Nachrichtenagenturen und Tageszeitungen
Transcription
Nachrichtenagenturen und Tageszeitungen
Exhibition: COVER STORIES “America was the unquestioned leader of the popular illustrated magazine. New ideas were more readily accepted by the American public which was less tradition-bound than many European audiences.” (Kery, 1982: 63) 1 Exhibition: COVER STORIES Patrick Rössler COVER STORIES Magazine Design in Germany and the U.S. 1920-1970 Exhibition at the Annenberg School for Communication University of Southern California, Jan 14 – May 21, 2008 developed by the University of Erfurt sponsored by the Annenberg School for Communication 2 Exhibition: COVER STORIES Concept of the Exhibition: ¾ mutual relationship between two industrialized countries from the Western hemisphere – Germany and the U.S. ¾ one type of media: illustrated popular magazines ¾ specific historical period – from the breakthrough of the medium in the 1920’s until its decline in the 1970’s ¾ theoretical background of the exhibition: globalization • • • • the identification of similar needs among media target groups in societies which share a certain cultural background the emergence of internationally oriented publishing houses acting as global media players the mobility of individual media protagonists which, for different reasons, live and work in different societies and serve as multipliers for ideas coorientation without a special indication 3 (‘Zeitgeist’, commonplace typographic movements etc.) Exhibition: COVER STORIES Magazine genres included in the exhibition: ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ graphic design magazines news magazines entertainment magazines fashion magazines propaganda magazines EXHIBITION CATALOGUE AVAILABLE 4 Exhibition: COVER STORIES Magazine genres included in the presentation: ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ graphic design magazines news magazines entertainment magazines fashion magazines propaganda magazines } selected examples 5 Exhibition: COVER STORIES Genre I: News magazines ¾ early history: little evidence for coorientation ¾ Harper’s Weekly, The Nation, Saturday Evening Post, Leslie’s or McClure’s gained merits for contributing to diversity of opinions in society 6 Exhibition: COVER STORIES Genre I: News magazines ¾ early history: little evidence for coorientation ¾ Illustrirte Zeitung [Illustrated Times], Berliner Illustrirte Zeitung [Berlin Illustrated Times], Über Land und Meer [Over Land and Sea] reached many Thousands among the bourgeois middle classes 7 Exhibition: COVER STORIES Genre I: News magazines ¾ dramatic change at the dawn of the 20th century ¾ muckracking movement ¾ general acceleration in the workflow of the news business (telegraph, rotary press) ¾ photographic illustrations (half-tone process), modern photography, photo essays ¾ boosted public interest 8 Exhibition: COVER STORIES Genre I: News magazines ¾ after WWI: rise of the popular illustrated weekly in Germany ¾ BIZ: focus on pictures “The BIZ adopted the editorial principle that all events should be presented in pictures with an eye to the visual dramatic and excluding everything that is visually uninteresting […] This reorientation is responsible for the change charted by the BIZ in the appearance of illustrated papers, which are no longer directed by text editors but by those who are capable, like film writers and directors, of seeing life in pictures” (Korff, 1927: 646) 9 Exhibition: COVER STORIES Genre I: News magazines ¾ iconographic turn from ‘news to read’ to ‘news to see’ ¾ leading figures: Kurt Korff (editor-in-chief), Kurt Szafranski (‘artistic advisor’) ¾ German competitors: Münchner Illustrierte Presse (Stefan Lorant) Arbeiter Illustrierte Zeitung (Münzenberg, John Heartfield) 10 Exhibition: COVER STORIES Genre I: News magazines ¾ American market: no similar development (political battle, role of picture agencies) ¾ 1936: implementation of Life (dummy: ‘Rehearsal’) “To see life; to see the world; to eyewitness great events; […] to see and be amazed; to see and be instructed. […] Thus, to see, and to be shown, is now the will and new expectancy of half mankind. To see, and to show, is the mission now undertaken by a new kind of publication, The Show-Book of the World.” (Luce, 1936) 11 Exhibition: COVER STORIES Genre I: News magazines ¾ Luce took BIZ as an example ¾ émigrés Korff (editorial team), Szafranski (picture agency) ¾ Luce brought samples of Weekly Illustrated (Lorant, London) to New York 12 Exhibition: COVER STORIES Genre I: News magazines ¾ Luce took BIZ as an example ¾ émigrés Korff (editorial team), Szafranski (picture agency) ¾ Luce brought samples of Weekly Illustrated (Lorant, London) to New York ¾ Huge success of Life concept (e.g. Focus, Click, Friday) 13 Exhibition: COVER STORIES Genre I: News magazines ¾ Luce took BIZ as an example ¾ émigrés Korff (editorial team), Szafranski (picture agency) ¾ Luce brought samples of Weekly Illustrated (Lorant, London) to New York ¾ Huge success of Life concept (e.g. Focus, Click, Friday) ¾ high prestige for war coverage 14 Exhibition: COVER STORIES Genre I: News magazines ¾ influence on Germany limited by historical situation ¾ during the war: Signal, propaganda magazine in 20 languages for occupied nations ¾ after WWII: Heute [Today], news magazine for reeducation of German people 15 Exhibition: COVER STORIES Genre I: News magazines ¾ political magazine: Time, unparalelled until 1946 ¾ singular concept, ‘timestyle’ 16 Exhibition: COVER STORIES Genre I: News magazines ¾ political magazine: Time, unparalelled until 1946 ¾ singular concept, ‘timestyle’ ¾ after WWII: Spiegel [Mirror] founded as a copy of Time ¾ Allied forces officers introduced Anglo-saxon journalism ¾ first issues: copies of articles, layout, cover design, pagesize ¾ formative influence of Spiegel 17 Exhibition: COVER STORIES Genre II: Entertainment magazines ¾ German term ‘Magazin’ used for special type of periodical ¾ book-sized, illustrated monthly, 100-200 pages, adhesive binding, dedicated to the entertainment, social and cultural life ¾ report in 1927: Saturday Evening Post, The American Magazine predecessors of the ‘currently emerging German Magazin’ 18 Exhibition: COVER STORIES Genre II: Entertainment magazines ¾ German term ‘Magazin’ used for special type of periodical ¾ book-sized, illustrated monthly, 100-200 pages, adhesive binding, dedicated to the entertainment, social and cultural life U.S. “country of origin of these magazines” which deliver “the favourite diet of the American reader: novels, brief and exciting; illustrations; short stories, articles on marriage, family, and crime; movie and theatre life, sports, a page of humour etc.” 19 Exhibition: COVER STORIES Genre II: Entertainment magazines ¾ misleading argument, only true for basic orientation and content mix ¾ different format, ‘fast consumption’ ¾ new generation of city slickers, rather than rural white middle-class ¾ photography instead of illustrations ¾ suggestive, sometimes innocuous depiction of nudity 20 Exhibition: COVER STORIES Genre II: Entertainment magazines ¾ Trendsetter: Querschnitt (1921-36) ¾ publisher (1924): “even in America, overfed and thoroughly spoilt by magazines, its appearance has caused a sensation among all familiar with life and culture in Europe” 21 Exhibition: COVER STORIES Genre II: Entertainment magazines ¾ Trendsetter: Querschnitt (1921-36) ¾ publisher (1924): “even in America, overfed and thoroughly spoilt by magazines, its appearance has caused a sensation among all familiar with life and culture in Europe” ¾ similar target group and concept: The New Yorker; founder Ross’ apartment filled with foreign magazines he studied for layout 22 Exhibition: COVER STORIES Genre II: Entertainment magazines ¾ other outlets exploited public demand for visual thrill: Uhu, Das Magazin [The Magazine], Das Leben [The Life], Revue des Monats [Monthly Revue], Scherls Magazin ¾ kaleidoscope of modern lifestyle with juicy photographs 23 Exhibition: COVER STORIES Genre II: Entertainment magazines ¾ other outlets exploited public demand for visual thrill: Uhu, Das Magazin [The Magazine], Das Leben (The Life), Revue des Monats [Monthly Revue], Scherls Magazin ¾ kaleidoscope of modern lifestyle with juicy photographs ¾ some reference to movie magazines (e.g. Photoplay) ¾ adopted: Spicy Stories; later: Playboy 24 Exhibition: COVER STORIES Genre II: Entertainment magazines ¾ U.S.: Life success triggered less serious publications in ‘Magazin’ style: Foto, Picture, Peek, Pic etc. ¾ most relevant: Look (1937) “Look tells stories in pictures” 25 Exhibition: COVER STORIES Genre II: Entertainment magazines ¾ U.S.: Life success triggered less serious publications in ‘Magazin’ style: Foto, Picture, Peek, Pic etc. ¾ most relevant: Look (1937) “Look tells stories in pictures” ¾ BIZ photo editor Zentner travelled to the U.S.; result: Der Stern [Star] ¾ Model for magazine mainstream in Germany after WWI (‘Illustrierten’) ¾ sex, sentiment, sensation, sadism 26 Exhibition: COVER STORIES Conclusion: Mapping the magazine coorientation diagram indicating cross-references between American (squares) and German (oval) outlets green: general coorientation, unspecific similarities red: global players blue: common target groups black: individual influence 27 pre 1920 Illustrierte Zeitung Art Nouveau ‚Jugendstil‘ BIZ Exhibition: COVER STORIES Photographic ‚reproduction Time MIP (Lorant) Dada / Bauhaus Constructivism BIZ (Korff) AIZ (Heartfield) ‚New Typography‘ 1930 Life Signal Click 1940 New York School New Rationalists Focus Friday Heute Der Spiegel 1950 1960 post Pop Art 28 pre 1920 Illustrierte Zeitung Art Nouveau ‚Jugendstil‘ BIZ Exhibition: COVER STORIES Photoplay Photographic ‚reproduction Querschnitt Time MIP (Lorant) Dada / Bauhaus Constructivism BIZ (Korff) AIZ (Heartfield) New Yorker Uhu ‚New Typography‘ Leben/Revue Scherls 1930 Spicy Stories Life Look Der Stern Signal Click 1940 New York School New Rationalists Foto/Peek Picture/Pic Focus Friday Heute Der Spiegel Stern Quick Kristall Revue/N.I. 1950 Playboy 1960 post Pop Art 29 Gallery Playboy pre 1920 Der Bazar Vogue Vanity Fair Harper‘s Bazaar Art Nouveau ‚Jugendstil‘ Illustrierte Zeitung Jugend 1930 Vogue (Agha) Photoplay Photographic ‚reproduction Querschnitt Time MIP (Lorant) Dada / Bauhaus Constructivism Vogue BIZ Exhibition: COVER STORIES BIZ (Korff) AIZ (Heartfield) New Yorker Uhu ‚New Typography‘ Leben/Revue Scherls die neue linie Vanity Fair (Agha) Harp. Baz. (Snow) Spicy Stories Life Look Der Stern Signal Click 1940 New York School New Rationalists Foto/Peek Picture/Pic Focus Friday Heute Der Spiegel Stern Quick Kristall Revue/N.I. 1950 Playboy 1960 post Pop Art 30 Gallery Playboy pre 1920 Der Bazar Vogue Vanity Fair Harper‘s Bazaar Art Nouveau ‚Jugendstil‘ ‚New Typography‘ 1930 Vogue (Agha) BIZ Photoplay Exhibition: COVER STORIES Photographic ‚reproduction Dada / Bauhaus Constructivism Vogue Illustrierte Zeitung Jugend Querschnitt Time Gebrauchsgraphik MIP (Lorant) Die Form BIZ (Korff) AIZ (Heartfield) bauhaus Uhu das neue frankfurt Neue Revue Mag. f. Alle die neue linie Advertis. Arts Vanity Fair (Agha) New Yorker USSR in Construct. Leben/Revue Scherls Fortune NewsWeek Harp. Baz. (Snow) Spicy Stories AD / PM You 1940 Life Freude & Arbeit Kunst im III. Reich Look Direction Glamour of Hollyw. Der Stern Signal Click Foto/Peek Picture/Pic Focus Ken View Friday New York School New Rationalists Heute Der Spiegel Stern Quick 1950 Film & Frau Kristall Revue/N.I. Portfolio Flair Playboy Magnum 1960 post Twen Pop Art InterView Nova 31 Gallery Playboy Quick Exhibition: COVER STORIES Conclusion: Mapping the magazine coorientation ¾ Majority of influences: general process of coorientation or unspecific similarities; only occasionally evidence for adoption or imitation. Reason: testimonials emphasize originality. ¾ Least important dimension: influence of global players Common phenomenon: target group orientation Dominant: cross-national coorientation via influentials  in the magazine history of the early and mid-20th century, the process component of globalization was based on the mobility of individuals who served as ‘living transmitters’ 32 of new ideas (Beck, 2000). Exhibition: COVER STORIES Conclusion: Mapping the magazine coorientation ¾ Across different periods, neither of the countries was the more influential partner ¾ Instead, dynamics vary between different eras:  1920s / early 1930s – majority of innovations on the German market  Nazi rule / post-war – Germany lost avant-garde position to U.S. 33 Exhibition: COVER STORIES 34 Exhibition: COVER STORIES Thank You! - and: Enjoy the Exhibition! [email protected] 35