RESERVE REPORT Solifugids

RESERVE REPORT
October 2015
Introduction
With summer in full swing one can inspect to see an increased movement amongst insects, spiders, snakes and
scorpions.
This month Paige Ezzey, our Conservation Intern, studies and shares some interesting facts about the life of the eye
catching solifugid.
Solifugids
With the change of season, you may have noticed that the very scary looking solifugids have started making frequent
appearances on your walls, floors or in your shadow.
The sight of this critter can cause your blood to chill from its bloodcurdling appearance, with the body of a hairy spider
and a face with jaws that resemble a crab’s pincers. What is particularly frightening is the way they run towards you
and seem to actually follow you through the house.
With this sort of appearance and behaviour description, Solifugids can appear to be your worst nightmare. But what
are the true facts about these very unique creatures?
Solifugids facts:
•
Solifugids go by many different names, such as “sun spider”, “camel spider”, “red roman” and “wind scorpion”
•
Although their many names have the word “spider” or “scorpion” in them, they are neither true scorpions (order
Scorpiones) nor true spiders (order Araneae). However they do belong to the Arachnid family.
•
The main difference between Solifugae and spiders is that Solifugae lack the ability to spin webs as a result of
having no spinnerets and silk producing organs. Solifugae also lack the adaption for considerate mobility, an
adaption that spiders need in order to be efficient web spinners.
•
Solifugids or sun spiders completely lack venom, another characteristic that separates them from true spiders
Anatomy:
•
The prosoma contains the head, the mouthparts, and the somites that bear the legs and the pedipalps. The
prosoma is also known as the “cephalothorax” which indicates that the prosoma on Solifugae forms both the head
and thorax. The prosoma has a large, relatively advanced anterior carapace, which bears eyes and chelicerae,
while a smaller posterior section bears the legs.
•
Solifugae lack book lungs and instead breathe by means of an advanced tracheal system on the underside of the
animal’s abdomen.
•
Solifugids have large jaws and eight legs which help make them efficient predators. The large jaws allow them to
take on large, difficult prey such as scorpions and the eight legs give them great speed and mobility.
•
“Solifugae are moderately small to large arachnids. The body length can range from 5 cm to 7 cm in most species.
Larger species however can be up to 12 cm – 17 cm including body and legs.
Solifugid respiratory slots
What Are They Doing in Your House?
•
Hunting for other insects, scorpions, spiders, lizards and any other bite size prey items they can overcome.
•
Hiding from sunlight. The reason they run towards you is to acquire the shade from your shadow. At night time
however, they will move towards the light.
Habitat and Habits:
•
Solifugids are found in arid regions and semi-deserts, which is why they are fairly common on Ingwelala. They
prefer hot, dry climates and rugged terrain.
•
Solifugids heavily dislike sunlight. The Latin word “Solifugae” means to “detest light”.
•
For the reason that solifugids dislike light, they are nocturnal.
•
Solifugid females may burrow into the ground in holes where it is dark and protected to lay her eggs. Solis come
into the house seeking darkness and are mostly found in dark, quiet places, such as cupboards, attics, garages
and dark bedrooms ☺. They are also common where there is an established insect population which they depend
on for food.
Solifugids, friend or foes?
• If Solifugids are common in your bungalow it may indicate that you have a pest problem. Removing these critters
isn’t always recommended as they can help to reduce much less desirable nuisances such as cockroaches and
scorpions.
• They are harmless and pose no threat unless provoked. If bitten, seek medical attention to ensure that infection
does not arise.
References:
Facts researched off the internet (Wikipedia and other solifugid related sites)
Paige has also being hard at work in the river beds, working with AWARD staff to take stock of what organisms inhabit
our river courses. AWARD is a national initiative, aimed at assessing and monitoring the general aquatic health of all
the major catchments in our country. Locally on Ingwelala, the Nhlaralumi and Sekgobela Rivers are tributaries to the
Olifants River, and therefore have a direct effect on the quality of water delivered to the Olifants. In its initial
assessment stages AWARD staff undertake a biodiversity blitz to establish an inventory of species occurring in the
rivers, while simultaneously training resident conservation staff to continue this function in the long term. This is a
fantastic environmental initiative, well worth supporting!
The World beneath the Reeds
If you come to a wilderness area such as the Umbabat Private Nature Reserve, you would immediately notice the
myriads of different land animal forms of all different shapes and sizes, such as mammals, reptiles, birds and even the
small invertebrates and insects. You find that they never cease to amaze you with their different characters and
appearances. This is why we all love a place like Ingwelala so much as it allows us to enjoy such wonders within a
completely natural, undisturbed environment that just seems to speak to the soul of many.
Yet, what if I told you that the wonders of nature go far beyond the dry, on land ecosystem of the wilderness area that
is Ingwelala and the Umbabat? Yes, there is a whole other world, beneath the fresh water reeds in so many of the
zones where natural river water still remains in the vast river network system on the reserve.
There is complex fresh water, aquatic ecosystem that exists within the natural water systems in the Lowveld region. A
fresh water ecosystem usually consists of:
•
Autotrophs/Food Producers: These are aquatic plants such as the floating water fern and cabbage weed.
There are also submerged plants such as Alligator weed and; Aquatic plants occur within the Littoral Zone of
a fresh water pond or river.
•
Heterotrophs/Consumers of other biotic material: These include all the organisms (animals) that depend on
the consumption of other organisms to survive. There are different consumer categories, these are: Primary
Consumers or herbivores, Secondary Consumers or carnivores and Tertiary Consumers or scavengers (these
organisms feed on dead biotic or waste material which is formally known as “detritus).
What is especially interesting about the organisms in fresh water systems is that they are indicators of whether the
water quality is high or poor. The balance of the chemical make-up in the water has a major influence on the
organisms that can survive within a fresh water system. There is in fact, a whole study dedicated to the analyzing of
the organisms that occur in fresh water to determine whether the system is under threat or not. This all forms part of
Limnology (the ecological study of fresh water ecosystems).
Bioindicator Macroinvertebrate Orders:
•
Ephemeroptera (Mayfly)
•
Plecoptera (Stonefly)
•
Trichoptera (Caddisfly)
•
Megaloptera (Dobsonfly / Hellgrammite)
•
Coleoptera (Aquatic Beetles)
•
Diptera (True Flies)
•
Odonata (Dragonfly & Damselfly)
•
Pelecypoda (Clams)
•
Gastropoda (Snails)
•
Hemiptera (True Bugs)
Aquatic organisms are placed into groups, based on their tolerance to pollution. When there is abundance of highly
sensitive organisms it indicates that the water is clean, because these animals require such conditions to thrive.
The groups are as follows:
Group 1 - pollution sensitive (require higher oxygen levels, neutral pH, and cold water):
Mayflies, stoneflies, caddisflies
Group 2 – somewhat pollution tolerant
Scuds, dragonflies, damselflies
Group 3 - pollution tolerant (can tolerate low oxygen, lower/higher pH, and warmer water):
Aquatic worms, midge larva
Case Study Motswari Corner
A program has begun on Ingwelala where ecologists from the AWARD conservation organization will be coming over
the next few months to train staff personnel on Ingwelala to monitor the fresh water systems on the reserve, such as
the river pool at Motswari Corner.
Three days in October have already been dedicated to the start of the training and involved taking live samples from
the water at Motswari corner.
Aquatic Organisms found at Motswari Corner and their Indication of Water Pollution
•
Cased Caddisfly Larvae:
Cased Caddisfly Larvae (Group 1) are sensitive to
pollution and therefore indicate good water conditions.
•
Horsefly Larvae:
Horsefly larvae have a pollution tolerance of 6, which means that they
occur within Group 3 and are relatively tolerant to polluted water
conditions. They may indicate substantial pollutant concentrates in the
water.
•
Dragonfly nymphs:
Dragonfly nymphs (Group 2) are somewhat tolerant to
pollution meaning they live in good to mediocre water
conditions. One will have to compare their densities
compared to Group 1 and Group 3 densities to reach a
conclusion about the water quality. That is why the
monitoring process must be continuous and long term.
•
Damselfly Nymphs:
Damselfly Nymphs also belong to Group 2 and they can live
in good to mediocre conditions.
•
Stonefly Nymphs:
Stonefly larvae belong to Group 1 and are therefore
sensitive to pollution, which means they live in good
water conditions (high oxygen levels, cooler water
temperatures, no toxic constituents, and neutral PH)
•
Spiny-Crawler Mayfly larvae (Ephemerellidae)
Spiny-crawler Mayfly larvae or nymphs are very sensitive to pollution
and belong to group 1. They therefore indicate good water quality.
•
Whirligig Beetle
Whirligig beetles have a pollution tolerance of 4, which
means they belong to
Group 2, which indicates that the water quality is good;
however, some organic pollution is probable.
•
Predacious Diving Beetle
Predacious diving beetles are somewhat pollutant tolerant and
belong to Group 2. They occur in good to medium quality waters.
•
Creeping Water Bug
Creeping water bugs are somewhat pollutant tolerant and indicate good to
mediocre water quality conditions.
•
Water Boatman
Water Boatman belong to the bug family. They are tolerant to
pollution with a sensitivity reading of 9, which means they
belong to Group 3 and indicate that the water conditions may be
seriously poor. Further monitoring of the water system for toxins
should be taken to confirm conditions
•
Water Scorpion
Water scorpions are in fact bugs and belong to the
Hemiptera family. They are pollution tolerant and belong
to Group 3. Their presence may indicate high pollution
levels.
•
Biting Midge Larvae
Midges are very similar to the well known mosquitoes, and share
very similar bodily characteristics. However the midge does not have
such a pronounced proboscis as do mosquitoes, however they do
feed on the blood of humans. Their larvae live in fresh water
systems. They belong to Group 3 and are tolerant to pollutants.
•
Leeches
Leeches are pollutant tolerant and belong to Group 3, which may indicate pollutants
in the water.
•
Fresh Water Snails
Conical Shelled or Pouched Snails:
Gilled Snails:
Pouched snails are pollutant tolerant
Gilled snails belong to Group 1 and are therefore sensitive to pollution in water systems.
In order to determine a health reading for the pool at Motswari Corner, a data collection sheet is filled in with all
observations from the samples gathered. This data is then taken back to the ecologist’s base, where it is processed
further. One of the ecologists explained that the monitoring of the pool would have to be conducted regularly over a
long period of time in order to build up long term data. It is only when long term data is formulated that trends can be
picked up. This is due to these freshwater systems changing all the time. The density patterns of organisms can
indicate in which direction the health of the fresh water system is leaning. So for instance, if, over a long period of
time, there is a build up of Group 3 organisms and a decline in Group 1 organisms, it will show that the system’s
integrity is declining as a result of pollution.
Who knew that so much life existed in such a small space? These organisms play an important role in the indicating of
the health of a freshwater system and it is therefore important for reserve managers to have a good inventory of what
has been found within the fresh water systems on their land.
Life on earth is all interconnected, and if we destroy our water resources through careless wastage, it will have many
negative impacts on many forms of life, especially us who need so much water every day. This is why it is essential to
take care of the last remaining water habitats in this country.
References:
•
Bioindicators of Water Quality Quick–Reference Guide by Julie Speelman and Natalie Carroll
•
Macroinvertebrates as Bioindicators of Stream Health by Schumaker Chadde, M.S. Water Resource
Specialist
Thank you, Paige, for a well written and enlightening article on “the world beneath the reads”. River ecosystems can
be so fragile and deserve a lot more attention, research and understanding than they have been afforded in the past.
Much is still to be learned, and I look forward to understanding future diagnosis of the general health of our river
systems and how we can better manage these processes going forward.
New Services Provided
Four months into the current financial year, I would like to offer some feedback on the new services Ingwelala is
providing as well remind Members that these services are now fully operational. Enquiries can be directed to
[email protected]
Tree trimming on thatch roofs
R 250.00
Cleaning solar panels
R 100.00
Check batter water in solar systems
R 1000.00 per annum (x12 checks)
Battery water top up
R 23.00 per litre
Solar installations
Price on request
Solar hire (temporary parts)
Price on request
Solar fault finding
Price on request
Hilux 4x2 D/cab for hire (town trips)
Price on request and availability
The hire of the 4x2 double cab has been popular with folk flying into Eastgate and wishing to commute to Hoedspruit
in order to purchase provisions for their visits.
Tree trimming in proximity to the thatch line limits leaf shedding onto roofs. Leaves get fouled up in with the wire
mesh, collect in the valleys and this can expedite thatch rot. Trees casting shade onto solar panels should also be
trimmed back to maximise the solar panel efficiency. Overhanging trees on roofs also permit easier access for
squirrels and snakes.
Whilst the response to monthly battery level checks for solar systems has been disappointing, Robere and his
maintenance team have achieved several solar installations, on request. These installations use latest technology and
it cannot be argued the installations are very neat and professional. Please contact Robere Brockman directly on
015 793 1242 should you have any further queries.
Preventative maintenance in monthly checks can result in early fault detection and substantial cash savings in the
long term.
Maintenance Team
Solar Panel
Climate and rainfall (summary)
Rainfall:
Minimum temperature:
Maximum temperature:
10.2 mm
15 degrees Celsius.
41 degrees Celsius.
The following graph summarises total rainfall recorded at Ingwelala for the month of October over the past 32 years.
RAINFALL
180
160
140
120
MM
100
80
60
40
20
2015
2014
2013
2012
2011
2010
2009
2008
2007
2006
2005
2004
2003
2002
2001
2000
1999
1998
1997
1996
1995
1994
1993
1992
1991
1990
1989
1988
1987
1986
1985
1984
1983
0
Oct 1984 - 2015
(Note: October 2015: 10.2 mm rainfall is below the monthly average of 32.4 mm)
Staff complement
Reserve Manager (1)
Conservation Manager and 2iC (1)
Camp and Systems Manageress (1)
Front Desk Manageress (1)
Accounts Manageress (1)
Workshop Manager (1)
Maintenance Manager (1)
Reception and Housekeeping (1)
Field Assistants (7)
Grounds staff (2)
Domestics (14)
Maintenance Assistants (5)
Workshop Assistants (5)
Petrol and Stores Attendant (1)
Shop assistants (2)
Sibon (2)
Conservation Intern (x1)
Staff Movement
Nil
Bungalows for sale
Bungalow # 183, a 50% share of six shares for R4.0 million.
Conservation
Alien plant eradication
Conservation staff targeted mature Opuntia (prickly pear) stands and treated with herbicide 33 plants on Argyle, two
plants on Buffelsbed and 23 plants in Camp, totalling 58 plants.
The Conservation Manager has requested Members to please note the position of any prickly pears seen along the
road verges or from hides and bomas and to please report these to Reception so they can be treated immediately.
Veld Rehabilitation
Selective bush thinning by mechanical means of tractor and chains (pulling) will recommence after the first summer
rains when the soils soften up.
A new method of complimenting the above mechanical method will commence shortly. To this end a new brush cutter
was purchased with an operator receiving training on the use of the brush cutter. Trials include:
•
•
Cut stump treatment (where timing of coppicing and success rate will be measured)
Foliar application spray (where leaf regrowth and success rate will be measured)
Erosion Control
A review (mapping) exercise of erosion sites has commenced.
Roads and Tracks
100% of the mitre drains on Goedehoop, Buffelsbed and Sibon serviced and completed.
50% of the mitre drains on Argyle serviced and completed.
Airstrip
The airstrip surface continues to be inspected on a weekly basis and general condition recorded in a register. Any
identified hazards are removed. The surface appears to be in reasonable condition.
All airstrip users are reminded to complete (once off) an Ingwelala Airstrip Indemnity Form before landing.
Indemnity forms are obtainable from [email protected] Guest pilots must also complete the form.
Fencing
No breaches during the reporting period ☺
Hides, Bomas and Picnic Sites
At the time of writing, the borehole sleeve was re-drilled and several obstacles removed.
The pump is unserviceable and requires replacing.
The Maintenance Manager is investigating new solar technology for borehole pumps and shortly a new system will be
purchased and installed.
Water Drilling at Buffelsbed Hide
Game sightings
Big game sightings continued to be plentiful, especially a pleasing number of lioness and cub sightings with two litters
of different ages. A number of the lion sightings included fresh kills. Leopards were seen on a daily basis. Elephant
numbers have dropped off, particularly the breeding herds. This behaviour is normal when veld condition is at its
driest, when the breeding herds prefer to range along the greener riverine areas. Elephant bulls therefore made up the
bulk of the elephant sightings. Buffalo sightings were fewer than anticipated, perhaps avoiding all the lion activity?
A highlight has been an abundance of wild dog activity. Sightings varied from three dogs to 20 dogs, including of a few
juvenile dogs running with the pack. One sighting included six spotted hyenas running behind the pack! Apart from
their hunting on Ingwelala, early morning drives along the tar road were often rewarded with wild dog sightings.
Other mammal sightings included hippo, giraffe, blue wildebeest, zebra, waterbuck, kudu, nyala, impala, klipspringer,
Sharpe’s grysbok, warthog, African wild cat, caracal, honey badger, spring hare, porcupine, banded mongoose and
dwarf mongoose.
A pleasing number of bird sightings were noted in the sightings register; Marshall Eagle, Brown Snake Eagle, African
Hawk Eagle, Fish Eagle, Bateleur, Verreaux’s Eagle-Owl, Saddle-billed Stork, Woolly-necked Stork, Great Egret,
Ground Hornbill, Burchell’s Coucal, African Pied Wagtail, Black Crake and Red-headed Weaver. The Cuckoos have
arrived enforce, as vocal as ever, a constant chorus advertising that summer is here! The Woodland Kingfishers will
arrive next, usually mid-November, so be on the lookout for them.
Security
One GRU meeting was attended by the Nkorho Warden.
Camera traps were positioned at various points on the Reserve for a two week period.
No incidents on Ingwelala during the reporting period.
Road Kills
One Leopard Shell Tortoise between the Gate and Sibon.
One Francolin on Western River Road.
General Fire Risk Management
All fire-fighting equipment checked on a weekly basis and on stand-by for any emergencies.
Fire tender (LDV F1) driven on a weekly basis.
Two tractors available again to assist with fire-fighting (water drawn carts).
One drag line replaced on a water drawn cart.
X 20 fire beaters in good working order.
Umbabat
Nothing to report.
Water reticulation
Yield data for the boreholes is reflected in the following table, comparative with previous months.
BOREHOLE
BH NO 1
BH NO 2
BH NO 3
OCT
15
20
330
335
SEP
15
0
599
128
AUG
15
*
957
430
JUL
15
*
875
272
JUN
15
0
899
360
MAY
15
0
955
211
APR
15
0
850
164
MAR
15
8
749
319
FEB
15
0
812
283
JAN
15
49
814
141
BH NO 4
BH NO 5
BH NO 6
BH NO 7
BH NO 9
J.B
GOODEHOOP
560
252
642
508
Solar
134
1122
262
113
1000
483
Solar
213
837
741
378
986
577
Solar
234
0
929
406
1176
523
Solar
112
0
820
229
1332
739
Solar
382
0
614
92
1004
717
Solar
205
270
787
324
662
686
Solar
176
342
781
251
1156
693
Solar
236
438
163
265
1063
765
Solar
188
373
502
169
739
555
Solar
61
488
COMMENTS:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Three new 10 000L water tanks still to be plumbed in.
Platform (solar) pump serviced and water supply much improved to Platform and Aloe Ridge.
Borehole No 4 pump pulled up and serviced, some parts replaced.
Jackleberry borehole pump problematic and will be attended to when the conservation team are back at full staffing
(mid-November).
Eskom Usage
The following graph shows the monthly Eskom Usage (Kwh) for Ingwelala.
Eskom Kwh
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Workshop
WORKSHOP
OCT
15
SEP
15
AUG
15
JUL
15
JUN
15
MAY
15
APR
15
MAR
15
FEB
15
JAN
15
JOB CARDS OPENED
41
59
53
72
56
42
60
59
34
56
JOB CARDS CLOSED
57
50
58
55
40
31
56
58
45
33
GENERATOR HOURS
11.1
5.3
4.2
17.8
11.8
23.6
16.3
9.6
32.8
10.8
DIESEL TANK (L)
775
900
950
500
725
850
675
420
550
1100
COMMENTS: There were 13 job cards open as at 31.10.15
Vehicles and Workshop
The general fleet and static plant maintenance is 100% compliant with the servicing schedule.
Building projects
Current (major) building projects are listed below:
Bung
No
Name
Work requested
Approval
%
Complete
Builder
124
Rick Roper
Thatch repair & repaint
Approved August 15
Chameleon
0%
186
John Hawkins
Re-thatch
Approved July 15
Not selected
0%
196
Chris Knight
Approved May 15
Not selected
70%
205
Gary Jordan
Bathroom Ext, Re-thatch
Gazebo, patio & interior
revamp
Approved August 15
Chameleon
75%
Bungalows (known) working towards Building Committee approval for various scopes of work include #9, #44 and
#161.
Reception Statistics
GATE STATISTICS
OCT
15
SEP
15
AUG
15
JUL
15
JUN
15
MAY
15
APR
15
MAR
15
FEB
15
JAN
15
VEHICLES
195
259
321
313
279
176
393
184
133
127
MEMBERS GUESTS
543
745
944
960
869
446
1186
499
371
351
UNACCOMP GUESTS
26
13
25
38
32
29
40
24
5
13
UNITS OCCUPIED
115
166
172
177
165
138
222
116
90
149
AIRBORNE VISITORS
7
12
26
26
2
6
6
6
1
6
COTTAGE NIGHTS
OCT
15
SEP
15
AUG
15
JUL
15
JUN
15
MAY
15
APR
15
MAR
15
FEB
15
JAN
15
HORNBILL
7
12
16
19
16
7
20
12
5
6
FRANCOLIN
3
14
21
22
12
3
13
6
8
1
GUINEAFOWL
3
11
18
14
8
2
12
14
3
0
General
1. Attention is once again drawn to considerate behaviour at predator sightings.
The Game Drive Etiquette is not a set of hard fast rules as is the Do’s and Don’ts, but rather a request that we all
subscribe to considerate behaviour at game sightings. The old philosophy of “do unto others as you’d wish for
yourself” is a great starting point. I recently received this complaint:
“It’s sad that Members disregard the very first point mentioned in the Game Drive Etiquette which
says…..”Once you have had a good sighting, move off to give others with a poor vantage point, a
chance”. At the lion kill on Nyati Road (Buffelsbed) on the evening of 29 September 2015, I watched
five vehicles move away having had no sightings of the lions, thanks to the four vehicles that hogged all
the viewing, with total disregard to those of us who could see nothing. It was (name withheld) final game
drive on Ingwelala, having sold their bungalow. Shame on you all. I wish I had the courage to put your
bungalow numbers in this letter”.
JL: My personal view point is that the Game Drive Etiquette should in fact be our most important “set of rules”
because after all, that is what the vast majority of Users come to Ingwelala for, to enjoy the game drives and to
spot the big game? There is always that anticipation of what you will see next, and inwardly I believe we all hope
to spot a predator and hopefully see some action between predator and prey?
When the Reserve is busy, and vehicles are backed up to enjoy a good sighting, please move on and give others
a chance to enjoy the sighting.
Members are encouraged to report inconsiderate behaviour, with bungalow numbers, so that the Game Drive
Etiquette is achieved through an educational process.
Thank you for your continued support.
John Llewellyn
Reserve Manager
Ingwelala Share Block Ltd
ANNEXURE1: GRAPHS
No. of Vehicles (per month)
450
400
350
300
250
2013
2014
200
2015
150
100
50
0
JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUN
JUL
AUG
SEP
OCT
NOV
DEC
No. of Bungalows Occupied (per month)
250
200
150
2013
2014
2015
100
50
0
JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUN
JUL
AUG
SEP
OCT
NOV
DEC
No. of Guests (per month)
1400
1200
1000
800
2013
2014
2015
600
400
200
0
JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUN
JUL
AUG
SEP
OCT
NOV
DEC
Hornbill Occupancy (nights per month)
30
25
20
2013
2014
15
2015
10
5
0
JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUN
JUL
AUG
SEP
OCT
NOV
DEC
Francolin Occupancy (nights per month)
30
25
20
2013
2014
15
2015
10
5
0
JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUN
JUL
AUG
SEP
OCT
NOV
DEC
Guinaefowl Occupancy (nights per month)
30
25
20
2013
2014
15
2015
10
5
0
JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUN
JUL
AUG
SEP
No. of job cards opened (per month)
100
OCT
NOV
DEC
No. of job cards opened (per month)
100
90
80
70
60
2013
2014
50
2015
40
30
20
10
0
JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUN
JUL
AUG
SEP
OCT
NOV
DEC
Generator Hours (per month)
50
45
40
35
30
2013
2014
25
2015
20
15
10
5
0
JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUN
JUL
AUG
SEP
OCT
NOV
DEC
Ground Water Extraction m3
(combined boreholes per month)
6000
5000
4000
2013
2014
3000
2015
2000
1000
0
JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUN
JUL
AUG
SEP
OCT
NOV
DEC