Global Warming Mitigation Technology Promotion Project Report

Transcription

FY2014 Study Report
Global Warming Mitigation Technology Promotion Project
Report
March 2015
The Japan Research Institute, Limited
Report on the Global Warming Mitigation Technology Promotion Project
- Contents -
1.
Background and Aim of the Study............................................................................ 3
1.1.
Background of the study........................................................................................... 3
1.1.1
Basic Information about Mexico ............................................................................... 3
1.1.2.
Energy Supply and Demand Situation and Prospects in Mexico ............................ 7
1.1.3.
Greenhouse Gas Emissions Situation and Prospects in Mexico............................. 8
1.1.4.
Situation Regarding the Mexico-Japan Joint Crediting Mechanism (JCM) ............. 9
1.2.
The Purpose of this Study ...................................................................................... 10
2.1.
Existing Policies for Promotion of Energy Conservation in Commercial and Business
Sectors .................................................................................................................. 11
2.2
Analysis of Corporate Awareness and Recognition Relating to the Promotion of
Energy Conversation ............................................................................................. 15
2.2.1.
Challenges in Energy Conservation ....................................................................... 15
2.2.2.
Implementation and Review of the Status of Initiatives Related to Energy Effieicncy
............................................................................................................................... 16
3.1.
Energy Audits Description and Results .................................................................. 19
3.2.
Solutions for energy conservation promotion based on the audit Resuts ............. 24
3.3.
Economic effect in the case of widespread commercialization ............................. 27
4.
Study of Emissions Reduction Methodology, Estimates of Emissions Reductions
Amount Expected using the Methodology ............................................................ 29
4.1.
Examination of JCM Methodology ......................................................................... 29
4.1.1.
JCM Methodology Investigation Policy .................................................................. 29
4.1.2.
Analysis of JCM Methodology ................................................................................ 30
4.2.
Examination of Emissions Reduction Methodology ............................................... 37
4.2.1.
Examination of JCM methodology for inverter-type air conditioners ..................... 37
4.2.2.
Examination of JCM Methodology for Lighting ...................................................... 43
4.3.
Calculation of Emissions Reduction ....................................................................... 49
4.3.1.
Parameter setting ................................................................................................... 49
4.3.2.
Calculation of reference emissions ........................................................................ 50
4.3.3.
Calculation of project emissions............................................................................. 50
4.3.4.
Calculation of emissions reduction......................................................................... 51
-1-
4.3.5.
Calculation of emissions reductions from multiple stores ...................................... 51
5．
Implementation of FS Debriefing Session for Mexican Government Officials ....... 53
5.1.
Debriefing Session for Each Company that underwent Energy Audit ................... 53
5.1.1.
Manufacturer A ....................................................................................................... 53
5.1.2.
Retailer B ................................................................................................................ 53
5.2.
Debriefing Session with Mexican Government Officials ........................................ 54
5.2.1
Regarding Promotion of the Joint Crediting Mechanism ....................................... 55
5.2.2.
Regarding Energy Efficient Technology and Products ........................................... 56
5.2.3.
Regarding Future Promotion of Energy Conservation in Mexico .......................... 56
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Background and Aim of the Study
1.
1.1.
Background of the study
1.1.1
Basic Information about Mexico
Mexico has a population of 118.4 million people and an area of 1,964,375 square
kilometers (about 5.2 times the size of Japan). Its economic scale is the second largest in
Latin America after Brazil, with a nominal GDP total in 2013 of 1.2622 trillion US dollars1.
Demographically, more than half of the population is under 30 years of age, and there is an
active consumer market. According to Mexico’s National Population Council (CONAPO), the
domestic population is predicted to increase to 150 million by 2049, with expansion of the
consumer market expected to continue in the future.
Mexico has free trade agreements (FTA) with 45 countries such as the United States, EU
and Brazil, and is aggressively developing trade liberalization. In particular, Mexico has
maintained a close political and economic relationship with the United States , and following
Mexico’s participation in the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) with the United
States and Canada in 1994, its low cost of logistics and labor have enabled it to rapidly
develop as an export manufacturing base for the United States. In 2013 exports to the United
States accounted for 78.8% of Mexico’s total exports2
Exhibit 1-1 : Nominal GDP trends in per capita
(US$)
12,000
10,650
10,000
8,000
6,000
4,000
2,000
0
Source: Created by JRI based on the IMF World Economic Outlook (October 2014)
Mexican National Institute of Statistics and Geography (INEGI) （Producto interno
bruto trimestral, base 2008）
2 Central bank announcement and INEGI trade statistics
1
-3-
Nominal GDP per capita in Mexico fell temporarily to about $ 8,000 due to the influence of
the 2009 financial crisis, but recovered to $10,000 in 2011 and slightly increased to $ 10,650
in 2013. Real GDP growth rate was temporarily stagnant in the 1-1.9% range since 2013 due
to delays in budget execution as a result of changes in government, but in the third quarter of
2014 there was a slight increase of 2.2 percent year-over-year. With US economic recovery
and various structural reforms by the government in the future (education, communications,
financial, political and electoral system, energy), Mexico's economic recovery is expected to
progress.
Exhibit 1-2: Real GDP growth rate (%)
6.0
5.0
4.8
4.5
4.0
3.2
3.6
3.0
1.9
1.8 1.6
2.0
2.2
1.6
1.1
1.0
1.0
0.0
I
II
III
IV
I
2012
II
III
2013
IV
I
II
III
2014
Source: Created by Japan Research Institute
based on Mexican National Institute of Statistics and Geography
Mexico is one of the world's leading producers of crude oil, and the oil industry is an
important industry for the country, accounting for about 30% of revenue. Oil production in
2013 was 2.875 million barrels per day, making Mexico the 10th largest oil producing country,
the same as in 20123. However, due to stagnation in investment, such as updating of new oil
field exploration and existing facilities, oil production has fallen from the peak in 2004, and
2013 production was 1.1% lower than 2012. Following the Peña Nieto government’s energy
reforms launched in December 2013 to allow the entry of private companies in the oil industry,
3
BP Statistical Review of World Energy June 2014.
-4-
previously monopolized by Mexican Petroleum (Pemex), it is hoped that the development of
new oil and gas fields (deep water, shale gas, etc.) will increase production.
In manufacturing, a major industry of Mexico, the automotive industry has continued strong
growth, with production volume of 1.68 million units in 2005 increasing to 3.52 million units in
20134. The production rate in January-November 2014 of 3.01 million units is higher than the
previous year5. Automobiles and parts accounted for 25.7% of total exports in 2013
(about $380.189 billion), a 10.6 point increase over the previous year6. The non-Japanese
manufacturers GM, Volkswagen, Ford, Chrysler and Fiat, and the Japanese manufacturers
Mazda, Honda, Nissan and Toyota are producing in Mexico. Japanese manufacturers have
established further production bases since 2011, and foreign direct investment from Japan to
Mexico is increasing, with investment in 2013 of $ 1.75billion being about 2.5 times that of
2011.
Exhibit 1-3: Foreign direct investment from Japan
(million US$)
2,000
1,800
1,600
1,400
1,200
1,000
800
600
400
211
200
0
2009
1,750
1,023
688
264
2010
2011
2012
2013
Source: Created by JRI based on JETRO materials
OICA correspondent’s survey. “World Motor Vehicle Production by Country and Type”
Asociacion Mexicana de la Industria Automotrilz. “Cifras de Noviembre Y Acumulado
2014”
6 Central bank announcement and INEGI trade statistics
4
5
-5-
The policy interest rate has been reduced in stages from 4.5% in June 2012, and reached a
record low of 3.0% following a reduction of 0.5 points from 3.5% since the beginning of
2014. The reason for this rate cut is mainly in order to increase demand and address the
reduction in domestic consumption and private investment due to increases in tax
rates. In 2014 there were many months where the consumer price inflation was slightly above
the Mexican central bank’s objective maximum of 4% (annual + 3%, fluctuation range ± 1%)
and in November became 4.17%, but the central bank expects it will decrease in 2015 due to
factors such as the impact of tax increases settling.
The exchange rate jostled around the $ 1=13 pesos level in 2014 but by December 2014
the weak peso against the dollar proceeded to $1=14 pesos. The background behind the
peso depreciation is the degradation of the social situation, global dollar of movements, and
crude oil price declines.
Exhibit 1-4: Mexican Peso (MXN) vs. US dollar (USD) exchange rate
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
Jan-13
Feb-13
Mar-13
Apr-13
May-13
Jun-13
Jul-13
Aug-13
Sep-13
Oct-13
Nov-13
Dec-13
Jan-14
Feb-14
Mar-14
Apr-14
May-14
Jun-14
Jul-14
Aug-14
Sep-14
Oct-14
Nov-14
Dec-14
8
Source: Created by JRI based on Mexico central bank database
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1.1.2. Energy Supply and Demand Situation and Prospects in Mexico
1. Final Energy Consumption
The final energy consumption in 2012 in Mexico of 117Mtoe, had a breakdown of
industrial sector 25.8%, transport sector 44.8%, residential sector 15.4%, commercial
and public sector 3.2%, agriculture and forestry sector 3.4%. The average annual growth
rate from 2002 to 2012 was 1.8%, except in 2008 there was an increasing tendency. As
a whole, when comparing 2002 to 2012 there was an increase of about 21Mtoe, with the
increase of the internal transportation sector accounting for about 70% of the increase
with about 15Mtoe. As well as other emerging markets in Mexico, due to advances in
motorization along with economic development, up to 2008 energy consumption by the
transportation sector significantly expanded. However since 2008 there has been the
increasing trend has slowed, it can be said that the popularization of automobiles has
settled down. On the other hand there is an increasing trend energy consumption in the
industrial sector, with the recent trend of manufacturing industry development, and the
industrial sector’s growth from 2011 and 2012 exceeded the rate of increase in the
transportation sector. A slight increase trend has also continued in the commercial and
public sector.
Exhibit 1-5: Final energy consumption trends in Mexico
(Mtoe)
120
Non-Energy Use
100
Non-Specified
80
40
Agriculture /
Forestry
Commercial and
Public Services
Residential
20
Industry
0
Transport
60
2012: total 117Mtoe
0.9%
3.4%
6.5%
3.2%
Source: Created by JRI based on IEA
-7-
25.8
%
15.4
%
44.8
%
2. Domestic Primary Energy Supply
Total primary energy supply volume in 2012 in Mexico (TPES) was 188Mtoe, the
breakdown being petroleum 43%, gas 31%, coal 5% and renewable energy 7%. Since
Mexico’s domestic oil production has fallen in recent years, domestic oil supply has
slightly decreased from the peak of about 91Mtoe in 2005, to about 82Mtoe in 2012, the
same level as in 2002. In addition, the proportion of oil in primary energy reduced
to 43% in 2012 from 55% in 2002. On the other hand the proportion of natural gas
increased from 22% in 2002 (33Mtoe) to 31% (58Mtoe) in 2012. Along with this imports
of natural gas from the United States have also increased, and since the existing natural
gas pipeline transportation capacity is approaching its limit in recent years, President
Peña Nieto has announced a new pipeline construction project7. Although the increase
of natural gas is expected to continue in the future, production is expected due to the
possibility of oil industry entry by private companies as a result of energy reform in oil
production in Mexico.
1.1.3. Greenhouse Gas Emissions Situation and Prospects in Mexico
GHG emissions, along with the growth of final energy consumption have also increased;
GHG emissions in 1990 were about 500 million t / year, and in 2010 were about 700million t
/ year, an increase of 1.5 times over about 20 years. The average annual growth rate from
1990 to 2010 is 2.1%. The Mexican government established a basic law in
April 2012 (GLCC: the General Law of Climate Change) to reduce emissions, with a target
of 30% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by 2020 (base year: 2000), and 50%
reduction by 2050. In addition, in 2007 a comprehensive national climate change strategy
(ENACC: Estrategia Nacional de Cambio Climatico)" was developed, and in 2013 the Peña
Nieto presidency announced the "National Climate Change Strategy. Vision 10-20-40”
(ENACC: Estrategia Nacional de Cambio Climatico. Vision 10-20-40). The new national
climate change strategy seeks to make clear the challenges , including
reducing GHG emissions, for society as a whole to 1. respond to climate change 2. promote
a shift to a sustainable and competitive low-carbon and low emission economy, and
suggests actions and strategies.
June 2014 Mexico Embassy "Mexico Infrastructure Market Overview - Natural Gas
Pipeline Project"
7
-8-
Exhibit 1-6: GHG Emissions (LULUCF excluded) (carbon dioxide CO2 equivalent)
(thousands)
800,000
701,360
700,000
600,000
500,000
458,754
400,000
300,000
200,000
100,000
0
Source: Created by JRI based on OECD (2014), Greenhouse gas emissions, OECD
Environment Statistics
(Database)
1.1.4. Situation Regarding the Mexico-Japan Joint Crediting Mechanism (JCM)
On July 25, 2014, taking the opportunity of Prime Minister Shinzo Abe’s visit, the signing
of bilateral documents on the Joint Crediting Mechanism was carried out between Japan
and Mexico. Since the start of the Joint Crediting Mechanism in 2013, Mexico became
the 12th country to sign.
At the "20th Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on
Climate Change (COP20)", held in Lima, Peru in December 2014, a meeting was held
between the 12 countries that signed the Joint Crediting Mechanism and Japan, and a
Joint Statement confirming progress to date and the aims for future progress was
issued. It should be noted that from Mexico, Rodolfo Lacy, Secretary of Ministry of
Environment and Natural Resources (SEMARNAT) attended.
Regarding the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry’s FY2013 “Global Warming
Mitigation Technology Promotion Program” (operated by Japan Research Institute Co.,
Ltd.), Mr. Lacy participated in an event with invited Japanese companies with the aim of
education and promoting understanding of Japanese low-carbon technologies, and
deepened his knowledge of related technologies and products and the Joint Crediting
Mechanism through visits to Japanese companies. These efforts relating to the promotion
-9-
of the Joint Crediting Mechanism can be said to have greatly contributed to the recent
conclusion of institutional documents with Mexico.
1.2.
The Purpose of this Study
This study investigates and examines new policies and business schemes utilizing the
Joint Crediting Mechanism with Mexico that will contribute to the spread of Japanese
technology, products and services related to energy conservation (for example energy
audit, LED lighting, air conditioning equipment and solar power).
Regarding the study of business schemes, this study analyses, as a model case, the
economic impact of energy audit and the implementation of solutions proposed by the audit,
in Mexican stores and offices that expressed willingness to cooperate in this study, as a
project to promote packages of products and services for energy conservation.
Based on this model case, this report investigates and analyses methodologies for
measuring, reporting, and verifying reductions in greenhouse gases (hereinafter referred to
as "GHG") that are achieved through the realization of the project scheme, and using the
same methodology reviews and analyses trial calculations of the expected GHG reduction
amount.
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2. Policies for the Promotion of Energy Conservation in Cooperation with the Joint
Crediting Mechanism
2.1. Existing Policies for Promotion of Energy Conservation in Commercial and
Business Sectors
1. Medium-term energy policies
President Peña Nieto established the basic policies and strategies in his term (2013 2018)
in
the
"National
Development
Plan 2013-2018 (PND: Plan
National
de Desarrollo)", which lays out policies in each individual field. In the energy sector,
under
the
PND,
the
"Energy
Plan 2013-2018 (PSE: Programa
Sectorial
de
Energia 2013-2018)" has been developed, and goals are set for saving, creating, and
storing energy, including "Goal 5: expand the use of clean energy and renewable energy,
promote energy conservation and social and environmental responsibility". Under the
above high level policy, as an individual policy for the energy production sector, the
"Renewable Energy Use Special Plan 2013-2018 (PEAER: Programa Especial Para el
Aprovechamiento de Energias Renovables) " has been announced by the Department of
Energy to expand the use of renewable energy.
As an individual policy for energy conservation, the "National Plan for the Sustainable
Use of Energy 2014-2018 (PRONASE: Programa Nacional Para el Aprovechamiento
Sustentable de la Energia 2014-2018)" was announced in April 2014. The National Plan
for the Sustainable Use of Energy sets six goals, defining numerical targets and
strategies for each. Examples of numerical targets are, "the level of energy intensity in
2018 shall be at the same level as 2012 (667.47 kJ / $) or less", "the final energy
consumption energy efficiency standard (Mexico official standard "NOM") in 2018 shall
be at the same level as 2012 (46%) or increase to 51%”. Also, concrete strategies and
actions to achieve the targets are set out, such as "implement program to replace
inefficient equipment in the industrial, commercial and service sectors", "identify and
develop equipment, devices and systems to be targets of new energy efficiency
standards (NOM)", "set the framework of optimal financing to promote the uptake of
programs and projects related to energy conservation". The previously announced
strategy "National Plan 2009-2012 for the Sustainable Use of Energy" did not mention
specific numerical goals and strategies for all sectors, but the contents of the current
plan are more comprehensive, showing specific numerical targets and strategies.
- 11 -
It should be noted that Article 26 of the Renewable Energy Use and Energy Transition
Funds Law determines that the situation of energy conservation and renewable energy
should be evaluated and adjusted every year under the "National Energy Transition
Strategy and Sustainable Use of Energy (ENTEASE: Estrategia Nacional de Transicion
Energetica y Aprovechamiento Sustentable de la Energia)".
Exhibit 2-1 :Saving-creating-storing energy-related policies in Mexico
Development Plan 2013-2018 (PND: Plan National de Desarrollo 2013-2018)
National Target 4: Prosperity for Mexico.
↓
Department of Energy plan 2013-2018 (PSE: Programa Sectorial de Energia
2013-2018)
Goal 5: To expand the use of clean energy and renewable energy,
to promote energy efficiency and social and environmental responsibility.
↓
National plan for the sustainable use of energy 2014-2018 (PRONASE
2014-2018)
Goal 1: Design and development of programs and actions to promote optimal use
of energy in national energy chain.
Goal 2: Enhance the energy efficiency regulations for electrical equipment and
energy systems that are manufactured and sold in Mexico.
Goal 3: Strengthen federal, national, city level energy efficiency and systems and
harmonize public, private, research and social organizations.
Goal 4: Strengthen the development of technology and capacity for sustainable use
of energy.
Goal 5: Contribute to the building and dissemination of energy conservation culture.
Goal 6: Promote technology development and research of energy conservation.
Source: Created by JRI based on Department of Energy "PRONASE 2014-2018"
- 12 -
2. Long-term energy policy
A longer term energy strategy than the above-mentioned "Department of Energy Plan
2013-2018" is "National Energy Strategy (ENE: Estrategia Nacional de Energia)" which
shows targets and strategies for energy issues to be addressed over the next 15 years. This
strategy is revised and published annually by the Department of Energy and the latest
version is the National Energy Strategy 2014-2028. However, the 2013-2027 strategy,
announced by the Peña Nieto presidency is the basic policy, and the 2014 edition also
includes the perspective of monitoring of objectives (indicators) and strategies that have been
set out in 2013. As a long-term goal with an eye to 2027 1."acceleration of GDP growth", and
2. "realization of social inclusion" are cited, and 21 strategies and 26 indicators to be
monitored have been set. It should be noted that there are the indicators 1. “sustainability", 2.
“efficiency", and 3. “safety". Among the goals of "sustainability" are to "reduce GHG
emissions in the energy sector", and to "increased the proportion of power from non-fossil
fuel sources". Among the goals of "efficiency", there is "reduction of energy intensity", and
under the goal of "safety" there is "diversification of energy sources". For energy conservation
and efficiency, Strategy 2 aims "to promote efficient energy use in all energy sectors", and as
concrete action there is a policy to proceed with energy efficiency standardization efforts.
3. System
As a financing system in the energy conservation field, the Mexican Energy Efficiency Trust
Fund (FIDE) implements the "Business Energy Efficiency and Savings Program” (PAEEEM:
Programa de Ahorro y Eficiencia Energetica Empresarial). This system provides financing
through the "Energy Transition and Sustainable Use of Energy Fund", defined in Article 27 of
the "Promotion of Alternative Energy Use and New Energy Transition Financial Assistance
Law" enacted in November 2008. Under the "Business Energy Efficiency and Savings
Program", when companies buy energy efficient products that achieve the NOM standards
(commercial refrigerators, electric motors, air conditioning units, efficient lighting or LEDs,
substations) they can receive a low-interest loan. The target companies of this plan are
mainly small and medium-sized enterprises (convenience stores, department stores, gas
stations, offices, hotels, restaurants, sports clubs, hospitals, schools, etc.), the loan amount is
up to $350,000 (Mexican Pesos), the repayment period is 4 years, and there is a mechanism
to repay through the company’s electricity bill payments (CFE jurisdiction).
- 13 -
In addition to the above financing system, there is also an investment system (Eficiencia
Energetica) mainly for large companies where the amount and repayment period of the
financing is determined through discussions with the Energy Efficiency Trust Fund. This
system has been operational since 2011, and there are several cases in which Japanese
products have been purchased with the help of this system. On the other hand, in local
interviews to Mexican government officials, awareness of the two financing plans is low
among companies, and there were views that there is a need to address the promotion of the
systems.
4. Energy reform
From his inauguration in December 2012, President Peña Nieto has aggressively pursued
structural reforms in various areas (labor, communication, education, finance, politics,
energy) and among these, energy reform has been addressed as a top priority. And, in
December 2013 one year from his inauguration, a series of energy reform legislation was
established and passed by the Diet, and in August 2014 was promulgated. With the reforms,
private companies can enter into the power industry and the oil and gas industry, which had
previously been a monopoly of state-owned enterprises. In particular, the oil industry is an
important industry, accounting for about 30% of the national revenue, but in recent years
domestic oil production has shown a decreasing production trend, and strengthening the
resource development of the state-owned enterprise PEMEX (Mexico Petroleum
Corporation) was a pressing issue. By opening the industry to private companies, including
foreign companies, the Mexican government hoped to activate the oil industry by developing
new resources, such as deep-sea oil and shale resources, that require financial strength and
technical capabilities. It should be noted that under the reforms it also became possible to
secure production sharing contracts and license agreements which had not been recognized
before then. In addition, also for the power industry, although until now the state-owned
enterprise CFE (Mexico Power Corporation) had been supplying power with a vertically
integrated model, it will be possible for the private sector to enter into the power generation
business in the future. By this series of reforms, it is hoped that private investment in the
energy sector will increase, and that this will lead to activation of the entire Mexican economy.
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2.2 Analysis of Corporate Awareness and Recognition Relating to the Promotion of
Energy Conversation
2.2.1. Challenges in Energy Conservation
1. Corporate Side Challenges
In this study, energy audits were carried out in Mexican manufacturing industry,
distribution and retail businesses. While supporting Mexican economic growth, these
industrial and commercial sectors, when combined with the residential sector, are the
main source of GHG emissions. For the Mexican government, having listed GHG
emission reduction targets to address global warming, promoting energy conservation in
the industrial and commercial sectors has become a major challenge.
On the other hand, awareness on the corporate side with respect to energy
conservation promotion can generally be said to be low. Business activities to improve
sales and profits have priority, and it is not the case that environmental action has been
actively promoted. Although in some large companies pioneering efforts have been
made, fostering of knowledge and awareness of concepts and behaviors such as energy
conservation and power saving is needed in the entire industry.
For the companies in this survey, except for a few large companies, room for
significant improvement was observed regarding measures to encourage power saving
and efficient energy use in business locations.
2. Institutional Challenges
There are also institutional problems with the systems that Mexican authorities have
developed. As described above, energy efficiency certification exists for electrical
products in Mexico, and support is provided for energy saving promotion to small and
medium-sized enterprises. However, regarding the actual system in operation, there is
still much room for improvement, according to local manufacturers that have been using
such systems.
For example, for air conditioning, the top three air-conditioning equipment
manufacturers that have been purchased by using the FIDE PAEEEM system are local
manufacturers. But their market share is very small. On the other hand, manufacturers
such as from the US have almost no registrations or purchases under PAEEEM, but their
market share is large. PAEEEM is a system to increase sales of registered products, but
because installation costs are not included, users (SMEs) do not feel the benefit, and as
- 15 -
a result largely do not buy, which means that manufacturers feel little incentive to go
through the cumbersome registration process, and this is one reason why the system
has failed to become more widely used.
Manufacturers have explained these problems to FIDE and asked for improvements,
but no such improvements have been made.
2.2.2. Implementation and Review of the Status of Initiatives Related to Energy
Effieicncy
1. FIDE’s Activities
In Mexico, FIDE has developed a specific approach for energy efficiency for general
homes and enterprises since the 1990s. However, efforts to also actively drive efforts at
the corporate level of the industrial and commercial sectors, which may have a
significant impact on the economy and the environment have not progressed. FIDE has
also
recognized
this
situation
and
is
exploring
cooperation
possibilities
in
institution-building and operations through consultations and interviews with companies.
(1)
Challenges Recognized by FIDE and its Responses
Challenge
Response
Nationwide awareness of energy Deployment
efficiency
is
low.
conducted
specific
FIDE
has
initiatives
for
of
awareness-raising
enlightenment
activities
for
and
energy
conservation, especially for children.
energy efficiency since the 1990s for
general homes and companies, yet
awareness
of
the
public
and
businesses to save energy is low.
Lack
of
engineers
with
basic
Development of technical personnel, scheme
knowledge and companies providing
aimed at professional development (under
energy
planning and review)
efficiency
services.
Public-private partnership framework
for promotion of energy conservation
has not been established.
Energy saving has not become
Implementation of grand prize event for
- 16 -
widespread at the corporate level.
companies
using
FIDE
mark
home
appliances and commercial equipment. ※
since promotion of energy conservation
efforts are not obligatory, few companies
proactively make efforts.
SENER has decided to significantly increase the budget of PAEEEM, currently the
only energy conservation promotion support system, by four times. In order to plan
promotion activities at this budget scale, FIDE is strengthening its efforts to convince
manufacturers to register with PAEEEM.
2. CONUEE’s Activities
This energy conservation authority is also acting vigorously.
In Mexico, as a regulatory oversight agency independent from the government, the
Mexico Energy Efficiency Commission (Comisión Nacional para el Uso Eficiente de
Energía, hereinafter referred to as "CONUEE") is developing its own NOM standards for
items such as appliances. In addition it also carries out reviews and certifications of
standards for NOM products.
8
According to interviews with CONUEE, the general assessment is that Mexican
energy efficiency standards have become stricter, since the country has adopted the
same standards as the neighboring countries of the United States and Canada. The
background is that electrical appliances that are domestically manufactured are mainly
exported to the United States, such that product specifications must meet US standards.
CONUEE, with these functions, through raising efficiency of home appliances as a
regulatory oversight agency, plays a role to accelerate the efficiency and energy
conservation of energy use in Mexico. As with PRONASE, discussed earlier, based on
the goal of "enhanced energy efficiency regulation of production and sales of electrical
equipment and energy systems made in Mexico", focus is being put on the development
of NOM standards to expand target equipment, devices and systems under NOM.
Currently CONUEE has 7 certified institutions and 50 laboratories for product
inspection in Mexico
8
- 17 -
In terms of concrete efforts, in September 2014 a new standard “NOM-032” was
released which includes standby energy use that had not been regulated before,
expanding the scope of NOM. Target products were audio-visual equipment such as TVs
and DVD players, microwaves etc. In addition, standards for solar-related equipment,
inverters, household pump equipment and power adapters are in development, and
based on the national strategy of energy conservation, CONUEE is performing its duties
as a supervisory body.
- 18 -
3.
Concrete Plan towards Commercialization Utilizing Energy
Conservation Promotion Policies
3.1. Energy Audits Description and Results
In this study, we conducted energy audits for Mexican companies in the industrial and
commercial sectors, and an analysis of the measurement results was carried out.
Furthermore, based on the results, in order to enhance the energy conservation of the
companies audited, proposals were made to introduce equipment and systems and improve
operations.
The following summarizes the implementation overview and results of the energy audit at
each company audited.
<Project Aim >
The objectives of this project are to investigate and deliberate new political policies in
Mexico related to the Joint Crediting Mechanism (JCM) between Japan and Mexico that is
contributing to the spread of Japanese technology, products and services related to the
conservation, creation and storage of energy (example: Energy conservation diagnosis,
LED lighting, ventilation equipment, solar energy production, lithium-ion batteries, etc.), as
well as business ventures that take advantage of these policies.
<Survey Overview>
When implementing a project to introduce energy-conserving technology and equipment,
the energy survey is performed to analyze in how energy can be conserved as a result of
the project. Details on the method and procedures are stated below.
<Survey Method>
Walk-through investigation
: Check of the operating status of lighting and air-conditioning equipment.
Management document check
: Check of operating records, equipment lists and electricity bill.
Energy consumption measurement
: Measurement of electricity consumption for lighting and air-conditioning equipment by
using power loggers.
(The outdoor temperature is also measured in order to assess the effect of the
- 19 -
temperature.)
3.1.1. ManufacturerA
For manufacturer A, an audit of its manufacturing base, a walk-through survey,
confirmation of management documentation and measurement of energy consumption
was carried out.
<Measurement Overview>
Two measurements were carried out between September to November, lasting 2 and
4 weeks.
Exhibit 3-1：Measurement Overview
＜Companies in charge of measurement＞
Hokuriku Electric Power Company
(Cooperation)
Panasonic de Mexico S.A de C.V
Panasonic Corporation AVC Networks Company
＜Estimated results of the annual amount of energy＞
The surveyed factory uses electricity and natural gas, etc. but only the equipment
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that uses electricity was surveyed. Therefore, the annual amount of electricity used
was grasped in advance from CFE bills. Each load ratio was estimated from the
survey result. Air-conditioning units are used mainly for offices, not used in the plant
work area (with the exception of the monitoring room). Therefore, the percentage of
electricity consumed by Air-Conditioning units is estimated to be 2% of all the
electricity used by the entire factory. Efforts have been made to conserve energy
inside the factory by using daylight as much as possible. It is estimated that Lighting
accounts for 9% of the electricity consumed by the entire factory. If Japanese
energy-saving technology is applied to Lighting and Air-Conditioning, the amount of
electricity used in the factory can be reduced.
Exhibit 3-2：Estimated annual power consumption by usage
7,000,000
AC
2%
Lighting
9%
6,000,000
5,000,000
4,000,000
6,200,000
3,000,000
Others
89%
2,000,000
1,000,000
2013 Total
7,000,000 kWh/year
120,000
670,000
AC
Lighting
0
AC
Lighting
Others
Others
Source: Consortium material
The figure below shows the average outside temperature and power consumption by
month. There is no observed effect on the power consumption due to changes in
outside air temperature.
- 21 -
Exhibit 3-3：Average outside temperature and power consumption by month
3.1.2. Retailer B
For retailer B, an audit of the store, a walk-through survey, confirmation of
management documentation and measurement of energy consumption was carried
out.
<Measurement Overview>
Measurement Period: 28 October 2014 – 24 November 2014
＜Companies in charge of measurement＞
(Cooperation)
Panasonic de Mexico S.A. de C.V
Panasonic Corporation AVC Networks Company
＜Estimated results of the annual amount of energy＞
Electricity consumption of the annual whole store was grasped from a CFE bill
because there is no use of energy except for electricity in the building. We measured
- 22 -
respective electricity consumption in order to be classified by use and estimated the
respective annual consumption. Air-Conditioning and Lighting account for 55% and
33% of electricity consumption, respectively.
If Japanese energy-conserving technology is applied, the amount of energy used in
the store can be reduced.
Exhibit 3-4：Estimated annual power consumption by usage
(kWh)
350,000
300,000
250,000
Others
12%
200,000
AC
55%
Lighting
33%
150,000
300,000
100,000
180,000
50,000
2013 Total
540,000 kWh/year
60,000
0
AC
AC
Lighting
Lighting
Others
Others
Looking at the above exhibits, it can be seen that energy usage is dominated by
air conditioning with 55% and illumination with 33%. That is, by applying Japanese
energy-saving technologies for air conditioning and lighting, it can be said that it is
possible to reduce the store’s energy use.
In exhibits 3-5 the correlation of power consumption and the outside air
temperature in each month is shown. With high outside air temperatures from April
to October, it is found that the power consumption is high as compared to other
months.
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Exhibit 3-5：Average outside temperature and power consumption by month
From the audit results of the walk-through surveys, confirmation of management
documentation and measurement of energy consumption, the following can be cited as
recommendations.

Lighting : in non-business hours, light only places needed for work

Air conditioning: Manually switch power on and off at the time of opening and
before closing
3.2. Solutions for energy conservation promotion based on the audit Resuts
Based on the results of the preceding energy audits, towards each audit target, we
propose solutions for energy conservation as follows.
3.2.1. Manufacturer A
1. Proposed equipment

Air conditioning: introduction of inverter-type air conditioning

Lighting: introduction of LED lighting, practice improvement of adjustment,
operational illumination level

Compressor: reduction of pressure loss, airflow improvement, etc., practice
operational improvement
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2. Energy-saving effect due to the introduction of proposed equipmen
Items
Equipment
Operation
Air-Conditioning System
-0.6%
-
Lighting
-3.6%
-1.5%
Other
-2.2%
-
Total
-6.4%
-1.5%
The combined effect of the equipment installation and operational improvement
is estimated at a total of 7.9% annual energy saving effect.
3. Cost saving effect of the proposed equipment and operational improvements
The cost reduction effect and ROI from the above-mentioned equipment
introduction and operational improvement will be as follows.
Exhibit 3-6：Energy- and cost-savings by introducing equipment
Items
Amount of reduction
Cost saving
Electricity（kWh/year）
（MXN$）
45,000
69,000
Lighting
356,000
635,000
Other
155,000
240,000
Total
556,000
940,000
3.2.2. Retailer B
1. Proposed equipment

Air conditioning: introduction of inverter-type air conditioning

Lighting: introduction of LED lighting, practice improvement of adjustment,
operational illumination level

Other: demand peak suppression by the introduction of demand-control
system
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2. Energy-saving effect due to the introduction of proposed equipment
Items
Equipment
Operation
-22.7%
-4.5%
Lighting
-15.8%
-3.7%
Other
-1.5%
-
Total
-40.0%
-8.2%
The combined effect of the equipment installation and operational improvement
is estimated at a total of 48.2% annual energy saving effect.
3. Cost saving effect of the proposed equipment
The cost reduction effect and ROI from the above-mentioned equipment
introduction and operational improvements will be as follows.
Exhibit 3-7：Energy- and cost-savings by introducing equipment
Items
Amount of reduction
Cost saving
Electricity（kWh/year）
（MXN$）
149,000
218,000
Lighting
106,000
195,000
Other
8,000
12,000
Total
263,000
425,000
- 26 -
3.3. Economic effect in the case of widespread commercialization
Businesses such as the SMEs for which the energy audits were done and solutions
proposed, are widespread in Mexico. Therefore, the energy and cost saving effect
obtained if the introduced solutions presented above were adopted across Mexico are
shown. It should be noted that on the estimates, electricity rates were 1.36 Mexican peso
/ kWh.
3.3.1. Retailer B
In retailer B, improvements in air conditioning (introduction of inverter-type air
conditioning) and lighting (introduction of LED lighting, improvement of adjustment,
operational illumination level) were proposed. If these were introduced in all stores
(1,000 shops), annual energy savings of 165,000MWh and cost savings of
approximately 280 million pesos are estimated.
Exhibit 3-8：Energy and cost savings in the case of nationwide deployment (retailer B）
Items
Energy saving
Energy saving
per store
in all stores
(kWh/year)
（MWh/year）
Cost saving
（Per store）
（All store）
（MXN$）
333,000
50,000
490,000
73,000,000
Lighting
107,000
110,000
195,000
200,000,000
Other
14,000
5,000
21,000
7,000,000
Total
454,000
165,000
706,000
280,000,000
Source: Created by JRI based on various data
Furthermore, the cumulative energy savings for the proposed solution from 2016 to 2025
that are obtained when introduced in 100 stores per year, and the cost saving effects are
shown in the exhibits below.
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Exhibit 3-9：Energy saving effect in 2016 - 2025 cumulative (retailer B)
Unit:MWh
1,000,000
900,000
800,000
700,000
600,000
500,000
400,000
300,000
200,000
100,000
0
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025
Exhibit 3-10：2016 - 2025 cost savings (retailer B)
Unit:Million MXN$
1,800
1,600
1,400
1,200
1,000
800
600
400
200
0
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
- 28 -
2024
2025
4. Study of Emissions Reduction Methodology, Estimates of Emissions Reductions
Amount Expected using the Methodology
4.1. Examination of JCM Methodology
4.1.1.
JCM Methodology Investigation Policy
The CDM methodologies considered possible for use with the main energy
conservation technologies used in this project, namely air-conditioning (the
technology used in this project is an inverter-type air-conditioner) and lighting (the
technology used in this project is LED), are the small scale energy conservation
methodology AMS-Ⅱ.C “Demand-side energy conservation activities for specific
technologies” and the small scale energy conservation methodology AMS-.E ”
Energy
conservation
and
fuel
switching
measures
for
buildings”.
These
methodologies take the equipment uptime as the amount of activity, and multiply the
difference between before and after equipment efficiency (for example air conditioner
COP) or energy consumption (for example lighting energy consumption) to calculate
the reference emissions. Business feasibility studies for energy conservation related
JCM projects up to now have also referred to these methodologies in studying and
creating the JCM methodology proposals.
On the other hand, the JCM methodology MN_AM001 "Installation of
energy-saving transmission lines in the Mongolian Grid" was approved by the
Japan-Mongolia Joint Committee in February 2014, and after that 1 other project at
the Japan and Mongolia Joint Committee (total 2 projects), and 4 JCM
methodologies have been approved by the Japan-Indonesia Joint Committee. In
addition, 3 methodologies are being considered by the Japan-Indonesia Joint
Committee, 4 by the Japan-Vietnam Joint Committee and 1 at the Japan-Palau Joint
Committee, such that the total of approved and proposed methodologies is now 14
(as of end of January 2015).
Because the JCM is a system that is operated by a Joint Committee established
between two countries, cooperation between each Joint Committee basically is not
thought to be required. On the other hand, since the Japanese Government is
involved in all of the Joint Committees, and robust methodologies, transparency,
ensuring environmental integrity, systems and operations that conform to
international rules are the aim, largely different JCM methodologies approved at the
Joint Committees should be avoided. The study of the methodology to be applied to
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this project activity refers to the approved and proposed methodologies in JCM, such
as eligibility requirements and reference scenarios, and examines the specific
circumstances and conditions in this project.
4.1.2. Analysis of JCM Methodology
There have so far been five approved or proposed JCM methodologies related to air
conditioning and lighting as the major subject equipment to achieve energy
conservation.
JCM methodologies related to inverter-type air conditioners and LED lighting
Target
Methodology
Country
Number
Methodology Name
Status
Energy Saving by Introduction
Indonesia
ID_AM002
of High Efficiency Centrifugal 
Approved
Chiller
Installation of Inverter-Type Air
Indonesia
ID_AM004
Conditioning System for

Approved
Cooling for Grocery Store
Installation of LED Lighting for
Indonesia
ID_PM004

Proposed

Proposed
Grocery Store
Introduction of room air
conditioners equipped with
Vietnam
VN_PM003
inverters to public sector
buildings
Improving the energy efficiency
of commercial buildings by
Vietnam
VN_PM004

Proposed
utilization of high efficiency
equipment
Source: created by JRI from each Joint Committee website
Among these JCM methodologies, three relate to air conditioning (ID_AM002
“Energy Saving by Introduction of High Efficiency Centrifugal Chiller”, ID_AM004
“Installation of Inverter-Type Air Conditioning System for Cooling for Grocery Store”,
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VN_PM003 “Introduction of room air conditioners equipped with inverters to public
sector buildings”). Two methodologies are related to lighting (ID_PM004
“Installation of LED Lighting for Grocery Store”, VN_PM004 “Improving the energy
efficiency of commercial buildings by utilization of high efficiency equipment”).
(1) Analysis of JCM Methodologies for Air Conditioning
In the methodologies related to air conditioning, one has targeted at chillers and two
are intended for split type of inverter-type air conditioners. Since it is a split type
inverter air conditioner employed in the present project activity, it was decided to
analyze the two JCM methodologies with similar technology.
Eligibility requirements are as follows for the two JCM methodologies that are
targeted to the split type of inverter air conditioner.
Eligibility requirements in JCM methodologies related to inverter-type air conditioners
Method-
Methodology
ology
Name
Eligibility Criteria
Number
1.
Single
split inverter-type
air conditioning
system is newly installed or installed to replace
existing air conditioning system for grocery
store whose selling area is less than 400 (four
hundred) m2.
Installation of
Inverter-Type
2.
The installed air conditioning system is wall
mounted type and/or ceiling cassette type, and
Air
ID_
has a COP value higher than that of the value
Conditioning
AM004
indicated in the table below.
System for
Cooling for
Grocery Store
3.
Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP) of the
refrigerant
used
for
the
installed
air
conditioning system is 0 (zero).
4.
Plan for not releasing refrigerant used for
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project air conditioning system is prepared. In
the
case
of
replacing
the
existing
air
conditioning system with the project air
conditioning system, refrigerant used for the
existing
air
conditioning
system
is
not
released to the air.
1.
The project newly introduces RACs equipped
with inverters, or replaces existing non-inverter
RACs by inverter RACs.
2.
This methodology is applicable to public sector
buildings.
3.
Rated cooling capacity of a project RAC is
within the applicable range of the Vietnamese
Introduction of
national standard TCVN7831:2012.
room air
4.
Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP) of the
conditioners
VN_
refrigerant used for project RAC is zero.
equipped with
PM003
5.
Plans to prevent release of refrigerants into the
inverters to
atmosphere at the time of RAC removal are
public sector
prepared for both project RACs and the
buildings
existing RACs replaced by the project. In the
case of replacing existing RACs by project
RACs, execution of the prevention plan is
checked at the time of verification, in order to
confirm that refrigerant used for the existing
RACs removed by the project is not released
to the air.
Source: Created by JRI based on each JCM methodology
Note 1：RAC：Room air conditioner
Among the eligibility requirements of the two JCM methodologies, the following summarizes
the common requirements.
- 32 -
Overview of eligibility requirements common to JCM methodologies related to
inverter-type air conditioners
No.
Requirement
1
Applicable
Contents
Must be Inverter-type Air Conditioner
Technology
2
Applies to
Limited to buildings which are the target of project activity
(ID_AM004: sales floor area <400m2 grocery store, VN_PM003:
government or public buildings)
3
Applicable
Limited to products to be applied in the project activity
condition
(ID_AM004: not less than was determined for each cooling
capacity COP, VN_PM003: conforms to cooling capacity of
Vietnam standard TCVN7831:2012)
4
5
Applicable
That ozone depletion potential of the refrigerant being used in
condition
products to be applied in the project activity (ODP) is zero.
Applicable
Refrigerants must not be released into the air when the existing
activity
air conditioner is replaced, and also when the air conditioner
installed under the project is removed.
Eligibility requirements are configured simply, with an appropriate treatment of
technology, subject, conditions and activities. Since inverter-type air conditioners are
used in the project activities, requirements numbers 1, 4 and 5 are considered
necessary for all methodologies. Regarding numbers 2, 3, while based on the subject
and conditions of this project activity, there is a need to consider whether the
eligibility requirements can be secured.
The approach for reference emissions of the two JCM methodologies that are
targeted at split type inverter air conditioners both use the air conditioning energy
efficiency ratio of the reference scenario air-conditioner and the project air conditioner,
estimate the reference scenario power consumption from the power consumption of
the project, and calculate the reference emissions using the the reference emissions
factor of the power grid. The energy efficiency of the air conditioner is set in
ID_AM004 as the COP set for each cooling capacity, and VN_PM003 uses the air
conditioner evaluation method standard ISO5151, and the Cooling Seasonal
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Performance Factor (CSPF) calculated by evaluation criteria set by the Vietnamese
national standard TCVN 7831:2012. Although there are differences in energy
efficiency indicators employed due to the circumstances in each country, by defining
the energy efficiency of the air conditioner that is employed in the reference scenario,
the reference emissions reduction calculated from the difference in energy efficiency
ratio of the air conditioner introduced in the project activity is considered to be
reasonable.
(2)Analysis of JCM Methodology for Lighting
Of the methodologies associated with lighting, two are intended for LED lighting.
Since the technology employed in the present project activity is LED lighting, it was
decided to analyze the two JCM methodologies that use similar technology.
Eligibility requirements are as follows for the two JCM methodologies that are
intended for LED lighting.
Eligibility requirements in JCM methodology related to LED lighting
Method-
Methodology
ology
Name
Eligibility Criteria
Number
1.
LED lighting is newly installed or installed to
replace existing fluorescent lighting for grocery
store whose selling area is less than 400 (four
hundred) m2
2.
The installed LED lighting is a straight type
Installation of
LED with color temperature between 5,000
ID_
LED Lighting
PM004
for Grocery
and 6,500 K, length between 602.5 and
1,513.0 mm, and luminous efficiency of more
Store
than 120 lm/W.
3.
In the case of replacing existing fluorescent
lighting with the project LED lighting, mercury
contained in existing fluorescent lighting is not
released to the environment.
- 34 -
VN_
Improving the
1.
The project involves implementation of one or
PM004
energy
more energy efficiency measures categorized
efficiency of
in Table 1 by using high efficiency equipment
commercial
at an existing facility.
buildings by
Projects involving installation of high efficiency
utilization of
lighting need to be coupled with another
high efficiency
energy saving measure(s) in order to be
equipment
eligible under this methodology.
High efficiency equipment introduced by the
project replaces the existing equipment or
substitutes
the
output
of
the
existing
equipment, and it is included in the applicable
technologies as shown in Table 1:
Excerpt of table 1 … Installation of high
efficiency lighting: LED lighting
2.
Omitting
3. High efficiency equipment in the project
guarantees a better performance than the
reference equipment for a minimum of one
year. The performance level can be confirmed
by comparing the efficiency or rated electricity
consumption between the high efficiency
equipment and the reference equipment, with
an evidence of either a manufacturer’s
performance guarantee or energy saving
company’s (ESCO) energy saving guarantee
of high efficiency equipment. Where such
evidence is not available for the reference
equipment, high efficiency equipment in the
project guarantees a better performance than
the default efficiency values provided in the
methodology.
Source: created by JRI from each JCM methodology
- 35 -
Among the eligibility requirements of the two JCM methodologies, the following
summarizes the common requirements.
Overview of the eligibility requirements common to JCM methodologies associated with LED
lighting
No.
1
Requirement
Applicable Technology
Contents
Must be LED.
Since the ID_PM004 methodology is restricted only to LED lights whereas the
VN_PM004 methodology applies to high efficiency equipment, of which one example
is LED lighting, the level of eligibility criteria is different. In ID_PM004 the target,
conditions and activity are defined, such that what type of LED is used in what type of
facility in what way are defined. On the other hand, in VN_PM004, although LED
lighting is explicitly mentioned as a target technology, the applicable target and
conditions are not set. In terms of applicable activities, compared to the reference
technology and products, the technology and products to be used in the project
activity must be high efficiency and must have at least a 1 year guarantee provided
by either the manufacturer or the ESCO.
Although both JCM methodologies are targeted at LED lights, because VN_PM004
is targeted at the introduction of various types of high efficiency equipment including
boilers or fuel change at a particular site, it is a different type of project activity to this
project which intends to use LED lights alone (or combined with inverter-type air
conditioners). Therefore, in regards to eligibility criteria, based on the subject and
conditions of this project activity, it was decided to refer to ID_PM004 when
considering the applicable technology, subject, conditions and activities.
The approach to reference emissions amount taken by ID_PM004, which is only targeted at
LED lights, is to compare the luminous efficiency ratio of the reference light and the project
activity light, estimate the reference scenario energy consumption from the energy
consumption of the project activity, and calculate the reference emissions based on the
- 36 -
emissions factor of the power grid,. Luminous efficiency is measured in lm/W. Although the
reference scenarios use different lighting types, due to different circumstances in each
country (ID_PM004 assumes LED lights), by defining the lighting type and its luminous
efficiency to be used in the reference scenario, calculating the reference emissions based on
the comparison to the luminous efficiency of the LED light to be introduced in the project
activity is considered to be reasonable.
4.2. Examination of Emissions Reduction Methodology
4.2.1. Examination of JCM methodology for inverter-type air conditioners
(1) Key points of consideration for emission reduction methodology
Based on the approved JCM methodology ID_PM004 "Installation of Inverter-Type
Air Conditioning System for Cooling for Grocery Store Version 1.0", the methodology
is examined based on the following points.
· Eligibility requirements
Five requirements were examined shown by analysis of existing approved and
proposed JCM methodologies.
Since this project activity plans to use inverter-type air conditioners, it was decided
to use existing JCM methodologies that also use inverter-type air conditioners.
Regarding the application subject, since this project activity plans to implement
energy audits, and based on the result introduce equipment to improve energy
efficiency and reduce greenhouse gas emissions, a requirement that an energy audit
is implemented was set. However, since in the case of multiple similar buildings, such
as retail chains, the sales floor space and equipment is similar, and by using the
energy audit results in a particular building, the energy consumption by usage of
other stores can be estimated, it was decided that in such cases it can be regarded
that an energy audit has been conducted.
Regarding
applicable
conditions,
Mexico
has
the
national
standards
NOM-011-ENER-2006, NOM-023-ENER-2010, and in these standards the standard
energy efficiency of air conditioners is defined (in NOM-011-ENER-2006 for central
air conditioners, REEE (seasonal energy efficiency indicator) >3.81 Wt/We, in
NOM-023-ENER-2010 for split type air conditioners, REE (energy efficiency
indicator) >2.72 Wt/We). It should be noted that these standards refer to American
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domestic standards such as AHRI210/240、AHRI 340/360、ASHRAE Standard
90.1-2007, and REEE is a similar indicator to IEER(Integrated Energy Efficiency
Ratio), while REE can be considered synonymous with EER(Energy Efficiency
Ratio)/COP. Inverter-type air conditioners to be introduced in project activities should
exceed these criteria. In addition, in future consultation and coordination with the
Mexican side, it will be considered whether to set a higher level than the current
standard for REEE and REE, and if necessary this should be incorporated into the
eligibility requirements.
Regarding other applicable conditions and activities, following ID_AM004, products
used in project activities should have refrigerants with an an ozone depletion
potential (ODP) of zero, and when the existing air conditioner is replaced, and also
when the air conditioner installed under the project is removed, refrigerants must not
be released into the air.
Based on the above, the eligibility requirements for the JCM methodology to be
applied to this project activity are summarized as follows.
Proposed JCM methodology eligibility requirements (inverter air conditioner)
No.
Requirement
1
Applicable
Project activity to be the introduction of inverter-type air
Technology
conditioners
Applicable
The subject will be a building which has undergone an energy
subject
audit. However, in the case of multiple similar buildings, the
2
Contents
result of an energy audit in a particular building can be used,
and if the energy consumption of the air conditioners in the
other buildings can be estimated, these buildings can also be
a subject.
3
Applicable
Air conditioner exceeds the energy efficiency standards set by
condition
the Mexican national standards NOM-011-ENER-2006 and
NOM-023-ENER-2010
for
the
air
conditioning
to
be
introduced in the project activity
4
Applicable
That the ozone depletion potential of the refrigerant being
condition
used in products to be applied in the project activity (ODP) is
- 38 -
zero
5
Applicable
Refrigerants must not be released into the air when the
activity
existing air conditioner is replaced, and also when the air
conditioner installed under the project is removed.
・Reference scenario
There is a high share of American made air conditioners in Mexico, which are mainly
non-inverter-type. Also, since it is included in the energy audit eligibility requirements,
it is easy to understand the air-conditioning equipment and its energy efficiency
adopted in the reference scenario.
Using the indicator REE (possible to use the American EER / COP) or REEE, the
ratio of energy efficiency of the reference scenario air conditioner and the project
activity air conditioner is calculated. By multiplying the energy efficiency ratio by the
power consumption in the project activity, the power consumption in the reference
scenario can be estimated, and by multiplying by the CO2 emissions factor of the
power grid the reference emissions amount is calculated.
(2) JCM methodology proposal
The JCM methodology proposal is summarized below.
A. Methodology Title
(Introduction of inverter type air conditioning system with energy audit)
B. Definition of terms
Term
Definition
REEE
Abbreviation of Relación de Eficiencia Energética Estacional. The
English translation is Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio. An energy
efficiency indicator for central air conditioners defined by the national
Mexican standard NOM-011-ENER-2006.
REE
Abbreviation of Relación de Eficiencia Energética. English translation
is Energy Efficiency Ratio. An energy efficiency indicator for split type
air
conditioners
defined
- 39 -
by
the
national
Mexican
standard
NOM-023-ENER-2010.
Wt
Abbreviation of watts térmicos. Amount of heat obtained by the air
conditioner (unit W).
We
Abbreviation of watts eléctricos. Heat
Electricity used in the
operation of the air conditioner (unit W)
COP
Abbreviation of Coefficient Of Performance. One of the energy
efficiency indicators of air conditioning equipment. Evaluates the
performance of air-conditioning equipment under certain conditions.
IEER
Abbreviation of Integrated Energy Efficiency Ratio. Defined by the
American national standard AHRI 1230.
EER
Abbreviation of Energy Efficiency Ratio. Defined by the American
national standards AHRI210/240、AHRI 340/360
C. Methodology Overview
Item
Measurement
Overview
of
GHG reduction
This methodology is applied to the project activity of introducing
inverter-type air conditioners following an energy audit in
Mexico
Calculation
of
Calculation of reference emissions by use of air conditioners in
reference
the reference scenario is carried out by the following method.
emissions
The energy consumption of the air conditioner under the
project activity is multiplied by the ratio of the energy efficiency
of the project activity air conditioner and the reference scenario
air conditioner and the calculated reference scenario energy
consumption is multiplied by the power grid emissions factor
The energy efficiency indicator is selected from REEE、REE、
COP、IEER or EER based on the circumstances of the project
activity.
Calculation
of
project emissions
Calculation of project emissions from the use of the project
activity air conditioner is carried out by the following method.
The energy consumption from the project activity air
conditioner is multiplied by the power grid emissions factor.
- 40 -
Monitoring
Energy consumption of project activity air conditioner
parameter
D. Eligibility criteria
This methodology can be applied to projects which meet all of the following
requirements.
Requirement 1
The project activity is the introduction of inverter-type inverters.
Requirement 2
audit. However, in the case of multiple similar buildings, the result
of an energy audit in a particular building can be used, and if the
energy consumption of the air conditioners in the other buildings
can be estimated, these buildings can also be a subject.
Requirement 3
The air conditioner introduced in the project activity must exceed
the energy efficiency ratio standards defined in the Mexican
national standards for air conditioners NOM-011-ENER-2006 and
NOM-023-ENER-2010
Requirement 4
That the ozone depletion potential of the refrigerant being used in
products to be applied in the project activity (ODP) is zero
Requirement 5
Refrigerants must not be released into the air when the existing air
conditioner is replaced, and also when the air conditioner installed
under the project is removed.
E. GHG emission sources and GHG types
Reference emissions
GHG emissions source
Energy consumption of reference scenario air conditioner
GHG type
CO2
Project emissions
Energy consumption of project activity air conditioner
F. Reference emissions determination and calculation
F.1. Determination of reference emissions
- 41 -
GHG type
CO2
The reference emissions are calculated by energy consumption from the project
activity air conditioner multiplied by project activity/reference scenario air conditioner
energy efficiency ratio multiplied by power grid emissions factor.
The reference scenario air conditioner energy efficiency is based on the energy
audit and decided by referring to the REEE、REE、COP、IEER、EER written in the
manufacturer’s technical documentation.
F.2 Calculation of reference emissions
REy = ECpj × (EEpj ÷ EERE) × EFgrid
REy
Reference emissions in year y [tCO2/y]
ECpj
Energy consumption of project activity air conditioner in year y
[MWh/y]
EEpj
Energy efficiency of project activity air conditioner [-]
EERE
Energy efficiency of reference scenario air conditioner [-]
EFgrid
Power grid emissions factor in year y [tCO2/MWh]
G. Calculation of project emissions
PEy = ECpj × EFgrid
PEy
Project emissions in year y [tCO2/y]
ECpj
Energy consumption of project activity air conditioner in year y
[MWh/y]
EFgrid
H. Calculation of emissions reduction
- 42 -
ERy = REy - PEy
ERy
GHG emissions reduction in year y [tCO2/y]
REy
PEy
I. Data and parameters defined in advance
The source of data and parameters defined in advance are shown in the list below.
Data /
Explanation of data
Source
Power grid emissions factor in
Regarding the power grid emissions
year y: 0.4929 [tCO2/MWh]
factor, the most recent value will be
(reference value)
used
Parameter
EFgrid
following
appropriate
confirmation by a third party institute.
The emissions factor announced by
an organization such as the Mexican
DNA as specified by the Joint
Committee will be used.
The
reference
calculated
by
value
the
is
that
voluntary
emissions trading scheme in Mexico
(with
Mexican
involvement), GEI.
4.2.2. Examination of JCM Methodology for Lighting
(1) Key points of consideration for emission reduction methodology
- 43 -
government
Based on the approved JCM methodology ID_AM004 ”Installation of LED Lighting
for Grocery Store Version 1.0”, the methodology is examined based on the following
points.
· Eligibility requirements
Applicable technologies, subjects, conditions and activities were examined referring
to eligibility criteria included in currently proposed JCM methodologies.
Regarding applicable technology, since this project plans to introduce LED lights,
existing JCM methodologies also based on LED lights were referred to.
Regarding applicable subjects, in the same way as for inverter-type air conditioners,
the carrying out of an energy audit was set as a requirement. Also, in the same way, in
the case of chain companies with multiple similar buildings, it is considered that the
energy consumption by usage in other stores can be estimated and it can be regarded
that an energy audit has been conducted.
Regarding applicable conditions, it is possible to define the luminous efficiency of
LED lights. However, given that the reference scenario lighting luminous efficiency can
be understood, and the emissions reduction can be calculated by the difference in
luminous efficiency between the reference scenario and the project lighting through the
energy audit, it was decided that it is not needed to set a particular standard. One one
hand, in the case of replacement of fluorescent lights, since it is is important to avoid
emissions of mercury to the atmosphere at the time of disposal from the point of view of
environmental integrity, this was also added as a requirement for applicable activities.
Given the above, the eligibility criteria for the JCM methodology applicable for this
project activity is summarized below.
Proposal for eligibility criteria for JCM Methodology (LED Lighting)
No.
Requirement
1
Applicable
Contents
The project activity will be the introduction of LED lights.
technology
- 44 -
2
Applicable
subject
audit. However, in the case of multiple similar buildings, the
result of an energy audit in a particular building can be used,
and if the energy consumption of the lights in the other
buildings can be estimated, these buildings can also be a
subject.
3
Applicable
When fluorescent lights are replaced steps must be taken to
activity
ensure that mercury contained in the fluorescent lights is not
emitted to the atmosphere
・Reference Scenario
As an indicator for the energy efficiency of lighting, luminous efficiency is generally
used, and since an energy audit is included as an eligibility requirement, it is easy to
understand the type of light used in the reference scenario and its luminous efficiency.
The ratio of luminous efficiency of the reference scenario lighting and the project
activity lighting is calculated. By multiplying the project activity energy consumption by
the luminous efficiency ratio, the energy consumption of the reference scenario can be
estimated, and by multiplying by the power grid CO2 emissions factor the reference
emissions can be calculated.
(2) JCM Methodology Proposal
The JCM methodology proposal is summarized below.
A. Methodology Title
(Introduction of LED lighting with energy audit)
B. Definition of terms
Term
Definition
Luminous
Indicator of the energy efficiency of a light source. Unit is the total
Efficiency
luminous flux per unit of electric power, measured in [lm/W].
- 45 -
C. Methodology Overview
Item
Overview
Measurement of
This methodology is applied to the project activity of introducing
GHG reduction
LED lighting following an energy audit in Mexico
Calculation
of
Calculation of reference emissions by use of lighting in the
reference
reference scenario is carried out by the following method.
emissions
The energy consumption of the lighting under the project activity
is multiplied by the ratio of the energy efficiency of the project
activity lighting and the reference scenario lighting and the
calculated reference scenario energy consumption is multiplied
by the power grid emissions factor
Calculation
of
project emissions
Calculation of project emissions from the use of the project
activity lighting is carried out by the following method.
The energy consumption from the project activity lighting is
multiplied by the power grid emissions factor.
Monitoring
Energy consumption of project activity lighting
parameter
D. Eligibility criteria
This methodology can be applied to projects which meet all of the following
requirements.
Requirement
The project activity is the introduction of LED lighting.
1
Requirement
The subject will be a building which has undergone an energy audit.
2
However, in the case of multiple similar buildings, the result of an
energy audit in a particular building can be used, and if the energy
consumption of the lighting in the other buildings can be estimated,
these buildings can also be a subject.
Requirement
When fluorescent lights are replaced steps must be taken to ensure
3
that mercury contained in the fluorescent lights is not emitted to the
atmosphere.
- 46 -
E. GHG emission sources and GHG types
Reference emissions
GHG type
Energy consumption of reference scenario lighting
CO2
Project emissions
GHG type
Energy consumption of project activity lighting
CO2
F. Reference emissions determination and calculation
F.1. Determination of reference emissions
The reference emissions are calculated by energy consumption from the project
activity lighting multiplied by project activity/reference scenario lighting luminous
efficiency ratio multiplied by power grid emissions factor.
The reference scenario lighting luminous efficiency is based on the energy audit and
decided by referring to the lm/W written in the manufacturer’s technical documentation.
F.2 Calculation of reference emissions
REy = ECpj × (LEpj ÷ LERE) × EFgrid
REy
ECpj
Energy consumption of project activity lighting in year y [MWh/y]
LEpj
Energy efficiency of project activity lighting [lm/W]
LERE
Energy efficiency of reference scenario lighting [lm/W]
EFgrid
- 47 -
G. Calculation of project emissions
PEy = ECpj × EFgrid
PEy
ECpj
Energy consumption of project activity lighting in year y [MWh/y]
EFgrid
H. Calculation of emissions reduction
ERy = REy - PEy
ERy
GHG emissions reduction in year y [tCO2/y]
REy
PEy
I. Data and parameters defined in advance
The source of data and parameters defined in advance are shown in the list below.
Data /
Explanation of data
Source
Power grid emissions factor
Regarding the power grid emissions
in year y: 0.4929 [tCO2/MWh]
factor, the most recent value will be
(reference value)
used
Parameter
EFgrid
following
appropriate
confirmation by a third party institute.
The emissions factor announced by
an organization such as the Mexican
DNA
as
specified
by
the
Joint
Committee will be used.
The reference value is that calculated
by the voluntary emissions trading
scheme in Mexico (with Mexican
government involvement), GEI.
- 48 -
4.3. Calculation of Emissions Reduction
4.3.1. Parameter setting
(1) Common parameters
・ Emissions factor ： 0.4929 [tCO2/MWh] (emissions factor calculated by the
voluntary emissions trading scheme in Mexico (with Mexican government
involvement), GEI.)
(2) Parameters related to inverter-type air conditioners
・ Energy efficiency indicator


Medium-scale store

Reference Scenario…COP：3.0

Project activity…COP：5.0

Energy efficiency ratio：5.0÷3.0＝1.67
Small-scale store

Reference scenario…COP：3.1

Project activity…COP：5.86

Energy efficiency ratio：5.86÷3.1＝1.89
・ Project activity air conditioner energy consumption

Medium-scale store…181.8 [MWh]

Small-scale store… 13.8 [MWh]
(3) Parameters related to LED lighting
・ Luminous efficiency


Medium-scale stores

Reference scenario…94 lm/W

Project activity…152 lm/W

Luminous efficiency：152÷94＝1.62
Small-scale store

Reference scenario…108 lm/W

Project activity…152 lm/W

Luminous efficiency ratio：152÷108＝1.4
・ Project activity lighting energy consumption

Medium-scale stores…110.8 [MWh]
- 49 -

Small-scale stores… 11.6 [MWh]
4.3.2. Calculation of reference emissions
(1) GHG emissions from reference scenario air conditioner
・ Medium-scale stores

Reference scenario energy consumption：181.8 × 1.67 = 303.6 [MWh]

Reference emissions：303.6 × 0.4929 = 149.6 [tCO2]
・ Small-scale stores


(2) Reference scenario lighting GHG emissions


4.3.3.


Reference emissions：16.2 × 0.4929 = 8 [tCO2]
Calculation of project emissions
(1) Air conditioner GHG emissions from project activety

Project emissions：181.8 ×0.4929 = 89.6 [tCO2]

Project emissions：13.8 × 0.4929 = 6.8 [tCO2]
(2) Lighting GHG emissions from project activety


- 50 -
4.3.4.
Calculation of emissions reduction
(1) GHG emissions reduction from air conditioner

Emissions reduction：149.6 - 89.6 = 60.0 [tCO2]

(2) GHG emissions reduction from lighting


For medium-scale stores, the emissions reduction per store is 60.0＋33.9＝93.9
[tCO2]。For small-scale stores, the emissions reduction per store is 6.1＋2.3＝8.4
[tCO2].
4.3.5.
Calculation of emissions reductions from multiple stores
(1) Medium-scale stores
There are multiple groups in Mexico that have medium-scale stores such as those
which underwent energy audits in this studyThere are about 10 of these
medium-scale store groups, and given that the large groups have around 1,000
stores, it can be estimated that there are at least around 3,000 in Mexico.
Emissions reductions were calculated referring to the store lists of large groups of
medium-scale stores, and based on Mexico’s climate.
For inverter-type air conditioners, the result, given that in several parts of Mexico
cooling is needed all year round, and assuming that due to low expectations of costs
savings introduction will be shelved, reduced emissions reductions totaling 161,410
[tCO2/y] are expected.
- 51 -
Calculation of emissions reductions for multiple medium-scale store (3,000 stores)
Project Activity
Emissions reduction [tCO2/y]
Reduction from inverter-type air
59,829
conditioner
Reduction from LED lighting
101,581
Total
161,410
(2) Small-scale stores
There are multiple groups in Mexico that have small-scale stores. The largest
group has 12,000 stores in Mexico, the second largest has 2,000, and it is estimated
that the total convenience store industry has 16,000 stores across Mexico in
February 2015.
Emissions reductions were calculated referring to the store list of the largest group,
and based on Mexico’s climate.
For inverter-type air conditioners, the result, given that in several parts of Mexico is
cool all year round, and assuming that due to low expectations of costs savings
introduction will be shelved, reduced emissions reductions totaling 87,780 [tCO2/y]
are expected.
Calculation of emissions reductions for multiple small-scale store (16,000 stores)
Project Activity
Emissions reduction [tCO2/y]
Reduction from inverter-type air
51,187
conditioner
Reduction from LED lighting
36,593
Total
87,780
The total emissions reduction of this project activity (total of medium and
small-scale) is 249,190 [tCO2/y]. It is not realistic to expect that project activities
would take place at all stores, but for example in the case that 10% of stores
introduced inverter-type air conditioners and LED lights, a total of 24,919 [tCO2/y]
would be reduced、and it is expected that a certain scale of GHG emissions reduction
could be realized.
- 52 -
5． Implementation of FS Debriefing Session for Mexican Government
Officials
5.1.
Debriefing Session for Each Company that underwent Energy Audit
In this study, in order to report the results of the energy audits carried out on Mexican
businesses and industries and also to propose solutions to promote energy conservation
based on the energy audit results, debriefing sessions were held for each company audited.
Details（Date, Reported Company, Location）
Date
Reported Company
Location
12 February 2015 (Thu)
Manufacturer A
Head office of A
13 February 2015 (Fri)
Retailer B
Head office of B
The main points of the discussion at each company are detailed below.
5.1.1. Manufacturer A
A wide selection of staff related to energy and cost savings such as the factory chief,
energy conservation representative and finance officer participated and showed a
strong interest in the project. Regarding the energy audit results, there were
especially many questions about lighting、revealing the high interest in this area.
Regarding the proposed solutions, comments were made about their contribution not
just to energy conservation but to overall factory cost reductions, and there were
comments that budget should be made available for items with high return on
investment. Proposals should be reformulated for items of high interest and next
actions will be discussed from February for three months.
5.1.2. Retailer B
The debriefing session was attended by 13 people such as the energy
conservation representative, facilities manager and store manager and strong interest
was shown. The explanation of results of the energy audit were listened to
enthusiastically, and strong interest was shown in the efforts to estimate energy
consumption in individual pieces of equipment. Regarding proposed solutions,
interest was high not only about the large energy improvements that could be
achieved in lighting, but also for air conditioning, and opinions were given that an
- 53 -
energy audit should be implemented in the hot month of August and check the results.
Next steps will be discussed from February for three months including test
introduction into stores.
5.2.
Debriefing Session with Mexican Government Officials
As the final report of this study, the following study debriefing session was held for
related Mexican government institutions who promote JCM and energy conservation.
・ Aim

Promote understanding about the Joint Crediting Mechanism among Mexican
government officials

Accelerate operation and project registration under the Joint Crediting Mechanism

Strengthen and promote deeper understanding and awareness of Japanese
services, technology and products in the field of energy conservation as effective
tools for the realization of a low carbon society
・ Details

Date and time：February 16 (Mon) 2015 1:30p.m.～5:00p.m.

Location：Hotel GENEVE Mexico City

Mexican participants: described below
Related Mexican government institution participants
Organization
SEMARNAT
Participants
Mr. Rodolfo Tamayo Lacy, Deputy Minister, Ministry
of Environment and Natural Resources
Ms. Mónica P. Echegoyen López, Director of Global
Environmental Policy
SENER
Mr. Santiago Creuheras Diaz, General Director for
Energy Efficiency and Sustainability
CONUEE
Mr. José Gabriel Marcoida Yáñez, Subdirector de
Certificación
- 54 -

Embassy of Japan in Mexico
- Minister Shimizu、Chancellor Matsumura
The debriefing program and contents are shown below.

Japanese
- Minister Shimizu、Chancellor Matsumura
The debriefing program and contents are shown below.
Session Program
Contents
Presenter
Opening remarks
Embassy of Japan
Welcome speech
SEMARNAT
Welcome speech
SENER
Key Note Session
SENER
1. About the Joint Crediting Mechanism
The Japan Research Institute
2. Outline of our Feasibility Study
3. Introduction of Energy Survey
Panasonic de Mexico, S.A.de C.V.
4. Solution idea for Energy Saving
Panasonic Corporation
5. Possibility of collaboration in energy saving
Discussion
Closing
From the Mexican government side, the following main items of interest and points were
made.
5.2.1 Regarding Promotion of the Joint Crediting Mechanism
As an update on the current status of the JCM, the first JCM project registered in
October 2014 in Indonesia ”Energy Saving for Air-Conditioning and Process Cooling by
Introducing High-efficiency Centrifugal Chiller” was introduced. Regarding this SEMARNAT
- 55 -
Vice-Minister Lacy, inquired as to whether, since this FS is also an air conditioning related
project、the same approach as taken by the Indonesian project could be used, and if this
could be possible then project registration could be done quickly also in Mexico.
5.2.2. Regarding Energy Efficient Technology and Products
The Mexican Government showed strong interest when the activities of the Energy
Conservation Center Japan（hearafter ECCJ）to promote energy conservation both inside
and outside of Japan were introduced.
Regarding ECCJ’s capacity building projects to introduce and disseminate energy
conservation in ASEAN countries and Japan’s energy audit experience aimed at
businesses、the wish was expressed that Japan would co-operate in disseminating such
activities in Mexico as part of the overall future JCM framework since Mexico is currently
lagging in these types of human resource development and energy audits.
At the debriefing session there was discussion that the approaches introduced to the
Mexican government side should also be raised at the Japan-Mexico Joint Committee.
5.2.3. Regarding Future Promotion of Energy Conservation in Mexico
Regarding the current system, it was suggested that since 95% of Mexican businesses
are SMEs, the structure of the scheme should be designed to make it easy to be used by
such companies. Currently each case can only receive 3,000USD, but it can be considered
to raise this to 1 million USD.
And, according to CONUEE, there have been few examples in the commercial sector to
date, and while referring to work done in energy conservation projects aimed at the
industrial sector and buildings, there was discussion that there would also be focus put on
energy conservation projects in the commercial sector in future (in concrete terms, there are
plans for a 2 year pilot project for energy efficient lighting in hospitals, offices and hotels).
As described above, this debriefing session can be evaluated as greatly contributing to
promoting the system and energy conservation and deepening knowledge and
understanding of impacts through announcing Japan’s private sector level work related to
the JCM to the Mexican side.
END
- 56 -

Global Warming Mitigation Technology Promotion Project Report

Transcription

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