view as pdf

Transcription

view as pdf

::normancherry::
Norman Cherry
University of Central England, UK
Grow your own:
Angiogenetic body adornment
abstract...1...2...3...4...5...6...7...8...9...references
About four years ago while I was on a routine visit to the Engineering Department of Liverpool
University I fell into conversation with one of their rapid prototyping specialists. He told me of some
of his current work involving interdisciplinary co-operation with staff in the Faculty of Medicine where
they were involved in treating accident victims who required substantial repair of bone and other
tissue. This conversation turned out to be a fascinating introduction to the field of Tissue
Engineering.
The first part of this paper is what I might describe as a “Layman’s Guide” to Tissue Engineering. I
approached my research from the point of view of trying to understand the biomedicine as a non
specialist. That is also my approach in this paper.
In the second part of the paper I shall discuss some of the methods by which people have modified
their bodies for aesthetic purposes or otherwise, and in the third part I shall outline the role which I
believe Tissue Engineering is likely to play in body modification in the future.
continue... / view as pdf
ChallengingCraft...Guest Speakers...Index of Papers...Sponsors...Contact
file:///Users/administrator/Desktop/papers/normancherry/ncherryabstract.htm6/1/2005 5:48:56 pm
::normancherry::
Norman Cherry
Grow your own:
AN INTRODUCTION TO TISSUE ENGINEERING
The standard definition of Tissue Engineering might be that it applies the principles of biology and
engineering to the development of viable substitutes which restore, maintain, or improve the function of
human tissues (www.ptei.org, 2000). (Fig 2) Unlike normal drug therapy this is a process of integrating
engineered tissue within the body of the patient to offer a permanent improvement to, or cure for, the
particular condition. For some years it has been common practice to grow cells outside the body, but it has
only recently been considered possible to grow complex three-dimensional tissue and then insert it into the
body where it induces further growth. The intricacies of such a process require the problem solving abilities
of the engineer coupled with the knowledge of the biologist, and the dexterity of the surgeon, hence the term
Tissue Engineering. (www.ptei.org, 2000)
The first products manufactured as a result of this alliance of disciplines have been approved by various
national governments and a number of private companies exist to commercially exploit their potential.
Tissue Engineering relies for most of its applications on the principle of Angiogenesis. Angiogenesis means
simply “ the growth of new blood vessels”(Concise Oxford Dictionary, 1995) (Fig 3), a natural function of the
human body which was discovered only in the 19th century. Natural examples of this are:
●
●
●
●
●
skin healing after a cut or abrasion,
bone mending itself after a break,
(Fig 4)
the growth of adult teeth after natural loss of the milk teeth,
the monthly menstrual cycle,
the condition known as Psoriasis in which unsightly red patches on the skin actually indicate the
renewal of blood vessels.
In 1972 Dr Judah Folkman of Harvard University Medical School, while researching Angiogenesis, discovered
that cells already in the body can be persuaded or manipulated into producing new blood vessels (Mooney
and Mikos (1999a). Initially this was conceived to be a major breakthrough in the fight against cancer. In
effect healthy cells can be cultivated in vitro and reintroduced in corpo where they then promote further new
growth of healthy cells. The implications of this process were then grasped by biomedics who formed the
multidisciplinary teams which now develop and apply the concept. Tissue engineers use this principle to
custom design and grow tissue for the individual patient.
Hitherto, it has been standard practice to undertake either transplant or implantation surgery to alleviate at
least some of the problems caused by organ failure. In addition, as Professor Larry Hench points out in his
book Science, Faith and Ethics, (2001) the average life expectancy within the last century has risen from little
more than 45 to well over 75 and consequently there is an increasing need for spare part surgery, the most
common of which are lens renewals, heart bypasses, and hip replacements. So the imperative to develop
appropriate biomedical procedures increases as we all grow ever older.
Researchers are trying to create virtually all kinds of human tissue. Products being developed include
cartilage and bone, muscle, insulin producing pancreatic cells, arteries, livers, and even central nervous
system tissues. (www.nytimes.com, 2004) A recent bulletin of Pittsburg University talks of “artificial liver
currently under development”. (www.ptei.org, 2004)
file:///Users/administrator/Desktop/papers/normancherry/ncherry01.htm (1 of 2)6/1/2005 5:49:00 pm
::normancherry::
::normancherry::
Norman Cherry
Grow your own:
One of the major drivers behind much of the current research activity is the great shortage of donor organs
for those who need them. In the USA for example in 1998 more than 21000 people received kidney, liver,
heart, lung, or other organ transplants. However, at any time there are 62000 people waiting for an organ
and every day 100 names are added to the list. (Hench, p120). 73000 people in the USA die each year of
heart failure.
Equally scarce is skin for burn victims or those whose wounds fail to heal satisfactorily. Every year in the
USA more than 2.6 million patients have wounds which fail to heal properly, often leading to serious infection
and even amputation. (www.fibrogen.com, 2000)
In the simplest form of in corpo Tissue Engineering a specific molecule e.g. a growth factor is injected into a
wound or a damaged organ. This molecule influences the patients own cells to migrate to the “wound site”
and begin to develop into the kind of cells which regenerate the appropriate tissue. In 2001 at the Beth Israel
Hospital in Boston a 73 year old man with a history of severe heart problems, and given only a few months to
live, received treatment which involved the introduction of healthy cells to the damaged part of his heart.
These cells began to replicate and grow new tissue to such an extent that after 4 months of treatment his
surgeons described him as having “the heart of a 20 year old man”. (Frontiers, BBC Radio 4, 2001)
In a more complex procedure the Tissue Engineer incorporates the patient’s own cells which have previously
been multiplied in culture into what are termed “three dimensional scaffolds” – in effect a matrix, a three
dimensional model, of the damaged tissue — usually made from a biodegradable polymer. (Fig 5) This
structure is transplanted or introduced to the wound site where the cells replicate, reorganise and form new
tissue. Simultaneously the polymer breaks down — in effect it “dissolves” in much the same way as suture
material — leaving a natural product in the body, the neo-organ. This process was first demonstrated by
Yannis, Bell, and Langer of MIT and Vacanti of Harvard Medical School as long ago as the 1970s. (Mooney
and Mikos (1999b)
Researchers at the Anderson Cancer Center in Houston and the Pittsburgh Tissue Engineering Initiative have
been developing biodegradable polymers as scaffold material for orthopaedic applications, principally to
rectify irregular skeletal defects. (Mooney and Mikos (1999c) As the polymer degrades new bone grows to
fill the space. Sometimes polymers are used in combination with ceramics such as Alumina. Other scaffold
materials include collagen, and alginates similar to those used for dental impressions.
Cartilage is now in the process of being developed commercially, particularly for use in orthopaedic,
maxillofacial, and urological applications. The need for this material is immense since adult tissue does not
normally regenerate after injury. Figures quoted for the USA are staggering – 900,000 cases occur annually.
(www.fibrogen.com, 2000). Cartilage, as it happens, does not require the growth of new blood vessels and
that makes it relatively “easy” for development as an engineered tissue.
file:///Users/administrator/Desktop/papers/normancherry/ncherry02.htm6/1/2005 5:49:03 pm
::normancherry::
Norman Cherry
Grow your own:
Charles Vacanti of the University of Mass Medical School, Worcester Mass and his brother Joseph, already
cited, have demonstrated that new cartilage can be grown in the form of ears, noses, etc. Readers may well
remember the publicity generated by the many news articles which illustrated an ear grown on the back of a
laboratory mouse. (www.bbc.co.uk, 2004)
In 1998 Charles and his team were able to grow bone for a patient whose thumb was badly crushed in a
factory accident. Only soft tissue was left, so this was sewn to his chest in order to keep it alive, bone cells
were removed from his forearm and cultured in a biodegradable matrix; and in eight weeks had grown new
bone cells which were then moulded to the form of the lost bone. This scaffold was then attached to the hand
and covered with the flesh and skin grown from the original thumb. By the end of last year this new thumb
had developed blood vessels, had a narrow range of motion, and a basic sense of touch. (www.senrs.com,
2004)
Work has begun to apply general Tissue Engineering concepts to the growth of substitute breast tissue, using
existing tissue from the legs or buttocks. While this obviously cannot have the complex structure of “real”
breast tissue it is considered a more than viable alternative to existing prostheses or implants. A team from
the Carolinas Medical Centre in Charlotte NC, have perfected a successful method of growing such tissue,
and a US patent has been issued for the procedure. (Mooney and Mikos (1999f). Researchers at the
Bernard O’Brien Institute of Microsurgery in Melbourne recently developed a method of growing breast tissue
which preserves its own blood supply. (www.ausbioinfo.com, 2004) A spokesman was unwilling to discuss
this in detail until a patent is granted.
Another success story was the growing of human corneas in vitro which were then successfully transplanted
back into patients’ eyes. (The Independent, July 2000). A member of the team at the University of California,
Davis, was reported as saying that this work could pave the way for the production of “repair” tissue for other
parts of the body such as “the oesophagus, pharynx, intestines, and vagina”.
Only 37 years after the first heart transplant conducted by Dr Christian Barnard it seems almost incredible
that medics are now talking seriously about the likelihood rather than the possibility of actually growing new
hearts in the foreseeable future; (The Independent, July 2000).
Professor David Williams of Liverpool University said: “in 10 – 15 years we will undoubtedly be able to grow
new organs – and hearts will be the first” (The Scotsman, September 2000). Some time ago I spoke to
Professor Julia Polak who co-directs the Tissue Engineering team at Imperial College, London –
coincidentally a heart and lung transplant beneficiary. She was less sanguine in terms of the time scale but
was certainly optimistic about the likelihood of success.
::normancherry::
Norman Cherry
Grow your own:
PLASTIC SURGERY
Plastic Surgery has a surprisingly long and curious tradition. Two thousand years ago in India amputation of
the nose was a common punishment for misdemeanours. The potters caste devised a method of rebuilding
the noses of amputees by using soft tissue taken from the forehead. Although the transition from this craft to
a scientific discipline was due mainly to Tagliacozzi in 16th century Italy, it was not until the World War Two
years that any great degree of sophistication was generated, thanks to Archibald MacIndoe and his team who
treated airmen and others who had been badly burned in the conflict. (www.encarta.msn.com, 2003)
However, the specialism of Cosmetic Surgery emerged very quickly from this, mainly in the private sector,
and certainly since the 1950s has been a major part of medical practice. The treatment of congenital defects
and the results of accidents which cause people genuine psychological trauma is well documented. I’m sure
we have all heard of such cases.
A former student of mine had an unusually large and bulbous nose. Although her delightful personality made
her a most attractive person she nevertheless suffered a great deal of psychological discomfort. She
eventually plucked up her courage to consult her doctor, received a sympathetic response, spent £2000 of
her savings for immediate private treatment, and soon had a much more proportionate proboscis. Everyone
suddenly discovered that she was really rather pretty, her self confidence improved out of all proportion, and
she is now very successful, happy, and contented.
But if you decide to improve that sagging jawline, remove the bags under your eyes, straighten out your
profile, transform those 34AA boobs to a “feminine” 38D, or have an uplift – or a hair transplant, or a tummy
tuck, or some liposuction to remove that beer gut – is it actually necessary? Is there a dividing line between
that which improves psychological wellbeing and mere self indulgent narcissism? Does that line vary from
one person to another? Typically advertisements in British magazines will refer to “……. the shape and size
you’ve always dreamt of” or “A new body ….” (Vogue 2000)
Apparently the number of American teenagers undergoing cosmetic surgery has nearly doubled in ten years.
Corrective nose and ear operations top the list. I understand that a common graduation gift from parents is
now a nose or a “boob” job. (Vogue 2002) In the UK the two commonest operations among young people are
apparently breast augmentation and penile extension.
The public interest in cosmetic surgery is underlined by recent programmes on TV. The American import Nip
& Tuck show in early 2004 on Sky One portrayed a fictional, unlikely and somewhat bizarre cosmetic surgery
practice while Five’s “Plastic Surgery Live” has shown a series of somewhat voyeuristic programmes which
chart the progress of “ordinary people” through a variety of operations.
In Italy one of the unexpected TV hits of the year so far has been “Scalpel: Nobody’s Perfect” on Italia 1
which each week features young women seeking to “improve parts of their bodies which they are convinced
are ruining their lives”. Italian Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi’s “nip and tuck” in early 2004, although initially
exposing him to considerable ridicule, seems to have encouraged more Italians to admit that they might like
to undergo treatment themselves. (The Observer 2004)
::normancherry::
::normancherry::
Norman Cherry
Grow your own:
Another common treatment is chemical or laser peeling to freshen up the skin and in Britain at least a fairly
recent craze is the Collagen Party where people gather for “informal” collagen injections in much the same
way they used to have Tupperware parties. Boots, the main High Street pharmacy chain in the UK, launched
its “walk in” Botox treatment centres in 2002 as part of its new Wellbeing centres. For £250 you could pop in
at lunch time and have your wrinkles smoothed out.
Madame Orlan regularly undergoes not just facial but partial body reconstruction. She describes herself as a
performance artist and says that her subject is her own body. She describes what she does as “Carnal Art”.
She says: “Lying between disfiguration and figuration Carnal Art is an inscription in flesh, as our age now
makes possible. Carnal Art does not inherit anything from the Christian tradition against which it fights.”
Referring to the Martyrs, she says: “Carnal Art is not self mutilation. Reversing the Christian principle of the
word made flesh, the flesh is made word”. (Wilson et al,1996)
Over the last twelve years or so she has become something of a cult figure as she has undergone a series of
operations to transform herself into various new beings modelled on Venus, Diana, Europa, Psyche, and the
Madonna.
Recently she has been planning to have the longest nose it is possible for surgeons to build, but information
has been very difficult to come by. However one recent project undertaken jointly with Pierre Zoville uses
computer manipulation of images to depict her as various figures from South American Mayan culture, a
culture which it is said was not averse to body manipulation itself. (www.jolique.com, 2002)
It is certainly pretty extreme. Is it ethical? Is she ethical? Are the surgeons who perform on her behaving
ethically? They are well aware that they are part of a performance. Does that make them actors, or artists as
well as doctors and nurses. Is this simply a flippant use of talent and technical expertise intended for the
relief of suffering masquerading as performance art? Is it perhaps little more than a form of entertainment?
The fashion designers Paco Rabanne and Issey Miyake have designed outfits for Orlan and the medical team
to wear during these performances. Or is it much more profound than that? Orlan speaks impressively and
persuasively about her philosophy and her practice.
In 1998 a New Zealander, Clint Hallam, had the world’s first arm transplant. (The Guardian, May 2000)
(Fig 6) Some time previously he had lost part of his right arm in a sawmill accident and had tried hard to find
a sympathetic surgeon who would consider transplantation. Ultimately he had to travel to France to find a
surgical team prepared to do the operation, such were the doubts about the ethics of his proposal in
Australia, where he then lived. Yet there was a team in Lyon prepared to argue the value of the procedure.
In the event, instead of being the wealthy individual he had claimed to be, he turned out to be a conman and
absconded. (The Times, October 2000) Needless to say the wrath of the mainstream medical community
was suitably visited upon the French medics for their “unethical behaviour” in having undertaken such a
“costly and unproven technique”. As it happened, for various reasons, (mainly financial), he stopped taking
the necessary immunosuppressant drugs, as a result of which the new arm ceased to function and in 2002 he
succeeded in persuading another medical team to amputate it.
::normancherry::
Norman Cherry
Grow your own:
OTHER BODY MODIFICATIONS
How else do we enhance or alter our bodies?
The cult of the Body Beautiful has a long tradition in Western society; the homoerotic idealisation of
athleticism of the ancient Greeks is well documented. The current rather extraordinary results of pumping
iron are to be found in gymnasia around the globe. (Fig 7)
For centuries people have had themselves tattooed, pierced, scarified, mutilated. (Caplan, 2000) These
were originally marks of conformity, normally identification of belonging to a specific group, or sub-group –
usually a mark of pride – often part of a Rite of Passage. (Gröning, 1997) (Fig 8)
Such practices continue in many parts of the modern world. Sometimes a tattoo was a sort of “Mark of Cain”,
e.g. when applied to convicted criminals or those shamefully incarcerated in the concentration camps of the
Third Reich. Today, at least in Western or Northern society, they are more likely to be manifestations of nonconformity, of rebellion, of individuality. In researching for this presentation I have discovered a great deal
about the body modification culture, and more importantly the attendant subculture.
Probably everyone knows about Erik Sprague, aka The Lizardman. At the time of the illustration shown
(Fig 9), he had undergone tongue and dental surgery, had had Teflon implants and 400 hundred hours of
tattooing, with a further 200 hours to go. He expressed his desire for a tail to complete his “translation”. “If I
could have a real tail, if I could have real tissue, I would like one” he said. (The Independent, 2000) He made
clear that he did not want any kind of prosthesis. His desire was for a real tail.
You have probably seen at least illustrations of individuals with Teflon implants and there are plenty of people
around with multi piercing. Before my research really began I thought that “extreme” meant The Lizardman or
other tattooed and heavily pierced characters such as Bob the Enigma (Fig 10) and his wife Katzen (Fig 11),
the Puzzilion act, but I now realise what the adjective actually means in terms of body modification – or “bod
mod” as it is sometimes known. (Fig 12)
Multigenital piercing using heavy gauge metal, and often in conjunction with tattooing is not entirely
uncommon. (Fig 13) Stapling, pocketing and various aspects of self mutilation, minor and major, are
practised. (Fig 14) Sometimes these are carried out by underground specialists, often are “DIY” jobs. Web
sites offer instructions for some operations, always careful to remind subscribers of the hygiene and safety
issues involved.
In Britain the piercing and tattooing industries are fairly well regulated and licenced; thus very few
practitioners will go beyond what might be thought of as the norm. However, persistence does tend to elicit at
least limited information about studios in London, San Francisco, and other locations where more “advanced”
work is carried out.
Pearling of the penis began as a practice of the Japanese Yakuza Mafia while they served their prison
sentences. (www.bmezine.com, 2004) Originally small pearls of about 3-4mm in diameter were inserted
under the skin – a Rite of Passage of a different sort. Today Teflon beads of varying diameters are more
often used. (Fig 15)
::normancherry::
::normancherry::
Norman Cherry
Grow your own:
As part of its 20th anniversary celebration Galerie Ra in Amsterdam ran a design competition entitled
“Jewellery of the Future”. Elisabeth Scheuble won with her “self implantation kit” intended for insertion into the
scalp. (Fig 16) As far as I am aware, this was simply an idea, but, even casual acquaintance with the
bodmod subculture makes it clear that there are people who might well wish to make it a reality. (Galerie Ra,
1996)
WHY?
I have naturally wondered what it is that makes people want to undergo such operations. Dr Martin Skinner,
a social psychologist at Warwick University, asked about the phenomenon, has described people as having
different levels of intra and extroversion – it seems that not just one type of person is involved. (b magazine,
Nov 2000) It could just as easily be the very normal man or woman next door as the freaky extrovert down
the street. Indeed the heavily tattooed and pierced lady (Fig 17), if encountered fully clothed, might well be
your best friend’s respectable suburban mother.
In a recent conversation, Dr Skinner described some of the people he has studied. Many have a wish to
“collect” tattoos and piercings. Once they have one, they want to have more, then add to the collection, and
so on. There is also a sense of what he calls “controlling the active inspection”. (Fig 18) They are aware of
the squeamishness of many people who are nevertheless inquisitive; they are aware of being in control of the
situation; they cannot be desired or lusted after in the normal way. He also believes that it takes courage and
self discipline, not to mention expense, to subject oneself to the various vicissitudes involved. These people
have different motivations to the rest of society. (Fig 19)
Indeed this is borne out by recent contributions to BMEzine, one of the major internet sites for the bodmod
subculture. Correspondents regularly refer to the inner strength of which they have become aware by
indulging in some form of modification, virtually all of which involve pain to a greater or lesser extent.
Examples written about have included digital amputation, nipplectomy, and scarification. The 2003 BME
megasurvey involved 4696 respondents. (www.bmezine.com, 2004) Some interesting findings emerge:
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
The majority of respondents were in the 20-30 age group, with some as young as 13 and 1% over 51
Gender was fairly evenly split
Most were employed
Only 23.5% described unhappy childhoods
21.6% indicated general emotional abandonment as children, 14.5% mental abuse by mother, and
19.3% mental abuse by father.
Instances of childhood sexual abuse were tiny.
Over 71% described their sex lives as average or above.
The vast majority considered their faces and bodies to be average – attractive, but those who
considered themselves unattractive thought that a higher proportion of strangers would think so.
27.7% had attempted suicide and 38.6% had contemplated it.
Only 11.5% were undergoing psychotherapy.
There was little incidence of serious criminal involvement, the worst offences being shoplifting, minor
theft and vandalism.
Substance use appears to be fairly neutral
Only 14.1% indicated that body modification offered a massive improvement to their sex lives.
In short, although aficionados may be differently motivated as described by Skinner they are surprisingly
normal in most other ways.
::normancherry::
::normancherry::
Norman Cherry
Grow your own:
CONCLUSION
You may not admire Bod Mod. You may not approve of all of it. You may even be disgusted by some of it.
However moral philosophers refer to the Three General Principles, the first of which is Respect for Autonomy:
this is the concept of Personal Self Governance and is the principle of a person’s right to choose. (Hench,
2001) It assumes that individuals have an intrinsic value and have the right to determine their own destiny.
These examples of body decoration, or reconfiguration, have been undertaken by people practising their own
free will and presumably their own moral and aesthetic convictions. And a lot of it is, as far as I am aware,
legal. It certainly is fascinating. (Fig 20)
So, now that Tissue Engineering technology is so advanced and proven to work I believe that it may soon be
possible to have a three dimensional culture of your own cells inserted under your skin and watch and feel it
grow into real cartilage or bone – Angiogenetic Body Adornment. You may not be attracted by the idea, you
may be appalled by it, you may think that it is unnatural, undesirable, even unethical, and a misuse of
important medical research.
However as I have demonstrated in my references to Plastic Surgery it appears that what is groundbreaking
and intended to alleviate suffering and misery today is likely to become almost routine tomorrow. Once it
becomes routine it becomes commercialised – and remember that many of the international property rights of
Tissue Engineering are already held by commercial companies. Apparently the team in Melbourne believe
that financial backing will come from organisations with an interest in cosmetic surgery applications. As I
have shown with Orlan and Hallam, if you are persuasive and articulate enough you can most likely find a
surgical team to do almost anything you want if it’s legal and the resources are available. Some of the more
extreme Teflon implantation procedures are already performed in countries such as Mexico and Brazil where
medical regulations are less stringent. (Fig 21)
Four years ago when I made my first public presentation on this subject the biomedical researchers were
quite unwilling to discuss it with me because of their perception of this as a flippant and facetious thesis. As I
have continued my research and prepared new, updated papers such as this I found them much more willing
to talk to me, to share their information, and to express interest in the possibilities of the use of Tissue
Engineering for body modification.
The University of Western Australia in Perth actually hosts Symbiotica, a multidisciplinary team which
includes designers, biologists, artists and computer specialists with an interest in exploring such issues.
Recently their website (www.eaf.asn.au/biotech 2004) talked about a collaboration with the performance
artist Stelarc who proposes having a third ear grown for him. This ear was produced using Tissue
Engineering principles and the intention was that it would then be attached to his body as a prosthesis.
Whatever one might think of the exhibitionism of Stelarc, the Symbiotica lab is a serious academic
undertaking in which the creative dialogue between artists and scientists is actively encouraged.
::normancherry::
Norman Cherry
Grow your own:
This paper is not offered simply to shock or to titillate. Artists and designers, even those of us practising in
the crafts, have always been receptive to new technologies. This is one new technology with potentially far
reaching consequences and which therefore needs serious consideration, not just by people like us. I should
like to encourage psychologists, philosophers, and social anthropologists to join in debate and discussion to
ensure that the development of Angiogenetic Body Adornment is treated responsibly and seriously in future.
There seems no reason why the more adventurous amongst us might not wish to explore the potential of
Angiogenetic Body Adornment. It might arguably be safer than implanting alien materials (Fig 22) and might
give opportunities to create new physical conformations made possible only by stimulating natural growth.
Besides Orlan and Stelarc there are other artists who use their bodies as the material for their creative
practice and I think it not unreasonable to imagine that in future there will be multidisciplinary collaborations to
grow parts of the body to make them more prominent, more decorative, more beautiful or more ugly, and
certainly more provocative. I can imagine Orlan and Eric Sprague being amongst the first to undertake
practical experiments of this sort.
The technology will allow the final form and size to be accurately calculated and controlled by the designer.
The following illustrations are initial suggestions of what might be possible:
Fig 23 shows proposed soft tissue growth on the forehead
Fig 24 shows exaggerated growth of already prominent bones
Fig 25 suggests soft tissue growth around the wrist
Fig 26 proposes a more complex development of the previously shown bone growth.
I look forward to the future of Body Modification with interest.
::normancherry::
Norman Cherry
Grow your own:
References:
ed. Caplan, J. (2000) Written on the Body; the tattoo in European and American History, London: Reaktion
Books
Gröning, K. (1997) Decorated Skin; a world survey of body art, London: Thames and Hudson
ed. Thompson, D. (1995) Concise Oxford Dictionary ,Oxford: Clarendon Press
Hench, L. (2001) Science, Faith and Ethics, London: Imperial College Press
Wilson, S. et al (1996) Orlan, London: Black Dog Publishing
www.ausbioinfo.com/organisations/healthcare/bernard_o’brien_institute_of_microsurgery.html , (2004)
www.bbc.co.uk/tw/stories/medicine/9811tiss.shtml , (2004)
www.bmezine.com , (2004)
http://www.eaf.asn.au/biotech/tca.html
www.encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia/Plastic_Surgery , (2003)
www.fibrogen.com/tissue/treatments.html , (2002)
www.genzyme.com/research/technology/tech_home.asp , (2004)
http//iam.bmezine.com/msmoreinfo.html (2004)
www.jolique.com/orlan/skin_deep.htm , (2002)
www.news.bbc.co.uk , 2003)
www.nytimes.com/library/national/science/012500sci-ge-tissue.html , (2004)
www.pitsburgh-tissue.net/brochure/Education/Academic.html , (2000)
www.pitsburgh-tissue.net/brochure/Overview/What.html , (2000)
www.senrs.com/skin_and_bones_made_to_order , (2004)
Mooney, D. J. and Mikos, A. G. (April 1999) Growing new organs. Scientific American
The Guardian, June 7 2001
The Guardian, May 30 2000
file:///Users/administrator/Desktop/papers/normancherry/ncherryreferences.htm (1 of 3)6/1/2005 5:49:23 pm
::normancherry::
The Independent, July 10 2000)
The Observer, February 29 2004
The Scotsman, September 7 2000)
The Times, October 20 2000
b magazine, (Nov 2000)
Vogue, (March 2002)
Galerie Ra, (1996) Passion and profession, 20 years, jewellery in past, present and future
Frontiers, BBC Radio 4, September 26 2001
Today, BBC Radio 4, May 19 2004
Nip and Tuck, Sky One
Illustrations:
Fig 1 Presentation title
Fig 2 Definition of Tissue Engineering
Fig 3 Definition of Angiogenesis
Fig 4 Diagram of bone regeneration
Fig 5 Diagram of Tissue Engineering procedure
Photo credit: Norman Cherry, Les Curtis
Fig 6 Clint Hallam Photo credit: Paul Hutton
Fig 7 Bodybuilder
Fig 8 Scarified back of a Nuba woman
Photo credit: Horst Luz
Fig 9 Erik Sprague, aka Lizardman.
Photo credit: Kevin Wisniewiki / Rex Features
Fig 10 Bob the Enigma Illustration courtesy of bmezine
Fig 11 Katzen Illustration courtesy of bmezine
Fig 12 Tattooed and pierced male Illustration courtesy of bmezine
Fig 13 Extreme genital piercing and tattooing Illustration courtesy of bmezine
Fig 14 Stapling Illustration courtesy of bmezine
Fig 15 Beaded and tattooed penis Illustration courtesy of bmezine
Fig 16 Self Implantation kit by Elizabeth Scheuble.
Photo credit: Paul Derrez, Galerie Ra
Fig 17 Tattooed and pierced woman
Photo credit: Paul Calloway
::normancherry::
Fig 18 Tattooed and pierced girls Illustration courtesy of bmezine
Fig 19 Split and tattooed penis Illustration courtesy of bmezine
Fig 20 Split tongue Illustration courtesy of bmezine
Fig 21 Implanted and tattooed arm Illustration courtesy of bmezine
Fig 22 Clavicle with new implants Illustration courtesy of bmezine
Fig 23 Proposed soft tissue growth on the forehead
Photo credit: Norman Cherry
Fig 24 Exaggerated growth of already prominent bones
Photo credit: Norman Cherry/Les Curtis/David Miles
Fig 25 Soft tissue growth around the wrist
Photo credit: Norman Cherry
Fig 26 Complex development of the previously shown bone growth
Photo credit: Norman Cherry/David Miles
::normancherry::
Norman Cherry
Grow your own:
angiogenetic body adornment
Fig 1
Presentation title
Fig 2
Definition of Tissue Engineering
Fig 3
Definition of Angionesis
file:///Users/administrator/Desktop/papers/normancherry/ncherryfigs1-4.htm (1 of 2)6/1/2005 5:49:41 pm
::normancherry::
Fig 4
Diagram of bone regeneration
file:///Users/administrator/Desktop/papers/normancherry/ncherryfigs1-4.htm (2 of 2)6/1/2005 5:49:41 pm
::normancherry::
Norman Cherry
Grow your own:
Fig 5
Diagram of Tissue
Engineering
procedure
Fig 6
Clint Hallam
Photo credit:
Paul Hutton
Photo credit:
Norman Cherry,
Les Curtis
file:///Users/administrator/Desktop/papers/normancherry/ncherryfigs5-8.htm6/1/2005 5:49:49 pm
Fig 7
Bodybuilder
Fig 8
Scarified back of a
Nuba woman
Photo credit:
Horst Luz
::normancherry::
Norman Cherry
Grow your own:
Fig 9
Erik Sprague,
aka Lizardman
Photo credit:
Kevin Wisniewiki /
Rex Features
Fig 10
Bob the Enigma
Fig 11
Katzen
Illustration courtesy of
bmezine
bmezine
Fig 12
Tattooed and pierced
male
bmezine
::normancherry::
Norman Cherry
Grow your own:
Fig 13
Extreme genital
piercing and tattooing
bmezine
Fig 14
Stapling
bmezine
Fig 15
Beaded and tattooed
penis
bmezine
Fig 16
Self Implantation kit
by Elizabeth
Scheuble
Photo credit:
Paul Derrez,
Galerie Ra
::normancherry::
Norman Cherry
Grow your own:
Fig 17
woman
Fig 18
girls
Fig 19
Split and tattooed
penis
Photo credit: Paul
Calloway
bmezine
bmezine
Fig 20
Split tongue
bmezine
::normancherry::
Norman Cherry
Grow your own:
Fig 21
Implanted and
tattooed arm
Fig 22
Clavicle with new
implants
Fig 23
Proposed soft tissue
growth on the forehead
bmezine
bmezine
Photo credit: Norman
Cherry
Fig 25
Soft tissue growth
around the wrist
Fig 26
Complex development
of the previously
shown bone growth
Cherry
Cherry/David Miles
Fig 24
Exaggerated growth of
already prominent
bones
Cherry/Les Curtis/
David Miles
Fig 4
file:///Users/administrator/Desktop/papers/normancherry/normancherrybig/ncherrybig04.htm6/1/2005 5:51:05 pm
Fig 5
Fig 6
Fig 7
Fig 8
Fig 9
Fig 10
Fig 11
Fig 12
Fig 13
Fig 14
Fig 15
Fig 16
Fig 17
Fig 18
Fig 19
Fig 20
Fig 21
Fig 22
Fig 23
Fig 24
Fig 25
Fig 26

view as pdf

Transcription

Similar documents

PrimeFilm 1800 AFL Low-Cost 35mm Slide/Film Scanning Through

The new RS-35M, June, 2010 - Stu Martin, [email protected]

BALTICA 10

MODEL 324 ADDENDUM Please make the ,following changes in

Статья

2008 Suzuki GSXR750

SISTEM INFORMASI MANAJEMEN - Blogs at Universitas Budi Luhur

2007-2008 Ducati Monster S4R/S

pdf

Tivoli Gazebo