of the land, such as the climate, topography, elevation and drainage, also play
Address Correspondence Writer:
Hafiizh Prasetia
Email
: [email protected]
Address : MT Haryono Street No.169, Ketawanggede, Lowokwaru Regency, Malang City, East Java, Indonesia
33
an important role in determining the management and yield of oil palm. It is, however, important to
remember that interactions between the various characteristics are common.
METHODS
Soil characteristics and soil suitability were examined using selected parameter given by Djaenudin, et
al., (2003) and Hardjowigeno, and Widiatmaka (2011). Land suitability classes were classified into four
categories following Djaenudin, et al., (2003) (Table 1).
Table 1. Land Suitability Class
Class
1
2
3
4
Symbols
S1
S2
S3
S4
Land suitability
Very suitable
Moderate
Marginal
not suitable
Notes
Land suitability notes.
Land with medium barrier.
High barrier factor.
High barrier factor, impossible for cultivation.
Data Collection
Soil sample were collected from 3 land unit soil area. Location of research include Tabiku Village (Code
T1), Sembuluh I Village (Code T2), and Pembuang Hulu I Village (Code T3). In each land unit, soil was taken
from 0-20 cm depth. The sample was taken by a drill and made into composite. About 2 kg soil sample was
collected from each land unit. Soil sample were collected in plastic bag, labeled and transferred to
laboratory for further soil’s physical and chemical analysis. In laboratory, Soil sample were prepared and airdried in room temperature at 6-10 days. Soil sample were sifted using 0.5 sifters for soil texture analyses,
chemical and physical characteristics. Chemical properties of soils ere examined in Soil Laboratory of Faculty
of Agriculture, Lambung Mangkurat University.
Seruyan Regency is a division regency from Kotawaringin Timur. Total Area of Seruyan Regency is 16,404
Km2. Seruyan regency is located between 00 77’ South latitude and 30 56’ South latitude and between 1110
49’ and 1120 84’ East longitude so this regency has a tropical condition. In terms of geographic position,
Seruyan has boundaries as follows: North : Melawi Regency in Kalimantan Barat Province; South : Jawa Sea;
East : Kotawaringin Timur and Katingan Regency; and West : Kotawaringin Barat and Lamandau Regency
(BPS, 2015).
Soils texture is an important factor and influence the physical and chemical properties of soil,
particularly in water percolation. Soils particles have identified vary greatly in size. Grandy (2009) found that
particle size of soil is the physical factor which is affect water percolation. Based on its size, soils particle are
classified into sand, silt and clay. This particle plays an important role in soil formation, soil drainage and
water movement in soils. The soil structure of Seruyan Regency was given in Table 2.
Table 2. Soil Structure Of Seruyan Regency
Land Unit
Texture (%)
Sand
Silt
Clay
T1
21.75
42.07
36.17
T2
23.91
42.12
33.96
T3
45.77
16.89
37.34
The soil pH were ranging from 5.04 to 6.43. These crops are suitable to grows in soil with pH ranging
from 5.0 - 8.2 (Handayanto, et al., 2011). pH has significant contribution in plant grows, development and
production (Falkengren-Grerup and Tyler, 1993).
Organic carbon is important component in soil health. Organic carbon comes through the
decomposition of organic matter (i.e. plants and animals residue). Organic Carbon is important in nutrient
availability through mineralization (Marsh and Dozier, 1981). Organic carbon in important in soil water
34
conservation due to its ability to store water and release it when needed. Organic carbon in soil contributes
to chemical properties of soil such as pH, Cation exchange capacity (CEC) (Nugroho, 2009). The organic
carbon were ranging from 0.77 to 1.49 %.
Nitrogen very important during vegetative grows. Nitrogen is required in amino acid anabolism. Amino
acid is important component as a building block for enzymes and proteins. Nitrogen contributes to the
development of chlorophyll, a key plant cell organelles for photosynthesis. The Nitrogen deficiency
therefore contributes to crop productivity. The nitrogen contents were low (0.06 – 0.13 ppm).
Phosphor was calculated about 3.85 to 48.14 ppm. Phosphor is a major nutrient for plant growth
(Fuhrman, et al., 2005). Phosphor is the crucial component of DNA. Phosphor deficiency in soil will lead low
crop productivity. Phosphor deficency disturb root, steam and leave development. Leave was disturbed and
cause crop productivity (Taiz and Zeiger, 2002).
Potassium was calculated about 8.86 to 45.31 ppm. Pottasium deficiency potentially leads to plant
abnormality. Chlorosis and defoliation in plants are the impact of Pottasium deficiency. Physiologically,
Potassium is considered important in photosynthesis reaction, protein synthesis, starch synthesis, and
osmoregulation. Scholar point out that potassium is important in plant respond to drought (Taiz and Zeiger,
2002). Soil chemical properties from Seruyan Regency was given in Table 3.
Table 3. Soil Chemical Properties Of Seruyan Regency
Soil Chemical
Land Unit
T1
T2
T3
pH
5.04
6.43
5.53
C-org
1.49
0.77
0.83
N-Total
0,06
0,13
0,1
P2O5
3,85
48,14
43,32
K2O
8,86
10,65
45,31
The objective of this paper is to review the soil properties and their effect on oil palm management and
yield. Other characteristics of the land, such as the climate, topography, elevation and drainage, also play
an important role in determining the management and yield of oil palm (Table 4). Based on the evaluation,
the moderate land for oil palm plantation in Seruyan Regency, Central Kalimantan.
Table 4. Soil Properties
Characteristic
Land Unit
T1
T2
T3
Mean annual temp. (°C)
24 - 29
24 - 29
24 - 29
Annual rainfall (mm)
1686,6
1686,6
1831
Dry season (months)
0
Well and
somewhat
excessive
0
Well and
somewhat
excessive
0
Well and
somewhat
excessive
Drainage class
Depth (cm)
50
50
50
pH H2O
5,04
6,43
5,53
C-Organik
1,49
0,77
0,83
Slope (%)
<3
<3
<3
very low
very low
very low
F1
F1
F1
Moderate
Moderate
Moderate
Erosion (eh)
Flooding
Land Suitability
35
Figure 1 explain the condition existing in Seruyan Regency.
Figure 1. Condition in Seruyan Regency
CONCLUSION
The understanding of land characteristics is important for oil palm plantation practices. The suitability of
land leads to the proper land management to increase crop production. Seruyan regency is a potential area
for oil palm plantation development.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We are delighted to thank to Afirus Febian, S.Si, M.Pd and Tirsa Neyatri Bandrang, MEP the head of
study program of Agribusiness of Darwan Ali University, and Dr. Bagyo Yanuwiadi from Post Graduate
Department of Brawijaya University for inspiring, giving we are challenges and give scientific critics.
REFERENCES
Bindraban, P., S. Stoorvogel, J.J. Jansen, D.M. Vlaming, and J.J.R. Groot. 2000. Land Quality Indicators for
Sustainable Land Management: Proposed Method for Yield Gap and Soil Nutrient Balance.
Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment. 81(2): 103-112.
BPS. 2015. Seruyan in 2014. Figures BPS Seruyan. Seruyan.
Brady, N.C. 2004. The Nature and Properties of Soil. John Wiley and Sons. New York.
Djaenudin, D., M. Hendrtsman, H.Subagyo, A. Muyani and N. Suhara. 2003. Kesesuaian Lahan Untuk
Komoditas Pertanian. Versi 4. Balai Penelitian Tanah Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Tanah
dan Agroklimal Bogor.
Fageria, N.K., V.C. Baligar and R.B. Clark. 2002. Micronutrients in crop production. Advances in Agronomy.
77: 185-268.
Falkengren-Grerup, U., and G. Tyler. 1993. The Importance Of Soil Acidity, Moisture, Exchangeable Cation
Pools And Organic Matter Solubility To The Cationic Composition Of Beech Forest (Fagus sylvatice
L.) Soil Sbluticti. Zeitschrift fur Pflanzenemahrung Und Bodenkunde. 156 (4), 365-370.
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Fuhrman, J.K., H. Zhang, J.L. Schroder, R.L. Davis, and M.E. Payton. 2005. Water-Soluble Phosphorus As
Affected By Sod To Extractant Ratios, Extraction Times And Electrolyte. Communications In Soil
Science And Plant Analysis. 36: 925-935.
Grandy, A.S., M.S. Strickland, C.L. Lauber, M.A. Bradford and N. Fierer. 2009. The Influence of Microbial
Communities, Management, and Soil Texture On Soil Organic Matter Chemistry. Geoderma Journal.
150:278-286.
Gray B.S. 1969. A Study Of The Influence Of Genetic, Agronomic And Environmental Factors On The Growth,
Flowering And Bunch Production Of The Oil Palm On The West Coast Of West Malaysia. PhD thesis,
University of Aberdeen.
Handayanto, E., S. Ismunandar and S.R. Utami. 2011. Dasar-Dasar Ilmu Tanah dan Konsep Kesuburan Tanah.
Jurusan Tanah Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Brawijaya. Malang.
Hardjowigeno, S., and Widiatmaka. 2011. Evaluasi Kesesuaian Lahan dan Perencanaan Tataguna Lahan.
Gadja Mada University Press. Yogyakarta.
Marsh, W.M., dan J. Dozier. 1981. Landscape: An Introduction to Physical Geography. John Wilwy and Sons.
New York.
Nugroho, Y. 2009. Analisis Sifat Fisik-Kimia dan Kesuburan Tanah pada Lokasi Rencana Hutan Tanaman
Indutsri PT Prima Multi Buwana. Jurnal Hutan Tropis 10:222-229.
Taiz, L., and E. Zeiger. 2002. Plant Physiology 3rd Edition. Sinauer Associates.
Tinker P.B. 1976. Soil Requirements Of The Oil Palm. Oil palm Research. Elsevier. Amsterdam. Pp. 165–181.
37
Interactions among Diversity of Arthropods in Areas with Mahogany
(Swietania macrophylla) in Purwodadi Botanical Garden, Pasuruan,
East Java, Indonesia
Henri1,2*, Restu Nugraha2, Endang Arisoesilaningsih3
1Department
of Biology, University of Bangka Belitung, Bangka, 33172, Bangka Belitung, Indonesia
Student Department of Biology, University of Brawijaya, Malang, 65145, East Java, Indonesia
3Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, University of Brawijaya, Malang, 65145, East Java,
Indonesia
2Postgraduate
Abstract
Purwodadi Botanical Garden has several subareas of invasive exotic species, such as Swietania macrophylla. This species
reduces endemic species and disturbs the biodiversity integrity of an ecosystem, including arthropods. This study tries
to identify any interaction between the diversity of arthropods and the invasive species of S. macrophylla. The observed
areas were VII C, VII E, and VIII A. The methods are measuring physical and chemical factors and procuring samples of
arthropods through pitfall trap and yellow pan trap. The data analysis included Important Value Index, Shannon-Wiener
diversity index, evenness index, richness index, and dominance index. Analysis of Bray-Curtis similarity index using
software PAST was also carried out to identify the similarity of the three areas, the habitat used in this research. The
pitfall trap obtained 78 individuals from 7 taxon, and the yellow pan obtained 61 individuals from 8 taxon. Formicidae
has the highest Important Value Index, and it is the most dominating. The Shannon-Wiener diversity index on the three
subareas is even around 1,5 to 1,9, and the ecosystem is quite good. The Bray-Curtis indices in subarea VIII A and VII C
concluded acidity of above 75%. The diversity of arthropods can be affected by the vegetation above them, the
percentage of green matters, soli organic matters, and soil moisture.
Keywords: Swietania macrophylla, arthropods, pitfall trap, yellow pan trap
INTRODUCTION
Purwodadi Botanical Garden is a conservation area for various plants, collecting 10.605 species. Besides
its role as an ex-situ conservation area, it is also used as a place for research, education, and tourism. One
of its collections is mahogany (Swietania macrophylla) (Damayanti et al., 2012).
Purwodadi Botanical Garden has several heterogeneous subareas, especially area VII and VIII as the
greening area (Arisoesilaningsih and Soejono, 2001). The structure of the vegetation in area VII, especially in
VII C and VII E, is dominated by S. macrophylla with its low diversity index. On the contrary, in subarea VIII
A, there is a co-dominance of endemic-exotic species with high diversity index (Yusuf et al., 2009).
Introduction of exotic species S. macrophylla will reduce the diversity of certain kinds, so it will reduce
the productivity of the ecosystem. It is because the plant can suppress the diversity of original species since
it is invasive in nature. Therefore, the growth of intolerant plants will be hampered (UNEP, 2011; Kepel and
Watling, 2001). The loss of biodiversity due to spatial competition will also reduce the abundance, and it
will create ecosystem disturbance for original flora and fauna (Charles and Dukes, 2006). It enables
biodiversity to create stability in the ecosystem through different response of species on the fluctuation of
the environment (Mazancourt et al., 2013).
The ecosystem quality of an environment can be measured if the diversity of its fauna is high, one of
which is using arthropods. Arthropods play an important role in ecology for their numbers and diversity.
They also take part on decomposition of organic matters in soil to provide nutrients (Paoletti, 1999).
Considering the importance of stability of any ecosystem, a research on the relation between the habitat of
S. macrophylla and the diversity of arthropods in Purwodadi Botanical Garden is needed. From this study,
the influence of invasive species on the diversity of arthropods living near the plant can be identified.
Corresponding author:
Henri
Address : Department of Biology, University of Brawijaya, Jl. Veteran, Malang, 65145
38
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Study Site
Purwodadi Botanical Garden is located at 7°47’ LS and 112°41’ BT in the regency of Pasuruan in East
Java, on the foot of Baung Mountain. It lies 300 meter above sea level, from flat to contour lines. The
rainfall is 2.372 mm per year with 140 days of rain, and the wet months are from November to March. The
humidity is 79%, and the average temperature is 22-23 °C (Arisoesilaningsih and Soejono, 2001).
The research was conducted in two areas, VII and VIII, of greening. Subarea VII C (0,5 ha), subarea VII E
(0,62 ha), and subarea VIII A (0.48 ha) (see Fig. 1).
(a)
(b)
(c)
Figure 2. (a) Subarea VII C, (b) Subarea VII E and (c) subarea VIII A
Physical and chemical factors
The measurement included air temperature humidity, soil acidity and organic matters, soil moisture, and
elevation. Secondary data of mahogany vegetation analysis was also conducted. The data supports the
result of the research.
Arthropods sampling
The samples were obtained from to methods, i.e. pitfall trap and yellow pan trap. The former was
intended to trap surface or ground arthropods (Pekar, 2002; Phillips and Cobb, 2005) by using plastic
glasses with the diameter ±7 cm and the height ± 10 cm, containing 25 mL of soap water as the distractor.
The traps were set for 24 hours in every 20 m in each observation line. The latter method was set especially
for canopy arthropods (Jumiatin et al., 2013), where yellow pans, 25 cm in diameter and 15 cm in height,
were put on the height of more than 2 m above the ground. The pans, containing water, detergent, and
alcohol as preservatives, were set on randomly selected trees. The samples were then analyzed.
Data analysis
The results were analyzed using several indices such as important value index, Shannon-Wiener diversity
index, evenness index, richness index, and dominance index. In addition, the Bray-Curtis similarity analysis
using software PAST was also carried out to identify the similarity of the three subareas, which were the
habitat used in this research.
Arthropod sampling results obtained as much 78 individuals from 7 taxon were obtained from pitfall
trap, while other 61 individuals from 8 taxon were from the yellow pan trap. Fig. 2 shows the Important
Value Index of arthropods.
39
(a)
(b)
Figure 2. (a) Fitfall Trap methods, and (b) Yellow Pan Trap methods
Pitfall trap method targeted arthropods living on the surface. The results show that Formicidae has the
highest Important Value Index in all observed subareas (Fig. 2a). Important Value Iindex is the quantitative
parameter to express the dominance level of a species in a community (Mukrimin, 2011). The high
Important Value Index of formicidae is caused by the niche of these insects in the nature, where this group
live in colony (Cheli et al., 2010). Their roles as predator, organic decomposer, pest control, and pollination
helper are the reason why this species can be found easily. Another reason of the high presence of
Formicidae is the ability of these arthropods to walk trailing its kind. This trailing ability is because of a
hormone of guiding pheromone. Several species of Formicidae, such as Selonopsis sp. and Dolichoderus sp.,
have the ability of following the trail left by their kinds (Riyanto, 2007). The pheromone from these insects
is used to leave mark to guide their kinds in finding food source (Borror et al., 2005; Elzinga, 1987).
The yellow pan method shows a similar result (Fig. 2b). Formicidae dominates with the highest
Important Value Index in subareas of VII E and VIII A. Meanwhile, in subarea of VII C, the protura has the
highest Important Value Index, followed by formicidae. Protura becomes an important species in subarea
VII C because they live under tree barks and around moist areas. However, Formicidae still plays an
important role due to its high Important Value Index. The trapped arthropods are mostly predators and
bugs. There were arthropods that act as vectors, such as Culidae. The rest were Vespidae, the pollinator
arthropods.
Table 1. Dominance index (C), Diversity index (H’), Richness index (R), and Evennes index (E) in subarea VII C, subarea VII E, and
subarea VIII A
Methods
Pitfall Trap
Yellow Pan Trap
Subareas
C
H'
R
E
VII C
157
1.81
6.52
1.5
VII E
91
1.83
5.1
1.46
VIII A
224
1.48
5.83
1.15
VII C
51
1.82
3.18
1.5
VII E
80
1.57
3.46
1.05
VIII A
120
1.88
5.52
1.33
The arthropod analysis shows that subarea VIII A has a higher dominance value, from either pitfall trap
or yellow pan trap method, compared to two other subareas (Table 1). This indicates imbalances of
arthropods abundance. Furthermore, it was identified that subarea VIII A has a bad arthropod diversity. The
dominance index was used as a parameter in identifying how far a species or taxon dominates other species
(Santosa et al., 2008). In general, the Shannon-Wiener diversity index showed that the three subareas has
even arthropod diversity index ranging from 1,5 -1,9. This means that the three subareas has medium
diversity (1,5≤H’≥3,5). This condition indicates balanced ecosystem and medium ecological pressure, if
based on the calculation of Shannon-Wiener diversity index. The nature of dominance of a family will affect
the Shannon-Wiener diversity index (Nolan et al., 2005).
40
The highest species richness index in pitfall trap in subarea VII C is 6,52, while the same index in yellow
pan trap in subarea VIII A is 5,52 (Table 1). The richness index is used to identify the richness of a species in
a certain community. This index is the simplest biodiversity measurement method because it only calculates
the difference in number of a species in a certain area (Mukrimin, 2011).
Subarea VII C was identified of having the highest evenness index in both methods, which is around 1,5.
There is a slight difference between subarea VII E and VIII A, which is 1,05 to 1,46. According to Santosa et
al. (2008), an index can be calculated from one to ten in range, where the score of one indicates no
domination in the habitat. However, in this research, the evenness index is relatively low, which is caused
by dominating species of formicidae. According to Mahrub (1997), the presence of dominating taxon can
bring an adverse effect on predator insect on the next generation because it creates competition among its
kinds. Thus, a population will fall dramatically if it is short in prey for quite a long time .
Figure 3. (a) Index Bray-Curtis similarity habitat, and (b) Biplot analysis of the relationship between several factors with a
density of Arthropods.
The Bray-Curtis index (Fig. 3a) was used to identify similarity of habitats. Based on the analysis, subarea
of VIII A and VII C has the similarity index of above 75%, and subarea VII E has the similarity index of around
70%. This similarity index shows that, among the three subareas, a small gap in the abundance of observed
arthropods exists. The result of the biplot analysis (Fig. 3b) shows that subarea VII E has the highest
mahogany density compared to two other subareas. Subarea VIII A has the highest arthropod density. The
abundance of arthropod relies heavily on the vegetation above them. The dominating S. macrophylla in the
observation areas can be used as a comparative analysis for greening model in subarea VII and VIII of
Purwodadi Botanical Garden (Yusuf, 2011). The vegetation will produce useful green matters as the main
diet of ground arthropods. The abundance of food and shelter will become an important factor for
arthropods’ abundance and reproduction (Halaj et al., 1997). The important finding of this research is that
the percentage of soil’s organic matters and soil moisture is inversely proportional to the diversity of
arthropods, even though the effect is not direct. The result of this research also shows that the higher the
percentage of organic matter and soil moisture, the lower the number of obtained arthropods.
41
CONCLUSIONS
The sample of arthropods obtained from pitfall trap is 78 individuals from 7 taxon, while the one
obtained from yellow pan trap is 61 individuals from 8 taxon. The highest IVI is Formicidae, in which this
taxon dominates the three subareas of study. The Bray-Curtis similarity index shows that subarea VIII A and
VII C has the similarity of above 75%. The high percentage of soil’s organic matter and moisture can affect
the low number of arthropods.
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Riyanto. 2007. Kepadatan, Pola Distribusi dan Peranan Semut pada Tanaman di Sekitar Lingkungan Tempat
Tinggal. Jurnal Penelitian Sains. 10 (2): 241-253.
Santosa Y., Eko P.R. dan Dede A.R. 2008.Studi Keanekaragaman Mamalia Pada Beberapa Tipe Habitat Di
Stasiun Penelitian Pondok Ambung Taman Nasional Tanjung Puting Kalimantan Tengah. Media
Konservasi. 13 (3): 1-7.
UNEP. 2011. International year of biodiversity.http://www.unep.org/iyb/About_iyb.asp [14 November
2015]
42
Yusuf, M. 2011. Evaluasi Tiga Model Penghijauan di Kebun Raya Purwodadi untuk Penyimpanan Karbon dan
Konservasi Lahan Kering Dataran Rendah. [Skripsi] Jurusan Biologi, Fakultas Matematika dan Ilmu
Pengetahuan Alam, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang.
Yusuf, M., Arisoesilaningsih, M dan Soejono. 2009. Dua Model Carbon Stock dan Kualitas Diversitas Vegetasi
di Area Penghijauan Kebun Raya Purwodadi. Prosiding Basic Science Seminar VII. Fakultas
Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam. Universitas Brawijaya.
43
DENSITY AND INTENSITY METALLOTHIONEIN EXPRESSED IN INTERIOR
CAVITY Crasostrea cucullata ON THE PRENDUAN BEACH, SUMENEP
DISTRICT, EAST JAVA
Shinta Hiflina Yuniari1,Asus Maizar Suryanto Hertika2, Yuni Kilawati3
1
Mahasiswa Pengelolaan Sumberdaya Lingkungan dan Pembangunan
Dosen jurusan Menejemen Sumberdaya Perairan , Fakultas Perikanan dan Ilmu Kelautan, Universitas Brawijaya
3 Dosen jurusan Menejemen Sumberdaya Perairan , Fakultas Perikanan dan Ilmu Kelautan, Universitas Brawijaya
2
Abstract
This study was conducted in November 2014-January 2015 and aims to determine the relation of (density and
intensity) Metallothionein, oyster’s length and heavy metals (Pb, Cd and Hg) were expressed in interior cavity of
Crasostrea cucullata in Prenduan beach. The method is a survey with descriptive explanations through the
determination of several sampling points from three stations in Prenduan beach with different characteristics. C.
cucullata oyster samples taken at each station and analyzed the density and intensity of Metallothionein with
immunohistochemical techniques, other than that carried out the analysis of Pb, Cd and Hg as well as physical and
chemical conditions of the water. Metallothionein density ranged from 5.16 x 10-3 MT / μm2 - 22.73 x 10-3 MT / μm2
and Metallothionein intensity ranges from 3057-59935 pixels. The results of multiple regression analysis showed an
increase in density and the average intensity of MT in accordance with the increase in the concentration of heavy
metals and long oysters. Therefore, the existence of heavy metals which already exceeds the threshold can be used as a
monitoring tool in the early detection and management of Prenduan region, Sumenep, East Java.
Keywords : Metallothionein, Heavy metals, Crassostrea, Coast of Prenduan
INTRODUCTION1
Heavy metals in aquatic will be responded by elevated levels of the metal-binding protein
Metallothionein (MT) as the body of organisms like oysters that live in around of waters. The presence of
MT protein that is believed to be biological markers (biomarkers) of heavy metal pollution can be studied
with semi-quantitative methods (immunohistochemistry).
One way that can be used to monitor level of water pollution is used bio-indicator. One of potential
aquatic organisms used as indicators of water pollution is a member of the class bivalves (Mollusc) (Fuller,
1974). Mollusc on Prenduan beach namely oysters (Crasostrea cuculata). According Santosa (2010), the
oyster is a mollusc of the class Bivalvia group, who live in marine or brackish water habitat. One oyster
species found in Indonesian waters is Crasostrea cuculata.
A heavy metal that enters the body of animals generally are not issued anymore. Therefore, heavy
metals tend to accumulate in the body. As a result of the heavy metals will continue to exist along the food
chain. Metals can accumulate in the tissues, especially in the liver and kidneys. Metal ions into the tissue of
living creatures bound with chemicals creatures tissue forming complex compounds of organic protein
called Metallothionein (Nurtoni et al., 1984). Therefore we need information about the density and
intensity of Metallothionein in the interior cavity oysters (Crasostrea cuculata) in Prenduan beach,
Sumenep.
RESEARCH METHODS
Data collection method in this research is descriptive method that is observing the expression of the
density and intensity of Metallothionein in the interior cavity Crasostrea cucullata oysters of several
stations in Prenduan beach. Besides analysis of physical and chemical quality of waters associated with
oyster ecology including levels of heavy metals Hg, Cd and Pb.
SHINTA HIFLINA YUNIARI
Email
: [email protected]
Alamat
: Program Pascasarjana Universitas Brawijaya, Jl. M.T. Haryono No.169,Lowokwaru, Malang.
44
1.
Measurement of Hg, Cd, Pb Oysters
Levels of heavy metals Hg, Cd and Pb in Crassostrea cucullata oyster analyzed by the following
procedure:
1) Considering each solid sample ± 15 g with Sartorius scales
2) Heat up solid sample at a temperature of 105 ° C ± for 3-5 minutes
3) Considering the constant weight scales Sartorius as dry weight.
4) Insert the sample was dried in a 100 ml glass beaker.
5) Add HNO3 with a ratio of 1: 1 (HNO3: HCl) as much as ± 10-15 ml.
6) Heat up over the hot plate in the room up to ± 3 ml of acid.
7) Filtering with filter paper into a 50 ml flask.
8) Repeat the screening process to mark boundaries flask by first adding 15 ml of distilled water into a
beaker glass
9) Analyze the samples using Atomic Absorbstion Spectrophotometer engine (AAS) at a wavelength of 283.3
nm.
10) Prepare a standard solution.
11) Analyze the standard solution by AAS machine
2.
Immunohistochemistry procedure
1) Preparation of tissue sections
2) Surgery interior cavity oysters preservation using formalin 10%
3) The observation of histopathology
- interior cavity has been fixed with formalin 10%
- Cutting network Makros
- The process of dehydration
- The process of vacuum
- Blocking
- Cutting with a microtome
4) Staining Immunohistochemistry
5) Scan the dot microscope slide
3.
Calculation of Density and Intensity of Metallothionein
Analysis density of Metallothionein procedure can be performed using software olyvia and ImageJ.
Olyvia is a drawing application that is used to view the images that have been scanned through a
microscope, which is obtained from: https: //support.olympus.co.jp/cf_secure/en/lisg/bio/download/
ga/olyvia/. For calculating the density of Metallothionein using ImageJ application. ImageJ is a Java-based
application for analyzing the images obtained from: http: //imagej.en.softonic. com /.
4.
Analysis of Data
Analysis of data in this study using regression analysis correlates with multiple linear regression
model in SPSS software version 16.0. The regression model was used to determine the relation of the
density and intensity of Metallothionein which is the dependent variable (Y) interior cavity oyster
Crasostrea cucullata to the length of the oyster which is the independent variable (X 1) and the levels of
heavy metals Pb, Cd and Hg which is the independent variable (X2).
METHOD OF COLLECTING DATA
Data collection method in this research is descriptive method. According Surakhmad (1998), descriptive
method is a method of describing the circumstances or events in a particular area. Implementation method
of describing the circumstances or events in a particular area. Implementation descriptive method is not
limited to the collection and compilation of data, but includes the analysis and discussion of the data, which
is expected to provide an overview and discussion of the data, which is expected to give a general overview,
systematic, current and valid on the facts and the properties the population of the area.
45
1. General Situation Research Area
According to the Government of Sumenep (2014), Prenduan is located in Pragaan district, Sumenep
regency. Prenduan village itself is a village located on the outskirts of the provincial road connecting shaft
Pamekasan and Sumenep. Prenduan is a village on the southern coast of Madura island, approximately 30
km west of the town of Sumenep and 22 km east of the town of Pamekasan. Sumenep regency is located at
the eastern end of Madura Island geographical location between 113º 32 '- 116º 16' east longitude and 4º
55 '- 7º 24' South Latitude. Sumenep regency is generally located at an altitude between 0-500 meters
above sea level.
1.1 Observation Station 1
Station 1 located in mangrove areas near human excreta disposal site, which is at 7˚06'33.32"7˚06'33.67" south latitude and 113˚40'39.17 "- 113˚40'36.88" East Longitude. At this station found many
mangrove trees that have a very important function. Station 1 can be seen in Figure 1.
Figure 1. Station 1
Station 2 is located around settlements and parts used as a berthing port fishing boats, which is at
7˚06'32.67 "- 7˚06'33.79" LS and 113˚40'39.11 "- 113˚40'39.09" BT . At the station is used for ship berthing
area after landing catches and close to population centers. Station 2 is shown in Figure 2.
Figure 2. Station 2
46
Station 3 is located in an area around the top of its waters are a chicken farms, which is located on
7˚06'32.77 "- 7˚06'33.44" south latitude and 113˚40'41.33 "- 113˚40'41.23" East Longitude. At this station is
near the chicken farm, but it is also a lot of local fishing boats were leaning close to this station. At this
station also dirty because many domestic waste is disposed of in this area. Basic conditions or substrate in
this station dominant mud. Station 3 is shown in Figure 3.
Figure 3. Station 3
2.
Distribution of sample size
Sample size distribution obtained at the time of the research that is by measuring the length, width
and height of oyster shells Crasostrea cucullata for 3 repetitions in each station. The average size of the
sample oysters Crasostrea cucullata obtained at each station is different. The oyster size data, obtained
from the sample oysters in each plot. At the station 1, the average length of the oyster that is 2.992 cm, an
average width of 1.656 cm oysters and oyster average of 0.845 cm high. At the second station, the average
length of the oyster that is 3,315 cm, average width of oysters 2.035 cm and an average height of 0.92 cm
oysters. At the third station, the average length of the oyster that is 3,022 cm, average width of oysters
1.818 cm and the average height of 0.905 cm oysters.
3.
Analysis Heavy Metals in Interior Cavity
The average concentration of heavy metals Pb in interior cavity of Crasostrea cucullata oyster at
station 1 is 1.103 ppm, at station 2 is 1,172 ppm and at the third station is 1,058 ppm. The average
concentration of heavy metals Cd in interior cavity of Crasostrea cucullata oyster at station 1 is 0.935 ppm,
at station 2 is 1,004 ppm and at stations 3 is 0.980 ppm. The average concentration of heavy metals Hg
interior cavity of Crasostrea cucullata oyster at the station 1 is 0,085 ppm, the second station is 0,243 ppm
and at stations 3 is 0.190 ppm. Graph levels of heavy metals on interior cavity of Crasostrea cucullata oyster
shown in Figure 4.
According to ISO (2009) in Mugilaksani (2013), the maximum levels of heavy metals in food, for Hg
0.5 mg /l, Cd 0.03 mg /l and 0.5 mg Pb /l. So it can be said that the heavy metals Pb and Cd in Interior Cavity
of Crassostrea cucullata oyster in Prenduan beach has exceeded threshold. According Fitriyah (2007),
heavy metals (Hg, Cd, Pb) in oysters mainly from food and feeding habit. Of these three metals, Pb is a
heavy metal that is most accumulated by oysters. Accumulation factor of heavy metals include oyster
biology (age and physiological), physical and chemical properties of water, sewage inputs (Wulandari,
2010), heavy metal types, types of organisms, as well as the duration of exposure (Dianti, 2007).
47
KADAR LOGAM BERAT (ppm)
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
Pb
Cd
Hg
I
II
III
Pb
1.103
1.1722
1.058
Cd
0.935
1.0043
0.98
Hg
0.085
0.243
0.19
STASIUN
Figure 4. Heavy Metal in Interior Cavity of Crasostrea cucullata Oyster
4.
Expression of Metallothionein
Metallothionein expression in interior cavity of Crassostrea cucullata with immunohistochemical
techniques that are on the three stations with different pollution sources indicate that Metallothionein
expressed in the image in the form of blocks of brown. Irvan (2007) in Hertika et al., (2014), that
immunohistochemical methods are also used for detecting or measuring the content of Metallothionein as
measured by checking the intensity of the color produced. The intensity emitted from the reaction is
divided into three classes, the positive reaction robust indicated by the color of dark brown to blackish
brown (+ + +), positive being shown by ranges from dark brown to light brown (+ +), and positive weak
indicated by the reddish brown (+). Metallothionein expression shown in Figure 5.
Figure 5. Expression of metallothionein
5.
5.1
Analysis of Density and Intensity of Metallothionein in Interior Cavity Crasostrea cuculata oysters
Results of Analysis Density Metallothionein
Density of Metallothionein is a biophysical quantity that relates directly to the determination of the vast
number of Metallothionein per visual field. From the research, it was found that the density of Metallothionein
in the station 1 ranged from 6.74 x 10-3 MT / μm2 - 17.43 x 10-3 MT / μm2, station 2 ranged between 9.38 x 10-3
MT / μm2 - 19.72 x 10-3 MT / μm2 and station 3 ranged between 5.16 x 10-3 MT / μm2 - 22.73 x 10-3 MT / μm2.
Metallothionein density results in accordance with interior cavity oysters response to the absorption of heavy
metals showed levels of heavy metals in interior cavity of Crasostrea cuculata oyster highest in station 2 which is
48
Densitas (MT/µm2 )
the area around the houses, where the processing and washing of the catch. It is obvious from the graph the
average density of Metallothionein presented in Figure 6.
According Hertika et al. (2014), the density of Metallothionein is a biophysical quantity that has a direct
relation with the determination of the number MT per width of coverage. Research results show that MT is
expressed by the appearance of a block of chocolate in the gills and interior cavity tissue gravestones Taiwan.
Brightness or darkness of the chocolate block shows the level of viscosity MT. This level is useful for measuring
the density and intensity of chocolate blocks. The study concluded that the density and intensity MT taiwan
mussels served in the hollow interior of which is higher than the gills. The average density of MT and intensity
increases with increasing dose exposure. The highest increase was found in PbNO 3 exposure dose of 30 ppm,
but decreased in a dose of 40 ppm.
0.03
Plot 1
0.025
0.02
Plot 2
0.015
0.01
Plot 3
0.005
0
I
II
III
Plot 1
0.00782
0.01236
0.00807
Plot 2
0.01257
0.01972
0.01743
Plot 3
0.01248
0.01909
0.01216
Stasiun
Figure 6. Density of Metallothionein
Intensity of Metallothionein
Metallothionein intensity determined by using the software ImageJ on the area 112 with a width of
12 and 12. The high intensity of Metallothionein in the first station pixel range between 3057 – 19.176
pixels, station 2 ranged between 7101 pixels - 59 935 pixels and at stations 3 range between 3754 pixels 19633 pixels , Metallothionein color intensity vary at each station depending on the level of heavy metal
absorption by the body of the oyster. Graph of the average intensity of Metallothionein can be seen in
Figure 7.
INTENSITAS (pixel)
5.2
18000
16000
14000
12000
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
PLOT 1
PLOT 2
PLOT 3
I
II
III
PLOT 1
13178
12203
13073
PLOT 2
11897
13355
8892
PLOT 3
7439
11292
11436
STASIUN
Figure 7. The intensity of metallothionein
49
Pixel units to the intensity of metallothionein described by Cregger et al., (2006), that pixel is the
basic unit of comparative quantitative analysis of protein expression in the use imunoflourescent for
recognizing and distinguishing dark colors for Metallothionein. This algorithm is used to measure the
expression of important marker than through the cellular and sub-cellular.
5.
Analysis of Relation Density Metallothionein, Long oysters and Heavy Metals in Interior cavity
Oyster
The results of multiple linear regression analysis showed the amount of heavy metals that are
exposed to interior cavity oysters Metallothionein affects the amount of content that exist in interior cavity
of oysters. Metallothionein density will continue to increase in accordance with increase in the
concentration of heavy metals in interior cavity of oysters and also the increase of the length of the oyster
itself. This is evidenced by the results of the correlation between heavy metals (Pb, Cd and Hg), the length
of the oysters and metallothionein density of 0.793 to 0.804. According Sarwono (2006), that the level of
correlation as very strong, if included in the value interval 0.75 - 0.99.
6.
Analysis of Relation Intensity metallothionein, Long oysters and Heavy Metals in Interior cavity
Oyster
The results of multiple linear regression analysis showed the amount of heavy metals that are
exposed to to interior cavity oysters Metallothionein affects the amount of content that exist in interior
cavity of oysters. Metallothionein intensity will continue to increase in accordance with increase in the
concentration of heavy metals in interior cavity of oysters and also the increase of the length of the oyster
itself. This is evidenced by the results of the correlation between heavy metals (Pb, Cd and Hg), oysters
length and intensity of 0.825 to 0.962 MT. According Sarwono (2006), that the level of correlation as very
strong, if included in the value interval 0.75 - 0.99.
7.
Water Quality Analysis
The results of the analysis of water quality (Temperature, Acidity, Dissolved Oxygen, Salinity, Total
Organic Matter and Heavy Metals in water) in Prenduan beach presented in Table 1 below:
Table 1. Results of Water Quality Analysis
Water Quality Analysis
Station
I
II
III
Standart
Temperature
(˚)
Acidity
DO
(pp)
Salinity
(ppt)
TOM
(mg/l)
34
35
35
30-38*
9
9
9
7-8,5*
7,6
6,1
8,7
>5*
30
30
30
27-33*
32,86
50,56
25,28
>20**
The results of water quality analysis showed that the Prenduan beach have good or normal condition,
and still support life Crassostrea cuculata oyster. The rate of metabolism is a factor that is influenced by
physical and chemical quality of the water, which in turn can affect the levels of metallothionein (MT)
(Pedersen et al., 1997 in Amiard et al., 2006). Heavy metal Pb content at the station 1, 2 and 3 higher
compared with Cd or Hg. levels of heavy metals Pb in Prenduan beach at station 1 is 0.023 ppm, at station 2
is 0,034 ppm and at stations 3 is 0,031 ppm. Levels of heavy metals Cd in Prenduan beach at station 1 is
0.009 ppm, at station 2 is 0,013 ppm and at stations 3 is 0.01 ppm. Levels of heavy metals Hg in Prenduan
beach at station 1 is 0.07 ppm, at station 2 is 0.08 ppm and at stations 3 is 0.08 ppm.
50
CONCLUSION
Based on the results of the study it can be concluded that the results of multiple linear regression
analysis showed a large increase in density and the average intensity of Metallothionein in accordance with
the increase in the concentration of heavy metals and long oyster Crasostrea cucullata. Based on the results
of the study it can be concluded that the results of multiple linear regression analysis showed a large
increase in density and the average intensity of Metallothionein in accordance with the increase in the
concentration of heavy metals and long oyster Crasostrea cucullata. Based of results the study, the
presence of heavy metals which already exceed the quality standards due to the contribution of community
wastewater and industry are discarded every day. Hopefully, this study can be used as an early detection
tool for monitoring and management of Prenduan beach, Sumenep, East Java.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Greetings and a prayer to Allah SWT always give grace for us and trust as a caliph in the earth, and
sholawat and greetings to the Prophet Muhammad that have provided the perfect role model for the
people in the world. Gratitude deepest, authors convey to Allah who has given the health and smoothness.
My Mom (Ria rahayu), My Dad (Drs. Muksin), My Sister Sherlina Oktaviola and My Brother Agus Fani Faisal,
S.Pi who gave me all the support, encouragement and prayer, Dr. Asus Maizar S.H, S.Pi, MP and Dr. Yuni
Kilawati, S.Pi., M.Si which has provided systematic guidance in completing the report with a good, patient
and sincere.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Amiard, J. C., C. Amiard, T., S. Barka, J. Pellerin, and P. S. Rainbow. 2006. MT in Aquatic Invertebrates: Their
Role in Metal Detoxification and Their Use as Biomarkers. Review of Aquatic Toxicology. 76: 160202.
Dianti, R. Setyo. 2007. Studi Kandungan Logam Berat Timbal (Pb) dan Tembaga (Cu) pada Kerang Hijau
(Mytilus viridis) di Pantai Ngimboh Gresik Jawa Timur. Universitas Negeri Malang. Malang.
Fitriyah, K. R. 2007. Studi Pencemaran Logam Berat Kadmium (Cd), Merkuri (Hg) dan Timbal (Pb) Pada Air
Laut, Sedimen dan Kerang Bulu (Anadara antiquata) di Perairan Pantai Lekok Pasuruan. UIN.
Malang.
Fuller, S.L.H. 1974. Clams and Mussel (Mollusca Bivalvia). 215-272. In C.W. Hart and Samuel L.H. Fuller
(eds). Pollution Ecology of Fresh Water Invertebrates. Academic Press, New york.
Hertika, A.M.S., Marsoedi., Diana. A., dan Soemarno. 2014. Density and Intensity of Metallothionein in Gill
and Interior Cavity of Taiwan Mussels (Anodonto woodiana) after Exposure to Lead (Pb) at SubChronic Level Using Immunohistochemical Technique. Journal of Natural Science Research. Vol 4
(6).
Nurtoni, R., Perangin-rangin, dan Tampubolon. 1984. Penelitian Mutu kerang hijau rebus yang disimpan
pada suhu rendah. Laporan penelitian teknologi perikanan. Balai penelitian teknologi perikanan :
Jakarta.
Pemerintah Kabupaten Sumenep. 2014. Monografi Kabupaten. Madura.
Santosa, S. 2003. Peran Metallothionein pada Autisme. Fakultas Kedokteran. Universitas Kristen
Maranatha. JKM. Vol 2(2): 23-30.
Sarwono, J., 2006. Metode Penelitian Kuantitatif dan Kualitatif. Penerbit Rineka Cipta. Jakarta
Wulandari, E. 2010. Analisis Kandungan Logam Berat Timbal (Pb) dan Karakteristik Haemocyte Tiram
(Saccostrea glomerata) dari Perairan Pelabuhan Perikanan Nusantara Prigi Trenggalek Jawa Timur.
UB Malang.
51
The Determination of N, P And K Fertilizer On Wet Land Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Varieties Ciherang
Based On Omission Plot Method.
Setyono Yudo Tyasmoro, and Hanikatus Sholihah
Agrotechnology Department, Agriculture Faculty of Brawijaya University
Abstract
Rice is important cereal crops and used as the staple food of one third world population. In Indonesia rice is
strategic food commodities which take important role in economic aspect and national tenacity food, and it becomes the
main basis in the future of agriculture revitalization, moreover it get big interest of government. One of vital role medium
production to support the increasing of rice productivity is fertilizer, especially N, P, and K. Until now fertilizer
recommendation to wet land rice still general, so the fertilization is not rational and efficient. Some farmers use fertilizer in
over dosage and part of them use lower dosage, so the production of rice is not optimal and efficient. It is influenced global
warming from the production of N2O gases by volatilization process of fertilizer residue. Now, fertilizer becomes problem
of farmers because it is scarce and expensive, so it needs efforts to get the efficience dosade
The objective of this research is to study the effects of N, P and K fertilizer on growth and yield of rice, to get
efficient proportion of N, P, and K fertilizer based on omission plot. This research had been conducted in Desa Sawentar,
Kec. Kanigoro, Kab. Blitar. The altitude 134 m asl. with precipitation 2000 mm/year, since November 2008 until March
2009. This research used Randomize Block Design (RDB) with six treatments and four replication. The treatments were P1 =
300 kg Urea/ha + 100 kg SP36/ha + 100 kg KCl/ha (control), P2 = 270 kg Urea/ha + 90 kg SP36/ha + 90 kg KCl/ha, P3 = 240
kg Urea/ha + 80 kg SP36/ha + 80 kg KCl/ha, P4= 210 kg Urea/ha + 70 kg SP36/ha + 70 kg KCl/ha, P5= 180 kg Urea/ha + 60
kg SP36/ha + 60 kg KCl/ha, P6= 150 kg Urea/ha + 50 kg SP36/ha + 50 kg KCl/ha.
The result of this research and the analysis shows that in the plant growth variable, the rice height is not
significant affected by NPK fertilizing treatment at various age observations. At the number of tiller per clump is significa nt
affected by NPK fertilizing treatment at age 34, 64 and 74 dap observation. At age 14 and 24 dap, the number of tiller per
clump is not significant different. The observation result at persentage of filled seed, weight of 1000 filled seed is not
significant different affected by NPK fertilizing treatment. Fertilization NPK is significant different affected to the number of
tiller per clump, number of grain per tiller, Grilled Dry Seed (GKG) with water percent 14%. The growth phase of rice is
significant affected by NPK fertilizing treatment. Fertilization of NPK under standard fertilization is not affect in decreasing
yield of plant significantly so, with in less fertilizer without decreasing yield crop of rice is one of farm efficiency.
Introduction
One of the means of production are very vital role in supporting efforts to increase national rice
production is fertilizer, especially N, P and K. High yielding varieties that dominate the national rice areas are
generally responsive to macro fertilizer. However, the efficiency and effectiveness depend on the type of land
and local management. Fertilizer recommendation for rice crops still to this day is still general, so that
fertilization is not rational and efficient. Some farmers use fertilizers with excessive dosing, and others with a
lower dose so that rice production is not optimal and less efficient. This affects the evaporation of fertilizer
that has potential as a greenhouse gas, but it also adds expense to farmers because of high fertilizer prices.
Fertilizer for food crops should be given appropriately, effectively and efficiently and does not pollute the
environment. One of the factors that determine the effort to increase rice production is the proper use of
fertilizers. Fertilization is one important way that is most often used because it is closely related to the
provision of plant nutrients. Nutrition with a composition and appropriate dose can spur the growth and
development of the quantity and quality of the rice plant. Judging from the level of productivity of paddy fields
during this time, appear to have pelandaian results. Extra input farming unbalanced outputs produced, an
indication that the fertilizer efficiency has decreased.
The use of less fertilizer without a decrease in crop yields is something favorable efficiency. To that
end, the fertilizer should be saved rationally based on scientific calculations. Fertilization of paddy familiar
terms such as balanced fertilization, fertilizing specific locations, and site-specific nutrient management which
is essentially identical to each other. But a balanced fertilizer is often misunderstood as a complete fertilizer
(N, P, K and micro fertilizer) and is identified with the use of compound fertilizer (Anonymous, 2006a).
Makarim (2005) describes a balanced fertilizer is addressing the needs of plant nutrients in order to achieve
optimal results (without excess / deficiency of nutrients) through the provision of fertilizer by considering the
amount of nutrients already available in the soil.
The principle of balanced fertilizer is presented in stages as follows: 1) The growth rate and the level
of results achieved are the result of interaction between the nature of varieties, growing environment, and the
way it is managed. 2) To a certain level of results, plants require a certain amount of nutrients in amounts and
certain comparisons. 3) For a level higher yields, plants need all the nutrients in greater amounts, the ratio
remains proportional. 4) Without fertilizer, plants obtain nutrients from the soil, the amount depending on the
52
nutrient availability in the soil, as well as the ability of plants to absorb it. 5) The difference between nutrients
needed by plants (Item 2 and 3) and nutrients that can be absorbed by plants from the soil (Item 4), needs to
be met through the provision of fertilizer. 6) Some nutrients from fertilizer is lost because of washed, fixed, or
unreachable roots. Soil conditions and fertilizer often determine the amount of the loss. So fertilizer will need
to be more than just meet the difference described in Item 5. 7) The amount of fertilizer (N, P, K, etc.) Are
given in the manner described in Item 6, a balanced fertilizer. 8) In practice, the number and proportion of
fertilizers supplied can not be exactly the above calculations, but need rounding-rounding (Makarim, 2005).
The availability of nutrients in the soil depends on the nature of the soil, so fertilizer is needed is also
very specific. Value soil nutrient status obtained through analysis or soil test can be used as the basis for
determining the dose of fertilizer purposes faster and specific. (Makarim, 2005). Nutrient concentrations (%
N,% P and% K) optimum and critical in rice plant (grain or straw) depending on climatic conditions and crop
varieties. Another influential soil conditions include a C-organic and CEC, varieties, and the season
(Balasubramanian et al., 1999).
The concept of site-specific nutrient management (SSNM) have been developed extensively in various rice
producing countries and is proven to increase grain yield per unit of fertilizer used. Omission plot approach is
designed to ensure and enhance the existing dosage recommendations based on soil nutrient status, taking
into account other factors that affect the availability of nutrients naturally.
Material and Methods
Research determination was implemented in November 2008 to March 2009 in the village of Sawentar,
Kanigoro district, Blitar, East Java, with a height of 134 m above sea level and rainfall of 2000 mm / year. The
tools used in this study is a hoe, a cultivator, plow / tractor, a ruler, cameras, scales, hedgehog (rotary weeder),
and sprayer. While the materials used are seeds of rice (Oryza sativa L.) Var. Ciherang, Urea, SP-36, KCl,
pesticides.The experiment was conducted using a randomized block design (RAK), with 6 treatments and
repeated 4 times. Dosage recommendations based on balanced fertilization. Fertilizer per hectare can be used
as follows:
P1 = 300 kg Urea/ha + 100 kg SP36/ha + 100 kg KCl/ha (control)
P2 = 270 kg Urea/ha + 90 kg SP36/ha + 90 kg KCl/ha
P3 = 240 kg Urea/ha + 80 kg SP36/ha + 80 kg KCl/ha
P4= 210 kg Urea/ha + 70 kg SP36/ha + 70 kg KCl/ha
Urea fertilizer is given three times, the first at 7 DAT, second during active tillering (21HST), and third at the
time of flower primordia (42 HST). DESCRIPTION more are presented in Table 1. Data were analyzed using
analysis of variance F test at level (α = 0.05). If the test results show a real difference, then followed by LSD test
at the level (α = 0.05).
Fertilizer
treatment
First fertilization
(7 HST)
P1
P2
P3
P4
P5
P6
Urea
0,25
0,225
0,2
0,175
0,15
0,125
SP36
0,25
0,225
0,2
0,175
0,15
0,125
KCl
0,125
0,1125
0,1
0,0875
0,075
0,0625
Second
fertilization
(21 HST)
Urea
0,25
0,225
0,2
0,175
0,15
0,125
Third fertilization
(42 HST)
Urea
0,25
0,225
0,2
0,175
0,15
0,125
KCl
0,125
0,1125
0,1
0,0875
0,075
0,0625
Result and Discusion
Plant height and number of tillers
The average plant height due to NPK fertilization treatment methods based on omission plot is presented in
Table 2. According to Table 2 for N, P, and K in rice no real effect on the high-growth lowland rice at various
ages observations. The observation of the average number of tillers / hill are presented in Table 3 . Based on
Table 3 the number of pups at the age of 14, 24, and 54 days after planting were not significantly different.
Number of tillers provide highly significant effect at age 31 HST on the treatment of 300 kg urea / ha + 100 kg
53
SP36 / ha + 100 kg KCl / ha higher than other treatments, but not significantly different from the treatment of
270 kg urea / ha + 90 kg SP36 / ha + 90 kg KCl / ha, 240 kg urea / ha + 80 kg SP36 / ha + 80 kg KCl / ha, and the
treatment of 210 kg urea / ha + 70 kg SP36 / ha + 70 kg KCl / ha. In the treatment of 150 kg urea / ha + 50 kg
SP36 / ha + 50 kg KCl / ha tiller number is lower than other treatments, but not significantly different from the
treatment of 170 kg urea / ha + 60 kg SP36 / ha + 60 kg KCl / Ha. At the age of 64 and 74 HST treatment of 300
kg urea / ha + 100 kg SP36 / ha + 100 kg KCl / ha higher than other treatments, but not significantly different
from the treatment of 270 kg urea / ha + 90 kg SP36 / ha + 90 kg KCl / ha, and the treatment of 240 kg urea /
ha + 80 kg SP36 / ha + 80 kg KCl / ha. And in the treatment of 150 kg urea / ha + 50 kg SP36 / ha + 50 kg KCl /
ha tiller number is lower than other treatments, but not significantly different from the treatment of 210 kg
urea / ha + 70 kg SP36 / ha + 70 kg KCl / ha and 170 kg Urea treatment / ha + 60 kg SP36 / ha + 60 kg KCl / ha.
Phase rice growthRice growth phase due to NPK fertilization treatment methods based on omission plot is
presented in Table 2.
Table 2. Phase rice growth due to NPK fertilization treatment methods based on omission plot
Treatment (day after planting) Urea : SP-36 : KCl (kg/ha)
Growth phase
300 : 100 : 270 : 90 :
240 : 80 : 80 210 : 70 : 70 180 : 60 : 60 150 : 50 : 50
100
90
Tillering
21-45
21-45
21-45
21-41
21-41
21-41
Reproductive
46-70
46-70
46-70
42-65
42-65
42-65
Grain filling
70-100
70-100
70-100
65-95
65-95
65-95
N, P, and K affect the rice crop growth stages. At tillering active treatment 300 kg Urea / ha + 100 kg
SP36 / ha + 100 kg KCl / ha, 270 kg Urea / ha + 90 kg SP36 / ha + 90 kg KCl / ha, and the treatment of 240 kg
Urea / ha + 80 SP36 kg / ha + 80 kg KCl / ha occurs when the plant was 21 HST until the age of 45 HST. While on
treatment of 210 kg Urea / ha + 70 kg SP36 / ha + 70 kg KCl / ha, 180 kg Urea / ha + 60 kg SP36 / ha + 60 kg KCl
/ ha and 150 kg Urea / ha + 50 kg SP36 / ha + 50 kg KCl / ha occurred at the age of 21-41 days after planting.
In the reproductive phase (formation panicle and panicle) treatment of 300 kg Urea / ha + 100 kg SP36 / ha +
100 kg KCl / ha, 270 kg Urea / ha + 90 kg SP36 / ha + 90 kg KCl / ha, 240 kg Urea / ha + 80 kg SP36 / ha + 80 kg
KCl / ha occurred at the age of 46-70 days after planting, flower started out evenly at the age of 65 HST. While
the treatment of 210 kg Urea / ha + 70 kg SP36 / ha + 70 kg KCl / ha, 180 kg Urea / ha + 60 kg SP36 / ha + 60 kg
KCl / ha and 150 kg Urea / ha + 50 kg SP36 / ha + 50 kg KCl / ha occurred at the age of 42-65 days after
planting, but the flowers come out in unison.
Phase ripening treatment of 300 kg Urea / ha + 100 kg SP36 / ha + 100 kg KCl / ha, 270 kg Urea / ha +
90 kg SP36 / ha + 90 kg KCl / ha, 240 kg Urea / ha + 80 kg SP36 / ha + 80 kg KCl / ha takes longer than the
/ ha and 150 kg Urea / ha + 50 kg SP36 / ha + 50 kg KCl / ha, ie at the age of 100 days after planting. While the
/ ha and 150 kg Urea / ha + 50 kg SP36 / ha + 50 kg KCl / ha at age 95 HST already shown a yellow panicles.
Components results The average number of panicles / hill, number of grain / panicle, weight MPD (ton/ha) due
to NPK fertilizer based method omission plot is presented in (Figure 1) below.
Number of panicle
20
Number of grain /panicle
18.88
16.13 15.88
15
200
13 13.25 13.5
150
10
100
5
50
0
166.54 173 164.25
152.25
138.5
123.88
0
P1
P2
P3
P4
P5
P6
P1
P2
P3
P4
P5
P6
54
Note : Dosage of Urea : SP-36 : KCl
(kg/ha)
Weigth of grain (ton/ha)
8
7.49
6.75 6.91 7.23 6.27
6.01
P1 = 300 : 100 : 100
6
P2 = 270 : 90 : 90
4
P3 = 240 : 80 : 80
2
P4 = 210 : 70 : 70
0
P5 = 180 : 60 : 60
P1
P2
P3
P4
P5
P6 = 150 : 50 : 50
P6
Figure 1. Average yield components due to NPK fertilization treatment methods based on omission plot
Fertilization combination of N, P and K in rice significantly affect the increase of dry unhusked rice at
14% moisture content, number of panicles / hill, and the number of grain / panicle.Based on (Figure 1) in the
number of panicles per clump treatment of 300 kg urea / ha + 100 kg SP36 / ha + 100 kg KCl / ha higher than
other treatments, but not significantly different from the treatment of 270 kg urea / ha + 90 kg SP36 / ha + 90
kg KCl / ha. While the number of panicles per hill at 210 kg urea / ha + 70 kg SP36 / ha + 70 kg KCl / ha lower
than other treatments, but not significantly different from 170 kg urea / ha + 60 kg SP36 / ha + 60 kg KCl / ha
and 150 kg urea / ha + 50 kg SP36 / ha + 50 kg KCl / ha.
Table 5. Average percentage of filled grain (%), the percentage of hollow grain (%), 1000 grains weight (g) due
to NPK fertilization treatment methods based on omission plot.
Treatments
Urea : SP-36 : KCl
(kg/ha)
Persentage of
filled grain
(%)
Persentage of
hollow grain
(%)
Weight of 1000
grains (g)
300 : 100 : 100
93.08 a
6.50 a
25.5
270: 90 : 90
95.34 a
4.78 a
24.05 a
240 : 80 : 80
91.77 a
8.24 a
24.90 a
210 : 70 : 70
95.66 a
4.19 a
25.23 a
180 : 60 : 60
95.26 a
4.74 a
24.60 a
150 : 50 : 50
94.32 a
5.79 a
24.18 a
a
BNT 5%
tn
tn
tn
Description: Numbers are accompanied by the same letter on the age of the same observations showed no
significant difference based on the LSD 5%, dap = days after planting, transplanting, tn = not significant.
On the number of grains per panicle in the treatment of 270 kg urea / ha + 90 kg SP36 / ha + 90 kg KCl
/ ha higher than other treatments, but not significantly different from the treatment of 300 kg urea / ha + 100
kg SP36 / ha + 100 kg KCl / ha, 240 kg urea / ha + 80 kg SP36 / ha + 80 kg KCl / ha and 210 kg urea / ha + 70 kg
SP36 / ha + 70 kg KCl / ha. While the treatment of 150 kg urea / ha + 50 kg SP36 / ha + 50 kg KCl / ha lower
than other treatments, but not significantly different from the treatment of 170 kg urea / ha + 60 kg SP36 / ha
+ 60 kg KCl / ha.
In the dry milled grain with moisture content of 14%, the treatment of 300 kg urea / ha + 100 kg SP36
/ ha + 100 kg KCl / ha higher than other treatments, but did not differ by treatment with 270 kg urea / ha + 90
kg SP36 / ha + 90 kg KCl / ha, 240 kg urea / ha + 80 kg SP36 / ha + 80 kg KCl / ha and 210 kg urea / ha + 70 kg
SP36 / ha + 70 kg KCl / ha, whereas treatment of 150 kg urea / ha + 50 kg SP36 / ha + 50 kg KCl / ha lower than
other treatments, but not significantly different from the treatment of 170 kg urea / ha + 60 kg SP36 / ha + 60
kg KCl / ha.
While in 1000 grain grain weight, percentage of filled grain, and the percentage of empty grain rice plant does
not provide any real effect (Table 5).
Conclusion
55
The results of research determining NPK fertilizer recommendations in rice varieties Ciherang (Oryza
sativa L.) based method concluded that the omission plot; fertilization of 180 kg urea / ha + 60 kg SP36 / ha +
60 kg KCl / ha and 150 kg urea / ha + 50 kg SP36 / ha + 50 kg KCl / ha, yield and performance of components of
rice yields decreased sharply compared to 300 kg Urea / ha + 100 kg SP36 / ha + 100 kg KCl / ha, 270 kg urea /
ha + 90 kg SP36 / ha + 90 kg KCl / ha, 240 kg urea / ha + 80 kg SP36 / ha + 80 kg KCl / ha, and N 210 kg urea / ha
+ 70 kg SP36 / ha + 70 kg KCl / ha.
Fertilization with 270 kg urea / ha + 90 kg SP36 / ha + 90 kg KCl / ha grain yield obtained at 6.75 ton/ha.
Fertilization 240 kg urea / ha + 80 kg SP36 / ha + 80 kg KCl / ha obtained yield was 6.91 tonnes ha-1. And a
dose of 210 kg urea / ha + 70 kg SP36 / ha + 70 kg KCl / ha results obtained 7:23 ton/ ha and was not
significantly different from the treatment of 300 kg urea / ha + 100 kg SP36 / ha of K 100 kg KCl / ha with the
result 7:49 ton/ ha (control).
So at a dose of 270 kg urea / ha + 90 kg SP36 / ha + 90 kg KCl / ha, 240 kg urea / ha + 80 kg SP36 / ha +
80 kg KCl / ha and 210 kg urea / ha + 70 kg SP36 / ha + 70 kg KCl / ha is sufficient to produce the same high
grain involves the 300 kg urea / ha + 100 kg SP36 / ha of K 100 kg KCl / ha. Based on the analysis of farmspecific fertilization is obtained dose efficient for the Village area Sawentar Kanigoro Subdistrict namely 210 kg
Urea / ha + 70 kg SP36 / ha + 70 kg KCl / ha with a B / C ratio of 4:36. The dose of fertilizer in rice is more
efficient than other treatments
56
ANTIBACTERIAL EFFECT EXPLORATIAN OF Holothuriascabra AGAINTS
Aeromonas hydrophila BACTERIA
Maftuch1
Lecturer of Fisheries and Marine Science University of Brawijaya
Abstract
This research was conducted to study the effect of Holothuriascabra antibacterial againstA. hydrophila bacteria. The
Holothuriascabra antibacterial was extracted with Metanol 97% and followed by rotary evaporator and water bath until
become gel extract. Based on phithochamical test, Holothuriascabracontains saponin and triterpenoid. The method used in
this research was the separation of Holothuriascabra fractions using column chromatography obtained seven fractions.
Three fractions resulted best inhibition test were EtilAsetat :Cloroform (5,53 mm); Etilasetat : Metanol (4,8 mm); EtilAsetat
: Metanol (4,54 mm). The following tested to detect each wave lenght by UV VIS were resulted 200-250 nm.
Keywords: Antibacterial, Holothuriascabra, Ahydrophila.
INTRODUCTION
The using chemicals compounds and antibiotics caused new problem of its residue in environment
(Rairakhwada et al.,2007). The residue is also acumulated in fish tissue. The higher acumulation of antibiotics
afect fish growth, resistance to fish medicine and immunosupretion (Maqsood et al.,2009).
The alternative solution use natural compounds from sea animal and plant. Several explorative research
used Holothuriascabra contained bioactive. Tian et al., (2007) showed that bioactive
Holothuriascabracontained Lectin, Steroid, saponin/ triterpin glikosida. Other researcher talked that contained
mineral, polifenol, flavonoid and total phenol (Almeida, et al., 2011).
Dubber and Harder (2008) conducted explorative research used metanol and hexane as eluent extract
towards several mikroalgae gave a strong antibacterial activity against 16 bacterial pathogens. Preliminary
study Holothuriascabra crude extract against A.hydrophila resulted inhibition zone was 9 mm (Akbar, 2014). So
that, in this research was followed to know pure extract via column chromatografi and tested its inhibition
zone. Pure extract also will confirm its molecule via UV Vis method.
MATERIALS AND RESEARCH METHOD
Extraction
Holothuriascabrawas obtained from catching area in Bangkalan Madura, East Java, Indonesia.
Extraction was done by using Velmuruganet al. (2012) method which had been modified. Extraction used
maceration method with methanol solvent during 2x24 hours, then it was filtered using Whatman paper and
evaporated using a rotary evaporator .
Holothuriascabrafraction separation using Column Chromatography
Separation fraction was performed by using column chromatography (Velmuruganet al., 2012) which
has been modified with a stationary phase of silica gel 70-230 mesh and mobile phase of methanol: ethyl
acetate at the ratio of 20:0 ,18:2 ,16:4, 14:6, 12:8, 10:10, 8:12, 6:14, 4:16, 2:18 and 0:20. Anti-bacterial activity
against A. hydrophilla bacteria was tested based on the fraction obtained.
Phytochemical Screening
Phytochemical screening was aimed to perceive the type of active compound contained in the
fraction using various reagents. Phytochemical analysis which have been done were test of lectins, flavonoids,
phenolics, steroids, terpenoids and saponins. The reagents used were Mayer for alkaloid, sulfuric acid for
flavonoid, FeCl3 for phenolic, Libermann - Buchard for steroids and HCl + Aq for the saponinsand
terpenoids(Chatterjeeet al.,2011).
Spectrophotometer Ultraviolet
UV - Vis spectrum measurement was performed at a wavelength of 200-800 nm. A total of 1 mg from
the best fraction was dissolved in 100 ml of methanol then it was measured its wavelength.
Spectrophotometer used was Shimadzu UV- 1601 PC with a medium scan speed and the sampling interval of
0.5 seconds (Chatterjeeet al., 2011) .
[email protected] dan
[email protected]
57
Antibacterial Test
Antibacterial activity was observed using agar diffusion method. The method used was the result of a
modification of Genovese et al., (2012) method. Pure cultures of A.Hydrophilla, V.harveyi, V.algynoliticus,
P.eruginosa, P.putida bacteria were taken from the Laboratory of Microbiology Laboratory in Faculty of
Medicine, University of Brawijaya, Malang. Furthermore, the cultures were grown in liquid media Nutrient
broth( NB ) and incubated at 35oC for 3 hours so that it could form the same turbidity with McFarland
standard solution (107 cells / ml), then the suspension was cultured using TSA media .
Fraction was dissolved with DMSO 10 %, then the paper disc was placed on TSA media containing the
bacteria that have been tested previously. Petridish was incubated for 24 hours at a temperature of 30oC. Zone
diameter of inhibition was measured. Zone of inhibition was seen from the amount of clear zone formed.
Inhibition zone with diameter >15 mm had strong inhibitory activity, diameter 9-14 mm had moderate
inhibitory activity and diameter < 8 mm had weak inhibitory activity (Genovese et al., 2012) .
The results of phytochemical screening of Holothuriascabracrude extract can be seen in Table 1. From
this resulted, we want to get pure extract of Holothuriascabra via column chromatografi, and so that we
continued to spectrophotometer UV Vis method to define wave lenght (nm) every fraction.The results of
phytochemical screening of Holothuriascabrafraction could be seen in Table 1.
Tabel1. Results of phytochemical screening of Holothuriascabra
Compund
Result
Lectin
Flavonoid
Phenolic
Steroids
Saponins
Terpenoids
Negative (-)
Negative (-)
Negative (-)
Negative (-)
Positive (+)
Positive (+)
Source: Dewi, WIC. (2014)
Compared by several reverence, based our method used Etil Acetat : Chloroform and Etil acetat :
Metanol for column chromatografi eluent, so we get only two substance saponins and terpenoids. Before
verifying used spectrophotometer UV Vis, firstly was tested inhibition zone against A. hydrophila and got 3
fractian of high inhibition zone. The Inhibition zone could be seen in Table 2.
Table 2.Holothuriascabrafraction inhibition zone against A. hydrophila
Eluent Comparison
Fraction
Inhibition Zone (mm)
1
2
3
2:1(Etil Acetat:Chloroform)
12:8 (Etil Acetat:Metanol)
6:14 (Etil Acetat:Metanol)
5,53
4,80
4,54
Table 2 above showed that Holothuriascabrafraction inhibition zone against A. hydrophilawere
started from the smallest; 4,54 mm, 4,80 mm, 5,53 mm. Inhibition zone with diameter >15 mm has strong
inhibitory activity, diameter 9-14 mm has moderate inhibitory activity and diameter < 8 mm has weak
inhibitory activity (Genovese et al., 2012). Based on the value of inhibition zone, it could be seen that the
fraction of Holothuriascabrahad weak antibacterial activity against A.hydrophila.
The research was followed To verify the compounds contained, then the test was continued by using
a spectrophotometri UV. The following spectrfotometri FTIR and LC-MS method To verify the compounds
contained under investigation. The result of three spectrophotometri UVcould be seen in Figure 1-3.
58
Figure 1. Spectra Ultraviolet Spectrophotometer of Fraction 1
Figure 2. Spectra Ultraviolet Spectrophotometer of Fraction2
Figure 3. Spectra Ultraviolet Spectrophotometer of Fraction 3
Figure 1-3 above showed that the 3 fraction of Holothuriascabrahad a wavelength of 200-257.5 nm.
According to bawa (2009) and Rita (2010) that terpenoids has a wavelength of 242 nm - 274 nm.
CONCLUSIONS
Based on the characterization test using phytochemicals screening were resulted saponin and
terpenoids, using inhibition test towards A. hydrophilaon three fraction were resulted 4,54 mm, 4,8 mm, 5,53
mm. Using ultraviolet spectrophotometer was resulted wavelenght 200 – 250 nm.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We would like to thank Dimas, Lini, Akbar, for his technical assistance.
59
REFERENCES
Akbar, A.R. 2014. Pengaruh pemberian teripang pasir Holothuriascabra terhadap daya hambat bakteri
A.hydrphila. Skripsi. Universitas Brawijaya.
Almeida C.L.F, H.S. Falcao, G.R.M. Lima, C.A. Montenegro, N.S. Lira, P.F. Athayde-Filho, L.C. Rodrigues, M.F.V.
Souza, J.M. Barbosa-Filho, L.M. Batista. 2011. Bioactivities from marine algae of the genus Gracilaria.
Review.Int. J. Mol. Sci. 12 : 4550-4573.
Bawa,I.G.A.G. 2009. Isolasi dan identifikasi golongan senyawa toksik dari daging buah pare (momordidica
charantia). Jurusan Kimia FMIPA Universitas Udayana, Bukit Jimbaran. Bali.
Chatterjee S.K, I. Bhattacharjee, G. Chandra. 2011. Isolation and identification of bioactive antibacterial
components in leaf extracts of Vangueriaspinosa (Rubiaceae). Asian Pac. J. Trop. Med. 4 : 35-40.
Dewi, W.I.C. 2014. Pengaruh pemberian teripang pasir Holothuriascabra terhadap hematologi ikan patin
(Pangasius sp.) yang diinfeksi bakteri A.hydrphila. Skripsi. Universitas Brawijaya.
Dubber D danTilmann H. 2008. Extracts of Ceramiumrubrum, Mastocarpusstellatus and
Laminariadigitatainhibit growth of marine and fish pathogenic bacteria at ecologically realistic
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Genovese G, C. Faggio, C. Gugliandolo, A. Torre, A. Spano, M. Morabito, T.L. Maugeri. 2012. In vitro evaluation
of antibacterial activity of Asparagopsistaxiformisfrom the Straits of Messina against pathogens
relevant in aquaculture. Marine Enviromental Research.73 : 1-6.
Maqsood, S., M.H. Samoon, P. Singh, 2009.Immunomodulatory and Growth Promoting Effect of Dietary
Levamisole in Cyprinuscarpio Fingerlings Against the Challenge of Aeromonashydrophila. Turkish
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Rairakhwada., Dina, A.K. Pal, Z.P. Bhathena, N.P. Sahu, A. Jha, S.C. Mukherjee, 2007. Dietary microbial levan
enhances cellular non-specific immunity and survival of common carp (Cyprinuscarpio) juveniles.
Fish & Shellfish Immunology 22 : 477-486.
Rita, W.S. 2010. Isolasi, Identifikasi dan uji aktivitas antibakteri senyawa golongan triterpenoid pada rimpang
temu putih (Curcuma zedoaria(Berg.) Roscoe). Jurusan Kimia FMIPA Universitas Udayana, Bukit
Jimbaran. Bali.
Tian, F., Zhu C., Zhang X-w., Xie X., Xin X-l., 2007. Philiopside E, a New SulphatedSaponin from Sea Cucumber,
Blocks the Interaction between Kinase Insert Domain_Containing Receptor (KDR) and αvβIntegrin
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Velmurugan S, V.T. Viji, M.M. Babu, M.J. Punitha, T. Citarasu. 2012. Antimicrobial effect of
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60
HUMAN ACTIVITIES AND IMPLICATIONS POLLUTION ON THE
PRENDUAN COASTAL, SUMENEP, EAST JAVA
INDICATORS: EXPRESSION OF METALLOTHIONEIN (MT) IN GILLS
OYSTER (Crassostrea cuccullata)
Dyah Ayu Wijayanti
Interdisciplinary Graduate Students
Department of Environmental Resource Management and Development, Universitas Brawijaya
Anatomical Pathology Laboratory of the Faculty of Medicine
Anatomy Physiology Laboratory of the Faculty of Medicine
Laboratory of Chemistry Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences
Laboratory Science - Aquatic Sciences of the Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Universitas Brawijaya
Abstract
The coastal is located in District Pragaan Prenduan Sumenep, East Java Province. The purpose of this study
was to determine the activities of the human and its implications pollution for coastal Prenduan use
indicators oyster shell length relationship with the expression of metallothionein (MT) in the gills of oysters
Crassostrea cuccullata as a biomarker of pollution of Pb, Cd, Hg and the condition of the physics and
chemistry of seawater. This research was conducted in October 2014. The method used is the method
described in descriptive surveys, observation and interviews. Observations carried out actively include the
size of oysters, metalothionein levels in the gills of oysters, heavy metals Pb, Cd and Hg, and water quality
parameters (temperature, salinity, pH, dissolved oxygen and organic matter in total) as well as interviews
with the surrounding community. The regression analysis correlation shows that the larger the size of the
oysters, the greater the density and intensity of the results of metallothionein (MT) Crassostrea cuccullata
as a biomarker of pollution of Pb, Cd, Hg. Water quality in coastal waters Prenduan can still support life
aquatic Crassostrea cuccullata especially oysters. Need to do more monitoring and control of heavy metal
pollution in the waters by minimizing waste and provide information related to the impact caused by waste
dumped directly by the public coastal Prenduan.
Keywords: metallothionein expression, heavy metal, human activity, Crassostrea cucullata, Prenduan
coastal.
INTRODUCTION
Prenduan coastal waters Sumenep, Madura, East Java is the coastal area with the potential to
be developed in various sectors such as fisheries and oyster fishing. However, of the progress
made, inshore Prenduan danger of heavy metal contamination that allegedly came from
community activities on land and at sea as a human activity. One major activity in coastal
Prenduan as a lean ship, docked and unloading of fish or other fishery products. The activities of
this makes the water environment is potential contamination. According to Law 23 of 1997 on
environmental management, environmental pollution is the introduction of living creatures,
substances, energy or other components into the environment by human activities so that
quality decreases to a certain level which causes the environment can not function in accordance
by designation. As a result of the activity of livestock and human activities that contribute heavy
metals in the water.
One in aquatic biota Prenduan Beach Sumenep, Madura, East Java, oysters C. cuccullata. The
oysters are a group of class Bivalvia mollusks that live in marine or brackish water habitat. This
oyster species of high economic value and is a filter feeder organisms that effectively reduces the
concentration of heavy metals because it has the ability of these substances accumulate in the
body away in the top of which is contained in the surrounding waters (Wulandari, 2011). Enter
the heavy metals in the water would be in response to increased levels of metallothionein
protein as a binder of heavy metals in the body of an organism. The presence of protein
metallothionein is believed to be the biological markers (biomarkers) of heavy metal pollution
can be learned one through Semi Quantitative methods (Immunohistochemistry).
To assess the levels of metallothionein in biota, can be reviewed by knowing the density and
intensity, one of the techniques that can be done is immunohistochemistry.
61
Immunohistochemistry is a technique that is performed to detect the presence of antigens in
tissue by using antibodies bound to the enzyme so that precipitates were stained and the
location of an antigen can be seen under a microscope (Sofian and Nugroho, 2006).
RESEARCH METHODS
This research was conducted in October 2014. This study used a survey method. The study
starts from making oyster gills C.cuccullata of several plots in three different stations then
dissected, then removed the gills of oysters and was observed by Immunohistochemistry method
to determine the expression metallothioneinnya. Then measuring the levels of heavy metals Pb,
Cd, Hg in water and oyster gills to determine its relationship with the density and intensity levels
of metallothionein in C.cuccullata oyster gills. Besides measurement of physical and chemical
parameters of seawater as a parameter supporter.
Method of collecting data
The method used in this research is the method described by descriptive survey, observation
and interviews. Description is done by describing the situation in real research sites as it is in the
field and proven through data analysis. Observations by the observations of actively include the
size of oysters, heavy metals Pb, Cd, Hg in waters and gills of oysters, levels metalothionein on
the gills of oysters, as well as water quality parameters include physical parameters
(temperature) and chemical parameters (salinity, pH, dissolved oxygen, total organic matter) and
interviews conducted with the surrounding community, the oyster fishing areas, the sources of
pollution and oyster season on the beach Prenduan, Sumenep.
Overview Bodies Prenduan
The beach is located in the village Prenduan Prenduan, district Pragaan Sumenep regency.
According to the Government of Sumenep (2014), situated at the threshold of Sumenep Regency
East Madura Island, which is geographically located between 113 ° 32' 54 "- 116 ° 16' 48" E and 4
° 55' - 7 ° 24' latitude. Prenduan beach topography sloping beach. At low tide, fishing boats
docked at the edge of the coast, and at high tide, the fishermen began to busy to dispatch boats
were leaning.
Station 1
Station I is a mangrove area.
Station 2
Station II is a residential area and a reliance ship.
Station 3
Station III is the area located around the chicken farm.
Levels of Heavy Metals Pb, Cd and Hg in oyster gills Crassostrea cuccullata
According Ramakritinan, et al., (2012), a heavy metal that enters the water can accumulate in
the body of animals. Bivalves used as a test organism due to the levels of heavy metals are filter
feeders and sedentary. The result of the absorption of heavy metals by different oyster gills on
each station. The average content of heavy metals Pb, Cd and Hg can be seen in Figure 1.
62
KADAR LOGAM BERAT (Ppm)
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
STASIUN STASIUN STASIUN
1
2
3
Figure 1. Graph Average - Average Heavy Metal Content of Pb, Cd and Hg in oyster gills C.cuccullata
Based on Figure 1, it can be seen that the average levels of Pb, Cd and Hg contained in oyster
gills C.cuccullata still below the threshold value has been set. According to ISO (2009), the
maximum limit of heavy metals that may be contained in food to 1.5 ppm Pb, Cd and Hg at 1
ppm.
Overall, Pb is a heavy metal that accumulates in the gills most oyster C. cuccullata compared
with Cd or Hg at three stations. It shows the level expected oysters to heavy metals Pb quite high
due to the nature of Pb are easy to accumulate (Rahman, 2006), in addition to the absorption of
Pb in the body is also very slow, resulting in the accumulation and the basis of toxicity
progressive (Sulistia, 1980 Samsundari and officers, 2011). Factors affecting the ability of the
organism to accumulate heavy metals: Heavy metal types, types of organisms, duration of
exposure, as well as the condition of the aquatic environment (Hutagalung, 1984).
Analysis Relationship with Expression of metallothionein size oysters in oyster gills
Crassostrea cuccullata
According Amiard, et al., (2006), metallothionein and the concentration of heavy metals can
be analyzed on the hepatopancreas and gills. Regression analysis can be used to indicate the
parameters that most influence the concentration of metallothionein between the natural
factors (salinity, sex, season, total protein concentration) and of factors contaminants.
Oyster size can also affect the accumulation of heavy metals in the body of the oyster.
According Apriadi (2005) states that there are elevated levels of heavy metals in the body of
mussel size from small (<4 cm) up to a large size (> 6 cm), this is because the ability of the
mussels to absorb heavy metals in aquatic environments the biota place to live. The bigger (the
older) the size of the oysters, the content of heavy metals into the body will also increase.
Oysters size will also affect the levels of metallothionein in oysters.
Relations size oysters with metallothionein expression on C.cuccullata oyster gills can be seen
in Figure 2.
Based on the results of the regression analysis shown in Figure 2, the coefficient of
determination (R2) between the size of the oysters with Density MT in gill C.cuccullata amounted
to 0.955 with a correlation coefficient (r) of 0.98 and a functional relationship by 95%. Based on
the correlation coefficient (r) of 0.98, then the relationship with the oyster size gill C.cuccullata
Density MT in this study as very strong.
Based on the results of the regression analysis shown in Figure 3, the coefficient of
determination (R2) between the size of the oysters with intensity MT in gill C.cuccullata of 0,747
with correlation coefficients (r) of 0.86 and a functional relationship by 75%. Based on the
correlation coefficient (r) of 0.86, then the relationship with the intensity of the oyster size gill
MT in C.cuccullata in this study as very strong. According to Walpole (1995) which states that the
level of correlation is very strong is in the interval> 0.75 to 0.99.
63
y = 1000.8x
R² = 0.9553
r = 0.979
4
DENSITAS MT
(MT/µm²)
3.5
3
Hubungan Panjang
dengan Densitas MT
2.5
2
1.5
Linear (Hubungan
Panjang dengan Densitas
MT)
1
0.5
0
0
0.001
0.002
0.003
0.004
PANJANG (cm)
INTENSITASP
(Pixel)
Figure 2. Relationship Graph Density MT with oysters C. Long cuccullata
4
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
y = 0.0002x
R² = 0.747
r = 0.864
Hubungan Panjang
dengan Intensitas MT
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
Linear (Hubungan
Panjang dengan
Intensitas MT)
PANJANG (CM)
Figure 3. Intensity Graph metallothionein relationship with Long oysters C. cuccullata
Analysis of Water Quality Parameters
The results of the analysis of water quality parameters in waters Prenduan Beach can be seen
in Table 1 below.
Stasiun
pH
I
II
III
Suhu
(˚C)
34
35
35
Standar
30-38*
7-8,5*
9
9
9
Parameter Kualitas Air
DO
Salinitas
(mg/L)
(ppt)
7,6
30
6,1
30
8,7
30
>5*
27-33*
TOM
(mg/L)
32,86
50,56
25,28
>20**
Information:
* Minister of Environment No. 51, 2004 (allowed a decrease of up to <2 ° C to 5 ‰ to temperature and salinity)
** Effendi (2003).
Overall, water quality in Turkish waters Prenduan still in normal condition and still support for
the life of the oyster Crassostrea cuccullata.
64
CONCLUSION
Based on the results, it can be concluded that the results of the correlation regression analysis
shows that the larger the size of the oysters, the greater the density and intensity of the results
of metallothionein (MT), which is found on the gills oyster Crassostrea cuccullata. Water quality
in coastal waters Prenduan can still support life aquatic biota, especially the oyster Crassostrea
cuccullata. Metallotionein expressions in oysters as a biomarker of the heavy metal pollution of
Pb, Cd and Hg. In addition, it is also necessary to further scrutiny and control of heavy metal
pollution in the waters or on the oysters in a way to minimize the discharge of waste containing
heavy metals into the water.
THANK-YOU
Gratitude deepest we convey to parents, lecturers, lovers and friends have given support to
complete this study.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Amiard, J. C., C. Amiard-Triquet, S. Barka, J. Pellerin dan P. S. Rainbow. 2006. Metallothioneins in
aquatic invertebrates:their role in metal detoxificationand their use as biomarkers. Aquatic
Toxicology. 76: 160–202.
Apriadi, D. 2005. Kandungan Logam Berat Hg, Pb, dan Cr pada Air, sedimen dan Kerang Hijau
(Perna viridis L.) di perairan Kamal Muara, Teluk Jakarta. Skripsi. Institut Pertanian Bogor.
Bogor.
Effendi, H. 2003. Telaah Kualitas Air :Bagi Pengelolaan Sumberdaya dan Lingkungan Perairan.
Penerbit Kanisius. Yogyakarta.
Keputusan Menteri Negara Lingkungan Hidup. 2004. Baku Mutu Air Laut Untuk Biota Laut.
Lampiran III.
Pemerintah Kabupaten Sumenep. 2014. Monografi Kabupaten. Madura.
Peraturan Pemerintah Republik Indonesia Nomor 82 Tahun 2001 Tentang Pengelolaan Kualitas
Air dan Pengendalian Pencemaran Air. Jakarta.
Rahman, A. 2006 Kandungan Logam Berat Timbal (Pb) dan Kadmium (Cd) pada Beberapa Jenis
Krustasea di Pantai Batakan dan Takisung Kabupaten Tanah Laut Kalimantan Selatan.
BIOSCIENTIAE. 3 (2): 93-101.
Ramakritinan C. M., Rathisri C., Kumaraguru A. K. 2012. Acute Toxicity of Metals: Cu, Pb, Cd, Hg,
dan Zn on Marine Molluscs, Cerithedia Cingulata G., and Modiolus Philippinarum H. Indian
Jurnal of Geo-Marine Science. Vol 41(2): 141-145.
Samsundari, S. dan I. Y. Perwira. 2011. Kajian dampak pencemaran logam berat di daerahsekitar
luapan lumpur Sidoarjo terhadap kualitasair dan budidaya perikanan. Gamma. 6 (2): 129–
136.
Simanjuntak, M. 2012. Kualitas Air Laut Ditinjau Dari Aspek Zat Hara, Oksigen Terlarut dan pH di
Perairan Banggai, Sulawesi Tengah. Jakarta. Jurnal Ilmu dan Teknologi Kelautan Tropis,
Vol.4, No.2., Hlm. 209-303.
Sofian A dan Nugroho K.. 2006. Peran Pemeriksaan Imunohistokin Vimentin sebagai Penanda Asal
Kanker Endometrium. MKI. Jakarta. Vol. 13 No. 2 Hal: 45-50.
Standar Nasional Indonesia (SNI). 2009. Batas Maksimum Cemaran Logam Berat dalam Pangan.
ICS 67.220.20. Badan Standarisasi Nasional (BSN).
Undang-Undang No. 23. 1997. Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup.
Walpole, R. E. 1995. Pengantar Statistika. Edisi Ke-3. PT. Gramedia Pustaka Utama: Jakarta.
Wulandari, E. 2011. Analisis Kandungan Logam Berat Timbal (Pb) dan Karakteristik Haemocyte
Tiram (Saccostrea glomerata) dari Perairan Pelabuhan Perikanan Nusantara Prigi
Trenggalek, Jawa Timur. Tesis. Fakultas Perikanan Dan Ilmu KelautanUniversitas
Brawijaya:Malang.
65
Meta-Analysis of Dietary Exogenous Enzymes Supplementation on Crude
Protein Digestibility of Broiler: A Statistical Approach toward
Environmentally-Friendly Broiler Production
Faizal Andri1 and Eko Widodo2
1Postgraduate
2Department
Student, Faculty of Animal Husbandry, University of Brawijaya, Malang-65145, Indonesia
of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Faculty of Animal Husbandry, University of Brawijaya, Malang65145, Indonesia
Abstract
Broiler research reports around the world during the year of 2005-2015 were analyzed statistically to evaluate the
effect of dietary exogenous enzymes supplementation on crude protein digestibility of broiler. Criteria for selecting
research reports were: 1) pen trial, 2) written research report, 3) type and dose of enzyme mentioned, 4) control
treatment stated and 5) crude protein digestibility stated. Eleven research reports were collected allowing 42
comparisons of control and dietary exogenous enzymes supplementation (100-1000 ppm). Data of crude protein
digestibility was analyzed using paired t-test in Microsoft Excel 2013. Result showed that dietary exogenous enzymes
supplementation improved (p<0.000) crude protein digestibility as compared with control (76.26 vs 72.52). Relative
improvement of crude protein digestibility as affected by dietary exogenous enzymes compared with the control diet
was 5.16%. Supplementation of dietary exogenous enzymes could reduce NH 3 emissions at the level of 13.62% as
compared with control. It can be concluded that dietary exogenous enzymes supplementation could improve CP
digestibility and had promising effect to reduce NH3 emission from broiler production.
Keywords: Environment, N excretion, NH3 emission, Poultry, Protease
INTRODUCTION
Broiler production are estimated reach 9 billion birds in 2015 (National Chicken Council, 2016).Current
major problem in this sector is NH3 emission which can give bad effect on environment sustainability. NH3
emission is related with crude protein (CP) digestibility. Lower CP digestibility will cause higher nitrogen
excretion which further will increase NH3 emission.
Dietary exogenous enzymes supplementationis the most potent way to reduce NH3 emission in broiler
production due to its easy and low-cost application.The purpose of this meta-analysis was to evaluate the
effect of dietary exogenous enzymes supplementation on crude protein digestibility of broiler. Then also
estimated it’s consequence on NH3 emission from broiler production.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Literature Preparation
Indexed publication of broiler research reports on dietary exogenous enzymes supplementation
were selected. Searching of publication was done online with key words in English. Criteria for selecting
research reports were a) diets with dietary exogenous enzymes supplementation comparing without
enzymes, b) only used broiler pen trial, no commercial field trials were used, c) written research report in
English between the year of 2005-2015, d) the type and dose of enzymes should have been mentioned, e)
crude protein digestibility must have been stated. After the selection of publication, data of crude protein
digestibility as well as research methodology was tabulated in database for further analysis.
asasasaas
Data Analysis
Data analysis was performed using 42 pair data of crude protein digestibility. Data was analyzed
“by treatment” using paired t-test in Microsoft Excel 2013.
Correspondence:
Faizal Andri
Alamat : Faculty of Animal Husbandry, University of Brawijaya, Veteran Street, Malang-65145, Indonesia
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Database Description
The database composed by 90.9% of peer-reviewed journal and 9,1 % of seminar proceeding. The
source of database were come from Journal of the Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science, Pakistan
Veterinary Journal, Italian Journal of Animal Science, Poultry Science, Journal of Applied Poultry Research,
Journal of Poultry Science, Canadian Journal of Animal Science, South African Journal of Animal Science,
PLoS ONE, Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Science, and Agriculture and Agricultural Science Procedia.
Most of the research were conducted in American (36.36%), Asian (27.27%), and European (18.18%)
institution. Corn and soybean meal were the main feed ingredients (72.73%) used in broiler diet.
Crude Protein Digestibility
Fourty two experimental data were collected from 11 research reports during the year of 20052015. Dietary exogenous enzymes used was protease and mixture enzymes. The level of dietary exogenous
enzymes supplementation was in the range of 100-1000 ppm.
Result showed that average crude protein digestibility in control group was 72.52%, meanwhile in
enzymes group was 76.26%. Statistical analysis showed that dietary exogenous enzymes significantly
(P<0.000) have higher crude protein digestibility. Dietary exogenous enzymes improved 3.74 points of crude
protein digestibility with relative improvement was 5.16% as compared with control treatment. This result
may affected by improvement of protease activity in GI-tract of broiler, so broiler can breakdown higher
crude protein from feed, then as a consequence crude protein digestibility will also higher.
Table 1. Result of crude protein (CP) digestibility from broiler trials around the world in control and dietary exogenous enzymes
supplementation
Enzymes
CP digestibility (%)
References, year
Type
Dose (ppm)
Control
Enzymes
Protease
500
76.31
80.19
Yadav and Sah, 2005
500
77.25
82.13
Yadav and Sah, 2005
750
76.31
81.53
Yadav and Sah, 2005
750
77.25
82.67
Yadav and Sah, 2005
1000
76.31
83.12
Yadav and Sah, 2005
1000
77.25
83.96
Yadav and Sah, 2005
Mixture1
500
61.50
68.10
Khan et al., 2006
Mixture2
500
61.50
68.30
Khan et al., 2006
Mixture3
500
58.10
59.30
Madrid et al., 2010
500
54.70
66.10
Madrid et al., 2010
500
81.80
81.00
Madrid et al., 2010
500
77.20
79.90
Madrid et al., 2010
100
77.90
82.60
Angel et al., 2011
200
77.90
82.60
Angel et al., 2011
400
77.90
82.70
Angel et al., 2011
800
77.90
83.00
Angel et al., 2011
200
78.90
78.90
Freitas et al., 2011
200
81.90
82.00
200
82.20
83.80
200
78.40
81.30
200
76.90
82.80
Fru-Nji et al., 2011
200
81.80
82.90
Fru-Nji et al., 2011
500
70.00
74.00
Lu et al., 2012
500
79.00
82.00
Lu et al., 2012
Protease
Protease
Protease
Mixture4
67
Dietary exogenous enzymes
CP digestibility
Type
Dose (ppm)
Control
Enzymes
750
70.00
72.00
Lu et al., 2012
750
79.00
84.00
Lu et al., 2012
600
82.00
84.00
Bhuiyan et al., 2013
600
81.00
84.00
Mixture5
References, year
600
86.00
86.00
Mixture6
500
78.00
86.00
Murugesan et al., 2014
Mixture7
100
67.46
70.25
Tang et al., 2014
100
68.08
72.90
Tang et al., 2014
100
65.61
67.97
Tang et al., 2014
100
68.83
70.68
Tang et al., 2014
500
67.46
71.32
Tang et al., 2014
500
68.08
74.18
Tang et al., 2014
500
65.61
68.76
Tang et al., 2014
500
68.83
72.15
Tang et al., 2014
200
58.44
63.22
Kamel et al., 2015
200
58.44
58.77
Kamel et al., 2015
200
58.44
63.28
Kamel et al., 2015
200
58.44
58.68
Kamel et al., 2015
Comparisons (n =)
42
42
Mean
72.52a
76.26b
Mixture8
Protease
P value
<0.000
Difference
3.74
Diff. from control (%)
5.16
Notes: 1Xylanase, β-glucanase and cellulose, 2Protease, amylase, xylanase, β-glucanase and cellulose, 3Protease, amylase,
cellulase and other residual enzyme activities (α-galactosidase and xylanase), 4Xylanase, β -glucanase, phytase, 5500
ppm (xylanase, protease, amylase) + 100 ppm (phytase), 6Protease, phytase, 7Xylanase (20,000 U/g), protease (40,000
U/g), amylase (2,000 U/g), 8Xylanase (600 U/g), protease (8,000 U/g), amylase (800 U/g)
Table 2. Estimated NH3 emission from Broiler Production as affected by average crude protein digestibility in control and
dietary exogenous enzymes supplementation
Variable
Control
Enzymes
CP content in Feed, %
20.00
20.00
Feed intake1, g/bird
3320.00
3320.00
664.00
664.00
CP
Intake2,
CP
digestibility3,
g
72.52
76.26
CP excreted4, %
27.48
23.74
CP excreted5, g/bird
182.46
157.61
29.19
25.22
4.67
4.03
N
excreted6,
NH3
%
g/bird
emission7,
g/bird
Difference, g/bird
-0.64
Diff. from control (%)
-13.62
Notes: 1 Ross 308 Broiler Performance in 35 days, 2 CP content in feed x feed intake, 3 Data from Table 1,
4 100 – CP digestibility, 5 CP excreted (%) x CP Intake, 6 16% x CP excreted, 7 16% x N excreted (Velthof et al., 2012)
Estimated NH3 Emission
Result of estimated NH3 emission showed in Table 2. Estimated NH3 emission from broiler
production without dietary enzymes treatment was 4.67 g/bird, meanwhile from broiler production with
dietary enzymes treatment was 4.03 g/bird. Dietary exogenous enzyme supplementation can reduce NH 3
emission at the level of 0.64 points, with relative reduction was 13.62% as compared with control group.
This result were confirmed beneficial effect of dietary exogenous enzymes supplementation to reduce NH 3
emission from broiler production.
CONCLUSION
It can be concluded that dietary exogenous enzymes supplementation could improve CP
digestibility and had promising effect to reduce NH3 emission from broiler production. It is recommended to
use dietary exogenous enzymes to achieve environmentally-friendly broiler production.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The first author acknowledge postgraduate scholarship from Indonesian Endowment Fund for
Education (LPDP), Ministry of Finance, Republic of Indonesia.
REFERENCES
Angel C.R., Saylor W., Vieira S.L., and Ward N. 2011. Effects of A Monocomponent Protease on Performance
and Protein Utilization in 7- to 22-Day-Old Broiler Chickens. Poultry Science 90 :2281–2286.
BhuiyanM.M., Islam A.F.,and Iji P.A. 2013. High Levels of Maize in Broiler Diets with or without Microbial
EnzymeSupplementation. South African Journal of Animal Science 2013, 43(1): 44-55.
Freitas D.M., Vieira S.L., Angel C.R., Favero A., and Maiorka A. 2011. Performance and Nutrient Utilization of
Broilers Fed Diets Supplemented with A NovelMono-Component Protease. J. Appl. Poult. Res.
20 :322–334.
Fru-Nji F., Kluenter A., Fischer M., and Pontoppidan K. 2011. A Feed Serine Protease Improves Broiler
Performance and Increase Protein and Energy Digestibility. J. Poult. Sci., 48: 239-246.
Kamel N.F., Naela, Ragaa M., El-Banna R.A., and Mohamed F.F. 2015. Effects of a Monocomponent Protease
on PerformanceParameters and Protein Digestibility in Broiler Chickens. Agriculture and
Agricultural Science Procedia, 6: 216 – 225.
Khan S.H., Sardar R., and Siddique B. 2006. Influence of Enzymes on Performance of Broilers FedSunflowerCorn Based Diets. Pakistan Vet. J., 26(3): 109-114.
Lu H., Adedokun S.A., Preynat A., Legrand-Defretin V., Geraert P.A., Adeola O., and Ajuwon K.M. 2013.
Impact of Exogenous Carbohydrases and Phytase on Growth Performance and Nutrient
Digestibility in Broilers. Can. J. Anim. Sci., 93: 243-249.
Madrid J., Catalá-Gregori P.,García V., and Hernández F. 2010. Effect of A Multienzyme Complex in WheatSoybeanMeal Diet on Digestibility ofBroiler Chickens UnderDifferent Rearing Conditions. Italian
Journal of Animal Science, 9:1, e1.
Murugesan G.R., Romero L.F., and Persia M.E. Effects of Protease, Phytase and a Bacillus sp. Direct-Fed
Microbial on Nutrient and Energy Digestibility, IlealBrush Border Digestive Enzyme Activity and
Cecal Short-Chain Fatty Acid Concentration in Broiler Chickens. PLoS ONE 9(7): e101888.
National Chicken Council. 2016. Broiler Chicken Industry Key Facts 2016. Online. Retrieved April 12, 2016
from
http://www.nationalchickencouncil.org/about-the-industry/statistics/broiler-chickenindustry-key-facts/
Tang D., Hao S., Liu G., Nian F., and Ru Y. 2014. Effects of Maize Source and Complex Enzymes on
Performance andNutrient Utilization of Broilers. Asian Australas. J. Anim. Sci., 27(12) : 17551762.
Yadav J.L. and Sah R.A. 2005. Supplementation of Corn-Soybean Based Broiler’s Diets with Different Levels
of Acid Protease. J. Inst. Agric. Anim. Sci., 26:65-70.
69
WASHING COAL USE THE CHANCE CONE
Hendri Prananta Perangin-angin
Jurusan Teknik Pertambangan, Fakultas Pertambangan dan Perminyakan, Universitas Negeri Papua
Jl Gunung Salju Amban Manokwari Papua Barat
ABSTRAK
Studi pencucian batubara ini dilakukan dengan merancang dan membuat alat chance cone ,yang kemudian dilanjutkan
dengan uji kinerja proses menggunakan pasir besi sebagai media pemisah. Variabel yang digunakan untuk percobaan ini
adalah batubara umpan berukuran -12,5 + 5 mm ; -5 + 1,68 mm ; dan -1,68 mm + 0,85 mm, pengaduk dengan
kecepatan putaran 44, 53, 72, 96, dan 120 rpm, serta densitas relative media ( suspensi air dan pasir besi ), 1,3 dan 1,4.
Dari hasil uji endap-apung umpan didapatkan kadar abu awal batubara umpan masing-masing 7,91 % , 5,73 %, dan 6,76
%. Dari percobaan uji kinerja alat, efisiensi tertinggi diperoleh pada densitas relative media 1,4 sebesar 69,18 % pada
putaran pengaduk 120 rpm dengan ukuran umpan -1,68 mm + 0,85 mm, dan kandungan abu 6,39 %.
Kata kunci : Perolehan, abu, putaran pengaduk, densitas, ukuran umpan dan efisiensi.
ABSTRACT
Study of coal washing was conducted by designing and creating chance cone equipment which was then continued by
process performance test using iron sand as a separator medium. The variable used for this experiment wasfeed coal
with the size of -12,5 + 5 mm ; -5mm + 1,68 mm ; and -1,68 mm + 0,85 mm, a mixer with a spinning speed of 44, 53, 72,
96, and 120 rpm, and a media relative density ( suspension of water and iron sand ) of 1,3 and 1,4 . From the result of
sink – float test, the initial coal ash level of 7,91 %, 5,73 %, and 6,76 % each was obtained. From the result of equipment
performance test, the highest efficiency was obtained at 1,4 media relative density of 69,18 % at mixer speed of 120
rpm with bait size of -1,68 + 0,85 mm and ash content of 6,39 %.
Keyword : Result, ash, mixer spin, density, feed size and efficiency
INTRODUCTION
Fossil oil crisis in the end of 1970s has led many countries, including Indonesia, to search for
alternative energy due to the scarcity and the less evenly distribution of fossil oil reserve.
Indonesia represents a country with very potential coal resource estimated as more than 65.4
millions tons (ESDM, 2015). This resource is widely spread mostly in Sumatra and Kalimantan.
Coaling begins with high pressure and high temperature at very long time. Different
attributes of the coal may be due to the difference of material source, precipitation
environment, coaling condition, and degree of change in the diversity, quantity, and distribution
of pollutants.
In term of utilization, coal is used for various industries and households. To utilize coal,
the users must understand their goal of utilizing coal. Some coals derive from mining, but the
output may not meet environmental friendly standard. Washing the coal is then the mandatory
activity to fulfill this standard.
Strategic Meaning of Coal
Mineable reserve of coal in Indonesia is counted for 12 millions tons (ESDM - 2015) and it is the
biggest energy reserve if compared to fossil oil that only counts for 5 millions SBM and also to
gas that reaches 90 TSCF (15.30 millions SBM). Although recent utilization of coal as energy
source is still relatively low in Indonesia, but this coal is an important thing for primary energy
source at several power plants and fuel industries. In accord with RPJMN for Period 2015 -2019,
Production Plan for Year 2015 is estimated as 425 millions tons. Domestic Percentage of
National Coal Production in Year 2015 is 24% and this figure is planned to increase to 60% by
Year 2019. Of the total of Indonesia coal production in Year 2015, 335 millions tons or 70% are
allocated for export and the remaining 30 % are used for domestic utilization. In the future, it is
expected that the utilization of Indonesia coal can show sign ificant figure either as the provider
of national energy, as the alternative to fossil oil and also as the substitute to charcoal that may
reduce forest quality. Coal plays a strategic role because coal gives double impact on national
70
and local economics. The benefits include absorbing workforce, driving upward the economic of
remote area, helping to develop the regions and communities, and improving revenue from tax,
royalty, and foreign exchange for central and local governments.
Chance Cone
Gbr 1.Chance Cone
Chance Cone is the first commercial tool for separating heavy media. Solid media is sand.
Suspended sand may retain at cone due to mixing force or bottom -up water stream.
Relationship between mixer and water stream depends on the expected den sity during
separation. Clean coals float on media surface, whereas dirty coals (the reject) sink into cone
base. Mixer rotation may cause water to move in circle which brings fractions of clean coals to
go about three-fourth circumference of the batch before finally flows with discharge stream.
Media is separated with spraying. In the base of the batch, there is a chamber functioned as
expel the reject, and this chamber is equipped with pneumatically open -closed valve.
Settling velocity of the particle in heavy media batch is considered comparable to the
volume of the particle itself:
Settling velocity  (mg – mg) – R
………1 or
Settling velocity  g v ( - )
………2
where :
g = gravity velocity
v = particle volume
 = particle relative density
 = media relative density
R = fluid resistance
If v decreases (particle shrinks), the force denoted by g v (δ - p) declines, and the rate is
equivalent to R such that settling velocity is zero or very small. If R is bigger than g v (δ - p),
settling velocity may be negative such that particle will float. Settling velocity is related
perpendicularly to the force that drives particle. Various sizes of bait coal are used in this
research such as:
- 12.5 mm + 5 mm; -5 mm + 1.68 mm; and -1.68 mm + 0.85 mm.
The objectives of research are:
1. To determine the yield and the theoretical ash content of bait coal;
71
2. To understand the effect of process variables, such as bait size, mixing speed and media
relative density on the yield of washed coal and the ash content; an d
3. To recognize the efficiency of tool performance.
METHOD OF RESEARCH
Research involves two stages, such as tool engineering stage and tool performance test
stage. Tool engineering stage is run with two approaches, respectively by examining the
function and the structure of every tool. Tool performance test stage involves media
preparation, bait preparation, settle-float test, data collection, ash content analysis, and
calorific value test.
Further stages of research including equipments, materia ls and work procedures, are
explained. This research is done at the Laboratory of Excavation Material Processing and the
Laboratory of Coal Analysis, Department of Mining, Bandung Technology Institute.
Data Collection Method
Several methods are used for data collection, such as:
 Tool engineering, which is aimed to examine function and structure of every tool.
 Media and bait preparations.
 Settle-float test against the bait and the analysis against early ash content.
 Process performance test for each process variable.
 Analysis against the data of experiment to ensure the effect of process variables on the
washed coal yield and the reduction of its ash content.
Coal is washed with chance cone tool. The difference in variables such as b ait coal size, media
relative density, and mixing rotation speed has been examined. Result and discussion about ash
content reduction due to the washing are explained.
Settle-Float Test
Settle-Float Test is done against each fraction of bait coal size, including -12.5 + 5 mm; -5
+ 1.68 mm and -1.68 + 0.85 mm. The testing is performed by using the solution at various
relative densities, ranging from density 1.3 to 1.8. There are seven fractions f or each bait coal
size.
The result is similar to that of Table IV.1.
Ukuran umpan
(mm)
Densitas relatif
Individu
Berat %
-12.5+5
% Berat
49.54
-1.3
1.3-1.4
1.4-1.5
1.5-1.6
1.6-1.7
1.7-1.8
+1.8
-5+ 1.68
% Berat
32.11
-1.3
1.3-1.4
1.4-1.5
1.5-1.6
1.6-1.7
1-7-1.8
+1.8
- 1.68+
0.85
% Berat
7.34
-1.3
1.3-1.4
1.4-1.5
1.5-1.6
1.6-1.7
87.61
5.01
2.35
0.42
2.00
0.88
1.73
100
86.35
7.11
1.90
0.81
0.98
0.75
2.10
100
58.36
34.48
1.49
1.06
1.06
Kumulatif
Abu %
Berat %
Abu %
4.43
13.27
25.41
33.40
42.23
56.80
74.21
87.61
92.62
94.97
95.39
97.40
9827
100.00
4.43
4.91
5.42
5.54
6.30
6.75
7.91
2.37
8.57
24.69
33.49
43.36
50.53
72.78
86.35
93.46
95.36
96.17
97.16
97.90
100.00
2.37
2.84
3.28
3.53
3.93
4.29
5.73
2.67
4.95
22.95
32.76
41.78
58.36
92.84
94.32
95.38
96.45
2.67
3.51
3.82
4.14
4.56
72
1.7-1.8
+1.8
0.90
2.65
100
49.35
72.36
97.35
100.00
4.97
6.76
Source: Tesis Chance Cone
Table IV.1 indicates that ash content of bait coal at size -12.5 + 5 mm is 7.91%; at size -5 +
1.68 mm, ash content is 5.73%; and at size -1.68 + 0.85 mm, it is 6.76%. If the coal is washed at
separator relative density 1.3, the obtained washed coal (yield) is 87.61% with ash content of
4.43 % for size -12.5 + 5mm; or yield of 86.35% with ash content of 2.37% at size -5 + 1.68 mm;
and yield of 58.36% with ash content of 2.67 % at size -1.68 + 0.85 mm. If the washing uses
relative density 1.4, the obtained washed coal (yield) and also its ash content, in consecutive
manner, are described as follows. At the size -12,5 + 5 mm, Yield is 92.62 % with ash content of
4.91%; at size -5 + 1.68 mm, Yield is 93.46% with as content of 2.84%; at size -1.68 + 0.85 mm,
Yield is 92.84 % with ash content of 3.51 %. Table 4.1. Result of Settle -Float Test of Bait Coal.
After settle-float test is done, it provides the estimation of washed coal yield and ash
content in the reject fractions. The testing result also delivers information about fraction
weight, the biggest ash content in clean coal and also the difficulty rate of separation in various
separator relative densities, such as 1.3; 1.4;1.5;1.6;1,7; and 1,8 .
The Effect of Mixer Rotation and Bait Coal Size on Percentage of Washed Coal (Yield),
Efficiency and Ash
Using various process variables, such as bait coal size, mixing speed and media relative
density, therefore, process performance test is conducted and th e result is displayed on Table
IV.2 and IV.3.
In two relative densities of separator media, respectively 1.3 and 1.4, washed coal yield
is increasing with the increase of mixing speed, but it does not mean that the higher speed of
mixing rotation will give higher yield. The provision is limited only for mixing speed at range 44 120 rotations per minute. This tendency of yield increase with higher rotation speed is evident
because iron sand suspension and water (the media) are more stable in the cone, and t he
resultant density is approximates to relative densities 1.3 and 1.4.
Table 4.2. Result of Experiment with Media Relative Density 1.3.
Fraksi
Putaran
Batubara tercuci
Cum. %
Effisiensi
Ukuran BB
Pengaduk
(mm)
(rpm)
-12.5+5
44
6 .45
1.31
55.20
11.69
% berat:
53
11.70
1.78
61.63
18.98
49.54
72
15.80
1.80
61.89
25.53
96
27.10
1.84
62.41
43.42
120
38 25
1.89
63.06
60.65
-5+1.68
44
7.40
1 80
88.84
8.33
% berat:
53
14.80
1.96
89.66
16.51
32.11
72
23.05
2.00
89.88
25.64
96
31.10
2.56
92.44
33.64
120
41.20
2.86
93 67
43.98
-1.68+0.85
44
17.20
2 25
87.40
19.68
% berat:
53
I 22.60
2.85
90.28
25.03
7.34
72
34.20
3.18
91.71
37.29
96
47.20
3.95
94.60
49.89
120
49.90
4.68
96.78
51.56
Float
Berat %
Abu %
dari grafik
73
Composite
44
7.68
1.56
69.99
11.14
-12.5+0.85
53
13.72
1.93
74.11
18.59
72
19.93
1.99
74.45
26.54
96
30.20
2.27
75.9
40.43
120
40.28
2.47
76.89
53.89
Source: Tesis Chance Cone
When the yield from settle-float test against the variables of mixing speed and bait coal
size are compared with the expectation, it seems that washed coal yield in the experiment or
settle-float test remain below the expected yield.
If the ash content of washed coal is considered, the effect of mixing speed and bait coal
size at media relative densities 1.3 and 1.4 is then understood. It is said that the increment of
mixing speed may increase the yield of washed coal. The size of bait coal is also influential to
the yield. The smoother bait size, the higher yield can get.
Result of settle-float test is conversely. Under ideal condition, for example at media
relative density 1.3, the material with density less than 1.3 will float as washed coal, whereas all
particles with relative density more than 1.3 will sink. But, during the continuous washing of
chance cone, it does not operate perfectly as expected by settle -float test, and therefore,
washing yield is always poor if compared to the result of settle -float test. This is the reality that
happens in the experiment.
Table 4.3. Result of Experiment at Media Relative Dens ity 1.4
Fraksi
Putaran
Batubara tercuci
Cum. %
Effisiensi
Ukuran BB
Pengaduk
(mm)
(rpm)
-12.5+5
44
9.20
1.37
56.00
16.42
% berat:
53
23.24
1.85
62.51
37.17
49.54
72
31.00
2.44
69.80
44.40
96
41.70
2.60
71.64
58.20
120
52.50
4.70
90.37
58.10
-5+1.68
44
14.70
2.08
90.26
16.29
% berat:
53
24.60
2.24
91.02
27.03
32.11
72
36.10
2.73
93.16
38.75
96
46.80
3.49
95.91
48.80
120
59.45
4.84
99.08
60.00
-1.68+0.85
44
36.60
2.43
88.27
41.45
% berat:
53
41.40
2.56
88.91
46.55
7.34
72
57.40
3.15
91-57
62.67
96
61.20
4.88
97.28
62.91
120
69.00
6.39
99.73
69.18
Composite
44
13.44
1.71
71.03
18.44
-12.5+0.85
53
2523
2.05
74.98
34.28
72
35.02
2.60
80.02
43.87
96
21.93
3.11
82.51
55.20
120
56.37
4.89
94.29
59.70
Float
Berat %
Abu %
dari grafik
74
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
Conclusion
Based on the result of experiment, tool performance test, and discussion, it can be
concluded that:
1. The ash content of bait coal, based on settle-float test against the size – 12.5 + 5 mm; -5 + 1.68 mm
and -1.68 + 0.85 mm, can be ordered as follows: 7.91 %, 5.73 % and 6.76 %.
2. The effect of experiment variables on washed coal yield and ash content is described as follows:
The higher speed of mixer rotation (44-120 rpm), the greater yield and ash content of washed coal.
3. The highest efficiency at media relative density 1.3, at size -12.5 + 5 mm, and with mixer
mixing speed at 120 rpm, is obtained for 60.65 %. Meanwhile, the highest efficiency at
relative density 1.4, at size -1.68 + 0.85 mm, and with mixer rotation at 120 rpm, is
attained for 69.18%.
Pursuant to this conclusion, it can be said that coal washing done by chance cone tool will
provide clean coal as expected by the user of clean coal, and one expectation is to avoid
environmental pollution.
Indeed, the way of utilization has been shifted. Natural resource has been utilized by taking
account environmental priorities which involve:
1. Environmental friendly (Environmental Factor)
2. Technicality (Technological Provision)
3. Economy (Economical Factor)
All three factors are integrated into one mandate for saving the earth from environmental
pollution as the effect of utilizing natural resources.
Suggestion
The problem in experiment has induced suggestions to carry on the reparation over the
tools or equipments. Main media tank must be repaired which the longitudinal section wall can
be made higher than the existing metric in order to keep the media from easily expelled from
media tank. Overflow channel must be equipped with strain wire at mesh smaller than media
size, and therefore it is only water that can exit as overflow. Additional media pumps must be
installed to the reject media tank such that media can be flown into main media tank
continuously. Drain strain can be operated in vibration to facilitate the separation of media,
precisely in distinguishing the clean coal from the reject, and to keep the tool operating
continuously. To expel the product or washed coal yield, water spraying is given continuously to
ensure the separation of the product coal from the media, especially when the product coal is
flown with yield coal. For next research, the experiment may involve various media relative
densities such as 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, and 1.8, to obtain greater yield from the exp .
Acknowledgement
1. Bapak Drs Arianto Yudi Ponco Wardoyo M.Sc.,Ph.D
2. Dr Bagyo Yanuwiadi
3. Bapak Prof. Dr. Ir. Arief S. S. Sudarsono,M.Sc
4. Bapak Prof. Ir. Djamhur Sule, M.Sc
5. Bapak Prof. Dr. Ir. Soemarno, Ms
References
Adinugraha, W. 2006. “Tesis Magister”, Studi Pencucian Batubara Menggunakan Chance Cone Dengan
Media Hematite.
Betekhtin, A., “A Course of Mineralogy”, Peace Publisher, Moscow.
Brown, G.G. 2008. “Unit Operation”, 14th Printing, Modem Asia Edition, Japan.
Burt, R.O. 2004. (assisted by Chris Mills), “Gravity Concentration Technology”, Elsevier.
Kim H.T. 1991. “Dasar-Dasar Kimia Tanah”, Gajah Mada University Press, Yogyakarta.
Leonard, J. W, & Mitchell, D.R. 1968. “Coal Preparation”, 3rd Ed., The American Institute of Mining,
Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers, Inc, New York.
McCabe, W.L., Smith, J.C, Harriot, P. 2002“Unit Operation of Chemical Engineering”, McGraw-Hill.
Osborne, D.G. 1988.9.“Coal Preparation Technology”, Vol. l & 2, Graham Trotman Limited a Member of
Kluwer Academic Publisher Group.
75
Prananta, H “Tesis Magister”, Studi Pencucian Batubara Menggunakan Chance Cone Dengan Media Pasir
Besi, 2006.
Pryor, E.J. 1965. “Mineral Processing”, Elsevier Publishing Co. Ltd. Essex, England.
Rusnadi, L “Tesis Magister”, Studi Pencucian Batubara Menggunakan Chance Cone Dengan Media Pasir
Kuarsa, 2006.
Sudarsono, A.S. 2003. “Pengantar Preparasi dan Pencucian Batubara”, Departemen Teknik Pertambangan,
Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung.
Sule, D. 2004 . “Materi Kuliah Perancangan Pabrik Pencucian Batubara”, Program Pascasarjana, Rekayasa
Pertambangan ITB.
Sule, D. 2014. “Seminar Batubara Nasional”, Departemen Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral, Jakarta,
76
ETHNOBOTANY OF JAVANESE WEDDING CEREMONIES PLANTS:
PLANTS AS A SYMBOL OF HOPE AND THE WAY OF LIFE
Purnomo1
Environmental Resources Management Postgraduate Program Brawijaya University
Abstract
This research aims to determine the types and philosophical value of plants that used in traditional Javanese wedding
ceremony. The research did by observe the plants that used as materials in traditional Javanese wedding ceremonies in
Malang. It also conducted by literature study on plants used by society in other regions. The result is important plants that
used in traditional Javanese wedding ceremony consists of 16 species and 12 families. These plants generally are plants
that naturally spread in Indonesia such as Cocos nucifera, officinale Jasmine, Rose sp., Saccharum officinarum etc. These
plants used as an material in traditional Javanese wedding ceremony because it is considered a symbol of hope and way of
life. The use of plant as a way of life symbol generally taken from linguistics, architecture and plant function.
Keywords: plant, symbol, traditional Javanese wedding ceremony
Introduction
Java is one of the largest ethnic group in Indonesia. Javanese has a relience system in their way of life
which is called Kejawen. Kejawen is considered a holistic view in looking at the environment (Sukenti, 2002).
One of way of life in kejawen is memayu hayuning bawono and sangkan paraning dumadi. Memayu hayuning
bawono means to keep the world’s beauty and the contents (Suroso, 2011). The sangkan paraning dumadi has
three meanings: origin, purpose and destination of humans life (Setyani, 2009). The nature in kejawen is seen
as system that consists of creator, universe and supernatural realm. Humans and creatures in universe seen as
part of the system or the contents, while the nature is seen as a container or place (Sukenti, 2002).
Kejawen Way-of-life influenced by elements of Javanese relience including Hinduism-Buddhism
(Geertz, 1983). Nevertheless this view can be accepted by majority of Javanese muslim. This caused by
memayu hayuning bawono philosophy on the same line with islam mission of rahmatan lil Alamin (bring of
mercy to whole of the worlds) (Purwadi, 2007). Kejawen view is relating to environment can be seen as stories
or myths about nature, like the myth of natural landscape formation, mountains, seas, forests, etc. (Whitten
dkk., 1999).
Kejawen leads the Java community in daily behaviour. The inheritance effort of ancestor valuable
noble in Kejawen to next generations contains languages of symbol. The languages of symbol are used because
it’s easy to understood and applied in their daily life. The example for languages of symbol is plant used in
wedding ceremonies. Marriage is a part of the cycle of human life. In Javanese tradition, the marriage is
interpreted by do some kind of ceremony. In generally every ceremony uses plant as languages of symbol
which contains of meaning or hope, advice, and prayer.
Methodology
This research was conducted by observation and interview in Malang. It was also conducted by a
literature study on plants that used by people in traditional ceremonies and plants that are considered have
the power to influence someone's life. The data was analyzed by descriptive methods.
Results and Discussion
Plants that used by Java community is rising from physical (foodstuffs, drugs, cosmetics, building
materials and others) to spirit of religious nature utilization. Plants has become a symbol of hope, aspiration
and prayer, besides the plant has also become a symbol of noble ancestor values in education character. The
use of plants as a symbol that teachs of noble character. It would be easy to remembered by next generations
as well as easy to be lived in daily rather oral or written language.
In any warning cycle of human life, society manifests in the form of ritual selametan, the plant is an
important element as a symbol of prayer. This prayer symbol represented by various plants as expected to be
congratulated, and may differ from the ceremony with each other ceremonies. In Javanese wedding ceremony
plants that serve as a means of ritual consists of 16 species and 12 families. These plants generally are plants
that naturally spread in Indonesia. This plant is used as a sacred and ceremonial material because it is
e-mail: [email protected]
77
considered a symbol of hope and also teachings of the good life. The use of the plant as a symbol of life
doctrine is generally taken in terms of linguistics, architecture and plant use.
As a symbolic language that contains the teachings of the noble life in to the householder, use this
plant does not stand alone but is also associated with the traditional values of high art as a language called
Kirata bahasa. Kirata bahasa itself is an art game that is commonly used by Javanese or Sundanese language
(Basori, 2009). According Sukenti (2002) plant became a symbol of pray and noble teachings obtained in terms
of architecture or plant form, language (linguistic plants), the form of fruit or flowers and plant function.
The types of plants making up the wedding ceremony
Cocos nucifera L
Cocos nucifera or coconut is known as a versatile plant, including in a various customary rituals in
java. This is due in this tree has noble philosophy. Coconuts called cengkir gading is a means of traditional
rituals. Cengkir gading by the Javanese is seen as a plant that represents a symbol of hope the Javanese.
Cengkir gading or kencenging pikir, in the Indonesian language proficiency can mean the union of thought or
purpose. Literally proficiency think interpreted with determination and a strong mind in achieving life goals.
Two green coconut In “siraman” (one part of wedding ceremony) included in water and sprinkled with flowers.
The use of this palm as a symbol of the hope of eternal marriage until death.
Young coconut leaves yellow-called janur kuning is often used as decoration or symbol in various
ceremonies. In linguistics “janur kuning” word comes from the word “jan” which translates into “Jannah”.
“Jannah” is the Arabic word meaning 'heaven', “nur” means 'light', and ning means “wening” or holy. Totally
means yellow coconut is remind both the bride and groom to the glory who has heaven. Then (Muridan 2007)
“janur kuning” also means that people in reaching a sacred cause to be intended for Allah. In the wedding
ceremony yellow coconut is also used as a symbol of hope will be a wonderful housekeeping (Pringgawidagda,
2006). Yellow coconut in the wedding ceremony is usually used as a garnish and kembar Manyang (a series of
palm leaf garnish), in the use of these leaves should not be cut, but quite torn. It is as a symbol and teach to
the bride so that later in the menage will face various problems and trials of life, until her heart was breaking,
pain as torn, but must remain steadfast and maintain the household not to break up or divorce (Muridan,
2007).
Jasminum sambac L
Jasminum sambac or jasmine In the wedding ceremony is defined as a plant that has meaning “melat
saka njeroning ati”, the awareness that comes from the conscience. In the wedding ceremony is a marriage of
jasmine flowers into ornaments worn by the bride in the form of strands. The jasmine is part of tree flowers
(roses, jasmine and ylang) which is used as a means dpat repellent reinforcements (apart from danger and
hexes) (Latif, 2000).
Linguistically jasmine by the Java Community equated with the word “melat saka jeroning ati” or
derived from the conscience which literally means human in behavior should be based on conscience. The
jasmine is also considered as a flower symbolizing simplicity. This is evident from the figure that the simple
jasmine plant, grow wilder and have a small flower as symbolizing simplicity. The color is white and
inconspicuous, considered a symbol of purity and kindness. Jasmine fragrant soft and not offensive to give
meaning and the impression of soft, comfortable and quiet.
Rose sp.
Rose sp. or roses in a wedding ceremony flower is fragrant flower of hope that can get into the body
of the bride, and could ultimately bring the name of the bride and groom sweet in the community. Roses in
Javanese philosophy is a symbol of human nature that “mawi arso” or have diverse desires of humans.
Saccharum Officanarum L
In the wedding ceremony cane or Saccharum officanarum used as supplementary materials “kembar
manyang” and a symbol of cauples hope that family life will always tasty and sweet similary with sugar cane
taste, the family who have the maturity in thinking and not easily influenced by others' bad (Adams, 2001). The
use of sugar cane in the wedding ceremony is a symbol of the bride and groom that marriage is something
sacred that should be kept holy. When not chew, sugar cane has a sweet taste and if eaten would be junk
(pulp) that has a sense of paving. This symbolizes that the householder's life is not always sweet, but also will
definitely come the difficulties and trials (Muridan, 2007). Tebu Wulung or cane is a plant that has become a
symbol of willpower or determination strong. This symbol is taken from the linguistic side, namely tebu or
cane same as word being said "anteping kalbu" which means the round embroidery. Literally the word
78
"anteping kalbu" can mean that in life must be based on and lived with soul and mind are unanimous. While
the word wulung means maturity in thinking and acting (Adams, 2001).
Musa paradisiaca L.
Musa paradisiaca or banana is a plant that all parts can be used, so that each plant has its own value
and function. In a ritual activity in Java, banana trees serve as one of the plants rituals. has a function as a
symbol of the spirit of the high life, beneficial to the surrounding environment and can adapt to different
environments. The use of banana plants in traditional ceremonies in Java as well as a symbol for man to realize
its shortcomings in terms of benefit to others (Sholikhin, 2009).
Pandanus amaryfolius Roxb
Pandanus amaryllifolius or pandan plant is a plant that is important as the flavor of food, including a
variety of foods for religious ceremonies. In the marriage of pandan leaves used as one of the plants that
symbolizes tranquility. In addition the plant is widely used as a natural fragrance to the room. Pandanus plant
is believed to be a symbol of sustenance fragrant (kosher) as well fragrant pandan leaves (Said, 2010).
Michelia alba Blume
Michelia alba or magnolia flower is a plant which symbolizes the relationship of brotherhood family.
Breaking ceremony is derived linguistically, the word was also equated with gegantilaning ati or always
embedded in the heart. This symbolization is also obtained from the shape or morphology of magnolia flowers
that seem soft.
Cananga odorata
Cananga odorata or ylang is an important interest in rituals in Java .. In ylang wedding ceremony is
one of the constituent oncen or decorations wedding ceremony (Tilaar, 1999). This plant is considered a
symbol of peace, the symbol of man must help each other. This symbolization is obtained in terms of linguistic
said ylang equated with the word that means helping “tumengo” or between the members, the symbol of man
who should get what he has achieved his ancestors in the form of virtue and good manners. Folosofi is
obtained, because the linguistic ylang can also be interpreted “kenengno” (get), this means literally get the
man should get the sublime knowledge of previous generations.
Erythrina lithospermus Miq
Erythrina lithospermus or dadap srep is a plant which symbolizes coolness (beauty), peace and quiet,
this is caused by linguistic said “srep” equated with “asrep” or meaning cool. Dadap srep is one of the
important plants in traditional ceremonies such as wedding ceremonies. Dadap srep in the wedding ceremony
is used as part of decoration kembar Mayang, with the use of this srep dadap leaf in the wedding ceremony is
expected to couples after marriage to live in a tranquil setting, peaceful, and no obstacles.
Ficus benjamina L.
In the wedding ceremony banyan or Ficus benjamina is one of the important plants and used as an
element of “kembar mayang”. The existence of a banyan in “kembar mayang” become a symbol of hope for
the bride and groom in the menage living in harmony, mutual protection and creating a family atmosphere
that is peaceful and able to donate labor, thoughts for the welfare of the surrounding community (Muridan,
2007), as well as be able to achieve its goals (Pringgawidagda, 2006). Besides plant banyan also become a
symbol of a strong family or sturdy (Aryati, 2010).
Piper betle L.
Piper betle or leaf beetle or referred to in the tradition of marriage is used by the women as a
symbolic language to accept or reject the person who proposed to her. At the time of marriage betel leaf is
used as an ingredient in the tradition of throwing betel nut, betel made gantal (mixed gambier, lime, areca nut,
and cloves then rolled tied with thread). “Sirih gantal” itself has a philosophy that was taken by the linguistic
namely “legane kontal” or literally means not own again and literally means the bride and groom do not live
alone anymore but are bound by marriage as husband and wife (Moeljanto and Mulyono. 2003: Tilaar, 1999).
Ficus septia Burm. f.
In Java Ficus septica or awar-awar is a plant that became an important means of rituals, such as
weddings. The use of leaf-awar awar in wedding rituals, caused awar-awar is a symbol of hope that the future
79
bride in establishing households into family bargain or avoid things that are bad. In addition awar-awar is also
believed to be used for black magic repellent. Awar-awar mystical function as repellent ugliness might be
attributed to this plant functions as an antidote in the treatment of various poisons that animals (Sutomo,
2009).
Cordyline fruticosa (L.) A. Chev.
Cordyline fruticosa or andong in a traditional ceremony in Java are complementary kembar Mayang
(Gardjito and Lilly, 2010). Andong used in this ceremony because it has leaves that are hanging, dangling leaf is
used as a language of symbols for the host to greet her guests. Additionally leaves are straight, and grew
steadily upwards, also symbolize a person in a menage should understand (Java: Dhong or understand) on the
problems of families, communities, homeland, nation, and religion (Mistaram, 2007).
Areca catechu L
Areca catechu or mayang used in traditional ceremonies is a plant that symbolizes the "wong enom
okeh one bawahe" or which means that young people must be active in doing something good (Suryani, 2010).
In addition mayang be sibolisasi fragrant scent of life, mayang can produce sap, also interpreted the behavior
of a sweet (good) (Mistaram, 2007).
Imperata cylindrica (L.) P. Beauv.
Imperata cylindrica or alang-alang is a plant that is considered important by the Java Community and
are used in various rituals. Alang-alang is used in the ritual of marriage as a symbol of hope for the future bride
and groom kept away from obstacles
Desmodium pulchellum
Desmodium pulchellum or opo-opo is a plant that is considered important by the Java Community and
are used in various rituals. Opo-opo is used in the ritual of marriage as a symbol of hope for the future bride
and groom kept away from obstacles
Conclusion
Traditional Javanese wedding ceremony consists of 16 species and 12 families. These plants generally
are plants that naturally spread in Indonesia such as Cocos nucifera, officinale Jasmine, Rose sp., Saccharum
officinarum etc. These plants used as an material in traditional Javanese wedding ceremony because it is
considered a symbol of hope and way of life. The use of plant as a way of life symbol generally taken from
linguistics, architecture and plant function.
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Jawa. Fakultas FISIP Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang, Jawa Timur
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Mistaram. 2007. Upacara Tebus Kembar Mayang Dalam Perkawinan Masyarakat Pesisiran Suatu Interpretasi
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Agromedia Pustaka. Jakarta
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Purwadi. 2007. Filsafat Jawa Dan Kearifan Lokal. Panji Pustaka. Yogyakarta
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Sutomo, A.K dan I Made R. P. 2009. Seri Koleksi kebun Raya Vol. IV. No. 5 Tanaman Obt Taman Usada Kebun
Raya Bali. LIPI Press. Jakarta
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Utami, A. Widyanto. Prenhallindo. Jakarta.
81
The Use of Multivariate Analyses to Assess The Health of The Upper Brantas
Catchment Using Macroinvertebrate Communities
Sri Sudaryanti,1*, Soemarno2, Marsoedi3, Bagyo Yanuwiadi4
1Student
of Post Graduate Programme of Environmental Sciences Doctoral Programme, the University of Brawijaya
Malang; Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences the University of Brawijaya Malang
2Faculty of Agriculture, the University of Brawijaya Malang
3Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, the University of Brawijaya Malang
4Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, the University of Brawijaya Malang
Abstract
A number of 108 Indonesia’s catchments have degradated including the Brantas catchment. Consequently changes the
river communities that living in river substratum, for instance, macroinvertebrate communities. The occurred
macroinvertebrates may reflect the health of the catchment. The aimed of research was to ordinate the sites of the upper
Brantas catchment based on macroinvertebrate communities and their environment. The research was conducted in the
upper Brantas catchment in Batu city. Sampling of 109 sites was carried out from 2006 to 2015. Macroinvertebrates were
sampled at each site using a D-frame kick net with 500 µm mesh. Samples were identified to family level. Analysis data
used CANOCO for Window 4.5 with direct gradient analysis, Corespondence Canonical Analysisi (CCA). The environmental
variables that were measured, for instance, current velocity, type of substrate, dissolved oxygen and organic matter. Direct
gradient analysis, using CCA ordinates 109 sites into four groups condition, namely light degradated, moderade
degradated, heavy degradated, and very heavy degradated based on different type of macroinvertebrates. Typical running
waters species have a positive correlation with sites with fast current velocity and hard substratum, for instance,
Glossosomatidae. Species that are typically dwelling standing water have a negative correlation with fast current velocity
and soft substratum, for instance, Chironomous thummi, Thiaridae. In conclusion, CCA are applicable to assess the health
of the upper Brantas catchment using macroinvertebrate communities.
Keywords: Brantas catchment, Indonesia, macroinvertebrate, multivariate
INTRODUCTION1
Aquatic ecosystem is an integral part of catchment and have a very strategic role in grant the services of to
the survival of life, whereas on the other side ecosystem aquatic received the effects human activities on land,
as a result experienced eutrophication and pollution (Sudaryanti et al., 2001; Sudaryanti, 2007; 2008).
Catchment is areas in topography the waters of the river systems land to flow to the estuary of the river
(Regulation of the Minister of Forestry Number 32 in 2009; Brooks et al., (2013). Arthington (2013), aquatic
system affected by human activities in the catchment as deforestation, building irrigation, damming,
straightening river, introduction species, as a consequence there degradation habitats, water pollution, as well
as lower biodiversity. Tropical river straightening experienced the issue of the river, more arrest, and pollution
facilities waste treatment plant available at least, if possible looking weak in the maintenance, the rate of
deforestation forests 1,25x105 km2/year. The impact of the utilization of the river are local aquatic ecosystems
but an integral part of the landscape so the impact an activity be thorough in the accumulation and and
thorough in catchment.
A number of 108 Indonesia’s catchments have degradated including the Brantas catchment. Consequently
changes the river communities that living in river substratum, for instance, macroinvertebrate communities .
The upper Brantas catchment in Batu City as the location for the study of very strategic, as it affects the
condition of 15 cities and regencies in East Java which flowed by the Brantas River (River Basin Management
Agency, 2010). The administration area of the city of Batu is located between 122o17' up to 122o57’ East
longitude and 7o44' up to 8o26' South latitude, consisting of three regency Batu, Bumiaji and Junrejo. Batu City
is an area of 19.908,7 ha, with territorial boundaries: North: a Mojokerto and Pasuruan Regency; South: Wagir
Regencyt, Malang Regency; West: Pujon Regencyt, Malang Regency; Eastern: Regencys of Karangploso and
Dau, Malang (Status of Environment City of Batu, 2010).
Correspondence:
Sri Sudaryanti
Email: [email protected]
Graduate Programme of Environmental Sciences Doctoral Programme, the University of Brawijaya Malang
Jl Mayjen Haryono 169, Malang 65145, Indonesia
82
The condition of the catchment upper Brantas in Batu City have degradated in 2004-2007. It was
reflected by the community macroinvertebrate indicators of degradation as Tubificidae, Brachiura sp.,
Nereidae, Syrphidae, Lymnaidae, Richarsonidae, Thiaridae, Glossiphonidae, Chironomous thummi, Physidae
(Sudaryanti, 2007). The upper Brantas cacthment (238,148 ha) administratively located in the three areas of
Government namely Malang Regency, Malang City and Batu City. Batu city is located on the upper area of
catchment Brantas 21.166,62 ha include three districts namely Bumiaji, Junrejo and Batu (the Batu City
Government, 2006). The extent of damage the sub catchments protected forest of 5.197,40 ha. However, the
area is experiencing a threat over the function of the land so the Brantas upstream (sub catchment Amprong
Bango) large sub category means somewhat ugly 1,9 (River Basin Management Agency, 2008). The area caused
the landslide. Spatial vision of Batu City is Batu City as a tourism city and agropolitan in East Java (Government
City of Batu, 2011). This has resulted in a change in the rivers of ecosystem so that this research is still very
relevant to do.
Various biota of the water can be used for monitoring the condition of the water of the river, such as
benthic algae, macroinvertebrate and fish. Macroinvertebrate is the most frequently used biota to monitor
water quality of the river's health because his life is relatively settled in the bottom waters, have a long life
cycle and sampling relatively easily (Hellawel, 1986). The research of macroinvertebrate use
macroinvertebrate community abroad has been widely performed, such as Chironomidae larvae, Tubificidae,
Sphaeriidae, Hirudinea are tolerant of organic pollution while Isopoda, some Crustaceans, Ephemeridae,
Odonata and Trichoptera whose sensitive to organic pollution (Rosenberg and Resh, 1993). Besides Norris and
Norris (1995); Beauger et al., (2006); Carter et al., (2007); Perus et al., (2007); Jacobsen et al., (2008); Hoang
(2009); Girgin (2010); Peterson et al., (2011); Aweng et al., (2012); and Rodil et al., (2012). The research of
macroinvertebrate refers to the invertebrates that live in the bottom waters, 95 percent of the aquatic insects
is composed by macroinvertebrate (Ward, 1992). Approach Indonesian researchers generally use index biota
(Trihadiningrum et al., 1996; Hart et al.,2001). Sudaryanti et al., (2001) Australian River Assessment Systems
(AusRivAS) predictive models using that use environment variables to find out the level of degradation of the
ecosystem of the river based on the ratio of the observed macroinvertebrate and expected (O/E ratio).
Research macroinvertebrate developed using multivariate approach with program CANOCO with technical
Canonical Correspondence Analisys (CCA) since 1995 to present (Sudaryanti, 1995; 1997), and until now the
approach has not been followed by Indonesian researchers, with the exception of the researchers who
conducted the Study Programs in Aquatic Resource Management (Rahesti et al., 2007; Suripto et al.,20017;
Effendi et al.,2013). Up to present the Government of Indonesia still rely on physical chemical approach to
monitor river water quality. Using biological approach has a little attention (Daily Kompas, 2016).
The aimed of research was to ordinate the sites of the upper Brantas catchment based on
macroinvertebrate communities and their environment.
RESEARCH METHODS
The methods used in this research is a survey method that is not doing the research that changes to the
variables examined, using a qualitative approach. The place of research in upper Brantas catchment in Batu
City (see Figure 1).
The variables measured in this study were the composition of macroinvertebrate and its environment
factors (current velocity, the type of substrate, temperature, dissolved oxygen, total organic matter, ammonia,
hardness, and pH). Macroinvertebrate data and environmental data taken during the 9 years (2006- 2015). The
environment variable measured can be seen in Table 1.
Table 1. Environment variables are measured and the measurement methods
The environment variable
Unit
Method/Tool
Substrate type
Cm
Taken from substrate
Current velocity
Cm/sec
Modification current meters
Dissolved oxygen
mg/liter
Winkler
Organic matter
mg/l
Titrimetric
Hardness
mg/l
Titrimetric
Ammonia
mg/l
Titrimetric
pH
pH meter
83
Figure 1. Research location
Reseach Location
METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION
Sampling procedure using the technique of kicking. Samples were taken at each site using a D-frame kick
net with 500 µm mesh (Nederlands Normalisatie-institut, 1994; Sudaryanti et al., 2001) as follows:
1. Hold the nets held against the current direction.
2. Stir the waters with base 2 feet in the same time to release the organism from the bottom of the water. The
organism will go into the nets.
3. Check the inside of the net if there is rock or twig, then washes the twigs or rocks in the mesh.
4. Take samples in the area of riffle up to total 10 meter.
5. Washable with water and organisms collected at one corner of the mesh with and hold the flush water, this
is for ease of sampling from within the mesh.
6. Flip the grate outwards to move the sample into the sample container.
7. Preservation of samples with 96% alcohol.
Macroinvertebrate identified up to the level of the family except for the Oligochaeta (class), Acarina
(order), and Chironomidae (sub family) (Sudaryanti et al., 2001).
Data analysis using CANOCO for Window Program 4.5 (ter Braak, 2002) and Canonical Correspondence
Analysis technique (CCA) to create zoning rivers Brantas upstream catchment based on macroinvertebrate and
its environment variable to get the status of the biological health of catchment Brantas upstream (Sudaryanti,
1995; 1997; 1998). CANOCO program designed for the analysis in the study of the ecological community.
Plotted distribution of environmental factors in an ordination diagram, which describes the habitat preferred
by a taxa.
Figure 2 and Table 2 show that the site groups in the upper Brantas catchment were ordinated
macroinvertebrate communities into 4 site groups (A, B, C, D).
Site of group A were taken in 2015. The site is situated at Biru stream with natural forest and agricultural
activity at Tulungrejo and Gunungsari Village. The type of substratum is a hard substratum and a little bit
smothering, with a temperature of 16-18 oC, current velocity of 5.7-8.81 cm/sec, dissolved oxygen of 5.7-8.81mg/l,
pH of 7, hardness of 24-64 mg/l, total organic matter of 6.32-26.54 mg/l, ammonia of 0.001-0.094 mg/l,
percentace covering of 60-90 % and natural riparian (see Table 2). Site of group A is composed mostly of a number
of species living in hard substratum, fast current velocity in streams where there is a strong current, for instance,
84
Glossosomatidae, Heptagenidae, Leptoplebidae, Leptoceridae, Lepidosmatidae, Limnephilidae, Perlodidae,
Simulidae, Tabanidae, Tipulidae (see Table 2 and Figure 2). The site of group A is light degradated.
Site of group B were taken in 2007, 2011 and 2014. The site is situated at Tulungrejo, Pandanrejo, Junrejo and
Dadaprejo Village with land use is composed of combination bare land, rice field, vegetable and plantation. The
type of substratum is a smothering with a temperature of 17-24 oC, current velocity of 20-30 cm/sec, dissolved
oxygen of 5-8 mg/l, pH of 7-8, hardness of 43-106 mg/l, total organic matter of 3.16-56.88 mg/l, ammonia of
0.006-0,962 mg/l, percentace covering of 10-15 % and mixed natural and artificial riparian (see Table 2). Sites of
group B is composed of a number species moderate degradated, for instance, Ceratopogonidae, Chironomini,
Muscidae, Tanypodinae and Viviparidae which where occurred in from fast and very fast current velocity with low
and high total organic matter (see Table 2 and Figure 2).
Table 2. Site of group upper Brantas catchment
Group
A
Station
92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97,
98, 99, 100, 101, 102,
103, 104, 105, 106
Macroinvertebrate
Glossosomatidae,
Heptagenidae,
Leptoplebidae,
Leptoceridae,
Lepidosmatidae, Limnephilidae, Simulidae,
Tabanidae, Tricladida Tipulidae
B
46, 47, 53, 55, 72, 73,74,
75, 76, 78, 79, 80, 82,
83, 84, 86, 89, 90
Ceratopogonidae, Chironomini,
Tanypodinae, Viviparidae
C
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10,
11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 36,
48, 49, 51, 52, 54, 56,
57, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63,
64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69,
70, 77, 81, 85, 87, 107,
108, 109
Branchiura, Glossiphonidae, Hydropsychidae,
Lymnaidae, Nereidae, Richardsonidae
D
16, 17, 18, 19,
22, 23, 24, 25,
28, 29, 30, 31,
34, 35, 37, 38,
41, 42, 43, 44,
58, 71, 88, 91
Chironomous thummi, Naididae, Psycodidae
20,
26,
32,
39,
45,
21,
27,
33,
40,
50,
Muscidae,
Water Quality
CV: 50-100 cm/sec
Substrat : hard substratum and a
little bit smoothering
T :16-18 °C
DO : 5,7--8,81 mg/l
pH : 7
Hardness : 24-64 mg/l
TOM : 6,32--26,54 mg/l
Ammonia : 0,001--0,094 mg/l
% Covering : 60-90
Riparian : Natural
CV: 20-30 cm/ sec
Substrat : smoothering
T : 17-24 °C
DO : 5-8 mg/l
pH : 7--8
TOM : 3,16--56,88 mg/l
Ammonia : 0,006-0,962 mg/l
% Covering : 10-15
Riparian : Mixed natural and
artificial
CV : 10-40 cm/ sec
T : 19-29,3 °C
DO : 2-7 mg/l
pH : 7-8
TOM : 26,55-50,6 mg/l
Ammonia : 0,006--0,234 mg/l
% Covering : 5-15
artificial
CV : 10-40 cm/ sec
T : 21-25 °C
DO : 2-5 mg/l
pH : 7-8
TOM : 18,96-60,67 mg/l
Ammonia : 0,071--2,39 mg/l
% Covering : 5-15
artificial
Category
 Light Degradated
 Typically most running
water organism with a little
bit smothering
 Moderate Degradated
 Typically dwelling organism
with moderate smothering
 Heavy Degradated
 Typically dwelling organism
with heavy smothering
 Very Heavy Degradated
 Typically mostly dwelling
organism with very heavy
smothering
Note :CV : Current Velocity,T :Temperature
85
D
B
A
C
Figure 2. CANOCO ordination of the upper Brantas catchment
Site of group C were taken in 2006, 2007, 2011, 2013, 2014 and 2015. The site situated at Tulungrejo, Punten,
Songgokerto, Temas, Torongrejo, Junrejo, Mojorejo, Pendem and Dadaprejo Village with mixed land use
settlement, bare land and rainfed agriculture. The type of substratum is smothering, with a temperature of 19 oC 29.3oC, current velocity of 10-40 cm/sec, dissolved oxygen of 2-7 mg/l, pH of 7-8, hardness of 36-200 mg/l, total
organic matter of 26.55-50.6 mg/l, ammonia of 0.006-0.234 mg/l, percentace covering of 5-15 %, mixed natural
and artificial riparian (see Table 2). Site of group C is composed of a number species heavy degradated, for
instance, Branchiura, Glossiphonidae, Lymnaidae, Nereidae, Richardsonidae and Thiaridae with tipically living in
dwelling substratum with high organic content (see Table 2 and Figure 2).
Site of group D were taken in 2007, 2011 and 2014. The site situated at Tulungrejo, Songgokerto, Ngaglik, Sisir,
Pandanrejo, Torongrejo, Junrejo and Dadaprejo Village with mixed settlements, rainfed agricultural, bare land and
rice field. The type of substratum is smothering, with a temperature of 21-25 oC, current velocity of 10-40 cm/sec,
dissolved oxygen of 2-5 mg/l, pH of 7-8, hardness of 50-300 mg/l, total organic matter of 18.96-60.67 mg/l,
ammonia of 0.071-2.39 mg/l, percentace covering of 5-15 % and mixed natural and artificial riparian (see Table 2).
Sites of group D is composed of a number species very heavy degradated, for instance, Chironomous thummi,
Naididae and Psycodidae with tipically living in dwelling substratum with high organic content see (see Table 2 and
Figure 2).
From the result shows that macroinvertebrate communities related to their environmetal factors,
particularly the type of substratum and current velocity which becomes main habitat. The upper catchment
Brantas situated at mountanenous area. The conversion of forests into other usages, for instance, agricultural
and settlement of the area has changed its original macroinvertebrata habitat from a hard substratum
becomes soft substratum.
CONCLUSION
Direct gradient analysis, using CCA ordinates 109 sites into four groups condition, namely light
degradated, moderat degradated, heavy degradated, and very heavy degradated based on different type of
macroinvertebrates. Typical running waters species have a positive correlation with sites with fast current
86
velocity and hard substratum, for instance, Glossosomatidae. Species that are typically dwelling standing water
have a negative correlation with fast current velocity and soft substratum, for instance, Chironomous thummi
and Thiaridae. In conclusion, CCA are applicable to assess the health of the upper Brantas catchment using
macroinvertebrate communities
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors are grateful thanks to Mas Ayu Dewi Ratna Swari, M. Rosidy Hidayat and Pandu Finsyah Purwaka
for their assistance during research implementation. This study is supported by the Ministry of Research,
Technology and Higher Education, The Government of Indonesia.
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88
Concrete Hybrid With an Amplifier Glass:
A Solution for the Utilization of Waste
Sumardi1, M. Bisri2, Soemarno3, dan A. Munawir4
2
1 Doctoral Student, Environmental Science, University of Brawijaya
Professor, Department Of Water Resources Engineering, University of Brawijaya
3 Associate Professor, Department of Soil Science, University of Brawijaya
4 Advisor, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Brawijaya
Abstract
The use of RAC (recycled aggregate concrete) in the field of innovation the environmental construction of civil
structures have been studied and discussed, hence in a relatively short time, RAC has grown become such a building
material that have been used instead of conventional concrete. Even there are significant reductions of compressive
strength around 30 percent, the use of RAC has a succesful result to change construction demolition waste become
something useful. However, due to numerous type of glass waste – and this is bery interfering - the usual recycling
method does not cover all of the waste. Departing from a deficiency of RAC strength and the abundance of unrecyled
glass waste, a hybrid concrete consisting RAC and glas waste that have higher strength than RAC itself and more
environmental friendly has been proposed . The optimum value of RA (recycled aggregate) and glass waste has been
investigated so the integrated value between environmental, costs and structural strength can be obtained. A new
hybrid structural system of beams and columns named GLARC (Glass Reinforced Concrete) has been proposed and its
development, concept, and GLARC beam structural behavior have been discussed.
Keywords: hybrid concrete, GLARC structural system, glass waste
INTRODUCTION
Natural materials dominated the composition of substances in the form of concrete so that on use of
concrete to the volume of the most remarkable mining massive rocks come to nature as a material in the
form of concrete (Mulyono, 2003). This has led to the scarcity of supplies of natural stone. It is not strange if
nowadays there are so many recycling company has been establish to processing objects that can be used
in particular returns from natural pulp where the limited number of in nature, among others recycling of
plastic and recycled paper.
Waste concrete now been used as a substitute for natural aggregate commonly used in a mixture of
concrete. Aggregate derived from under building and the waste of the readymix concrete is aggregate
recycling, while the establishment of concrete called recycled aggregate concrete (Foster, 1986;
Suharwanto, 2004; Aylie dan Nurhuda, 2005). As for waste other than aggregate under items, namely glass
derived from industry or households. Glass waste capacity abounds in big amount and is a source of
problems that made it difficult, for garbage and environment management.
In the medium to large scale city like Jakarta, Bandung, Yogyakarta, Surabaya and Malang waste glass
continue to accumulate. The cause among others is public consumption to drink glasses as a packaging is
increasing. Additional also from glass industry and glass store thousands of every day produce pieces of
glass in moderate to small size of construction buildings. Garbage also responsible for the volume of the
waste glass large enough glass. Although who have the selling price is not very cheaply as construction
material, but as waste, the price is very low.
According to many reliable source, waste glass with only a small part recycled, the residue are grown on
the ground or even left completely lands open. Waste a glass material is actually environmentally friendly
when processed back as the powder or sand glass materials can be recycled and used as another.
Theoretical mechanics, waste glass has this characteristic to developed as aggregate, therefore can waste
glass is added on aggregate partial sand as smooth or even replace sand. The contents of SiO2 from sand
glass larger than 60%, and the residue are Al 2O3, Fe2O3 and CaO, the theory can increase concrete
Address Correspondence Writer:
Sumardi
Address : MT Haryono Street No.169, Ketawanggede, Lowokwaru Regency, Malang City, East Java, Indonesia
89
compreesive strength potentially (Polley, et al., 1998; Meyer and Xi, 1999; Dhir, et al., 2001; Park, et al.,
2004; Park and Lee, 2004). Powdered glass can be cementitious or cement substitution and can be expected
to increase concrete compressive strength, due to the pores fulfillment of their very small grain in concrete
(Polley, et al., 1998; Shao, et al., 2000; Setiawan, 2006).
In addition the engineering and additional waste a glass as a hybrid amplifier environmentally friendly
concrete will support the idea utilization of waste glass into something have economic value and high tech
system. The beams and columns of GLARC (Glass Reinforced Concrete) can be expected to become such
building materials that overcome environmental problems potentially.
The purpose of this literature discussion as well as examine this analysis is to socialise the concept of the
behavior of a new structure system called GLARC so imparts opinion on construction community to harness,
apply and to develop the bridge structural technology based on cheap glass waste materials. Besides, the
economical of the hybrid RAC-glass waste feasibility can improve the value added of glass waste advantage
that has not been taken well.
METHODS
A glass hybrid structural girder with rectangular shape is investigate through a non-destructively testing
with a 4 points concentrated load (with 2 point load centralized distance 0.15l = of 30 cm to keep pure
bending without any shear stress in the middle) with a maximum value of 200 kN. The girder length was
1200 mm (between the foundation of is 1000 mm) high box girder was 200 mm with the width of a total of
100 mm. The geometric structural data is described in Figure 1.
0.5 m
0.5 m
200
mm
100mm
30cm
Figure 1. (A) 3D Geometric Cross Section (left) (b) Cross-Section In mm (right)
Assumption
In order to get an accurate and representative results in this research, a stress analysis needs to be
perform globally in the real condition of GLARC structural system. This structural analysis is needed to
determine the parameter values, the mechanical properties, predict the range of service loads, the stress
concentration within a local corresponding cross section and its failure behavior in order to predict the
specimen dimensions and loading capacity of the equipment. This is related to the range of monotonic load
given so that the structure remain load responsive but still gain data completion, before its collapse.
Comparison done with GLARC girder FEM model with concrete as solid elements and glass strips as
plate/shell elements such as a Figure 2.
90
Figure 2. Analysis of GLARC Girder using STAAD Pro v8i 2007 with Solid and Shell Elements
GLARC Girder modeled with 6666 nodal points, 400 shell elements and 5400 solid elements and initial
load for analysis given is 60 kN.
Forces and stresses are kind of structural responses from external loads that will be influenced by
its dimensions, and not depend on material specifications. Contary with strain and deformation are kind of
internal responses, hence are closely related to the material parameters that will affect the flexural
capacity. For that reason, a simple 3D elastic linear isotropic analysis is enough for pre-analysis stage in
order to determine and to check dimensions of a quasi static response. Figure 3 shows SXX stress analysis on
the concrete and GLARC girder.
a)
b)
Figure 3. Stresses Sxx occur at mid section of GLARC Girder: a) of 5.48 MPa and b) of 3.65 Mpa of
compression and tension respectively
91
Static linear analysis given shows, based on figure 3 b), on the concentrated forces of 60 kN, GLARC
girder that have 200 mm depth for 1.2 m span will be able to overcome tension normal stress of 3.65 MPa,
due to its value below steel yielding stress around 240 MPa. And, in the figure 3 a), compressive normal
stress particularly in the support region has value ranges 5.48 MPa also be far below RAC compressive
strength that about 25 MPa.
CONCLUSION
The GLARC structural girder of glass waste materials that have been installed in vertical arrangement
can be used as a good flexural structures, safe, cheap and relatively easy to be implemented. A national
engineer should have a comprehensive knowledge to design GLARC girder well, with special attention
regard to recycling treatment especially glass type, dimension of piece strips, and its volume of glass
reinforcement.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We are delighted to thank Dr. Bagyo Yanuwiadi from Post Graduate Department of Brawijaya University
for inspiring, giving us the chance and give scientific critics.
REFERENCES
Aylie, H., dan I. Nurhuda. 2005. Concrete Recycling. International Seminar TPSDP Of Civil Engineering
Faculty With The Theme The Role of Civil Engineering in Environmental Friendly Development,
Semarang.
Dhir, R. K., T. D. Dyer, dan M. C. Tang. 2001. Expansion due to Alka¬li-Silica Reaction (ASR) of Glass Cullet
Used in Concrete. Proceedings of the International Symposium: Reuse of Waste Materials, London,
UK, 2001, pp. 751-761.
Foster, S.W. 1986. Recycled Concrete As Aggregate. Concrete International, Amerika.
Meyer, C., dan Y. Xi. 1999. Use of Recycled Glass and Fly Ash for Precast Concrete. Journal of Materials in
Civil Engineering, ASCE, Vol. 11(2), pp. 89-90.
Mulyono, T. 2003. Technology Concrete. Publisher Andi Yogyakarta. Yogyakarta.
Park, S. B., B. C. Lee dan J. H. Kim. 2004. Studies on Mechanical Properties of Concrete Containing Waste
Glass Aggregate. Cement and Concrete Research, Vol. 34(12), pp. 2181-2189.
Park, S. B., dan B. Lee. 2004. Studies on Expansion Properties in Mortar Containing with Waste Glass and
Fibers. Cement and Concrete Research, Vol. 34(7), pp. 1145-1152.
Polley, C., S. M.Cramer, dan R. V. Cruz. 1998. Potential for Using Waste Glass in Portland Cement Concrete.
Journal of Materials in Civil Engi¬neering, ASCE, Vol. 10(4), pp. 210-219.
Setiawan, B. 2006. The Aggregate Windows On The Use Of Concrete Reviewed In Terms Of Strength And
Shrinkage. Engineering Faculty, University of Christian. Petra Surabaya.
Shao, Y., T. Lefort., S. Moras dan D. Rodriguez. 2000. Studies on Concrete Containing Ground Waste Glass.
Cement and Concrete Research, Vol. 30(1), pp. 91-100.
Suharwanto. 2004. Mechanical Aggregate Behavior Concrete Recycling: Material-Struktural Aspects. ITB.
Bandung.
92
ANALYSIS OF PUBLIC PERCEPTION OF FISH FROZEN PRODUCTIN MALANG CITY WITH
GeSCA METHODE
Harsuko Riniwati 11*, Nudin Harahap 22,
1Jurusan
2
Sosial Ekonomi Perikanan, Fakultas Perikanan dan Ilmu Kelautan, Universitas Brawijaya
Jurusan Sosial Ekonomi Perikanan, Fakultas Perikanan dan Ilmu Kelautan, Universitas Brawijaya
Abstrak
Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis persepsi masyarakat dari produk ikan beku dan Peningkatan
Konsumsi ikan beku di Malang. Lokasi penelitian di Kota Malang. Jumlah responden adalah 60 orang. Data dianalisis
dengan deskriptif kuantitatif model GeSCA (Generalized Structured Component Analysis). Hasil penelitian ini
menunjukkan bahwa hubungan antara persepsi individu dan keputusan untuk membeli produk ikan beku adalah positif
tetapi tidak signifikan. Hubungan antara persepsi dan motivasi individu yang signifikan. Hubungan antara motivasi dan
pembelian produk ikan beku adalah positif dan signifikan. Motivasi adalah variabel moderasi antara persepsi individu
membeli ikan beku, sehingga meningkatkan pembelian ikan atau konsumsi ikan tidak hanya dapat membangun persepsi
positif dari ikan , tetapi juga harus dilakukan dengan membangun motivasi konsumen untuk membeli ikan.
Kata Kunci : Ikan Beku , persepsi , motivasi , konsumsi ikan
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to analyze public perception of frozen fish products and frozen fish Model Consumption
Improvement in Malang. The research location in the city of Malang. The number of respondent is 60 people. Data were
analyzed with descriptive quantitative of GeSCA models (Generalized Structured Component Analysis). The results of
this study indicate that the relationship between the perception of the individual and the decision to buy frozen fish
product is positive but not significant. The relationship between the individual's perception and motivation are
significant. The relationship between motivation and the purchase of frozen fish products is positive and significant.
Motivation is a moderating variable between individual's perception of buying frozen fish, thereby to increase the
purchase of fish or fish consumption can not only build a positive perception of the fish, but it also has to do with
building the motivation of consumers to purchase fish.
Keywords : Frozen Fish, perception, motivation, fish consumption
PENDAHULUAN
Ikan
memiliki kandungan
gizi
yang
dibutuhkan tubuh manusia antara lain protein
tinggi (20%), sedikit kolesterol, sedikit lemak.
Protein dibutuhkan untuk pertumbuhan,
pengganti sel-sel tubuh kita yang telah rusak,
Ikan termasuk komoditi yang mudah rusak. Oleh
karena itu untuk dapat mengkonsumsi ikan
sepanjang hari tanpa mengenal waktu di
perlukan proses pengolahan yaitu pembekuan.
Pembekuan adalah proses mengawetkan produk
makanan dengan cara hampir seluruh kandungan
air dalam produk menjadi es. Keadaan beku
menyebabkan aktivitas mikrobiologi dan enzim
terhambat sehingga daya simpan produk menjadi
panjang. Jenis pembekuan terbagi menjadi dua
golongan yaitu pembekuan cepat (quick freezing)
dan pembekuan lambat (slow freezing).
Keuntungan menggunakan produk beku
adalah (1) pengolahannya lebih sederhana,(2)
produk sudah bersih, (3) harga juga relatif murah
(4) Kualitas produk beku lebih konsisten dan
keamanan makanan juga lebih terjamin karena

Alamat korespondensi: Harsuko Riniwati
Email :
Alamat :
produk ini selalu dibekukan dalam keadaan
segar.
Keberadaan produk ikan beku dipengaruhi
oleh permintaan konsumen Namun kita perlu
mengetahui bagaimana persepsi keluargakeluarga terhadap produk ikan beku, untuk
mengetahui persepsi negatif, positif, buruk dan
baik dari masyarakat. Informasi tersebut sangat
bermanfaat bagi pelaku bisnis maupun
pengambil kebijakan di bidang perikanan untuk
menyusun progam dan kegiatan dalam rangka
memperbaiki produk ikan beku dan edukasi
kepada masyarakat jika diperlukan. Hal ini
penting dilakukan untuk perbaikan dalam
pengelolaan produk ikan beku. Persepsi adalah
(a) proses seseorang mengetahui beberapa hal
melalui panca inderanya, (b) merupakan hasil
kerja otak dalam memahami atau menilai suatu
hal yang terjadi di sekitarnya, (c) pengamatan
tentang objek, peristiwa atau hubunganhubungan yang diperoleh dengan menyimpulkan
informasi dan menafsirkan pesan,
Penjelasan Persepsi yang lain adalah (1)
kemampuan otak dalam menerjemahkan
stimulus atau proses untuk menerjemahkan
stimulus yang masuk ke dalam alat indera
manusia; (2) tanggapan (penerimaan) langsung
dari sesuatu, (3) Merupakan salah satu aspek
psikologis yang penting bagimanusia dalam
merespon kehadiran berbagai aspek dan gejala di
sekitarnya, (4) merupakan suatu proses
pengorganisasian, penginterpretasian terhadap
stimulus yang diterima oleh organisme atau
individu sehingga menjadi sesuatu yang berarti,
dan merupakan aktivitas yang integrated dalam
diri individu, (5) Proses seseorang mengetahui
beberapa hal melaluipanca inderanya, (6)
merupakan hasil kerja otak dalam memahami
atau menilai suatu hal yang terjadi di sekitarnya,
(7) pengamatan tentang objek, peristiwa atau
hubungan-hubungan yang diperoleh dengan
menyimpulkan informasi dan menafsirkan pesan,
(8) suatu proses menginterpretasikan atau
menafsir informasi yang diperoleh melalui sistem
alat indera manusia”, (9) daya mengenal barang,
kualitas atau hubungan dan perbedaan antara
hal ini melalui protes mengamati, mengetahui
atau mengartikan setelah pancainderanya
mendapat rangsangan (Sugihartono dkk, 2007;
Bimo Walgito, 2004; Kamus Besar Bahasa
Indonesia, Waidi, 2006; Suharman, 2005,
Rakhmat, 2007;Maramis, 1999)
Sebagai
bahan
perbaikan
dalam
pengelolaan produk ikan beku salah satunya
dapat diperoleh dari penelitian tentang persepsi
masyarakat. Persepsi adalah (a) proses seseorang
mengetahui beberapa hal melalui panca
inderanya, (b) merupakan hasil kerja otak dalam
memahami atau menilai suatu hal yang terjadi di
sekitarnya, (c) pengamatan tentang objek,
peristiwa atau hubungan-hubungan yang
diperoleh dengan menyimpulkan informasi dan
menafsirkan
pesan,
(d)
suatu
proses
menginterpretasikan atau menafsir informasi
yang diperoleh melalui sistem alat indera
manusia”, (e) daya mengenal barang, kualitas
atau hubungan dan perbedaan antara hal ini
melalui protes mengamati, mengetahui atau
mengartikan setelah pancainderanya mendapat
rangsangan. (……….)
METODE PENELITIAN
Lokasi Penelitian ini ada di Kota Malang,
Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah seluruh
masyarakat Kota Malang baik pendatang maupun
penduduk asli. Jumlah responden yang diambil
60 orang Responden yang di berikan kuisioner
adalah konsumen yang telah sudah membeli
produk ikan beku.
Jenis data dalam penelitian ini adalah
data primer dan sekunder. Sumber data
diperoleh dari perpustakaan kota Malang
dan konsumen produk ikan beku yang telah
didatangi dan bersedia mengisi kuesioner.
Analisis data
Penelitian
ini
mempelajari
serta
menganalisis persepsi masyarakat kota Malang
terhadap
produk
ikan
beku
dengan
menggunakan kuesioner yang telah disusun
terlebih dahulu yang mengarahkan persepsi
terhadap produk ikan beku itu adalah posisitif,
negatif, baik atau buruk. Data yang terkumpul
dianalisis dengan metode GeSCA (Generalized
Structured Component Analysis). Model GeSCA
berbasis teori untuk penelitian ini terdapat pada
gambar 1.
1. Karakteristik Responden
Karakteristik responden ini merupakan
gambaran mengenai identitas responden dalam
penelitian ini, sebab dengan mengetahui
gambaran indentitas responden maka akan dapat
diketahui sejauh mana identitas responden
dalam penelitian ini. Adapun gambaran untuk
mengetahui
karakterisitik
reponden
dkelompokan menjadi beberapa kelompok yakni:
jenis kelamin, usia, status perkawinan, tingkat
pendidikan dan pekerjaan.
Dalam penelitian ini responden yang
digunakan sebanyak 60 orang, adapun deskripsi
karakterisitik responden dapat diuraikan sebagai
berikut:
a. Jenis Kelamin
Tabel 3. Karakteristik Berdasarkan Jenis Kelamin
Jenis Kelamin
Laki-Laki
Perempuan
Total
Jumlah (Jiwa)
10
50
60
Persentase (%)
17
83
100
Dari tabel karakteristik responden menurut jenis
kelamin, maka dari 60 orang responden yang
menjadi sampel dalam penelitian ini maka
kelompok responden berdasarkan jenis kelamin
yang terbesar dalam penelitian ini adalah
Perempuan sebesar 83%. Hal ini menunjukkan
bahwa rata-rata konsumen yang banyak membeli
produk ikan beku di Kota Malang didominasi oleh
perempuan.
b. Usia
Dari tabel karakteristik responden menurut usia,
maka dari 60 orang responden yang menjadi
sampel dalam penelitian ini maka kelompok
Malas
Rajin
Eksklusif
Suka Prestise
Semangat
Kemantapan pada sebuah Produk
Kepribadian
Keputusan
Membeli
Motivasi
Kebiasaan dalam membeli
produk
Memberikan rekomendasi
pada orang lain
Melakukan pembelian ulang
Presepsi
Individu
Harga
Mura
h
Cepat
Saji
Tenaga
tidak
Capek
Gizi
Tinggi
Rasa
Enak
Nilai
Tingkat
Kebiasaan
Budaya
Kese
Pendapa
Makan
tiaan
tan
Gambar 1. Model GeSCA
berbasis teori
responden berdasarkan usia yang terbesar dalam
penelitian ini adalah responden dengan
kelompok usia 41-50 tahun yakni sebesar 35%.
Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa rata-rata responden
penelitian ini merupakan kelompok usia yang
sudah matang.
Tabel 4. Tabel Karakterisitik Responden
Berdasarkan Usia
No
1.
2.
3.
4.
Kelompok Usia
(Tahun)
21 – 30
31 – 40
41 – 50
> 50
Total
Jumlah
(Jiwa)
13
15
21
11
60
Persentase (%)
21
25
35
19
100
c. Status Perkawinan
Tabel 5. Karakterisitik Responden Berdasarkan
Status Perkawinan
No
1.
2.
3.
Status
Perkawinan
Belum Kawin
Kawin
Janda/Duda
Total
Jumlah
(Jiwa)
8
48
4
60
Persentase
(%)
13
80
7
100
Dari tabel karakteristik responden menurut
status perkawinan, maka dari 60 orang
responden yang menjadi sampel dalam
penelitian ini maka kelompok responden
berdasarkan status perkawinan yang terbesar
dalam penelitian ini adalah responden yang
sudah menikah tahun yakni sebesar 80%. Hal ini
menunjukkan bahwa rata-rata responden
penelitian ini merupakan kelompok rumah
tangga.
d. Tingkat Pendidikan
Tabel 6. Karakterisitik Responden Berdasarkan Tingkat
Pendidikan
No
Tamatan
Jumlah
Persentase (%)
Pendidikan
(Jiwa)
1.
2.
3.
SMP
SMA
Perguruan Tinggi
Total
4
31
25
60
7
52
41
100
Dari tabel karakteristik responden
menurut tingkat pendidikan, maka dari 60 orang
responden yang menjadi sampel dalam
penelitian ini maka kelompok responden
berdasarkan tingkat pendidikan yang terbesar
dalam penelitian ini adalah responden dengan
tamatan pendidikan akhirnya SMA yakni sebesar
52%. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa rata-rata
responden penelitian ini tingkat pendidikannya
cukup baik.
e. Pekerjaan
Tabel 7. Karakterisitik Responden Berdasarkan
Pekerjaan
No
Pekerjaan
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Belum/Tidak bekerja, IRT
dan Pensiun
Pedagang/wiraswasta
Swasta
Dosen/guru
PNS/BUMN
Total
Jumlah
(Jiwa)
32
9
11
2
6
Persentase
(%)
53
15
18
4
10
60
100
Dari tabel karakteristik responden menurut
jenis pekerjaan, maka dari 60 orang responden
yang menjadi sampel dalam penelitian ini maka
kelompok responden berdasarkan tingkat
pendidikan yang terbesar adalah responden yang
belum/tidak, ibu rumah tangga dan pensiunan
yakni sebesar 53%.
2. Distribusi Frekuensi Jawaban Responden
Gambaran distribusi ini digunakan untuk
mengetahui frekuensi variasi jawaban responden
terhadap pertanyaan-pertanyaan yang diajukan
dalam kuesioner. Variabel distribusi frekuensi
jawaban responden diantaranya adalah variabel
presepsi individu, variabel kepribadian, variabel
motivasi dan variabel keputusan membeli.
Jawaban-jawaban dari kuesioner tersebut
selengkapnya dapat dilihat dalam tabel berikut :
Tabel 8. Variabel Presepsi Individu (X1)
Item
Pernyataan
Jumlah
Orang
Presentase
(%)
a. Sangat Setuju
2,5
4.5
Nilai
b. Setuju
18,3
30.5
Kesetiaan
c. Netral
17,2
28.7
(X1.1)
d. Tidak Setuju
20
33.3
e. Sangat Tidak
2,1
Setuju
35
Total
60
100
a. Sangat Setuju
2,7
4,5
b. Setuju
14
23,3
Budaya
c. Netral
22,5
37,5
(X1.2)
d. Tidak Setuju
18,3
30,5
e. Sangat Tidak
2,5
Setuju
4,2
Total
60
100
a. Sangat Setuju
10,6
17,7
b. Setuju
2,5
4,2
Tingkat
c. Netral
13,6
22,7
Pendapata d. Tidak Setuju
10,2
17
n
e. Sangat Tidak
0,6
(X1.3)
Setuju
1
Total
60
100
a. Sangat Setuju
4,5
7,5
b. Setuju
15,5
25,8
Kebiasaan
c. Netral
17,5
29,2
Makan
d. Tidak Setuju
19,2
32
(X1.4)
e. Sangat Tidak
3,3
Setuju
5,5
Total
60
100
Tabel 9. Variabel Kepribadian (X2)
Item
Pernyataan
Orang
Malas
(X2.1)
Rajin
(X2.2)
a. Sangat
Setuju
b. Setuju
c. Netral
d. Tidak Setuju
e. Sangat
Tidak Setuju
Total
a. Sangat
Setuju
b. Setuju
c. Netral
d. Tidak Setuju
e. Sangat
Tidak Setuju
Total
a. Sangat
Jumlah
Presentase
(%)
Eksklusif
(X2.3)
a.
Suka
Prestase
(X2.4)
60
1,5
11,3
23,7
19,2
4,3
60
2
1,7
13,3
20
45,8
Semangat
(X2.5)
7,2
100
3,4
b.
c.
d.
e.
Setuju
Setuju
Netral
Tidak Setuju
Sangat
Tidak Setuju
Total
Sangat
Setuju
Setuju
Netral
Tidak Setuju
Sangat
Tidak Setuju
Total
Sangat
Setuju
Setuju
Netral
Tidak
Setuju
Sangat
Tidak
Setuju
Total
Tabel 10. Variabel Motivasi (Y1)
Item
Pernyataan
19,7
17,3
15,3
5,7
60
1
8
17
22,5
11,5
60
3,5
11
20,5
22,5
Harga
Murah
(Y1.1)
Cepat
Saji
(Y1.2)
Tenaga
Tidak
Capek
(Y1.3)
Rasa
Enak
(Y1.4)
Teman
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Sangat Setuju
Setuju
Netral
Tidak Setuju
Sangat Tidak
Setuju
Total
a. Sangat Setuju
b. Setuju
c. Netral
d. Tidak Setuju
e. Sangat Tidak
Setuju
Total
a. Sangat Setuju
b. Setuju
c. Netral
d. Tidak Setuju
e. Sangat Tidak
Setuju
Total
a. Sangat Setuju
b. Setuju
c. Netral
d. Tidak Setuju
e. Sangat Tidak
Setuju
Total
a. Sangat Setuju
b. Setuju
c. Netral
32,8
28,8
25,5
9,5
100
1.7
13.3
28.3
37.5
19.2
100
5.8
18.3
34.2
37.5
2,5
60
4.2
100
Jumlah
Presentase
(%)
9
15
17,7
29.5
16,4
27.3
18
30
1,7
2.8
60
100
2,7
4.5
20,5
34.2
3,5
5.8
22
36.7
1,3
2.2
60
100
5
8.3
28
46.7
18
30
8
13.3
1
1.7
60
100
1
1.7
18
30
25
41.7
13
21.7
3
5
60
100
2,7
4.5
27,3
45.5
19
31.7
Orang
19,2
100
2,5
18,8
39,5
32
b.
c.
d.
e.
a.
1
8
12
27,5
11,5
b.
c.
d.
e.
(Y1.5)
d. Tidak Setuju
e. Sangat Tidak
Setuju
Total
8,7
2,3
14.5
3.8
100
60
Tabel 11. Variabel Keputusan Membeli (Y2)
Item
Pernyataan
Jumlah
Orang
Presentase
(%)
a. Sangat Setuju
0
0
Kemantapa b. Setuju
6,7
11.2
n Pada
c. Netral
23,5
39.2
Sebuah
d. Tidak Setuju
26
43.3
Produk
e. Sangat Tidak
3,8
(Y2.1)
Setuju
6.3
Total
60
100
a. Sangat Setuju
0,7
1.2
b. Setuju
6
10
Kebiasaan
c. Netral
16,7
27.8
Dalam
d. Tidak Setuju
28,6
47.7
Membeli
e. Sangat Tidak
8
Produk
Setuju
13.3
(Y2.2)
Total
60
100
a. Sangat Setuju
0
0
b. Setuju
16,7
27.8
Memberika c. Netral
24,7
41.2
n
d. Tidak Setuju
16
26.7
Rekomenda e. Sangat Tidak
2,6
si Pada
Setuju
4.3
Orang Lain
Total
60
(Y2.3)
100
a. Sangat Setuju
0
0
b. Setuju
9
15
Melakukan
c. Netral
20
33.3
Pembelian
d. Tidak Setuju
27
45
Ulang
e. Sangat Tidak
4
(Y2.4)
Setuju
6.7
Total
60
100
3. Uji Validitas dan Reliabilitas
Suatu instrument dinyatakan telah memiliki
validitas (kesahihan atau ketepatan) yang baik
“jika instrument tersebut benar-benar mengukur
apa yang seharusnya hendak diukur”. Pengertian
validitas ini tidak segera jelas bagi sebagian orang
karena memang konsep validitas itu kompleks,
namun sangat penting artinya dalam penelitian
tingkah laku.Valid tidaknya suatu item instrumen
dapat diketahui dengan membandingkan indeks
korelasi product moment Pearson dengan level
signifikansi 5% dengan nilai kritisnya, di mana r
dapat digunakan rumus:
N  XY   X Y 
rxy =
N  X
2

  X  N Y 2  Y 
2
Keterangan :
rxy
= skor korelasi
n
= banyaknya sampel
2

X
Y
= skor item pertanyaan
= skor total item
Bila nilai korelasi pearson lebih besar dari
0.3 maka dinyatakan valid dan sebaliknya
dinyatakan tidak valid. Instrumen reliabel adalah
instrumen yang bila digunakan beberapa kali
untuk mengukur objek yang sama, akan
menghasilkan data yang sama.Reliabilitas adalah
indek yang menunjukkan sejauh mana suatu alat
pengukur dapat dipercaya atau dapat diandalkan.
Untuk menguji digunakan Alpha Cronbach
dengan rumus:
2


r11=  k 1    b 
2
 t 
 k  1 
Dimana:
r11
= reliabilitas instrumen (koefisien alpha
cronbach)
k
= banyaknya butir pertanyaan atau
banyaknya soal
b2
= jumlah varians butir
t2
= varians total
Instrumen dapat dikatakan andal (reliable) bila
memiliki koefisien keandalan reliabilitas sebesar
0,5 atau lebih.
a. Uji Validitas dan Reliabilitas Variabel
Presepsi Individu (X1)
Hasil uji validitas dan reliabilitas terhadap
instrumen penelitian untuk Variabel Presepsi
Individu disajikan pada Tabel berikut:
Tabel 12. Uji Validitas dan Reliabilitas Variabel Presepsi
Individu (X1)
Variabel
Presepsi Individu
Validitas
Reliabilitas
Item
Pearson
Keterangan
Alpha
Ketera
Correlation
Cronbach
ngan
X1.1.1
0.480
Valid
0.830
Reliable
X1.1.2
0.628
Valid
X1.1.3
0.378
Valid
X1.1.4
0.232
Tidak Valid
X1.1.5
0.445
Valid
X1.1.6
0.464
Valid
X1.1.7
0.696
Valid
X1.1.8
0.667
Valid
X1.2.1
0.603
Valid
X1.2.2
0.622
Valid
X1.2.3
0.354
Valid
X1.2.4
0.341
Valid
X1.3.1
0.292
Tidak Valid
X1.3.2
0.422
Valid
X1.3.3
0.475
Valid
X1.3.4
0.474
Valid
X1.3.5
0.194
Tidak Valid
X1.3.6
0.563
Valid
X1.4.1
0.537
Valid
X1.4.2
0.537
Valid
X1.4.3
0.402
Valid
X1.4.4
0.522
Valid
Dari Hasil uji validitas dan reliabilatas
Presepsi Kepribadian dapat dilihat bahwa item
pertanyaan
mengenai
anggota
keluarga
mengetahui dimana saja tempat membeli aneka
produk olahan beku (food frozen) berbasis ikan
(X1.1.4), pendapatan bapak/ibu sangat layak
untuk memenuhi kebutuhan pokok sehari-hari
keluarga (X1.3.1), dan memiliki kendaraan roda 4
(X1.3.5) tidak valid karena memiliki nilai korelasi
pearson kurang dari 0.3 sehingga kurang tepat
untuk menjelaskan variabel Presepsi Kepribadian,
untuk itu ke empat item pertanyaan yang tidak
valid tersebut tidak digunakan untuk analisis
lebih lanjut dengan menggunakan GSCA. Nilai
Alpha Cronbach lebih besar dari 0.5 yang berarti
reliabilitas terpenuhi.
b. Uji Validitas dan Reliabilitas Variabel
Kepribadian (X2)
instrumen penelitian untuk Variabel kepribadian
disajikan pada Tabel berikut:
Tabel 13. Uji Validitas dan Reliabilitas Variabel
Kepribadian (X2)
Variabel
Kepribadian
Validitas
Reliabilitas
Item
Pearson
Keteran
Alpha
Keterang
Correlatio
gan
Cronb
an
n
ach
X2.1.1
0.598
Valid
0.856
Reliable
X2.1.2
0.625
Valid
X2.2.1
0.520
Valid
X2.2.2
0.420
Valid
X2.2.3
0.666
Valid
X2.2.4
0.618
Valid
X2.3.1
0.767
Valid
X2.3.2
0.617
Valid
X2.3.3
0.727
Valid
X2.4.1
0.628
Valid
X2.4.2
0.585
Valid
X2.5.1
0.622
Valid
X2.5.2
0.461
Valid
c. Uji Validitas
Motivasi (Y1)
dan
Reliabilitas
Variabel
instrumen penelitian untuk Variabel Motivasi
disajikan pada Tabel berikut:
Tabel 14. Uji Validitas dan Reliabilitas Variabel Motivasi
(Y1)
Variab
Motivasi
el
Validitas
Reliabilitas
Item
Pearson
Keterang
Alpha
Keterang
Correlati
an
Cronba
an
on
ch
Y1.1.1
0.426
Valid
0.898
Reliable
Y1.1.2
Y1.1.3
Y1.2.1
Y1.2.2
Y1.2.3
Y1.2.4
Y1.3.1
Y1.3.2
Y1.4.1
Y1.4.2
Y1.5.1
Y1.5.2
Y1.5.3
0.461
0.401
0.744
0.734
0.783
0.656
0.827
0.741
0.733
0.778
0.688
0.699
0.666
Valid
Valid
Valid
Valid
Valid
Valid
Valid
Valid
Valid
Valid
Valid
Valid
Valid
d. Uji Validitas dan Reliabilitas
Kepuasan Pembeli (Y2)
Variabel
instrumen penelitian untuk Variabel Kepuasan
Pembeli disajikan pada Tabel berikut:
Tabel 15. Uji Validitas dan Reliabilitas Variabel Kepuasan
Pembeli (Y2)
Variab
Kepuasan Pembeli
el
Validitas
Reliabilitas
Item
Pearson
Keterang
Alpha
Keterang
Correlati
an
Cronba
an
on
ch
Y2.1.1
0.564
Valid
0.919
Reliable
Y.2.1.2
0.651
Valid
Y2.1.3
0.747
Valid
Y2.1.4
0.652
Valid
Y2.2.1
0.740
Valid
Y2.2.2
0.733
Valid
Y2.2.3
0.529
Valid
Y2.3.1
0.794
Valid
Y2.3.2
0.779
Valid
Y2.3.3
0.737
Valid
Y.2.4.1
0.866
Valid
Y2.4.2
0.604
Valid
Y2.4.3
0.608
Valid
Y2.4.4
0.748
Valid
Dari Hasil uji validitas dan reliabilatas
Kepribadian,Motivasi dan Keputusan Membeli
dapat dilihat pada tabel 13,14 dan 15 bahwa
semua item pertanyaan sudah valid karena
memiliki nilai korelasi pearson lebih besar dari
0.3. Nilai Alpha Cronbach lebih besar dari 0.5
yang berarti reliabilitas terpenuhi, maka item dari
variabel Keputusan Membeli dapat digunakan
untuk analisis lebih lanjut dengan menggunakan
GSCA.
4. Measurement Model
Measurement model berfungsi sebagai
spesifikasi hubungan antara variabel laten
dengan indikatornya. Pada penelitian ini,
terdapat model indikator variabel laten yang
bersifat reflektif pada variabel endogen dan
variabel laten bersifat formatif pada variabel
ensogen. Untuk variabel laten endogen dan
eksogen dapat dilihat pada tabel 16.
Pada variabel persepsi individu terjadi
pemotongan pada indikator tingkat pendapatan
(FI3) karena nilai yang dihasilkan pada CFA tidak
signifikan dan tidak dapat diteruskan olah data
pada GeSCA.
Nilai titik kritis (CR) yang diperoleh,
indikator (FI1) nilai kesehatan mendeskripsikan
variabel persepsi individu secara nyata karena
nilai yang diperoleh sebesar 13.59 signifikan pada
tingkat kepercayaan 95%.
Untuk variabel kepribadian, terdapat lima
indikator yang
mendeskripsikan variabel
kepribadian. Dilihat dari loading estimasi yang
diperoleh, indikator (KP3) praktis paling dapat
mendeskripsikan variabel kepribadian. Hal ini
dikarenakan nilai loading faktor estimate paling
besar dari pada indikator lainnya yaitu sebesar
0.787. Berdasarkan nilai titik kritis (CR) yang
diperoleh,
indikator
(KP3)
praktis
mendeskripsikan variabel kepribadian secara
nyata karena nilai yang diperoleh sebesar 12.77
signifikan pada tingkat kepercayaan 95%.
Tabel 16. Variabel Persepsi Individu(X1)
Variable
Loading
Estimate
SE
Weight
CR
FI
Estimate
SE
SMC
CR
Estimate
SE
CR
AVE = 0.585, Alpha =0.640
FI1
0.835
0.061
13.59*
0.525
0.093
5.67*
0.697
0.098
7.11*
FI2
0.775
0.083
9.34*
0.417
0.058
7.21*
0.600
0.118
5.08*
FI4
0.676
0.140
4.84*
0.352
0.078
4.48*
0.457
0.159
2.88*
CR* = significant at .05 level
Tabel 17. Variabel Kepribadian(X2)
Variable
Loading
Estimate
SE
Weight
CR
KP
Estimate
SE
SMC
CR
Estimate
SE
CR
AVE = 0.472, Alpha =0.712
KP1
0.740
0.086
8.61*
0.310
0.051
6.01*
0.548
0.119
4.62*
KP2
0.522
0.207
2.52*
0.247
0.098
2.51*
0.272
0.150
1.81
KP3
0.787
0.062
12.77*
0.335
0.041
8.1*
0.620
0.091
6.8*
KP4
0.592
0.130
4.57*
0.254
0.056
4.55*
0.350
0.132
2.64*
KP5
0.753
0.065
11.63*
0.302
0.049
6.2*
0.567
0.095
5.98*
Tabel 18. Variabel Motivasi(Y1)
Variable
Loading
Estimate
SE
Weight
CR
MV
Estimate
SE
SMC
CR
Estimate
SE
CR
AVE = 0.000, Alpha =0.794
MV4
0
0
0
0.583
0.286
2.04*
0
0
0
MV5
0
0
0
0.515
0.281
1.83
0
0
0
Tabel 19. Variabel Keputusan Membeli(Y2)
Variable
Loading
Estimate
SE
Weight
CR
KM
KM1
Estimate
SMC
SE
CR
Estimate
AVE = 0.701, Alpha =0.840
0.858
0.042
20.66*
0.309
0.044
6.96*
0.736
0.071
10.39*
KM2
0.817
0.051
16.01*
0.239
0.039
6.17*
0.667
0.082
8.09*
KM3
0.775
0.073
10.57*
0.321
0.039
8.25*
0.601
0.109
5.54*
KM4
0.894
0.025
35.43*
0.324
0.039
8.38*
0.799
0.045
17.79*
Pada variabel motivasi terjadi pemotongan
pada indikator harga murah (MV1), cepat saji
(MV2), tenaga tidak capek (MV3) karena nilai
yang dihasilkan pada CFA tidak signifikan dan
tidak dapat diteruskan olah data pada GeSCA.
Untuk variabel motivasi, terdapat dua
indikator yang
mendeskripsikan variabel
motivasi. Dilihat dari weight estimasi yang
diperoleh, indikator (MV4) rasa enak paling dapat
mendeskripsikan variabel motivasi. Hal ini
dikarenakan nilai weight faktor estimate paling
besar dari pada indikator lainnya yaitu sebesar
0.583.
Berdasarkan nilai titik kritis (CR) yang
diperoleh,
indikator
(MV4)
rasa
enak
mendeskripsikan variabel motivasi secara nyata
karena nilai yang diperoleh sebesar 2.04
signifikan pada tingkat kepercayaan 95%.
Untuk variabel keputusan membeli,
terdapat empat indikator yang mendeskripsikan
variabel keputusan membeli. Dilihat dari loading
estimasi yang diperoleh, indikator (KM4)
melakukan pembelian ulang paling dapat
mendeskripsikan variabel keputusan membeli.
Hal ini dikarenakan nilai loading faktor estimate
paling besar dari pada indikator lainnya yaitu
sebesar 0.894.
diperoleh, indikator (KM4) melakukan pembelian
ulang mendeskripsikan variabel keputusan
membeli secara nyata karena nilai yang diperoleh
sebesar
35.43
signifikan
pada
tingkat
kepercayaan 95%.
5. Measures of Fit Measurement Model
Bilamana indikator bersifat refleksif, maka
diperlukan evaluasi berupa kalibrasi instrument,
yaitu dengan pemerikasaan validitas dan
reabilitas.
a. Corvergent Validity
Menurut (Chin, 1998 dalam Ghozali, 2008),
convergent validity
setiap indikator dalam
mengukur variabel laten ditunjukkan oleh besar
kecilnya loading factor. Suatu indikator dikatakan
mempunyai convergent validity yang baik apabila
loading bernilai lebih positif dari 0.70 dan
signifikan. Untuk pengukuran Validitas, loading
0,5 sampai 0,6 dianggap cukup. Untuk
convergent validity penelitian dapat dilihat pada
tabel berikut:
Tabel 21. convergent validity
Variabel
Indikator
Loadin
g
Factor
Cu
t
Of
f
0.5
Keteranga
n
Nilai
Kesehatan
0.835
Budaya
0.775
0.5
Kebiasaan
0.5
Makan
0.676
Malas
0.740
0.5
Rajin
0.522
0.5
Kepribadia Eksklusif
0.787
0.5
n
Suka
0.5
Prestise
0.592
Semangat
0.753
0.5
Motivasi
Rasa Enak
0.583
0.5
Gizi Tinggi
0.515
0.5
Kemantapa
0.5
n
Pada
Keputusan Sebuah
Pembeli
Produk
0.858
Kebiasaan
0.5
Dalam
Membeli
Produk
0.817
Memberika
0.5
n
Rekomenda
si
Pada
Orang Lain
0.775
Melakukan
0.5
Pembelian
Ulang
0.894
Sumber: Data Primer (output GSCA online), 2015
Persepsi
Individu
Valid
Valid
Valid
Valid
Valid
Valid
Valid
Valid
Valid
Valid
Valid
Valid
Valid
Valid
Berdasarkan loading factor yang dihasilkan
dapat diketahui bahwa indikator masing-masing
variabel laten yaituPersepsi Individu (nilai
kesehatan, budaya, dan kebiasaan makan),
Kepribadian (malas, rajin, eksklusif, suka prestise,
dan semangat), Motivasi (rasa enak dan gizi
tinggi) dan Keputusan Pembeli (kemantapan
pada sebuah produk, kebiasaan dalam membeli
produk, memberikan rekomendasi pada orang
lain, dan melakukan pembeli ulang) memiliki
loading factor yang lebih besar dari nilai cut off
nya, sebesar 0,5. Dengan demikian indikator
tersebut dapat dinyatakan valid sebagai
pengukur variabel latennya.
 Discriminant Validity
Pengukuran discriminant validity dilakukan
dengan cara membandingkan nilai akar kuadarat
AVE (average variance extracted) setiap variabel
dengan nilai korelasi antar konstruk. Jika nilai
akar AVE lebih tinggi dari pada korelasi antar
konstruk yang lain, maka dikatakan konstruk
memiliki validitas yang baik (Solimun, 2010).
Perhitungan Composite Reliability dan Average
Variance dapat dilihat pada Lampiran Hasil
discriminant validity dapat dilihat melalui
ringkasan perhitungan dalam tabel berikut:
Berdasarkan tabel di atas, dapat diketahui
bahwa Composite Reliability variabel motivasi
belum terpenuhi karena nilainya lebih kecil dari
0,60. Kemudian hasil analisis tersebut juga
menghasilkan nilai discriminant reliability pada
variabel motivasinilainya lebih kecil dari nilai cut
off sebesar 0,50. Dengan demikian discriminant
reliability variabel tersebut belum terpenuhi.
Tabel 22. Discriminant Validity
Presep
si
Kepribadi
Individ
an
u
Presepsi
Inividu
0.658
Kepribadi
an
0.658
6. Model Fit
Berdasarkan output GSCA online didapat model
fit seperti pada tabel berikut :
Motivasi
Motiva
si
Keputus
an
Pembeli
0.579
0.649
Tabel 24. Model Fit
Model Fit
0.460
0.616
FIT
0.489
AFIT
0.470
NPAR
0.579
0.460
0.629
Keputusa
n Pembeli
0.649
0.616
0.629
Hasil pada tabel diatas diketahui bahwa nilai
dari akar AVE pada masing-masing konstruk lebih
besarl daripada koefisien korelasi antar konstruk.
Dengan
demikian
discriminant
validity
keseluruhan variabel dapat dikatakan konstruk
memiliki validitas yang baik.
 Internal Cosistency Reability
Pengukuran reliabilitas untuk GeSCA
dilakukan menggunakan ukuran reliabilitas
konstruk (Composite Reliability) ataupun jumlah
varian keseluruhan dalam indikator yang
dijelaskan oleh konstruk latent (Average Variance
Extracted (AVE)) atau biasa disebut discriminant
reliability. Menurut Nunnaly (1966) dalam
Solimun (2010) suatu konstruk dikatakan reliabel
jika nilai Composite Reliability di atas 0,60. Nilai
discriminant reliability lebih besar sama dengan
0,50 maka dapat dinyatakan kontruk GeSCA telah
reliabel. Pada indikator formatif ukuran validitas
dievaluasi berdasarkan pada substantive
contentnya, yaitu dengan melihat signifikansi dari
weight, jika signifikan (p < 0,05) berarti valid.
Internal consistency reability dapat dilihat tabel
berikut :
Tabel 23. Internal Cosistency Reability
Variabel
Composite
Reliability
Presepsi Individu
0.808
Kepribadian
0.813
Motivasi
0.463
Keputusan
0.903
Membeli
Discriminant
Reliability
0.585
0.686
0.302
0.700
31
FIT = 0.489
FIT menunjukkan varian total dari semua
variabel yang dapat dijelaskan oleh model
tertentu. Nilai FIT berkisar dari 0 sampai 1. Jadi,
model yang terbentuk dapat menjelaskan semua
variabel yang ada sebesar 0,489. Persepsi
individu, kepribadian, motivasi, dan keputusan
membeli adalah sebesar 48,9% dan sisanya
(51,1%) dapat dijelaskan oleh variabel yang lain.
Berarti model cukup baik untuk menjelaskan
fenomena yang dikaji.
- AFIT = 0.470
Adjusted dari FIT hampir sama dengan
FIT. Namun, karena variabel yang mempengaruhi
ketahanan pangan tidak hanya satu melainkan
ada tiga variabel sehingga akan lebih baik apabila
interpretasi
tentang
ketepatan
model
menggunakan FIT yang sudah terkoreksi atau
menggunakan AFIT. Karena semakin banyak
variabel yang mempengaruhi maka nilai FIT akan
semakin besar karena proporsi keragaman juga
akan meningkat sehingga untuk menyesuaikan
dengan variabel yang ada dapat menggunakan
FIT yang sudah terkoreksi. Jika dilihat dari nilai
AFIT, persepsi individu, kepribadian, motivasi dan
keputusan membeli yang dapat dijelaskan oleh
model adalah sebesar 47% dan sisanya (53%)
dapat dijelaskan oleh variabel yang lain.
Measure of fit Structural model
Goodness of Fit Model struktural diukur
menggunakan FIT, yaitu setara dengan R square
pada analisis regresi atau koefisien determinasi
total pada analisis jalur. 1) FIT menunjukkan
varian total dari semua variabel yang dapat
dijelaskan oleh model struktural. Nilai FIT
berkisar dari 0 sampai 1, semakin besar nilai ini,
-
semakin besar proporsi varian variabel yang
dapat dijelaskan oleh model. Jika nilai FIT = 1
berarti model secara sempurna dapat
menjelaskan fenomena yang diselidiki. 2) AFIT
(Adjusted FIT) serupa dengan R2 adjusted pada
analisis regresi. AFIT dapat digunakan untuk
perbandingan model. Model dengan AFIT nilai
terbesar dapat dipilih antara model yang lebih
baik(Solimun,2010).
Hipotesis 3 yaitu : Persepsi Individu terhadap
Keputusan Membeli. Pada hasil pengujian yang
tertera pada tabel di atas dapat diketahui bahwa
nilai t statistik antara Persepsi Individuterhadap
Keputusan Membeli adalah 1.61dengan tingkat
signifikasi 0,05. (T.statistik 1.61<1,67 T.tabel). Hal
ini menunjukkan bahwa Persepsi Individu
berpengaruh tidak signifikanterhadap Keputusan
Membeli.
7. Pengujian Hipotesis
Pengujian hipotesis dilakukan dengan
metode resampling bootstrap. Statistik uji yang
digunakan adalah statistik t (statistik diperoleh
dengan membagi loading factor dengan standar
errornya), dengan hipotesis statistik, dapat
dilihat pada tabel berikut :
Hipotesis 4 yaitu : Kepribadian terhadap
Keputusan Membeli. Pada hasil pengujian yang
tertera pada tabel di atas dapat diketahui bahwa
nilai t statistik antara Kepribadian terhadap
Keputusan Membeli adalah 1,39 dengan tingkat
signifikasi 0,05. (T.statistik 1.39<1,67 T.tabel). Hal
ini
menunjukkan
bahwa
Kepribadian
berpengaruh tidak signifikanterhadap Keputusan
Membeli.
Tabel 25. Hipotesis statistik
Variabel
Estimate
Effect
S.E
t.Statistik
Persepsi
0.487
0.197
2.47
Individu>Motivasi
Persepsi
0.261
0.162
1.61
Individu >Keputusan
Membeli
Kepribadian0.140
0.207
0.68
>Motivasi
Kepribadian0.285
0.205
1.39
>Keputusan
Membeli
Motivasi0.347
0.105
3.3
>Keputusan
Membeli
t.Tabel
1,67
1,67
1,67
1,67
1,67
Hipotesis 1 yaitu : Persepsi Individu terhadap
Motivasi. Pada hasil pengujian yang tertera pada
tabel di atas dapat diketahui bahwa nilai t
statistik antara Persepsi Individuterhadap
Motivasi adalah 2.47dengan tingkat signifikasi
0,05. (T.statistik 2.47>1,67 T.tabel). Hal ini
menunjukkan
bahwa
Persepsi
Individu
berpengaruh signifikan terhadap Motivasi.
Hipotesis 2 yaitu : Persepsi Individuterhadap
Motivasi. Pada hasil pengujian yang tertera pada
statistik antara Persepsi Individuterhadap
Motivasi adalah 2.47dengan tingkat signifikasi
menunjukkan
bahwa
Persepsi
Individu
berpengaruh signifikanterhadap Motivasi.
Hipotesis 5 yaitu : Motivasi terhadap Keputusan
Membeli. Pada hasil pengujian yang tertera pada
statistik antara Motivasi terhadap Keputusan
Membeli adalah 3.3 dengan tingkat signifikasi
KESIMPULAN
Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini adalah :
1. Semua indikator dalam penelitian ini valid
dan reliabel
2. Hubungan antara kepribadian dan motivasi
positif tetapi tidak signifikan
3. Hubungan
antara
kepribadian
dan
keputusan membeli ikan beku positif
namun tidak signifikan
4. Hubungan antara persepsi individu dan
keputusan membeli produk ikan beku
positif namun tidak signifikan
5. Hubungan antara persepsi individu dengan
motivasi adalah positif signifikan
6. Hubungan antara motivasi dan pembelian
produk ikan beku adalah positif dan
signifikan
7. Motivasi merupakan variabel moderating
antara
persepsi
individu
terhadap
pembelian ikan beku
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
[1]. Adawyah, Rabiatual. 2007. Pengolahan dan
Pengawetan Ikan. PT.Bumi
Aksara.
Jakarta. 158 hlm.
[2]. Arief, Dr. Mts, 2007, Pemasaran Jasa dan
Kualitas Pelayanan, Edisi Pertama, Penerbit
Liberty. Yogyakarta
[3]. Arikunto, Suharmini. Dr. 2006. Prosedur
Penelitian (Suatu Pendekatan Praktek).
Edisi Revisi. Cetakan ke sepuluh. PT. Rineka
Cipta. Jakarta.
[4]. Azwar, Saifuddin. MA. 1998. Metode
Penelitian.
Pustaka
Pelajar
Offset.
Yogyakarta
[5]. Badan Pusat Statistik kota Malang. 2007.
Kota Malang Dalam Angka (Malang City in
Figures) 2007. Badan Pusat Statistik kota
Malang
[6]. Case, Karl dan Fair 2007. Prinsip-Prinsip
Ekonomi. Jilid Delapan. PT.
Erlangga.
Surabaya. 55 hlm.
[7]. Charty. 2008. Manajemen Pemasaran.
Salemba Empat. Jakarta. 14 hlm.
[8]. Cravens, R. 2011. Segmentasi Pasar. PT.
Gramedia Widiasarana. Jakarta. 81 hlm.
[9]. Daryanto.2011.Sari Kuliah Manajemen
Pemasaran. PT. Sarana Tutorial Naluri
Sejahtera. Jakarta. 145 hlm.
[10]. Departemen Perdagangan Republik
Indonesia, Menuju ASEAN Economic
Community 2015, (2009),
[11]. Rangkuti, Freddy. 2009. Strategi
Promosi Yang Kreatif dan Analisis Kasus
Intregrated Marketing Communication. PT.
Gramedia Pustaka Utama. Jakarta. 85 hlm.
The Effect of Food Security to Human Resources Tough of Airborne Infantry Batallion
502/18/2 Army Strategic Reserve Command In Jabung Malang City With GeSCA
Methode
1 Zaenal Fanani 1*, Abdul Hakim 2, Harsuko Riniwati 3, Mukhammad Soleh 3,
1Jurusan
2
Jurusan Sosial Ekonomi Perikanan, Fakultas Perikanan dan Ilmu Kelautan, Universitas Brawijaya
Abstrak
Definisi ketahanan nasional adalah ketahanan bangsa, yang meliputi (1) kondisi dinamika, (2) ketekunan, (3)
ketangguhan, (4) kekuatan nasional, (5) kemampuan untuk menghadapi (a) tantangan , (b) hambatan, (c) ancaman, (d)
gangguan baik yang datang dari dalam atau di luar, dan langsung atau tidak langsung, yang dapat membahayakan
integritas, identitas dan kelangsungan hidup bangsa dan negara. Gangguan dan ancaman, termasuk ancaman krisis
pangan yang membahayakan kelangsungan hidup bangsa. Jumlah responden adalah 60 orang. Data dianalisis dengan
deskriptif kuantitatif dari GeSCA (Generalized Structured Component Analysis) hasil models. penelitian ini menunjukkan
bahwa hubungan antara sumber daya dan keamanan pangan adalah positif yang signifikan. Hubungan antara
ketahanan pangan dan sumber daya manusia yang tangguh adalah positif yang signifikan. Hubungan antara sumber
daya dan sumber daya manusia yang tangguh yang positif tetapi tidak signifikan. Hal ini menunjukkan kepemilikan
sumber daya untuk mempengaruhi ketahanan sumber daya manusia harus dimaksimalkan pemanfaatan sumber daya
yang ada. Dengan demikian variabel ketahanan pangan adalah variabel moderasi antara sumber daya dan ketahanan
sumber daya manusia
Kata kunci: ketahanan pangan, sumber daya manusia, keamanan nasional dan tentara
Abstract
Definition of national resistance is the resistance of the nation, which includes (1) the condition of the dynamics, (2)
persistence, (3) toughness, (4) a national force, (5) the ability to confront (a) challenge, (b) barriers, (c ) threat, (d) a
good distraction that comes from inside or outside, and directly or indirectly, which could jeopardize the integrity,
identity and survival of the nation and the state. Disruption and the threat, including the threat of a food crisis that is
endangering the survival of the nation. The number of respondent is 60 people. Data were analyzed with descriptive
quantitative of GeSCA (Generalized Structured Component Analysis) models.The results of this study indicate that the
relationship between resources and food security is a significant positive. The relationship between food security and
human resources tough is a significant positive. The relationship between resources and human resources tough are
positive but not significant. This indicates ownership of resources in order to influence the resilience of the human
resources should be maximized utilization of existing resources. Thus the variables of food security is a moderating
variable between resources and the resilience of human resource
Keywords : food security, human resources, national security and the army
PENDAHULUAN
Undang-undang ketahanan pangan no 18 tahun
2012 mengarahkan kerangka kebijakan ketahanan
pangan nasional difokuskan pada 2 hal yaitu
kedaulatan pangan dan kemandirian pangan dengan
tetap memperhatikan keamanan pangan. Outcome
dari kebijakan adalah masyarakat dan perseorangan
yang sehat, aktif dan produktif secara berkelanjutan.
Ketahanan pangan yang merupakan bagian ketahanan
nasional, saat ini menurut Dr. Muhammad AS Hikam,
MA (2005)[1], Indonesia dalam ancaman krisis pangan.
Pengertian ketahanan nasional adalah ketahanan
bangsa, yang meliputi (1) kondisi dinamika, (2)

Alamat korespondensi:
Email :
Alamat :
keuletan, (3) ketangguhan, (4) kekuatan nasional, (5)
kemampuan, untuk mengahadapi (a) tantangan, (b)
hambatan, (c) ancaman, (d) gangguan baik yang
datang dari dalam maupun luar dan langsung maupun
tidak langsung yang dapat membahayakan integritas,
identitas serta kelangsungan hidup bangsa dan negara
(Suhady and Sinaga, 2006)[2]. Gangguan dan ancaman
tersebut termasuk ancaman krisis pangan yang
membahayakan kelangsungan hidup bangsa.
Dengan tugas TNI yang sangat berat tersebut,
maka SDM-SDM yang bergabung dalam TNI haruslah
tangguh yaitu sehat, aktif dan produktif (Badan
Ketahanan Pangan Kementerian Pertanian, 2014).
Pertanyaannya, faktor-faktor apa saja yang
menentukan ketangguhan SDM TNI? Berdasarkan
uraian yang disampaikan Badan Ketahanan Pangan
Kementerian
Pertanian,
2014
dalam
acara
Musrengbangtan Nasional tahun 2014, bahwa
ketangguhan SDM (sehat, aktif, produktif) dipengaruhi
oleh
ketahanan
pangan
(ketersediaan,
keterjangkauan, dan pemanfaatan sebagai konsumsi
pangan dan gizi). Ketahanan pangan dipengaruhi oleh
sumberdaya, dimana indikatornya adalah : lahan, air,
SDM, teknologi, kelembagaan dan budaya).
Bagaimanakah kondisi ketangguhan SDM di TNI AD
Bataliyon Linta Udara 502/18/2 Kostrad Di Jabung
Kabupaten Malang. Apa saja faktor yang
mempengaruhi SDM Tangguh di TNI AD Bataliyon
Linta Udara 502/18/2 Kostrad Di Jabung Kabupaten
Malang. Untuk menganalisis hal tersebut, maka
diperlukan penelitian tentang Pengaruh Ketahanan
Pangan Terhadap Sumberdaya Manusia (SDM) yang
Tangguh di Batalyon Bataliyon Linta Udara 502/18/2
Kostrad Di Jabung Kabupaten Malang.
METODE PENELITIAN
Tempat penelitian di Bataliyon Linta Udara
502/18/2 Kostrad Di Jabung Kabupaten Malang,
responden nya adalah personil TNI AD di Bataliyon
Linta Udara 502/18/2 Kostrad Di Jabung Kabupaten
Malang. Jenis dan Metode Pengumpulan Data adalah
data primer dan sekunder. Data primer dikumpulkan
dengan
menggunakan
kuesioner
dengan
menggunakan skala data ordinal yaitu semantic.
Responden sebanyak lima kali jumlah indikator yaitu
(5x12) = 60 orang.
Analisis
Data
menggunakan
GeSCA
(Generalized Structure Component Analysis). Langkahlangkah menganalisis data dengan metode GeSCA
menurut Solimun (2010)[3] dan Gozali (2008), sebagai
berikut :
 Merancang Model Struktural (hubungan antar
variabel laten)
 Merancang Model Pengukuran (refleksif atau
formatif)
 Mengkonstruksi Diagram Jalur




Konversi Diagram Jalur ke Sistem Persamaan
Estimasi: Koef. Jalur, Loading dan Weight
Evaluasi Goodness of Fit
Pengujian Hipotesis (Resampling Bootstraping)
Model ketahanan pangan terhadap peningkatan
SDM yang tangguh di TNI AD Bataliyon Linta Udara
502/18/2 Kostrad Di Jabung Kabupaten Malangdalam
merancang model strukturalnya didasarkan pada
teori, hasil penelitian empirisdan adopsi, hubungan
antar variabel pada bidang ilmu yanglain. Hasil
penyusunan model nya seperti tampak pada gambar
1.
Pada penelitian ini dalam merancang model
pengukuran melalui konstruk dengan analisis
komponen utama yaitu menganggap bahwa variabel
latent dibentuk (formasi) dari sejumlah indikator.
Dalam kasus penelitian ini dapat dikatakan 2 model
pengukuran adalah reflektif dan satu model
pengukuran adalah formatif. Variabel latent dalam
penelitian ini adalah sumberdaya (X1), Ketahanan
Pangan (Y1) dan SDM yang Tangguh (Y2). SDM yang
tangguh terefleksi dalam indikator sehat, aktif dan
produktif.
SDM yang tangguh dipengaruhi oleh ketahanan
pangan dan sumberdaya. Ketahanan pangan dibentuk
oleh indikator ketersediaan, keterjangkauan dan
pemanfaatan konsumsi pangan dan gizi. SDM yang
tangguh terefleksi dari indikator sehat, aktif dan
produktif. Ketahanan pangan dibentuk dari indikator
ketersediaan, keterjangkauan, pemanfaatan konsumsi
pangan dan gizi. Sumberdaya terefleksi dalam
indikator lahan, air, SDM, teknologi, kelembagaan dan
budaya. Masing-masing model pengukuran reflektif
dan formatif dapat dilihat pada gambar dibawah ini
Sehat
Aktif
SDM yang tangguh
Lahan
Air
Gambar 2. Model Pengukuran Reflektif Variabel SDM Yang Tangguh
Sehat
SDM
Tekno
logi
Sumber
daya
SDM yang tangguh
Ketahanan Pangan
Ketersediaan
Keterjangkauan
Aktif
Produk
tif
Kelem
baga
an
Budaya
Produktif
Pemanfaatan konsumsi
pangan dan gizi
angka
uan
(Y1.2)
1. Distribusi Frekuensi Jawaban Responden
Variabel distribusi frekuensi jawaban
responden
diantaranya
adalah
1)
variabel
sumberdaya, 2) variabel ketahanan pangan, dan 3)
variabel sumber daya yang tangguh.
Pernyataan
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Lahan
(X1)
Air
(X2)
SDM
(X.3)
Teknologi
(X.4)
a.
b.
Kelembaga
c.
an d.
(X.5) e.
a.
b.
Budayac.
(X.6) d.
e.
Sangat Setuju
Setuju
Netral
Tidak Setuju
Sangat Tidak
Setuju
Total
a. Sangat Setuju
b. Setuju
c. Netral
d. Tidak Setuju
e. Sangat Tidak
Setuju
Total
a. Sangat Setuju
b. Setuju
c. Netral
d. Tidak Setuju
e. Sangat Tidak
Setuju
Total
a. Sangat Setuju
b. Setuju
c. Netral
d. Tidak Setuju
e. Sangat Tidak
Setuju
Total
Sangat Setuju
Setuju
Netral
Tidak Setuju
Sangat Tidak Setuju
Total
Sangat Setuju
Setuju
Netral
Tidak Setuju
Sangat Tidak Setuju
Total
Jumlah
Present
Orang
ase (%)
8,3
13,8
30,7
51,1
6
10
10,3
17,3
4,7
7,8
60
19,5
36,5
2
2
0
100
32,5
60,9
3,3
3,3
0
60
6,3
18,3
14,7
19
1,7
100
10,5
30,5
24,5
31,7
2,8
60
18,5
31
8
3,5
0
100
30,8
50,1
13,3
5,8
0
60
18
34,5
4,5
3
0
60
22
31
6
1
0
60
100
30
57,5
7,5
5
0
100
36,7
51,7
10
1,8
0
100
 Ketahanan Pangan (Y1)
Item
Keters
ediaan
(Y1.1)
Keterj
Pernyataan
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
2,4
0
4
0
60
9,3
44,4
5,3
1
0
100
15,5
74
8,8
1,7
0
60
100
 SDM yang Tangguh Y2
Sumberdaya (X)
Item
Peman
faatan
(Y1.3)
d. Tidak Setuju
e. Sangat Tidak
Setuju
Total
a. Sangat Setuju
b. Setuju
c. Netral
d. Tidak Setuju
e. Sangat Tidak
Setuju
Total
Sangat Setuju
Setuju
Netral
Tidak Setuju
Sangat Tidak
Setuju
Total
a. Sangat Setuju
b. Setuju
c. Netral
Jumlah
Presentase
Orang
(%)
18
30
30,5
50,3
4,3
7,7
6,2
10,3
1
1,7
60
10,2
34,6
12,8
100
17
57,7
21,3
Item
Sehat
(Y2.1)
Pernyataan
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Aktif
(Y2.2)
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Produktif
(Y2.3)
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Sangat Setuju
Setuju
Netral
Tidak Setuju
Sangat Tidak
Setuju
Total
Sangat Setuju
Setuju
Netral
Tidak Setuju
Sangat Tidak
Setuju
Total
Sangat Setuju
Setuju
Netral
Tidak Setuju
Sangat Tidak
Setuju
Total
Jumlah
Presentase
Orang
(%)
15
25
34,3
57,2
6
10
4,7
7,8
0
0
60
10
45
2,5
1,5
1
100
16,7
75
4,1
2,5
1,7
60
9,5
41
9
0,5
0
100
15,8
68,3
15
0,9
0
60
100
2. Uji Validitas dan Reliabilitas Variabel Sumberdaya
(X1)
Hasil uji validitas dan Reliabilitas terhadap
instrumen penelitian untuk Variabel Perilaku Pimpinan
Hasil Uji Validitas dan Reliabilitas Variabel Sumberdaya
(X1)
Variabel:
VariabelSumberdaya
Validitas
Reliabilitas
Indikator
Pearson
Correlation
Keteranga
n
X.1.1
0,525
Valid
X.1.2
0,468
Valid
X.1.3
0.464
Valid
X.1.4
-0,003
Tidak Valid
X.2.1
0,668
Valid
X.2.2
0,589
Valid
X.3.1
0,672
Valid
X.3.2
0,476
Valid
X.3.3
0,370
Valid
X.4.1
0,656
Valid
X.4.2
0,701
Valid
X.5.1
0,725
Valid
Alpha
Cronbach
0,840
Keteranga
n
Reliabel
X.5.2
0,448
Valid
Y.1.2.1
0,772
Valid
X.6.1
0,808
Valid
Y1.2.2
0,703
Valid
X.6.2
0,839
Valid
Y1.2.3
0,563
Valid
X.6.3
0,821
Valid
Y1.2.4
0,521
Valid
Y1.2.5
0,623
Valid
Y1.3.1
0,779
Valid
Y1.3.1
0,558
Valid
0,610
Valid
Karena ada satu indikator yang tidak valid
maka indikator X1.4 dibuang dan diuji lagi validitas
dan reliabilitasnya, hasilnya tampak dalam Tabel
dibawah ini:
Hasil Uji Validitas dan Reliabilitas Variabel Sumberdaya (X) hasil
revisi
Variabel:
VariabelSumberdaya
Validitas
Reliabilitas
Indikator
Pearson
Correlation
Keterangan
X.1.1
0,492
Valid
X.1.2
0,459
Valid
X.1.3
0,475
Valid
X.2.1
0,672
Valid
X.2.2
0,617
Valid
X.3.1
0,676
Valid
X.3.2
0,531
Valid
X.3.3
0,379
Valid
X.4.1
0,650
Valid
X.4.2
0,726
X.5.1
Alpha
Cronbach
Keterangan
0,876
Reliabel
Y1.3.3
Berdasarkan tabel bahwa semua item
indikator untuk variabel ketahanan pangan nilai
Pearson Correlation lebih besar dari 0,3 semuanya.
Dengan demikian dapat disimpulkan semua item
indikator ketahanan instrumennya dapat digunakan
mengukur apa yang seharusnya diukur. Dan nilai
reliabilitas adalah nilai Alpha Cronbach nya sebesar
0,847 yang lebih besar dari 0,6. Artinya instrumen
memberikan keajegan jawaban oleh responden. Hasil
uji validitas dan reliabilitas variabel endogen SDM
yang tangguh (Y2) dapat dilihat dalam Tabel berikut :
Hasil Uji Validitas dan Reliabilitas VariabelSDM yang tangguh
Variabel:
Variabel Ketahanan pangan
Validitas
Reliabilitas
Indikator
Pearson
Correlation
Keterangan
Valid
Y2.1.1
0,551
Valid
0,714
Valid
Y2.1.2
0,660
Valid
X.5.2
0,505
Valid
Y2.1.3
0,453
Valid
X.6.1
0,781
Valid
Y2.2.1
0,695
Valid
0,772
Valid
X.6.2
0,825
Valid
Y.1.2.1
X.6.3
0,802
Valid
Y2.2.2
0,703
Valid
Y2.3.1
0,563
Valid
Y2.3.2
0,521
Valid
Berdasarkan tabel dia atas bahwa semua item
indikator untuk variabel sumberdaya nilai Pearson
Correlation lebih besar dari 0,3 semuanya. Dengan
demikian dapat disimpulkan semua item indikator
sumberdaya instrumennya dapat digunakan mengukur
apa yang seharusnya diukur. Dan nilai reliabilitas
adalah nilai Alpha Cronbach nya sebesar 0,876 yang
lebih besar dari 0,6. Artinya instrumen memberikan
keajegan jawaban oleh responden. Hasil uji validitas
dan reliabilitas variabel endogen ketahanan pangan
(Y1) dapat dilihat dalam Tabel berikut :
Hasil Uji Validitas dan Reliabilitas Variabel Ketahanan pangan
Variabel:
Variabel Ketahanan pangan
Validitas
Alpha
Cronbach
Keterangan
0,847
Reliabel
Berdasarkan tabel bahwa semua item
indikator untuk variabel SDM yang tangguh nilai
Pearson Correlation lebih besar dari 0,3 semuanya.
Dengan demikian dapat disimpulkan semua item
indikator ketahanan pangan, instrumennya dapat
digunakan mengukur apa yang seharusnya diukur. Dan
nilai reliabilitas adalah nilai Alpha Cronbach nya
sebesar 0,847 yang lebih besar dari 0,6. Artinya
instrumen memberikan keajegan jawaban oleh
responden.
Pengembangan Diagram Jalur
Reliabilitas
Indikator
Pearson
Correlation
Keterangan
Alpha
Cronbach
Keterangan
Y1.1.1
0,551
Valid
0,847
Reliabel
Y1.1.2
0,660
Valid
Y1.1.3
0,453
Valid
Y1.1.4
0,695
Valid
Pengembangan diagram jalur pada peneliti ini
merupakan hasil output aplikasi GeSCA onlineyang
berdasar pada model tructural dan model pengukuran
penelitian yang diajukan.
Pengembangan Diagram Jalur
Pengembangan diagram jalur pada peneliti ini
merupakan hasil output aplikasi GeSCA onlineyang
berdasar pada model structural
pengukuran penelitian yang diajukan.
1,8
model
SDM yang
tangguh
Sumber
daya
6,61
dan
2,08
*
*
Ketahanan
Pangan
Pengaruh Sumber Daya Terhadap Ketahanan Pangan
Sumber daya memiliki hubungan positif dan
signifikan terhadap ketahanan pangan karena nilai
kritis yang diperoleh sebesar 6.61. Hal ini dikarenakan
item indikator sumberdaya lahan, air, SDM, teknologi,
kelembagaan dan budaya yang miliki oleh suatu
wilayah semakin meningkat maka akan meningkat
pula ketahanan pangan penduduk di suatu daerah
tersebut dalam hal ini penduduk di wilayah kecamata
Jabung Kabupaten Malang. Karena dengan tingginya
sumberdaya yang dimiliki oleh wilayah Kecamatan
Jabung Kabupaten Malang terkait dengan lahan, air,
SDM,
teknologi,
kelembagaan
dan
budaya
menyebabkan tingginya ketersediaan, keterjangkauan
dan pemanfaatan konsumsi pangan dan gizi semakin
tinggi pula.
ketersediaan
pangan,
keterjangkauan
untuk
memperoleh pangan dan
pemanfaatan konsumsi pangan dan gizi yang
maksimal maka akan menyebbkan SDM-SDM yang ada
di wilayah yang bersangkutan (anggota LINUD 502
Jabung Malang) akan menjadi tangguh
Measurement Model
Measurement model berfungsi sebagai
spesifikasi hubungan antara variabel laten dengan
indikatornya. Pada penelitian ini, terdapat model
indikator variabel laten yang bersifat reflektif pada
variabel endogen. Untuk variabel laten endogen dapat
dilihat pada tabel Tabel Variabel Sumber Daya (X)
Untuk variabel sumber daya terdapat enam
indikator yang mendeskripsikan variabel sumber daya.
Dilihat dari loading estimasi yang diperoleh, indikator
(SD6) budaya paling dapat mendeskripsikan variabel
sumber daya. Hal ini dikarenakan nilai loading faktor
estimate paling besar dari pada indikator lainnya yaitu
sebesar 0.796.
diperoleh, indikator (SD6) budaya mendeskripsikan
variabel sumber daya secara nyata karena nilai yang
diperoleh sebesar 11.74 signifikan pada tingkat
kepercayaan 95%.
Tabel Variabel Sumber Daya (X)
Pengaruh Sumber Daya Terhadap Sumber Daya
Manusia yang Tangguh
Sumber daya memiliki hubungan positif dan tidak
signifikan terhadap sumber daya manusia yang
tangguh karena nilai kritis yang diperoleh sebesar 1.8.
Hal ini dikarenakan jika hanya memiliki sumberdaya
yaitu lahan, air, SDM, teknologi, kelembagaan dan
budaya namun tidak dimanfaatkan secara maksimal
maka
akan
mempengaruhi
ketersediaa,
keterjangkauan dan pemanfaatan konsumsi pangan
dan gizi juga tidak maksimal yang akhirnya tidak
menyebabkan SDM yang tangguh yaitu sehat, aktif
dan produktif. Dengan demikian suatu wilayah jika
mempunyai jumlah sumberdaya yang cukup
diharuskan
SDM
nya
memaksimalkan
pemanfaatannya. Pengaruh Ketahanan Pangan
TerhadapSumber Daya Manusia yang Tangguh
Ketahanan memiliki hubungan positif dan
signifikan terhadap sumber daya manusia yang
tangguh karena nilai kritis yang diperoleh sebesar
2,08. Artinya semakin tinggi ketahanan pangan di
suatu wilayah yang diilustrasikan melalui ketersediaan
bahan pangan, keterjangkauan dalam memperoleh
bahan pangan dan pemanfaatan konsumsi pangan dan
gizi semakin tinggi maka semakin tinggi pula
ketangguhan SDM di wilayah tersebut (dalam hal ini
Kecamatan Jabung Kabupaten Malang). Hal ini
dikarenakan item indikator ketahanan pangan yaitu
Vari
able
Loading
Estim
ate
SE
Weight
CR
SD
SD1
SD2
SD3
SD4
SD5
SD6
Esti
mat
e
SE
CR
Esti
ma
te
SE
CR
0.2
83
0.5
37
0.3
56
0.6
12
0.5
78
0.6
34
0.1
23
0.1
17
0.1
00
0.0
90
0.1
02
0.1
05
2.3
AVE = 0.500, Alpha =0.792
0.1
0.13
0.532
4.2*
27
4
0.0
9.3
0.27
0.733
79
3*
3
0.0
6.5
0.21
0.596
92
1*
8
0.0
13.
0.21
0.782
59
31*
1
0.0
11.
0.32
0.760
68
18*
9
0.0
11.
0.23
0.796
68
74*
1
Varia
ble
Loading
Estim
ate
S
E
0.04
7
0.05
6
0.03
6
0.03
8
0.03
5
0.05
5
2.8
4*
4.8
9*
6.1
1*
5.6
2*
9.4
4*
4.2
*
Weight
C
R
KP
Estim
ate
SE
*
4.5
9*
3.5
4*
6.8
1*
5.6
9*
6.0
2*
SMC
CR
Estim
ate
S
E
C
R
0
0
0
0
0
0
AVE = 0.000, Alpha =0.534
0.2
29
0.3
KP3
0
0
0
0.732
07
Tabel Variabel Ketahanan Pangan (Y1)
KP1
SMC
0
0
0
0.460
2.0
1*
2.3
8*
Untuk variabel ketahanan pangan, terdapat dua
indikator yang mendeskripsikan variabel ketahanan
pangan. Dilihat dari loading estimasi yang diperoleh,
indikator
(KP3)
pemanfaatan
paling
dapat
mendeskripsikan variabel ketahanan pangan. Hal ini
dikarenakan nilai weight faktor estimate paling besar
dari pada indikator lainnya yaitu sebesar 0.732.
Berdasarkan nilai titik kritis (CR) yang diperoleh,
indikator (KP3) pemanfaatan mendeskripsikan variabel
ketahanan pangan secara nyata karena nilai yang
diperoleh sebesar 2.38 signifikan pada tingkat
kepercayaan 95%.
Tabel Variabel SDM yang Tangguh (Y2)
Vari
Loading
Weight
SMC
able
Esti
Esti
Esti
mat
SE
CR
mat
SE CR
mat
SE
e
e
e
SD
M
AVE = 0.638, Alpha =0.689
0.
0.
6.
0.
SD
0.76
06
12.
0.40
06
59
0.58
08
M1
*
4
0
68*
1
1
3
7
0.
0.
5.
0.
SD
0.75
08
8.7
0.35
06
14
0.56
12
M2
*
4
6
5*
4
9
9
2
0.
0.
0.
SD
0.87
04
19.
0.48
05
8.
0.76
07
M3
2
5
55*
9
5
9*
0
6
CR
6.
71
*
4.
67
*
9.
99
*
Untuk variabel sumber daya manusia yang
tangguh terdapat tiga indikator yang mendeskripsikan
variabel sumber daya manusia yang tangguh. Dilihat
dari loading estimasi yang diperoleh, indikator (SDM3)
produktif paling dapat mendeskripsikan variabel
sumber daya manusia yang tangguh. Hal ini
dikarenakan nilai loading faktor estimate paling besar
dari pada indikator lainnya yaitu sebesar 0.872.
diperoleh,
indikator
(SDM3)
produktif
mendeskripsikan variabel sumber daya manusia yang
tangguh secara nyata karena nilai yang diperoleh
sebesar 19.55 signifikan pada tingkat kepercayaan
95%.
Struktural Model
Berdasarkan hasil output GeSCA online nilai Path
Coeffisien antar variabel laten dapat dilihat pada tabel
berikut:
Variabel
Effect
Direct
Indirect
Total
Sumber Daya->Ketahanan
Pangan
0.590
-0,504
0.086
Sumber Daya->SDM
0.280
-0,094
0.186
Ketahanan Pangan->SDM
0.444
-0,161
0.283
Berdasarkan tabel di atas dapat diketahui
bahwa hubungan variabel yang terbentuk adalah :
Persamaan 1 : Sumber Daya = 0.590 Ketahanan
Pangan + 0.280SDM
Dari persamaan 1 dapat diinformasikan bahwa :
a. Koefisien direct effect Ketahanan Pangan sebesar
0.590 menyatakan bahwa sumber daya dalam
mempengaruhi ketahanan pangan adalah sebesar
59% dapat dikatakan berpengaruh positif dan
secara langsung terhadap sumber daya. Hal ini
berarti item indikator ketahanan pangan yaitu
ketahanan pangan di suatu wilayah yang
diilustrasikan melalui ketersediaan bahan pangan,
keterjangkauan dalam memperoleh bahan pangan
dan pemanfaatan konsumsi pangan dan gizi
semakin tinggi maka semakin tinggi pula
ketangguhan SDM di wilayah tersebut (dalam hal
ini Kecamatan Jabung Kabupaten Malang) yaitu
seht, aktif dan produktif.
b. Koefisien direct effect SDM sebesar 0.280
menyatakan bahwa sumber daya dalam
mempengaruhi sumber daya manusia adalah
sebesar 28% dapat dikatakan berpengaruh positif
dan secara langsung terhadap sumber daya. Hal ini
berarti item indikator sumberdaya lahan, air, SDM,
teknologi, kelembagaan dan budaya menentukan
ketangguhan SDM suatu daerah tersebut dalam
hal ini penduduk di wilayah kecamata Jabung
Kabupaten Malang. Karena dengan tingginya
sumberdaya yang dimiliki oleh wilayah Kecamatan
Jabung Kabupaten Malang terkait dengan lahan,
air, SDM, teknologi, kelembagaan dan budaya
menyebabkan
tingginya
ketersediaan,
keterjangkauan dan pemanfaatan konsumsi
pangan dan gizi semakin tinggi pula yang pada
gilrannya akan meningkatkan ketangguhan SDM
Persamaan 2 : Ketahanan Pangan = 0.444 Sumber
Daya Manusia
Koefisien direct effect SDM sebesar 0.444
menyatakan bahwa ketahanan pangan dalam
mempengaruhi ketangguhan sumber daya manusia
adalah sebesar 44,4% dapat dikatakan berpengaruh
positif dan secara langsung terhadap sumber daya. Hal
ini berarti ketangguhan SDM suatu wilayah yaitu
sehat, aktif dan produktif ditentukan oleh
sumberdaya yang dimiliki oleh suatu wilayah yaitu
lahan, air, SDM, teknologi, kelembagaan dan budaya
namun syaratnya harus dimanfaatkan secara maksima
agar
ketersediaan
bahan
pangan
banyak,
keterjangkauan dalam memperoleh bahan pangan
relatif dekat dan pemanfaatan konsumsi pangan dan
gizi.
Measures of Fit
 Measures of Fit Measurement Model
Bilamana indikator bersifat refleksif, maka
diperlukan evaluasi berupa kalibrasi instrument, yaitu
dengan pemerikasaan validitas dan reabilitas.
a. Corvergent Validity
Menurut (Chin, 1998 dalam Ghozali, 2008)[4],
convergent validity setiap indikator dalam mengukur
variabel laten ditunjukkan oleh besar kecilnya loading
factor. Suatu indikator dikatakan mempunyai
convergent validity yang baik apabila loading bernilai
lebih positif dari 0.70 dan signifikan.
Untuk
pengukuran Validitas, loading 0,5 sampai 0,6 dianggap
cukup. Untuk convergent validity penelitian dapat
dilihat pada tabel berikut.
Variabel
Indikator
Loading
Cut
Factor
Off
Lahan
0.532
0.5
Air
0.733
0.5
Sumber
SDM
0.596
0.5
Daya
Teknologi
0.782
0.5
(X)
Kelembagaan
0.760
0.5
Budaya
0.796
0.5
Ketahanan
Ketersediaan
0.460
0.5
Pangan (Y1) Pemanfaatan
0.732
0.5
SDM yang
Sehat
0.764
0.5
Tangguh
Aktif
0.754
0.5
(Y2)
Produktif
0.872
0.5
Keterangan
Valid
Valid
Valid
Valid
Valid
Valid
Tidak Valid
Valid
Valid
Valid
Valid
Berdasarkan loading factor yang dihasilkan
dapat diketahui bahwa indikator masing-masing
variabel laten yaitu sumber daya (lahan, air, SDM,
teknologi, kelembagaan, dan budaya), ketahanan
pangan (pemanfaatan), dan sumber daya yang
tangguh (sehat, aktif, produktif) memiliki loading
factor yang lebih besar dari nilai cut off nya, sebesar
0,5. Dengan demikian indikator tersebut dapat
dinyatakan valid sebagai pengukur variabel latennya,
kecuali pada variabel ketahanan pangan pada
indikator ketersediaan yang nilainya di bawah 0,5.
 Discriminant Validity
Pengukuran discriminant validity dilakukan
dengan cara membandingkan nilai akar kuadarat AVE
(average variance extracted) setiap variabel dengan
nilai korelasi antar konstruk. Jika nilai akar AVE lebih
tinggi dari pada korelasi antar konstruk yang lain,
maka dikatakan konstruk memiliki validitas yang baik
(Solimun, 2010)[5]. Perhitungan Composite Reliability
dan Average Variance dapat dilihat pada Lampiran
Hasil discriminant validity dapat dilihat melalui
ringkasan perhitungan dalam tabel berikut:
Sumber Daya
Sumber Daya
Ketahanan
Pangan
0.590
Sumber Daya
Manusia
0.542
Ketahanan
Pangan
Sumber Daya
Manusia
0.590
0.542
0.610
0.610
Hasil pada tabel diatas diketahui bahwa nilai
dari akar AVE pada masing-masing konstruk lebih
besarl daripada koefisien korelasi antar konstruk.
Dengan demikian discriminant validity keseluruhan
variabel dapat dikatakan konstruk memiliki validitas
yang baik.
 Internal Cosistency Reability
Pengukuran
reliabilitas
untuk
GeSCA
dilakukan menggunakan ukuran reliabilitas konstruk
(Composite Reliability) ataupun jumlah varian
keseluruhan dalam indikator yang dijelaskan oleh
konstruk latent (Average Variance Extracted (AVE))
atau biasa disebut discriminant reliability. Menurut
Nunnaly (1966) dalam Solimun (2010)[5] suatu
konstruk dikatakan reliabel jika nilai Composite
Reliability di atas 0,60. Nilai discriminant reliability
lebih besar sama dengan 0,50 maka dapat dinyatakan
kontruk GeSCA telah reliabel. Pada indikator formatif
ukuran validitas dievaluasi berdasarkan pada
substantive contentnya, yaitu dengan melihat
signifikansi dari weight, jika signifikan (p < 0,05) berarti
valid. Internal consistency reability dapat dilihat tabel
berikut :
Tabel Internal Cosistency Reability
Variabel
Composite
Discriminant
Reliability
Reliability
Sumber Daya
0.854
0.499
Ketahanan
0.532
0.374
Pangan
Sumber Daya
0.840
0.637
Manusia
Berdasarkan tabel di atas, dapat diketahui
bahwa Composite Reliability variabel ketahanan
pangan belum terpenuhi karena nilainya lebih kecil
dari 0,60. Kemudian hasil analisis tersebut juga
menghasilkan nilai discriminant reliability pada
variabel sumber daya dan ketahanan pangan nilainya
lebih kecil dari nilai cut off sebesar 0,50. Dengan
demikian discriminant reliability variabel tersebut
belum terpenuhi.
Model Fit
Berdasarkan output GSCA online didapat model fit
seperti pada tabel berikut :
Model Fit
FIT
0.474
AFIT
0.455
NPAR
23
FIT = 0.474
FIT menunjukkan varian total dari semua
variabel yang dapat dijelaskan
oleh model tertentu. Nilai FIT berkisar dari 0
sampai 1. Jadi, model yang terbentuk dapat
menjelaskan semua variabel yang ada sebesar 0,474.
Sumber daya, ketahan pangan, dan sumber daya
manusia yang tangguh adalah sebesar 47,4% dan
-
sisanya (52,6%) dapat dijelaskan oleh variabel yang
lain. Berarti model cukup baik untuk menjelaskan
fenomena yang dikaji.
AFIT = 0.455
Adjusted dari FIT hampir sama dengan FIT.
Namun, karena variabel yang mempengaruhi
ketahanan pangan tidak hanya satu melainkan ada dua
variabel sehingga akan lebih baik apabila interpretasi
tentang ketepatan model menggunakan FIT yang
sudah terkoreksi atau menggunakan AFIT. Karena
semakin banyak variabel yang mempengaruhi maka
nilai FIT akan semakin besar karena proporsi
keragaman juga akan meningkat sehingga untuk
menyesuaikan dengan variabel yang ada dapat
menggunakan FIT yang sudah terkoreksi. Jika dilihat
dari nilai AFIT, keragaman sumber daya, ketahanan
pangan dan sumber daya manusia yang tangguh yang
dapat dijelaskan oleh model adalah sebesar 45,5% dan
sisanya (54,5%) dapat dijelaskan oleh variabel yang
lain.
-
Measure of fit Structural model
Goodness of Fit Model struktural diukur
menggunakan FIT, yaitu setara dengan R square pada
analisis regresi atau koefisien determinasi total pada
analisis jalur. 1) FIT menunjukkan varian total dari
semua variabel yang dapat dijelaskan oleh model
struktural. Nilai FIT berkisar dari 0 sampai 1, semakin
besar nilai ini, semakin besar proporsi varian variabel
yang dapat dijelaskan oleh model. Jika nilai FIT = 1
berarti model secara sempurna dapat menjelaskan
fenomena yang diselidiki. 2) AFIT (Adjusted FIT) serupa
dengan R2 adjusted pada analisis regresi. AFIT dapat
digunakan untuk perbandingan model. Model dengan
AFIT nilai terbesar dapat dipilih antara model yang
lebih baik(Solimun,2010)[5].
Pengujian Hipotesis
Pengujian hipotesis dilakukan dengan metode
resampling bootstrap. Statistik uji yang digunakan
adalah statistik t (statistik diperoleh dengan membagi
loading factor dengan standar errornya), dengan
hipotesis statistik, dapat dilihat pada tabel berikut
Variabel
Effect
Estimate
S.E
t.Statistk
Sumber Daya >
Ketahanan
0.590
0.089
6.61
Pangan
Sumber Daya>
Sumber Daya
0.279
0.155
1.8
Manusia
Ketahanan
Pangan > Sumber
0.445
0.214
2.08
Daya Manusia
t.Tabel
1,67
1,67
1,67
Hipotesis 1 yaitu : Pengaruh sumber daya terhadap
ketahanan pangan. Pada hasil pengujian yang tertera
pada tabel di atas dapat diketahui bahwa nilai t
statistik antara sumber daya terhadap ketahanan
pangnadalah 6.61 dengan tingkat signifikasi 0,05.
(T.statistik 6.61>1,67 T.tabel). Hal ini menunjukkan
bahwa sumber dayaberpengaruh signifkanterhadap
ketahanan pa Hipotesis 2 yaitu : Pengaruh sumber
daya terhadap sumber daya manusia yang tangguh.
Pada hasil pengujian yang tertera pada tabel di atas
dapat diketahui bahwa nilai t statistik antara sumber
daya terhadap sumber daya manusia yang
tangguhadalah 1.8 dengan tingkat signifikasi 0,05.
bahwa sumber dayaberpengaruh signifkanterhadap
sumber daya manusia yang tangguh.
Hipotesis 3 yaitu : Pengaruh ketahanan pangan
terhadap sumber daya manusia yang tangguh. Pada
hasil pengujian yang tertera pada tabel di atas dapat
diketahui bahwa nilai t statistik antara ketahanan
pangan terhadap sumber daya manusia yang
tangguhadalah 2.08 dengan tingkat signifikasi 0,05.
bahwa ketahanan panganberpengaruh
signifkanterhadap sumber daya manusia yang
tangguh.
KESIMPULAN
Kesimpuan dari penelitian ini adalah
1. Semua indikator dari sumberdaya (lahan, air,
SDM, teknologi, kelembagaan, budaya) dan
ketahanan
pangan
(ketersediaan,
keterjangkauan, pemanfaatan konsumsi pangan
dan gizi) dan SDM yang tangguh (sehat, aktif dan
produktif) adalah valid dan reliabel artinya
instrumen penelitian yaitu kuesioner dapat
digunakan untuk mengukur apa yang seharusnya
diukur dan keajegan jawaban responden adalah
dapat dipertanggungjawabkan
2. Hubungan antara sumberdaya dan ketahanan
pangan adalah positif signifikan
3. Hubungan antara ketahanan pangan dan SDM
yang tngguh adalah positif signifikan
4. Hubungan antara sumberdaya dan SDM yang
tangguh adalah positf tetapi tidak signifikan. Hal
ini menunjukkan kepemilikn sumberdaya agar
berpengaruh terhadap ketangguhan SDM maka
harus dimaksimalkan pemanfaatan sumberdaya
yang ada
5. Dengan demikian variabel ketahanan pangan
merupakan
variabel
moderating
antara
sumberdaya dan ketangguhan SDM
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
[1]. Hikam. 2014. Memperkuat Ketahanan Pangan
Demi Masa Depan Indonesia 2015-2025. Badan
Intelijen Negara (BIN). Jakarta
[2]. Suhady and Sinaga, 2006
[3]. Solimun, 2013. Diklat Penguatan Metodologi
Penelitian. Program Studi Statstika Fakultas
MIPA. Universitas Brawijaya. Malang
[4] Chin, 1998 dalam Ghozali, 2008
[5] Solimun, 2010. Diklat Penguatan Metodologi
Penelitian. Program Studi Statstika Fakultas
MIPA. Universitas Brawijaya. Malang

Proceeding - Program Pascasarjana

Transcription

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