Global Heritage Network Site Conservation Assessment (SCA) Date

Global Heritage Network
Site Conservation Assessment (SCA)
Date:
16/10/2010
Site Name:
Sun Temple, Konarak, District Puri, State Orissa
Country:
India
GHN Site Monitor’s Name:
Dr. S. S. Biswas / Goutami Bhattacharya
Institution:
Centre
for
Research
and
Training
in
History,
Archaeology & Palaeo - Environment
Profession:
Academic & Research
Affiliations:
Indira Gandhi National Open University
Dates of visit:
1st - 10th October, 2010.
World Heritage Status:
Designated / Inscribed
Annual Visitations and Revenues:
National Tourism Income (% of total): NA
Entrance Fee Revenue: Domestic- Rs. 18637670.00; Foreign- Rs. 2161000.00
(2009-10)
Concession Revenues: No Concession revenues.
Approximate number of visitors annually:
National:
18633767 (2009-10)
Growth from 2000: 125%
Foreign:
8790 (2009-10)
2005: 9.5%
Site Historical Archives:
Konark, the site of the famous Sun- Temple, derives its name from the presiding deity itself.
Konark is made of two words ‘Arka’ referring to the Sun-god and ‘Kona’ meaning corner‘corner of the Sun-god’. The European travellers called the main temple as ‘Black Pagoda’
1
while the Puri Temple was known as ‘White Pagoda’, probably due to the colour of these
temples when viewed from a distance from the coast. The black colour of Sun Temple could
be due to the accumulation of moss, lichen and other fungal growth which turned the surface
of the temple into black colour.
The Konarak temple was conceived as a huge and colossal chariot drawn by a team of seven
horses depicted in the galloping mode. The entire temple was planned in such a way that it is
fitted with twelve pairs of exquisitely decorated stone wheels. The horses were conceived in
such a way that the Sun God (Surya) himself drives this chariot, his place being inside the
garbhagriha. On plan, the temple consists of a deul (sanctum sanctorum or the sanctuary),
antarala, jagamohana (porch or the mahamandapa) and a bhoga-mandapa, the latter being
detached from the main temple complex as a separate unit, but along the same alignment with
the main temple. The temple complex consists of the Temple 1 (main temple complex),
Temple 2 (Mayadevi Temple), Temple 3 (Vaishnava Temple) and many other subsidiary
structures like the gateway, well, kitchen, enclosure wall, etc.
Another interesting aspect of the Konarak temple complex is the collapse of the main temple.
Some scholars even believe that the main temple was never completed. Percy Brown asserted
that the temple collapsed even before its completion. This theory, is however, not believable.
The erection of the temple was undoubtedly the greatest achievement of Narasimha I. This
fact was repeatedly recorded in the copper plate charters of his successors. The reference to
this temple in the records of the successors of Narasimha I clearly proves that the temple was
completed and the latest known reference made in the Kenduli plates of Narasimha IV of the
Saka year 1305 (1384 A.D.) shows that at that time the monument was in a perfect state of
preservation and the presiding deity was under worship.
The exact cause of the collapse of the main sikhara is also not fully understood. Various
speculations have been made and various causes have been attributed to its collapse, like the
damage caused due to an earthquake, loose foundation and settlement or natural catastrophe
like lightning or an earthquake. It is generally agreed that after the temple fell into disuse, the
damage was caused gradually and slowly. The periodic structural repairs which were
necessary could not be made after the desecration of the temple and hence the stone elements,
particularly the massive amalaka and the khapura members could have created heavy load
over the superstructure and caused the deterioration to advance rapidly. The fact that the
2
decay and collapse was gradual is substantiated by A. Stirling, who visited the site in 1825
A.D. who mentions that the temple still stands, even in 1848, and a corner of the rekha
sikhara remained to a considerable height.
The standing corner of the tower was further recorded by James Fergusson in 1837 A.D. who
estimates its height as 140 to 150 feet (nearly 45 m) and Kittoe in 1838 A.D. who estimates
its height as 80 or 100 feet (ranging between 24 and 30 m). This solitary remnant of the main
temple also fell in October 1848 due to a strong gale. However, in course of time the main
temple has collapsed. Rajendra Lal Mita while visiting the temple in 1868, and Hunter in
1870, have recorded eye witness accounts of the ruins. The visit of former in 1868 mentions
it as only an “enormous mass of stones studded with a few papal trees here and there”. There
is also a theory that Kalapahar, a Muslim invader who desecrated the Jagannath temple at
Puri in 1568 also attacked the Konarak temple paving the way to the ruin of the temple.
The temple in any case was exposed to very adverse conditions of nature like nearness to the
shore, heavy monsoon showers, growth of vegetation on the temple, and saline affect. The
temple was never repaired or maintained since its construction. In 1929 a stone which was
covered with moss and lichen was examined by P. Parya, a Botanist of international repute.
There were 357 layers on the stone. Accepting that one rainy season was necessary for
deposit of one layer, 357 years must have elapsed for the formation of 357 layers. So the
monument must not have looked after since the year 1573 A.D. In view of the long years of
neglect, the dilapidation of the temple might have happened in the course of a slow and
gradual process.
During the British rules, steps were taken for conservation of the remaining part of the
temple. In February 1901 a note was submitted to the Government of Bengal by the
Archaeological Surveyor of Bengal for sand-clearance of the compound in order to unearth
the buried portion of the temple and the complex-wall. It also suggested refixing of the
broken mouldings and preservation of the portions on the verge of collapse. The Government
readily accepted the plan and within a short span of time sand-clearance brought to light the
platform of the Jagamohana along with the wheels and the horses. The Natyamandir was also
exposed in the course of this work. Its existence was not yet known. To save the Jagamohan
from possible collapse, the four entrances were permanently closed, and the interior was
filled with sand vertically from the top by drilling a hole and pouring sand through a funnel.
3
This was started in 1901 and completed in 1904 under the supervision of Bishan Swarup,
Executive Engineer. Irregularly broken surface of the main temple and the top of the main
temple, Mayadevi’s temples and also that of the Natamandir were built to a regular level. In
1906 large-scale plantation of casuarina and poonang trees was taken up in the direction of
the sea in order to check the movement of sand-laden winds and thereby minimize the
abrasive action of sand-blasting on the monument. In 1909 the Temple of Mayadevi was
exposed after the removal of sand and debris.
Till 1938 the conservation of the Temple was carried out by the Public Works Department
with the Archaeological Survey of India acting only as an advisory and inspecting body. The
conservation of the remaining part of the Konarak temple is still a challenge before the
Archaeological Survey of India which took charge of the temple in 1939. In 1950 the
Government of India appointed an expert committee on conservation, engineering, art,
architecture, geology and chemistry to suggest appropriate measures for ensuring the
longevity of the monument. The committee proposed the following recommendations: 1)
testing the Humidity contents inside the sealed porch of the main Temple; 2) making the
entire Temple water-tight from outside by grouting, filling in of joints, rectification of wrong
slopes and concreting the tops of irregular masonry; 3) removal of sand from the compound
with necessary provision for drainage of water; 4) rebuilding of the damaged compound wall
to the height of the original coping; 5) chemical treatment of the surface; and 6) plantation of
a thick belt of casuarinas and cashew nut trees in the direction of the trees in order to provide
a natural screen against sand-drift and resultant attrition.
The clearance of sand and debris from within the compound wall revealed some new
structures- a well associated with the kitchen block, the southern gateway and a brick temple
of Vaishnava affiliation. The southern and the eastern gateways were thoroughly conserved
by restoring the missing stones, pointing of open joints and replacing the damaged courses by
new ones. Exposed rusty iron clamps and dowels were replaced by copper ones. Extensive
chemical cleaning and preservation of the façade of the porch of the main temple was also
carried out.
Apart from these major operations pointing, grouting, paper-pulp treatment, chemical
cleaning of micro-biological growths etc are carried out on regular basis throughout the year.
4
GHN Site Conservation Assessment (SCA)
Site Name: Sun Temple, Konarak, District Puri, State Orissa, India.
Entry Fee (Domestic):
Rs. 10
Charge for Camera:
Rs. 25
(International):
Video:
Rs. 250
Rs. 25
(However, prior permission in case of use of tripod is required from the Archaeological
Survey of India)
Guides available: Yes
Quality of Guides: At Konarak Guiding has become a hereditary profession. There are
approximately 400 guides. Of these only 15 have been given license by the Archaeological
Survey of India, a further 25 are trained by the Tourism Department. Therefore, a majority of
the guides available at the site do not have basic Guide Training but they cater to the
domestic visitors at the site.
Languages Available: English, Hindi, Oriya, Bengali.
Literature Available: Yes
Quality: A variety of literatures on the history, culture, archaeology, tradition associated
with the Temple are available to cater to the demands of different sections of visitors. Apart
from Guide books of the Archaeological Survey of India, there are major publications by the
Tourism Department including Folders for the general visitors. Apart from these a large
number of publications catering to professional and academicians are also available. These
publications are also available in many languages chief among them being English, Hindi,
Oriya and Bengali.
Custodians: Archaeological Survey of India
5
Quality: The Archaeological Survey of India has been carrying out a meticulous work in the
respect of the conservation and preservation of the monument. The various measures adopted
by the organization in restoring the structural stability of the monument are credible. Periodic
scientific studies are carried out by the Department in collaboration with other departments in
order to recognize any anomalies and take suitable remedial measures for the same. As
recently as in March, 2010, an International Workshop on the Conservation and preservation
of Sun Temple, Konarak was organized by the ASI to take stock of the recent conservation
works and suggest future course of action.
Supervisory Staff: Superintending Archaeologist, Archaeological Survey of India,
Bhubaneswar Circle. At the local level is the Conservation Assistant, Gr.-I,
Archaeological Survey of India.
Quality: The work at the local level has so far been good, the ambience and the setting of
the monument has been greatly improved and is appreciated by the visitors. However, there is
enough room for improvement and the plans that have been laid out for future if followed in
the right spirit may yield positive results.
6
GHN Site Conservation Assessment (SCA)
Site Name: Sun Temple, Konarak, District Puri, State Orissa, India.
General Condition:
The immediate concern of the authorities should be to correct the gradient of the area in the
immediate vicinity of the temple proper. The lay-out of the pathways and the garden appears
to be faulty as the run-off water from them collects around the temple platform and stays
there for a long duration of time. Apart from this the deterioration of the stone is an ongoing
process for which no satisfactory solution has yet been found.
Conservation or Restoration work completed or in progress:
Various structural and chemical works are regularly carried out on the monument, in addition
extensive clearance and scientific clearance works are also carried out at the site.
Conservation works that are regularly carried out at the site are in the nature of structural
repairs, chemical cleaning of stone surfaces, repairs and renewal of stones, structural clamps/
dowels and re-fixing of structural and architectural members discovered from the debris of
the temple and preserved in the site-museum etc., grouting, pointing, underpinning and reterracing works, cleaning and removal of biological growth, paper-pulp treatment on
monument to leach out soluble salts, clearance and removal of sand/ debris; landscaping of
monument and environmental development.
Condition of setting and environment:
From the time when conservation of the Temple Complex was first taken up great strides
have been taken to re-create an appropriate setting and environment for the Temple. The
layout of the garden in the Temple Complex has greatly enhanced the grandeur of the temple
itself. In addition the green-belt around the monument itself is also befitting the entire
arrangement. The ASI has also done in its part in clearing encroachments along the approach
road to the temple so that the first glance that a visitor has of the monument in rewarding is
all aspects.
7
Threats to the integrity and authenticity of the property:
• Development pressure: modernisation and urban growth affects the environment of the
monument.
• Environment pressure: deforestation due to cyclones and human activities, saline breeze and
sand blasting, vehicular movements, microbiological growth.
• Natural disasters: flood and cyclones.
• Tourism pressure: 40% increase in number of tourists.
• Local population growth.
Signage leading to and inside the property.
While there are signage detailing about the history and significance of the monument at the
entrance and others within the site itself bearing captions however, detailed signages
incorporating important features of the individual component of the temple-complex and
other ancillary buildings may be put up at other places within the complex so that visitors can
feel free to learn on his own rather than being dependent on guides.
Integrity and Authenticity of the Site according to its Universal Values?
Integrity and Authenticity of the site which were determined at the time of the inscription in
1984 as per its Outstanding Universal Values have been maintained and no further changes
are seen in the immediate future. Even conservation measures have been so moulded that
they in no way alter the values.
Site values: Are these values readily communicated to the public? Yes
8
GHN Site Conservation Assessment (SCA)
Site Name: Sun Temple, Konarak, District Puri, State Orissa, India.
Recommendations:
The approach road to Konarak, especially around the village of Pipli needs to be broadened.
The shops selling handicraft items have choked the road and during the peak visitor season
traffic congestion is a regular feature. The parking at the temple should be shifted further
away from its current location. The intervening distance may be traveled by battery-operated
vehicles so that pollution can be monitored in the immediate vicinity of the temple premises.
The shops along the road may be better organized so as not to encroach on the road itself.
Coming to the temple premises itself proper and detailed signages at different places within
the complex covering the many structures are an immediate desideratum. At Konarak guiding
has become a hereditary profession and majority of them have no training or proficiency.
Apart from the few trained and licensed guides majority of them cater to the domestic visitors
often imparting them erroneous information. The drinking water facility available within the
complex is an eye-sore and should be more appropriately as well as aesthetically placed.
There should be an easy connecting route between the monument and the site museum. At
present if one wishes to see the museum after visiting the temple they have to come out of the
complex and return back to the main road and then back to the museum.
Photography and Mapping:
Please use GPS camera when possible and use photos to identify on satellite imagery current
threats, issues and positive developments at the site. Use detailed captions for all photos.
Detailed photographs have been obtained / done which are being sent separately.
Estimation of your Personal Experience (scale of 0-10 points): 7
Additional comments:
The following study made one point explicitly clear that though a number of plans
have been mooted for the management of the site what is lacking is a time bound
programming so that they may be achieved within a realistic period and most important of all
proper co-ordination and integration among the different stake-holders.
9
GHN Site Conservation Assessment (SCA)
Quantitative Assessment: Site Conservation and Responsible Development
Site Name: Sun Temple, Konarak, District Puri, State Orissa, India.
Date:
Area of Assessment
Scoring Comments
1. Site Conservation Plan
9
2. Site Conservation and 7
Maintenance
3. Site Integrity
4.
Intactness
9
(lack
of 8
encroachment)
5. Authenticity
9
6. Management
7
7. Community Involvement
5
8.Responsible Development
7
The Conservation Plan that has been drawn up
for Konarak after the conclusion of the
International Workshop at Konarak in March,
2010 envisages a comprehensive two-fold
strategy. A tentative time-frame has also been
worked out for the same.
Regular structural and chemical preservation of
the monument is carried out by the ASI. But
water-logging is a recurrent issue in the
monument and no satisfactory solution has so
far been mooted for the same.
Integrity of the site has been maintained as per
its Universal Values.
The approach road to the temple from the point
of car-parking appears very congested due to
the presence of number of shops, a more
regulated approach with places ear-marked for
shops so as not to encroach on the road will be
beneficial.
Authenticity of the site has been maintained as
per its Universal Values.
The current state of management of the
monument though satisfactory has enough
space for improvement.
The Indian Oil Foundation through the
National Culture Fund has allocated
approximately Rs. 20 Crore for the
development of Tourist infrastructure at
Konarak. A MoU to this effect has already
been signed by the concerned parties. In
connection with a GRPS survey has already
been carried out around the region.
A number of different national, regional and
local organizations both Governmental and
10
9. Living Heritage
8
10. Visitor Experience
6
private are engaged in the development of
Konarak at different levels however there
seems to be a lack of integrated approach
which hampers the different plans from
achieving their optimum levels.
The monument represents an ancient faith
based on the curative and life-enhancing
properties of the Sun rays. Taking holy bath at
the sacred Chandrabhaga river at Konarak on
the occasion of Magha- Saptami day (Jan-Feb.)
as a cure for skin disease bears testimony to a
living tradition. The ASI also allows free entry
to the devotees in the Temple on the occasion
of Magha Saptami and Samba Dasami. There
are a number of sculpture workshops on the
way to Konarak. Most of these workshops are
being run by families for generations thus
continuing the legacy of the earlier illustrious
craftsmen of the region. The Navagraha panel
of the Temple is now being worshipped at a
makeshift temple in the vicinity of the temple
proper.
The visitor experience will not be complete
unless there is an Interpretation Centre where
one can find answers to various questions that
one may have after visiting the temple. These
may pertain to art, architecture, mythology etc.
Furthermore, the site museum at Konarak is
not ideally situated vis-à-vis the Temple
Complex. Easy accessibility can also play an
important role in enhancing the over-all
experience of the site.
Total Average Score: 75.
11
GHN Site Conservation Assessment (SCA)
Qualitative Assessment:
Site Name: Sun Temple, Konarak, District Puri, State Orissa, India.
Site Background:
Statement of Outstanding Universal value:
On the east coast of India, south of the Mahanadi delta, stands the Sun Temple of Konarak,
one of the magnificent architectural wonders of the world. Built during the region of King
Narasingha Deva (1238-1264) in the thirteenth century, the temple marks the highest point of
excellence attained by Kalingan art.
On the sandy shore, where the rising Sun emerges from the Bay of Bengal, stands the temple,
which, lets the first rays of the Sun fall on the main entrance. The temple resembles a colossal
chariot with 12 pairs of wheels, lavishly sculpted with symbolic motifs, and pulled by seven
horses. Between the wheels, the plinth of the temple is decorated with relief such as fantastic
lions, musicians, dancers and erotic couples.
The temple comprises several distinct and well organized spatial units: the vimana, or
principal sanctuary, surmounted by a high tower with a sikhara, which no longer exists; the
jagamohana or audience hall, which presently dominates the ruins; and the natamandir or
dance hall, on a high platform, now without a roof. Several subsidiary structures are still
found within the enclosed area of the rectangular wall, which is punctuated by gates and
towers.
Boundaries and Buffer Zone:
The demarcation line and buffer zone are adequate. Buffer zone around the property is being
extended by means of land acquisition for systematic and better management of the
monument. Site management plan of the buffer zone is being finalized.
12
Statement of Authenticity and Integrity:
Status quo has been maintained with regard to the statement of Authenticity and Integrity of
the site since its inscription.
Threats:
•
Development pressure: modernisation and urban growth affects the
environment of the monument.
•
Environment pressure: deforestation due to cyclones and human activities,
saline breeze and sand blasting, vehicular movements, microbiological
growth.
•
Natural disasters: flood and cyclones.
•
Tourism pressure: 40% increase in number of tourists.
•
Local population growth.
Management Organization and Level of Support:
Overall management is made at the local, regional and national levels of the Archaeological
Survey of India.
Current Protection Level:
The actual legal and contractual protection is sufficient. At the National level: AMASR
(Amendment and Validation) Act, 2010; Provincial level: Forest Act, 1972 and Puri-Konarak
Development Authorities Act, 1993; and at the Municipal level: Notified Council Area Act.
Management Plans:
Management plan: There are 5 management related plans for safety, environment, master
planning, environmental development and tourism management.
Funding:
Archaeological Survey of India, Govt. of India provides funds for the conservation and
maintenance of the monument and the financial allotments is regulated by Director General,
Archaeological Survey of India, Government of India, New Delhi. Funding is considered
sufficient and international funding whenever required comes from the WH fund. Recently
13
the Indian Oil Foundation has contributed a sum to Rs. 20 Crore approximately through the
National Culture Fund for development of core and buffer zone.
Staffing Levels (Human Resources):
Staff total number at the site: 64. The staff is sufficient to monitor the site. Conservation
Assistant, Gr.-I; 1 No. Foreman; - 1 No; Ministerial Staff - 1 No; Watch & Ward Staff 21 Nos; Private Security Personnel - 23 Nos; Assistant Chemist - 1 No; Mechanic - 1 No;
Gardener - 15 Nos.
Sources of Expertise and Training in Conservation and Management
Techniques:
The sources are provided by the Government of India through the Archaeological Survey of
India and UNESCO through ICCROM and ICOMOS. Other national organizations
involved at different times are the Geological Survey of India, Kolkata, Central Building
Research Institute, Roorkee; the Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur and the
Public Works Department, Government of Orissa.
Scientific Studies:
At various times a number of scientific studies were carried out- in 1979-80 by Prof. R. M.
Lemaire and Mrs. M. Tabasso, ICCROM; in by 1987 Sir B. M. Fielden and Dr. Paul
Beckmann, ICCROM; in 1995 by Prof. Ing Giorgio Croci, ICCROM; and in 2000 by Gemini
Wijesuriay, ICOMOS. Report on soil investigation, Geo Radar Studies Core-Sampling and
testing of stones of Sun Temple by Central Building Research Institute, Roorkee,
Government of India was carried out during 1999-2000. More scientific studies with respect
to humidity, wind action, sand-blasting, proper drainage, ground water-level, building
material and the deteriorating factors etc have been planned and proposals are being whetted
by the ASI.
Education and Awareness building
Essay, Drawing, Elocution competitions are conducted at local school level and district level
by involving the students in the locality in National Service Scheme to promote the cultural
awareness. Street dramas are enacted by the school children/volunteers to deliver the message
of saving the cultural heritage.
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Training and Capacity Building: Transmitting Heritage to Future Generations:
By celebrating World Heritage Day (18th April) and observing World Heritage Week (19th
November to 25th November), and other awareness programmes such as National Service
Scheme activities conducting debate, essay competitions, by holding symposium, seminars,
conference, dance festivals among the youths and by publishing leaflets, brochures, research
papers etc.
Factors affecting the Property:
Developmental pressures- modernization and urban growth; Environmental pressuredeforestation, pollution, adverse environmental factors like sand blasting and saline breeze
from the sea; Natural disasters like floods and cyclones; Tourism pressure; Population
growth.
Governance and Management:
Governance and management of the core area is the sole responsibility of the Archaeological
Survey of India.
Agencies Responsible:
Archaeological Survey of India through its local offices at Bhubaneshwar and sub- circle
office at Konarak. Superintending Archaeologist, Bhubaneswar Circle, is monitoring all such
personnel engaged in the preservation of the property. Besides a local Coordination
Committee having members from Government of Orissa, local people, Non Government
Organisation are monitoring for allround development of the property.
Latest Events and Current Situation:
In March 2010, an International Workshop on Conservation of Sun-Temple, Konark was held
where general recommendations as well as principles and guidelines for the future works
were delineated.
15
State of Site Planning:
A two-fold Conservation Strategy for the site has been envisaged. This would involve a
Comprehensive Site Management Plan and simultaneous execution of some immediate
conservation measures.
Scientific conservation:
Platform of the Jagamohan have been consolidated. Periodical chemical preservation
workshops are being carried out. Research works are going on in respect of removal of sand
filling. Plantation work has been carried out towards the southern side of the property.
Site Infrastructure
The site has some Visitor amenities such as Drinking water facilities, toilets etc. However,
under the Visitor Management plan developed by Indian Oil Federation through Srishti
Consultancy other amenities like Interpretation centre, Tourist benches, drinking water
facilities, toilets, recreation centre, cafeteria etc are included for the development of the
buffer zone.
Community Development
Several recommendations have been suggested for creating opportunities for the proliferation
of local arts, crafts, customs, traditions, livelihood and native occupation so that the
community may develop and prosper in a sustainable fashion.
Private Sector Involvement
A comprehensive Tourist- Friendly Development Plan for the core area as well as the buffer
zone was proposed by Indian Oil Foundation through Srishti Consultancy. A MoU has
already been signed to this effect.
Top Priorities for Conservation
x
Comprehensive Documentation programme.
x
Expose the original level of the temple-complex in order to prevent waterlogging; discover architectural and sculptural fragments; and consolidation of
the prakara.
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x
Scientific investigations of the interior of the jagamohana / removal of infill
sand, rubble masonry.
x
Consolidation of the jagamohana: structural stability study required.
x
To explore strategies for mitigation of weathering effect on external surface;
scientific studies of material and deteriorating agents is a desideratum.
17
GHN Site Conservation Assessment (SCA)
Boundaries and Buffer Zones
As the site is within the purview of the AMASR (Amendment and Validation) Act, 2010 apart
from the protected monument and its immediate vicinity there is a prohibited area which
measures 100m all around the protected area. Apart from this there is a regulated area of an
additional 200m around the prohibited area. This total area of 300m around the protected
monument/ area acts as the buffer zone for the Monument. The protected monument and the
prohibited and regulated area all come under the purview of the act.
Statement of Authenticity/ Integrity:
There has been no change in the statement of Authenticity/ Integrity of the monument since
the time of its inscription in 1984 and no such changes are foreseen in the near future.
Management Systems:
Has a World Heritage Site steering group or similar management committee
been set up to guide the Management of the Site?
No.
How could the overall management system of the site best be described?
The overall management system of the site comes under the purview of protective legislation
as well as management under contractual agreement. The core area falls within the protected
and prohibited zone and all activities are controlled as per Ancient Monuments
Archaeological Sites and Remains Act 1958 and Rules 1959. The constructional and other
developmental activities in buffer zone are effectively controlled by Puri-Konarak
Development Authority Act 1993 and Notified Area Council Act, Government of Orissa. The
area between the southern side of the Temple and the sea falls within the protected forest area
and no such constructional activities are allowed as per Forest Act 1972, Govt. of Orissa.
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Please indicate which level or levels of public authority are primarily involved
with the management of the site.
The core area is maintained by the ASI while the management of the buffer areas falls with
regional and local bodies in consultation with the ASI.
Are the current management systems effective and/ or sufficient?
After the recently concluded International Workshop on the Conservation of the Sun, Temple
steps have been taken to prepare an overall site-management plan for the temple including its
immediate surroundings. The management plan will be five-fold: Archaeological
management; Landscape conservation and Water management; Regional and Local
Development: integration of intangible heritage; Tourism based infrastructure and
development proposals; Risk and Disaster Management Plan.
Is there special national or regional legislation for World Heritage site?
India does not have any specific legislation for the World Heritage sites, but the sites of
national importance are administered under the AMASR Act (Amendment Act, 2010). The
World heritage sites as such are also governed under the said act.
Does the site have special legislation or administrative arrangements (such as
specific spatial planning and zoning requirements)?
Apart from the area falling within the purview of the AMASR (Amendment and Validation)
Act, 2010 other legislation concerning protection and management are Forest Act 1972,
Govt. of Orissa; Puri-Konarak Development Authorities Act, 1993, Govt. of Orissa and
Notified Area Council Act, Govt. of Orissa.
Have there been any significant changes in the ownership, legal status,
contractual or traditional protective measures for the site since the time of
inscription?
No.
Are the current protection arrangements effective and/ or sufficient?
Yes, the present legislative and administrative arrangements are adequate.
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Funding
Is site funding sufficient?
Yes
Has extra funding been drawn through the World Heritage status?
Extra funding for the Temple was drawn at specific times in the past related to
various projects, missions etc.
Does the site have sufficient funding available for the adequate management of
the site?
Yes.
20
GHN Site Conservation Assessment (SCA)
Has the site received financial assistance?
Government
National
Yes
Regional
International
Yes
Bi-lateral co-operation
Other
Yes
Staffing Levels (Human Resources)
Are adequate professional staff available across the following disciplines?
x Conservation- More professionals are required at the site itself for implementation
and supervision of the different works.
x Management-
Yes.
x Promotion-
Yes.
x Interpretation- No. Trained and professional hands are required in this field
also.
Management Techniques
Is training available for home-owners at the site?
No.
Is on-site training available for all stakeholders (i.e., homeowners, others)? No.
Are there visitor statistics available for the site?
Yes.
Are these facilities adequate?
While basic visitor facilities are available at the site but there is ample room for improvement
vis-à-vis Elevator for the physically disabled persons. Kiosk for Tourist Information
including Computer; Audio-Visual Information System of the property; Planning for
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amenities location; Defined movement pattern of tourist; Development of Pedestrian road and
battery operated vehicles; and Alternative support attraction.
Is there a tourism/ visitor management plan for the site?
Yes, revisions and modifications have been suggested in the existing plan so that tourism
does not have adverse affect on the monument.
What different methodologies are used for counting visitors?
Counting the entry tickets is the only method of counting visitors.
As tourism pressure poses a growing threat to World heritage properties, what is
the tourism/visitor management plan to manage growing visitation?
To regulate the tourist influx to the properties, Archaeological Survey of India has its own
arrangements with cooperation of local authorities who are entrusted in the maintenance of
law & order, if any. The comprehensive Site Management Plan under consideration of the
ASI has provisions for parking, vehicular and pedestrian movement plans. The recent
International Workshop also recommends some modifications in the plan submitted to the
ASI by Indian Oil Foundation so that aggressive tourism activities do not violate the sanctity
of the site.
Is signage adequate?
No. There is one detailed signage at the entrance to the temple-complex. More such signages
are required within the complex itself favourably near all structural remains detailinh their
identification, functional aspect, history etc.
Is there awareness of the Heritage property among various groups?
Yes, efforts are made by the ASI, Bhubaneswar Circle to raise heritage awareness among the
various groups through various programmes having target audiences.
Development Pressures
Modernisation and urban growth affects the environment of the monument.
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Visitor/tourism pressure?
There has been a marked in the number of domestic and foreign tourists to the site.
Traffic pressure?
Steps have been undertaken to regulate the traffic at the site. However, the approach road to
the temple itself is congested by shops and steps are required to widen the same.
Threat of fires for sites with wooden architecture?
Not Applicable.
Are monitoring systems adequate?
Yes.
Is training required in the use of relevant modern technology?
Following training are required for the field staff- Modern Conservation technique; Scientific
Analysis technique & Computer Application; Modern Safety & Security technique e.g. metal
detector, Close Circuit Television, X-ray, Scanning machine; Modern Surveying technique
e.g. Global Positioning System, Georadar, Remote Sensing Technique; Modern
Photography/Documentation
including
Aerial
Survey,
Digital
Photography,
Video
Photography etc; Modern Drawing Technique as per the UNESCO guidelines.
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GHN Site Conservation Assessment (SCA)
Has the site been subject of (a) Reactive Monitoring Report(s) to UNESCO
World Heritage Committee?
The site had been the subject of a Reactive Monitoring Report in February, 2000. However,
the report submitted by the Mission did not propose the inscription of the Monument in the
List of World Heritage in danger.
What do you consider to be the main benefits of World Heritage status?
x Conservation
Yes
x Social
x Economic
x Management
x Other
Are there weaknesses in management, such as the absence of coordinators,
management plans and strategies?
The recent management plan is still under study by the ASI. However, the number of people
actually involved in carrying out the work at the ground-level is small and involvement of
more professionals is a desideratum.
Have good examples of management plans for similar Heritage properties been
distributed?
No.
Is there guidebook for the site?
Yes.
Have information channels been identified for reaching relevant groups at local,
national and international levels?
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Yes, periodic discussions/ workshops are held inside the country at different World
Heritage sites and attended by concerned Site Managers and Field Managers. Their
opinions/suggestions are considered while executing various conservation measures.
Have mechanisms been established for effective communication between site,
national and UNESCO levels?
Yes.
Has information material encouraging sustainable tourism, such as a ‘Code of
Conduct’ been developed?
No.
Is there a website for the Heritage site(s) focusing on conservation and
community development?
No.
Disaster Preparedness
Which natural disasters threaten the site’s integrity or may compromise its
values?
Flood and Cyclone are the common features of the Coastal Regions of Orissa.
How can local communities reach the full potential of their heritage, both
tangible and intangible?
The local populace inhabiting the neighborhood of Konarak has many families
engaged in stone-cutting and carving for generations. The use of their hereditary skill in
carrying out the conservation works at the site itself may prove to be a very fruitful exercise
as this will not only give them gainful employment and an opportunity to showcase their
talent but will also inculcate heritage awareness also. This will lay the foundation for the
growth of both tangible and intangible heritage of the region as a whole.
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How can the sites disaster risk be reduced?
Govt. of Orissa has already conceptualized Orissa State Disaster Mitigation Authority
(OSDMA) to combat the natural disaster.
Which traditional skills must be maintained essential to enhance conservation
and prevention and mitigation of disasters?
Identification of local quarry sites in the vicinity having building stones comparable to those
used in the edifice, patronizing traditional working groups who for generations have been
practicing stone cutting, carving etc.
Which gradual cumulative processes and factors, such as pollution, tourism, or
urban encroachment are affecting the authenticity and integrity of the site?
Pollution caused by vehicular movement, tourism pressure, modernization and urban growth,
deforestation by natural calamities and human beings, sand blasting and saline breeze, microbiological growth and natural disasters like floods and cyclones are all factors having
potential of causing long-term harm to the monument.
How can we strengthen support at the regional, national and local institutions
for reducing natural and man-made risks at the Heritage site?
A full time agency to co-ordinate all the Government Organisations and NonGovernment Organisation is necessary. Preparedness and personnel training; Mitigation of
risk; Prompt and effective response to disasters (both natural and man-made); Emergency
measures and immediate treatments as post-disaster action at the site will go a long way in
minimizing loss.
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Sketch of the Sun Temple, Konarak as seen by Fergusson (1837). Please note a part of the Rekha Deul (sanctum sanctorum) can sAll be seen standing on the leD.
Sketch of the interior of the Jagamohana with the fallen stone members from the ceiling and cracks along the walls, before the sand filling of the Jagamohana in 1903.
Aerial view of the Sun Temple Complex.
Aerial view of north-­‐east corner of the Sun Temple complex.
Aerial view of north-­‐west corner of the Sun Temple complex.
Aerial view of south-­‐east corner of the Sun Temple complex.
Aerial view of the eastern side of the Sun Temple complex.
Sun Temple Konarak, Jagamohana (Assemby Hall) and Natamandir (Hall used ofr the performance of dance and music), lights in the forground used at night for illuminaAon of the monument.
Natamandir and the iron beams found from the Temple proper on display in the foreground.
Mayadevi/ Chhayadevi temple.
One of the wheels of the chariot.
Image of Sun-­‐god on the west façade of the Temple.
Monolithic elephant. Lady with cymbals.
View from north-­‐east corner of the Jagamohana, steps leading to the door and the high plaVorm, before conservaAon.
View from south-­‐east corner of the Jagamohana, steps leading to the door and the high plaVorm, before conservaAon. The opening here has sAll not been closed as seen from the photo.
West side of the temple, Jagamohana in the background towering over the debris of the sanctum sanctorium.
View from the northern side of the Jagamohana, steps leading to the door and the plaVorm, before conservaAon.
The blocked doorway on the southern side of the Jagamohana, the steps leading to the door have not yet been conserved.
The open doorway on the east before the filling up of the Jagamohana.
The blocked eastern doorway and the broken stairs leading to it.
Close-­‐up of the door-­‐frame on the east, lying in front is part of the lintel of the southern doorframe.
View from the south-­‐east corner of the Jagamohana and part of the Rekha Deul, with the subsidiary structures in the foreground.
View of the extant sanctum and the Jagamohana from the southern side.
View from the north-­‐western side of the extant sanctum and the towering Jagamohana at the back.
View of the Jagamohana from the southern side along with the war-­‐stallions in the foreground.
The plaVorm of the chariot along with the extant porAon of the Rekha Deul, view from the south.
VegetaAon on the Aers of the Jagamohana and some broken sculptural and architectural members.
Broken sculptures on the Aers of the Jagamohana.
ConservaAon of the Aers.
ConservaAon along the façade of the Jagamohana on the south.
PlaVorm of the chariot showing the wheels and the horses in front of the Jagamohana, view from the south side.
ParAally preserved lintel and doorjambs of the Jagamohana on the northern side.
Aerial view of the Natamandir. The rows of trees on the background have today been replaced by the main approach road to the Temple-­‐complex.
View of the Natamandir, notable is the posiAon of the Lions on crouching elephants at the top. They are presently placed on either side of the steps leading to the Natamandir.
Present posiAon of the figures flanking the steps of the Natamandir, facing east.
View of the Natamandir from the western side.
Aerial view of the Mayadevi/ Chhayadevi Temple.
Back wall of the Mayadevi/ Chhayadevi Temple. The extant top of the walls have been rebuilt and made-­‐
waterproof.
The pedestal of the main deity within the sanctum sanctorium.
Broken wheel of the chariot-­‐palVorm.
Broken wheel of the chariot-­‐palVorm. Encroachment on the path leading to the temple-­‐ complex.
The approach road aDer the removal of shops. The approach path at present aDer re-­‐building.
Sloping sides of the approach road in stone masonry.
Dismantling of the stone masonry. The slopes covered with grass.
Broken wheel and accompanying plaVorm, before conservaAon.
Wheel and plaVorm aDer conservaAon. ReconstrucAon was done by placing of the original sculptural and architectural fragments found near by or from the Museum collecAon. Those pieces which could not be found were replaced by new stone work, bereD of any decoraAon.
Broken wheel and accompanying plaVorm, before conservaAon.
Wheel and plaVorm aDer conservaAon involving the use of some original sculpted stone fragments and other new stones which have been kept plain so as not to merge with the original parts.
Broken wheel and accompanying plaVorm, before conservaAon.
Wheel and plaVorm aDer conservaAon. The use of new stone work is clearly delineated by the difference in colour and also they do not bear any carvings.
Broken wheel and accompanying plaVorm, before conservaAon.
Wheel and plaVorm aDer conservaAon. The plaVorm has here been rebuilt to the original extant height and also made water Aght to prevent seepage of water into the interior stone masonry.
Steps of the Jagamohana on the southern side, before conservaAon.
Steps of the Jagamohana on the southern side, aDer conservaAon. Apart from rebuilding the steps high flanking walls have also been provided.
Jagamohana plaVorm, view from North-­‐eastern side, before conservaAon.
Jagamohana plaVorm, view from North-­‐eastern side, aDer conservaAon. The reconstructed part of the plaVorm can clearly be differenAated because of the variaAon in colour even from a distance.
Broken steps on eastern side of the Jagamohana, before conservaAon.
Steps of Jagamohana aDer ConservaAon. The missing top of the plaVorm, before conservaAon.
The plaVorm aDer conservaAon. Here it can be clearly seen that apart from the original sculptural panels new stone work having no carvings have been used for the reconstrucAon.
The missing stone masonry and part of the wheel before conservaAon.
The reconstructed plaVorm and wheel, containing both original and new stone work.
Broken steps on the northern side of the Jagamohana, before conservaAon.
Steps on the northern side of the Jagamohana, aDer conservaAon along with the high flanking walls.
Subsidiary structure, before conservaAon.
Subsidiary structure, aDer conservaAon. The removal of grass and relaying the ground with stone slabs with proper poinAng has rendered it water Aght prevenAng seepage and unwanted accumulaAon of water around the pillars.
Subsidiary structure before conservaAon.
Subsidiary structure aDer conservaAon. The decayed and the weathered stone were replaced and made water Aght.
Well inside the Temple-­‐complex, before conservaAon.
Well inside the Temple-­‐ complex, aDer conservaAon. The reconstrucAon and proper poinAng have considerably slowed the growth of vegetaAon.
The Vaishnava shrine, before conservaAon.
The Vaishnava shrine, aDer conservaAon. The joints of the masonry have been made water Aght to minimize water seepage.
Laying out of the Pathway around the temple.
The stone pathway aDer compleAon. The pathway and the accompanying garden around the temple-­‐
complex have played a crucial role in curtailing the weathering of stones due to sand aariAon.
The use of new stone blocks to replace decayed and missing original parts, the subsAtutes have been kept uncarved to disAnguish them from the originals.
The disfigurement of the sculptural panels due to chemical weathering and aariAon due to sand-­‐laden winds.
The inclusion of new architectural members in the panel is evident because of the red Ange of the subsAtutes.
The lower porAon of the lady drummer is the replacement here evident because of the change in stone colour and texture.
In this panel the depicAon of the elephant riders has been replaced with a new sculptural panel.
The plaVorm has been finished up to the original level by the use of new stone blocks which have been leD uncarved so as not to cause duplicity in the name of conservaAon.
The façade of the Aers have become blackened due to the deposiAon of moss and lichen. Chemical cleaning the stones are undertaken aDer the monsoons by the Chemical Branch of the Archaeological Survey of India.
PoinAng of the joints of the stone masonry being carried out at present in the temple.
Due to the faulty gradient of the surrounding area water collects around the temple walls.
Water collected all along the plaVorm.
The difference in colour in the plaVorm clearly demarcates the original extant porAon of the wall and the reconstructed part.
The number 193 on the sculptural panel above the wheel shows that this specimen was added later on here from the museum collecAon.
Sculptural panels here have been relocated here from the museum collecAon. Those parts which have been brought form the museum collecAon have numbers painted on them for ready idenAficaAon.
Scaffolding around the exterior walls of the Jagamohana. Though required for the structural stability of the structure it is an eye-­‐sore and resembles a modern construcAon site.
The Navagraha panel originally from the Temple is presently housed here under worship, in the vicinity of the Temple complex.
Architectural members lying on the plaVorm of the sanctum sanctorium.
Iron beams on the roof of the Jagamohana. Evidence of rusAng can clearly be seen on these beams.
The filled up interior of the Jagamohana, iron beams of the roof.
Stone blocks lying beyond the complex wall.
Drinking water facility, within the compound. A more ambience friendly architecture, in consonance with the ancient architectural style of the complex, for housing the water facility would be more appreciable.
Cadastral map showing the Protected Area (35.41 acres), Prohibited Area and Regulated Area of Sun Temple, Koanrak, Puri, Orissa.
Ground Plan of Sun Temple, Koanrak, Puri, Orissa.
SecAon elevaAon of the Jagamohana, view from the south.