MW - Ambasciata d`Italia
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MW - Ambasciata d`Italia
International Workshop on Geothermal Energy: Exchange of experiences and visions between Italy and Mexico Origin and current panorama of geothermal energy in Mexico LUIS C.A. GUTIÉRREZ NEGRÍN CEMIE-GEO, INTERNATIONAL GEOTHERMAL ASSOCIATION, GEOCÓNSUL Ciudad de México, 18 February 2016 Geothermal in Pre-Columbian Epoch In Mesoamerica, and especially in Mexico, settlements were related to volcanoes and geothermal manifestations. Xiuhtecutli, Aztec goddess of fire, was considered the link between the heat of Earth and heaven. The Aztec’s five suns or epochs: o The third sun, named Quiahuitl Tonatiuh (solar fire rain), was destroyed by volcanic eruptions. Other Aztec gods related Huehuetéotl, ancient god of fire and father of gods. Tláloc, god of rain and fire. Geothermal in the Colonial period In 1540, the Spanish chronicler Pedro Castañeda described the arrival of the expedition to the thermal manifestations of Laguna Volcano in Cerro Prieto: “...Dieron con unos médanos de ceniza ferviente, que no podía entrar nadie en ellos... La tierra que hallaban temblaba como témpano y parecía que estaban debajo algunos lagos. Era cosa admirable que así hervía la ceniza en algunas partes, que parecía cosa infernal...” Geothermal in the Colonial period In 1540, the Spanish chronicler Pedro Castañeda described the arrival of the expedition to the thermal manifestations of Laguna Volcano in Cerro Prieto: “... They went at some boiling ash dunes, and nobody could get into them... Ground was shaking like iceberg and looked like they were some lakes under it. It was an admirable thing that ashes were boiling in parts, which seemed an infernal thing...” Known hot springs in Mexico Hot water: o Atotonilco, term coming from náhuatl o Puruándiro, term coming from purépecha o Pathé, term coming from otomí. Source: Gerencia de Proyectos Geotermoeléctricos, CFE. First antecedents o 1906 Paul Waitz publishes Les Geysers de Ixtlán, which is part of the booklet-guide of the field trip 1d, previous to the X International Geologic Congress. o 20 February 1943 Birth of the Paricutín Volcano, in San Juan Parangaricutiro, Mich. o 1948 José Ísita Septién writes his thesis on the geohydrology of the San Bartolomé de los Baños, Gto., geothermal area. o 1951 Luis F. de Anda publishes Estudio preliminar sobre el aprovechamiento geotérmico de los géysers de Ixtlán de los Hervores, Michoacán, en energía para el sistema combinado Chapala-GuanajuatoMichoacán. Creation of the CEG and first well in Pathé, Hgo. o 1952 Luis F. de Anda pays a technical visit to the Larderello, geothermal field in Italy. o 1955 It is formed the Geothermal Energy Commission (CEG) and the first exploration well is drilled in the Pathé, Hgo., geothermal field. Beginnings of Cerro Prieto and the first power plant o 1958 Drilling starts in the Cerro Prieto, BC, and Ixtlán de los Hervores, Mich., geothermal fields. o 20 November 1959 The first power plant, acquired in Italy, is inaugurated in Pathé. Modern epoch: Cerro Prieto 800 700 600 MW 500 400 300 200 100 1973 1975 1977 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 0 1973 1979 1982 1986 1987 2000 2011 2012 75 150 180 510 620 720 645 570 Cerro Prieto geothermal field o Field of convection type into extensional domain o Altitude: ~13 masl o Tectonic setting: transform margin. Pull apart basin between two strikeslip faults o Regional heat plumes and Quaternary basic intrusives o Liquid dominant reservoir with fluids hosted in sedimentary rocks o Sodium chloride fluids at ~2400 m depth and 250-310°C o Recharge: regional shallow aquifer and the Colorado River Early eighties: Beginning of Los Azufres, Mich. 250 200 MW 150 100 50 0 1982 1986 1988 1989 1990 1992 1993 2002 2003 2006 2015 25 30 80 85 90 95 98 93 194 191 224 Los Azufres geothermal field o Field of convection, magmatic, extrusive type o Altitude: ~2850 masl o Tectonic setting: subduction. Compressive regime with local extension o Magma chamber of the San Andrés Volcano o Vapor dominant reservoir with fluids hosted in andesites o Sodium chloride fluids at ~2000 m depth and 240-320°C o Recharge: local shallow aquifers Early nineties: Beginnings of Los Humeros, Pue. 80 70 60 MW 50 40 30 20 10 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 0 1990 1991 1992 1994 2001 2002 2008 2012 2013 10 25 30 35 15 35 40 56.8 68.6 Los Humeros geothermal field o Field of convection, magmatic, extrusive type o Altitude: ~2800 masl o Tectonic setting: subduction. Compressive regime with local extension o Magma chamber of Los Humeros and Los Potreros calderas o Vapor dominant reservoir with fluids hosted in volcanic rocks o Sodium chloride fluids at ~2200 m depth and 210-340°C o Recharge: regional shallow aquifer Recent developments: Las Tres Vírgenes, BCS o Field of convection, magmatic, extensional type o Altitude: ~750 m.a.s.l. o Tectonic setting: transform margin. Extensional regime o Magma chamber of La Virgen Volcano o Liquid dominant reservoir with fluids hosted in granitic rocks o Sodium chloride fluids at ~2000 m depth and 250-275°C o Recharge: local shallow aquifer o 10 MW since July 2001 Private development: Domo San Pedro, Nay. o Field of convection, magmatic, extrusive type o Altitude: ~1500 masl o Tectonic setting: subduction. Compressive regime with local extension and pre-rifting o Magma chamber of two dacitic domes o Liquid dominant reservoir hosted in rocks of several types o Sodium chloride fluids at ~3000 m depth and ~280°C o Recharge: local shallow aquifer o 10 MW since March 2015 Evolution of the national capacity in operation 1200 1000 TOTAL MW 800 600 400 200 0 o 883 MW operating in five geothermal fields o 75 MW currently in construction (Los Humeros, Los Azufres and Domo San Pedro) Current geothermal fields under exploitation Cerro Prieto, BC San Andreas Fault System 720 MW installed, 540 MW operating NORTH AMERICA PLATE Las Tres Vírgenes, BCS 10 MW installed & operating Domo San Pedro, Nay. 10 MW installed & operating PACIFIC PLATE Los Azufres, Mich. RIVERA PLATE 247.4 MW installed, 224.4 MW operating Rivera Fault Zone Los Humeros, Pue. East Pacific Rise 93.6 MW installed, 68.6 MW operating Orozco Fault Zone COCOS PLATE Mesoamerican Trench Mexican Volcanic Belt TOTAL 1081 MW installed, 883 MW operating Mexico in the geothermal world COUNTRY 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 United States Philippines Indonesia Mexico New Zealand Italy Iceland Turkey Kenya Japan Costa Rica El Salvador Nicaragua Russia Guatemala Papua-New Guinea (Lihir Island) Portugal (Azores Islands) China Germany France (Guadeloupe Island, Alsace) Ethiopia Austria Australia Thailand Total MWe 3,789.0 1,870.0 1,438.5 1,081.0 1,005.0 941.0 664.4 635.0 625.0 519.0 207.1 204.4 159.0 81.9 52.0 50.0 28.5 27.0 27.0 16.0 7.0 1.4 1.0 0.3 13,430.5 Worldwide geothermalelectric installed capacity by December 2015 Worldwide installed capacity of geothermal direct uses by December 2013 (includes GHP) COUNTRY 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 … 31 … 82 MWth China United States Sweden Turkey Germany France Japan Iceland Switzerland Finland Canada Norway Italy India Hungary Austria South Korea The Netherlands Poland New Zealand … Mexico … Papua-New Guinea 17,870.0 17,415.9 5,600.0 2,886.3 2,848.6 2,346.9 2,186.2 2,040.0 1,733.1 1,560.0 1,466.8 1,300.0 1,014.0 986.0 905.6 903.4 835.8 790.0 488.8 487.5 Total 70,329.0 155.8 0.1 Perspectives in the new regulatory framework Geothermal Energy Act (LEG, Aug. 2014) and its regulation (Oct. 2014) Stage: Reconnaissance Exploration Exploitation Requirement: Registration Permit Concession Duration: 8 months 3 year (plus 3 years) 30 years (or more) Allowed activities: o o o o Regional geological and geochemical surveys - Detailed geologic and geochemical studies - Geophysical surveys - Drilling of 1 to 5 exploration wells - Civil works (roads, well-pads) - Drilling of production & injection wells - Superficial installations - Plant construction and installation - Field management Geothermal areas of maximum 150 km2 Registration, permits and concessions are mandatory & can’t be sold Geothermal expertise and economic solvency Possibilities (and obligation if necessary) to jointly exploit the same reservoir with two or more different concessions o All brine must be inject into the reservoir o ‘Round 0’ for CFE and ‘Round 0.5’ for private developers Present status As result of ‘Round 0’ SENER awarded to CFE: o 5 Exploitation concessions for its four fields, plus the Cerritos Colorados, Jal., and Present status As result of ‘Round 0’ SENER awarded to CFE: o 5 Exploitation concessions for its four fields, plus the Cerritos Colorados, Jal., and o 13 Exploration permits in the areas of Cerritos & Calderón Cucapah in the state of Baja California, Volcán Chichonal in Chiapas, San Bartolomé de los Baños in Guanajuato, La Soledad, Las Planillas & San Marcos in Jalisco, Lago de Cuitzeo, Araró. Ixtlán de los Hervores & Los Negritos in Michoacán, Los Hervores in Nayarit, and Acoculco in the state of Puebla. As result of ‘Round 0.5’ SENER awarded: o 1 Exploitation concession to Grupo Dragón for the Domo San Pedro, Nay., area. o 1 Exploration permit to Mexxus-RG for the Volcán Ceboruco, Nay., area. Future geothermal development o Up to now, SENER has received several applications for exploration permits for other geothermal areas, yet it has not awarded none. o The Regulatory Energy Commission (CRE) will accept offers for Clean Energy Certificates (CELs) in next March. o Hydrothermal proven reserves are currently estimated at 112 MW and probable ones at 230 MW (only in the six fields already awarded to CFE & Grupo Dragón). o Hydrothermal measured resources are estimated at 195 MW, indicate resources at 830 MW & inferred resources at 1210 MW. o Geothermal potential for hot dry rocks, developable with EGS technologies, is still under assessment by the CeMIEGeo, yet it is estimated a minimum of >5000 MW. o The SENER’s Inventario Nacional de Recursos Renovables estimates the national technical potential at 13,400 MW. Preliminary geothermal potential 6000 Minimum EGS potential (≥ 150°C) = 5250 5000 Hydrothermal potential (≥ 150°C) = 2,577 MW MW 4000 3000 Resources Reserves 2000 1000 1210 883 830 111.8 229.8 195 0 Operation High Proven Probable Measured Indicated Confidence Inferred EGS Minimum Low XXIII Annual Congress 9-11 March 2016, Morelia, Mich. More info in the AGM’s website: www.geotermia.org.mx Grazie
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