Cervical Myofascial Pain

16/04/2015
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The cervical spine,
Stomatognathic System
and Craniofacial Pain:
What is the Connection?
Susan Armijo-Olivo, BScPT, MScPT, PhD
Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine
University of Alberta
Canada
[email protected]
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Why is this
Connection
Important?
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Introduction
DENTISTS
PHYSICAL THERAPISTS
PSYCHOLOGISTS
SPEECH PATHOLOGISTS
PHYSICIANS....
Craniomandibular
System
Types of Connections
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 Anatomical
 Biomechanical
 Neurological
 Pathological
 Pathophysiological
 Clinical
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Anatomic and Biomechanical
Connection
Body Systems and
Craniomandibular system
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Craniomandibular System
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Head,
Neck, and
.
shoulder Girdle,
work anatomically,
physiologically, and
biomechanically
together.
Gillies G et al.,. A biomechanical model of the craniomandibular complex and cervical spine based on the inverted pendulum. Journal of Medical Engineering & Technology. 1998;22(6):263-269.
Gillies GT, et al.,. Equilibrium and non-equilibrium dynamics of the cranio-mandibular complex and cervical spine. Journal Of Medical Engineering & Technology. 2003;27(1):32-40
Rocabado M. Biomechanical relationship of the cranial, cervical, and hyoid regions. The Journal Of Cranio-Mandibular Practice. 1983;1(3):61-66.
Craniocervical Equilibrium
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Inverted Pendulum
Craniocervical equilibrium
- Importance of Cervical
Muscles
Gillies G et al.,. A biomechanical model of the craniomandibular
complex and cervical spine based on the inverted pendulum. Journal of
Medical Engineering & Technology. 1998;22(6):263-269.
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Craniocervical Equilibrium

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Importance of cervical Muscles


Global muscle system

Upper trapezius

Splenius capitis

Splenius cervicis

Semispinalis capitis, and

Sternocleidomastoid
Local muscle system.

Cervical multifidus,

Longissimus capitis,

Longissimus cervicis,

Intertransversus,

Longus colli,

Rectus capitis,

and the suboccipitalis muscles at upper cervical level
Superficial Multifidus
Craniocervicomandibular Relations
Deep Multifidus
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Craniocervical posture is
related to the position of
the mandible and facial
structures
Makofsky HW. The influence of forward head posture on dental occlusion. Cranio: The Journal Of Craniomandibular Practice. 2000/1 2000;18(1):30-39.
Makofsky HW, Sexton TR, Diamond DZ, Sexton MT. The Effect of Head Posture on Muscle Contact Position Using the T-Scan System of Occlusal Analysis.
Cranio-the Journal of Craniomandibular Practice. Oct 1991;9(4):316-321.
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Sliding Cranium Theory
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Changes in head posture
produce a change in the
position of the jaw and
consequently a modification
of teeth contact and
muscular activity
Makofsky H. The effect of head posture on muscle contact position: the sliding cranium theory. Cranio: The Journal Of
Craniomandibular Practice. 1989/10 1989;7(4):286-292.
Cervical Flexion
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Anterior mandibular
displacement
First contact in the anterior
zone ( Schwarz, 1928; Preskel, 1965)
Increase of the
electromyographic activity of
digastric muscles (Fumakoshi, 1976)
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Cervical Extension
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Posterior mandibular displacement
The first contact is in the posterior zone (Schwarz, 1928; Posselt
1952; Preiskel, 1965)
Increases in the activity of the temporal and masseter
muscles (Funakoshi and Fujita, 1976)
Increases the tension of the suprahyoid muscles,
masticatory muscles and cervical muscles (Yamabe, Yamashita
and Fuji, 1999)
Mandibular retrusion (stretching ) (sollow and Tallgren , 1976;
Golsdtein 1984; Gonzalez and Manns 1996; Kohno et al. 2001)
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During Mouth Opening head moves
toward extension and during mouth
closing moves toward flexion
Kohno S, Kohno T, Medina RU. Rotational head motion concurrent to rhythmical mandibular opening
movements. Journal Of Oral Rehabilitation. 2001/8 2001;28(8):740-747.
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Craniocervicomandibular Relations

Forward head posture required more
masseter muscle activity when compared
with a corrected posture (21.7% MVC) (in
sitting position).

Slouched posture increased the activity of
masseter muscle in 21.9% MVC in standing
position compared with the other studied
postures (corrected posture, habitual posture
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and forward head posture).

The increase in masseter Normalized EMG in
forward head posture and slouched
posture was clinically significant
McLean L. The effect of postural correction on muscle activation amplitudes recorded from the cervicobrachial region. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology.
2005;15(6):527-535.
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Neurological Connection
Cervical spine
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(C1, C2, C3)
Trigeminocervical
Nucleus
Craniofacial
Pain
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Trigeminal nerve
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Convergence
Trigeminocervical Nucleus
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Bogduk N. Cervicogenic headache: anatomic basis and pathophysiologic
mechanisms. Current Pain And Headache Reports. 2001/8 2001;5(4):382-386.
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Trigeminocervical Nucleus
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Pain from any structure innervated by
C1, C2, and C3 can be perceived in
regions innervated by trigeminal nerve
Bogduk N. cervical causes of headache. In: Grieves BJ, Palastanga N, ed. Grieves´s Modern Manual Therapy: The vertebral
Column. Edingburg, London, Madrid, Melbourne, New York, and Tokyo: Churchill Livingstone; 1994:317-332.
Structures Innervated by C1, C2, and C3
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Trigeminocervical Nucleus
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
Some recent evidence has proposed that subnucleus caudalis (SC) and C1 and C2 dorsal horns
may act together as one functional unit to process nociceptive information from craniofacial and
cervical tissues

Pain coming from orofacial region or cervical spine could be interpreted as coming from either
region (i.e. orofacial or cervical spine) since sensory information coming from both areas is
integrated at the trigeminocervical nucleus,

Thus responses to this pain could be directed to either place (i.e. orofacial or cervical spine).
Morch CD, Hu JW, Arendt-Nielsen L, Sessle BJ. Convergence of cutaneous, musculoskeletal, dural and visceral afferents onto nociceptive neurons in the first cervical dorsal horn.
European Journal of Neuroscience. 2007;26: 142-54.
Hu JW, Sun KQ, Vernon H, Sessle BJ. Craniofacial inputs to upper cervical dorsal horn: Implications for somatosensory information processing. Brain Research. 2005;1044: 93.
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Experimental
Evidence :
Neurological
Connection
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Animal Experiments
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First 3 levels of the cervical spine and Trigeminal Nerve merge into a
single column of gray matter (Kerr , 1961; 1972)
Craniofacial inputs ( tooth pulp, mucosa, tongue muscles, larynx, TMJ
and neck) converge in Nucleus caudalis of the trigeminal nerve in cats
(Sessle et al. 1986).
Stimulation of afferents from jaw , tongue muscles and neck muscles
excited WDR and nociceptive neurons in Pars caudalis nucleus (Sessle et al.
1986)
Animal Experiments
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
The irritation of TMJ caused an increase in the activity of masticatory
and cervical Muscles in rats. ( Yu et al. 1995)

Irritation ( bradykinin) of the TMJ caused changes in the sensitivity of
muscles spindles in cervical spine. ( Hellstrom et al, 2002)
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Animal Experiments
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Stimulation of cervical
paraspinal tissues ( mustard
oil) caused increase in the
Masticatory muscles as well
cervical muscles EMG (Hu et al,
1993)
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Cervical Joints , their
Nerves and Craniofacial
Pain
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Cervical Joints
(C2-C3 and C3-C4)
Atlantoaxial Joints
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Experimental Evidence
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Zygapophysial joints Pattern
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Cervical Joints
(zygapophysial joints)
pain patterns obtained in
healthy volunteers (Dwyer et.
al. 1990)
Pain more spread in
patients than
healthy subjects
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Patterns of pain evoked in a volunteer by stimulating the Zygaphophyseal joints at
segments C2-C3 to C6-C7 ( Dwyer et al., 1990)
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Pain similar to
reported by patients.
Cervical blocks
(nerves and joints)
caused relief of
symptoms
Aprill C, Dwyer A, Bogduk N. Cervical zygapophyseal
joint pain patterns. II: A clinical evaluation. Spine. 1990/6
1990;15(6):458-461.
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Patterns from Joints C2-C3, extended
further into the head, toward the ear,
vertex, forehead, or eye.
Bogduk N, Marsland A. The cervical zygapophysial joints as a source of neck pain. Spine. 1988/6 1988;13(6):610-617.
Atlantoaxial joints pain patterns
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Atlantoaxial joint
blocks caused relief
of pain in patients
with occipital
headache
Aprill C, Axinn MJ, Bogduk N. Occipital headaches stemming from the lateral atlantoaxial (C1-2) joint. Cephalalgia: An International Journal Of Headache. 2002/2
2002;22(1):15-22.
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Symptoms reproduced by injection of contrast medium into cervical
joints ( C0-C1; C7-T1) or by electrical stimulation of the dorsal rami (C3C7) with a larger number of patients
Fukui S, Ohseto K, Shiotani M, et al. Cervical zygapophyseal joint pain patterns - Pain distribution determined by electrical stimulation of the
cervical dorsal rami*. Pain Clinic. 1996;9(3):285-293.
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Cervical Medial
branches blocks
and cervical joints
relief referred
symptoms
Bogduk N, Marsland A. On the concept of third occipital headache. Journal
Of Neurology, Neurosurgery, And Psychiatry. 1986/7 1986;49(7):775-780.
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Cervical Muscles, Myofascial
Pain, Muscular pain models
and Craniofacial Pain
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Myofascial Syndrome: Trigger Points
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Myofascial Pain Syndrome ( MFPS):
Pain that is derived from myofascial
trigger points, which are highly
localized and hyperirritable spots in
a palpable taut band of skeletal
muscle fibers
Pain, stiffness, weakness
Restricted Movements
Cervical Myofascial Pain : Evidence

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Referred pain to the cranial zone ( Fricton 1985, Davidoff 1998,Travell and Simmons 1999,
Wright, 2000)

Muscles innervated by C1, C2 and C3 commonly refer pain to the facial
region (Fricton, 1985, Travell and Simmons; Wright, 2000).

Active TPs in the cervical and shoulder muscles of patients with headache
and orofacial pain are usually found (Wright, 2000)
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SCM Myofascial Pain Syndrome
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The SCM causes pain in the
fronto-temporal region,
occiput, vertex, forehead,
and the orbit
Upper Trapezius and Splenius Myofascial Pain Syndrome
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Trapezius muscle refers pain to
the head, neck, orbital, and
preorbital regions.
Splenius capitis and splenius
cervicis refer pain to the vertex
of the head, behind the head,
behind the eye and the
occiput
Simons D. Travell & Simon´s Myofascial Pain and Dysfunction :The Trigger point Manual. 2nd ed. Baltimore: Williams and
Wilkins; 1999.
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Cervical Myofascial Pain and Craniofacial Pain

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Patients with MFPS of the upper trapezius

decreased their pain and EMG activity in masseter muscle after injecting upper Trapezius´
TP (Carlson et al, 1993)

Splenius capitis and the splenius cervicis TP treatment caused relief in patients
occipital neuralgia (Grad-Radford et al, 1986)

Stimulation of the TPs during an headache attack exacerbates or intensifies the
headache.

TP Inactivation relief the symptomatology (Davidoff, 1998; Wright 2000).
Cervical occipital Myofascial Pain and Craniofacial
Pain
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TPs from suboccipital
muscles cause referred
pain in patients with
occipital neuralgia
(Davidoff, 1998)
Davidoff RA. Trigger points and myofascial pain: toward understanding how they affect headaches.
Cephalalgia. 1998;18(7):436-448.
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Cervical Myofascial Pain and Craniofacial
Pain
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Lower cervical intramuscular
anesthetic injections have
demonstrated good results in relief of
symptoms in patients with intractable
head or face pain (Mellick and Mellick, 2003)

Map of referred pain generated by palpation
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The most common referred pain
source in the craniofacial region
was from palpating the trapezius
muscle ( Wright , 2000)
Wright EF. Referred craniofacial pain patterns in patients with temporomandibular disorder.[see comment][erratum appears in J
Am Dent Assoc 2000 Nov;131(11):1553]. Journal of the American Dental Association. 2000;131(9):1307-1315.
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Muscle Pain Experimental
Models
Experimental Pain Models: Muscular Pain

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Glutamate injections on the splenius capitis
muscle referred pain to:


The ipsilateral neck and occipital region,
And in some subjects, toward the ipsilateral upper
head and temporal region (46.15%). (Svensson et al.
2005)

In one subject, the reference pattern reached
the teeth and masseter region (Svensson et al
2004)
Svensson P, Wang K, Arendt-Nielsen L, Cairns BE, Sessle BJ. Pain effects of glutamate injections
into human jaw or neck muscles. Journal Of Orofacial Pain. 2005;19(2):109-118.
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Experimental Pain Models: Muscular
Pain

Hypertonic saline in Upper Trapezius caused
pain at the base of the neck in 83% of the
subjects, infra-auricular zone in 50% and 42% to
the retro-auricular zone ( Komiyama et al, 2005).


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Greater spread of pain to the temporomandibular joint
region
Experimental pain in upper trapezius caused a
significant decrease in the mean maximum
mouth opening (54 to 47.8 mm) ( Komiyama et al,
2005)
Komiyama, O., et al. (2005). "Pain patterns and mandibular dysfunction
following experimental trapezius muscle pain." Journal of Orofacial Pain
19(2): 119-126.
Experimental Pain Models: Muscular Pain
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Upper trapezius referred pain after experimental pain model ( Madeleine et al.
1998 and Ge et al. 2003)
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Experimental Pain Models: Muscular Pain

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When glutamate was injected into masseter, the EMG activity of the
masseter as well as the activity of the SCM and Splenius was
increased ( Svensson et al. 2004)
Muscle Pain Sensitivity in TMD
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Significantly increased masticatory and cervical
muscle tenderness and pain sensitivity in the hand
in subjects with TMD when compared with healthy
subjects.
Moderate to high effect sizes showed the clinical
relevance of the findings
Silveira A, Armijo-Olivo S, Gadotti IC, Magee D. Masticatory and cervical muscle tenderness and pain sensitivity in a
remote area in subjects with a temporomandibular disorder and neck disability. J Oral Facial Pain Headache.
2014;28(2):138-146.
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Cervical Discs and
Craniofacial Pain
Cervical Discs and Craniofacial Pain
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Disc is innervated
and as a result can
cause Pain
Bogduk N. Innervation and Pain patterns of the Cervical Spine. In: Grant R, ed. Physical
therapy of the Cervical and Thoracic Spine. St Louis: Churchill Livingstone; 1988:61-72.
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Cervical Discs and Craniofacial Pain
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Cervical Disc
Sites
C3-C4
Mastoid, temple, temporal, parietal,
occiput, jaw, temporomandibular joint,
craniovertebral junction, neck, throat,
back ,trapezius muscle, top of the
shoulder, and upper extremity
C4-C5
Mastoid, temporomandibular joint,
parietal, occiput, craniovertebral junction,
neck, throat, back ,trapezius muscle, top
of the shoulder, upper extremity, anterior
chest , and upper back.
C5-C6
occiput, craniovertebral junction, neck,
throat, back ,trapezius muscle, top of the
shoulder, upper extremity, anterior chest ,
and upper back.
C6-C7
Neck, upper back, scapula, shoulders,
trapezius muscles, upper extremity, and
anterior chest
Grubb SA, Kelly CK. Cervical discography: clinical implications from 12 years of experience. Spine. 2000/6/1 2000;25(11):1382-1389.
Schellhas KP, Garvey TA, Johnson BA, Rothbart PJ, Pollei SR. Cervical diskography: analysis of provoked responses at C2-C3, C3-C4, and C4-C5. AJNR.
American Journal Of Neuroradiology. 2000/2 2000;21(2):269-275.
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Cervical Spine
Dysfunction and TMD
Cervical spine Dysfunction:

Collective term

Clinical problem

Musculoskeletal structures (cervical spine)

Pain is usually aggravated by moving the head or adopting certain
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head positions.

Neck pain main symptom

Dysfunction related to acute (macrotrauma) or chronic ( microtrauma)
affecting the joints or periarticular tissues surrounding the cervical spine
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Cervical Spine Dysfunction and TMD
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
Symptoms of the stomatognathic system overlap in patients with TMD
and CSD, and symptoms of the cervical spine overlap in these
patients (De Wijer et al. 1996 a, b)

Patients with TMD more often suffer from cervical spine pain than
subjects without TMD (Visscher et al, 2001,Stiesch-Scholz et al 2003 Fink et al,
2003)
Cervical Spine Dysfunction and TMD

Patients with internal derangement showed more cervical symptoms

such as tenderness in cervical muscles and shoulder muscles

alteration of the mobility of the upper cervical segments


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than healthy controls (Fink et al, 2002)
Facial pain has an association with reported pain in the neck and tenderness in the
neck- occiput area (Sipila et al. 2002)
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Cervical Spine Dysfunction and TMD

Positive relationship between neck pain and temporomandibular
disorders (Ciancaglini et al.1999)

Patients suffering TMD had more than double the odds (odds ratio of
2.33) of suffering neck pain than patients without TMD. (Ciancaglini et al.1999)

Individual symptoms such as facial and jaw pain were significantly
associated with neck pain with odds ratio of 2.09 (Ciancaglini et al.1999).

Cervical Spine Dysfunction and TMD
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
Patients with myogenous TMD had increased resting EMG activity of
the upper trapezius muscles as well as the SCM muscles when
compared with control subjects (Pallegama et al. 2004)

The presence of pain over the SCM and trapezius muscles was
significantly associated with masticatory muscle pain without disc
displacement.
Pallegama RW, Ranasinghe AW, Weerasinghe VS, Sitheeque MA. Influence of masticatory muscle pain on
electromyographic activities of cervical muscles in patients with myogenous temporomandibular disorders. Journal of Oral
Rehabilitation. May 2004;31(5):423-429.
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Relationship between Cervical Spine and
TMD
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•Neck pain was the most strongly associated with TMD
Plesh O, et al. Temporomandibular joint and muscle disorder-type pain and comorbid pains in a national US sample. Journal of Orofacial Pain.
2011;25(3):190-198.
Relationship between Spinal pain and TMD
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The prevalence of frequent spinal pain increasing
with increasing frequency/severity of TMD symptoms.
The operational definition of 'spinal
pain' was pain in the neck, shoulders
and/or low back.
Wiesinger B, Malker H, Englund E, Wänman A. Does a dose-response relation
exist between spinal pain and temporomandibular disorders? BMC
Musculoskeletal Disorders. 2009;10.
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Relationship between Spinal pain and TMD
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Wiesinger B, Malker H, Englund E, Wänman A. Does a dose-response relation exist between spinal pain and temporomandibular disorders? BMC
Musculoskeletal Disorders. 2009;10.
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Discussion
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There is evidence in the literature
that supports the connection
among cervical spine,
stomatognathic system and
craniofacial pain
Moya et al., 1994; Rocabado, 1983; B Solow & Tallgren, 1976; B. Solow & Sandham,
2002a; Zuniga et al., 1995; Kohno, Kohno, & Medina, 2001; Kohno, Matsuyama,
Medina, & Arai, 2001; Torisu, Yamabe, Hashimoto, Yoshimatsu, & Fujii, 2001; C. M.
Visscher, Slater, Lobbezoo, & Naeije, 2000; Yamabe, Yamashita, & Fujii, 1999;
Yamada, Ogawa, & Koyano, 1999; makosfsky, 1989……….)
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Anatomic, neurological
biomechanical,
physiological and pathological
connections between
craniocervical region
and craniofacial pain exist
(Escolar, 1948; Hellstrom et al., 2002; F. W. L. Kerr, 1972; Sessle et al., 1986; X.M. Yu et al., 1995). (Anonymous, 2004; Aprill et al., 1990; Bartsch T, 2003;
Benoliel & Sharav, 1998; N. Bogduk, 1982; Bogduk & Marsland, 1986; BorgStein, 2002; R. A. Davidoff, 1998; Dreyfuss et al., 1994; Dwyer et al., 1990;
Edmeads, 1990; Steven B Graff-Radford & Newman, 2002; Grubb & Kelly, 2000;
Hack et al., 1995; J. W. Hu, Sessle, Amano, & Zhong, 1984; Kuhn et al., 1997;
Mackley, 1990; Mellick & Mellick, 1109; Piovesan et al., 2001; Schellhas et al.,
2000)
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However.....
Levels of Evidence
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Sackett D et al. Evidence-Based Medicine. How to Practice and Teach. Edinburg, London, New York, Philadelphia, St Louis, Sydney,
Toronto: Churchill Livingstone, 2000.
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Levels of Evidence
75
Level
Characteristics
5
Expert opinion
40
4
Case series and poor quality of cohort and case
control studies
45
3b
Case control-studies ( cross sectional studies)
13
3a
Systematic Reviews of case control studies
2b
Individual cohort studies and low quality of RCTs
2a
Systematic Reviews of cohort studies
1b
Individual RCTs with narrow confidence interval
1a
Systematic Reviews of RCTs
total
Number of
references
2
1
101
76
This is the information that
we have, So ……
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The Advice:

Do not consider this information useless.

The evidence pointed out a tendency to link cervical spine, neck
structures and craniofacial pain. This tendency should not be
undervalued.

Analyze carefully the studies’ results.

It is necessary more well designed studies to strongly conclude

We have to evaluate and treat patients based on this knowledge
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Questions
?
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