Music Therapy Training Courses in Europe

Transcription

!
Mag.a Johanna SCHMID
Music Therapy Training Courses in
Europe
DIPLOMARBEIT
zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades
Magistra artium
Studium: Diplomstudium Musiktherapie
Institut für Musik- und Bewegungserziehung sowie Musiktherapie
Universität für Musik und darstellende Kunst Wien
Betreuer: Univ.-Prof. Dr.med. Dr.sc.mus. Thomas Stegemann
Wien, 2014
!
!
Table!of!Contents!
!
!
TABLE!OF!CONTENTS!
Abstract!....................................................................................................................................!5!
1.!Introduction!.......................................................................................................................!6!
1.1.!Definition!..................................................................................................................................!6!
1.2.!Motivation!................................................................................................................................!8!
1.3.!Literature!report!....................................................................................................................!8!
1.4.!Methods!.....................................................................................................................................!9!
2.!Comparison!of!training!courses!in!the!years!1970!and!2013/2014!............!12!
2.1.!Austria!....................................................................................................................................!12!
2.2.!Germany!.................................................................................................................................!13!
2.3.!UK!.............................................................................................................................................!13!
2.4.!Training!courses!2013/2014!..........................................................................................!15!
2.5.!Division!of!geographic!areas!...........................................................................................!20!
3.!Applied!Schools!and!Approaches!.............................................................................!21!
3.1.!Music!therapy!schools!.......................................................................................................!21!
3.1.1.!Psychoanalytical!Music!Therapy!............................................................................................!22!
3.1.2.! Behavioural!Music!Therapy!..................................................................................................!22!
3.1.3.! Nordoff>Robbins!Music!Therapy!(Creative!Music!Therapy)!..................................!22!
3.1.4.! Orff>Music!Therapy!..................................................................................................................!23!
3.1.5.! Anthroposophic!Music!Therapy!.........................................................................................!23!
3.1.6.! Integrative!Music!Therapy!....................................................................................................!24!
3.1.7.! Benenzon!model!of!Music!Therapy!...................................................................................!24!
3.1.8.! Guided!Imagery!Music!(GIM)!/!Bonny!Method!............................................................!24!
4.! Music!Therapy!courses!in!Europe!.........................................................................!26!
4.1.!Music!Therapy!courses!in!Central!Europe!..................................................................!26!
4.1.1.!Austria!..............................................................................................................................................!27!
4.1.2.!Croatia!...............................................................................................................................................!30!
4.1.3.!Czech!Republic!..............................................................................................................................!31!
4.1.4.!Estonia!..............................................................................................................................................!34!
4.1.5.!Germany!...........................................................................................................................................!35!
!4.1.6.!Hungary!............................................................................................................................................!48!
4.1.7.!Latvia!.................................................................................................................................................!49!
!4.1.8.!Liechtenstein!..................................................................................................................................!50!
4.1.9.!Lithuania!..........................................................................................................................................!50!
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Table!of!Contents!
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4.1.10.!Luxembourg!.................................................................................................................................!51!
4.1.11.!Poland!.............................................................................................................................................!51!
4.1.12.!Slovakia!..........................................................................................................................................!55!
4.1.13.!Slovenia!.........................................................................................................................................!55!
4.1.14.!Switzerland!..................................................................................................................................!56!
4.2.!Music!therapy!courses!in!Eastern!Europe!..................................................................!61!
4.2.1.!Belarus!..............................................................................................................................................!61!
!4.2.2.!Russia!................................................................................................................................................!62!
!4.2.3.!Ukraine!.............................................................................................................................................!63!
4.3.!Music!therapy!courses!in!Southern!and!SouthREastern!Europe!..........................!64!
4.3.1.!Albania!..............................................................................................................................................!64!
4.3.2.!Andorra!............................................................................................................................................!65!
4.3.3.!Bosnia!and!Herzegovina!...........................................................................................................!65!
!4.3.4.!Bulgaria!............................................................................................................................................!65!
!4.3.5.!Greece!................................................................................................................................................!66!
4.3.6.!Cyprus!...............................................................................................................................................!67!
4.3.7.!Italy!....................................................................................................................................................!68!
!4.3.8.!Malta!..................................................................................................................................................!81!
!4.3.9.!Moldavia!...........................................................................................................................................!81!
4.3.10.!Monaco!...........................................................................................................................................!81!
!4.3.11.!Montenegro!..................................................................................................................................!81!
4.3.12.!Portugal!.........................................................................................................................................!81!
4.3.13.!Republic!of!Macedonia!............................................................................................................!82!
!4.3.14.!Romania!.........................................................................................................................................!82!
!4.3.15.!San!Marino!....................................................................................................................................!83!
!4.3.16.!Serbia!..............................................................................................................................................!83!
!4.3.17.!Spain!................................................................................................................................................!83!
4.3.18.!Turkey!............................................................................................................................................!91!
4.4.!Music!therapy!courses!in!Western!Europe!.................................................................!92!
4.4.1.!Belgium!.............................................................................................................................................!92!
4.4.2.!France!...............................................................................................................................................!95!
4.4.3.!Ireland!...............................................................................................................................................!98!
!4.4.4.!Netherlands!.................................................................................................................................!100!
4.4.5.!United!Kingdom!.........................................................................................................................!104!
4.5.!Music!therapy!courses!in!Northern!Europe!.............................................................!109!
!4.5.1.!Denmark!........................................................................................................................................!109!
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Table!of!Contents!
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4.5.2.!Finland!...........................................................................................................................................!110!
!4.5.3.!Iceland!............................................................................................................................................!112!
!4.5.4.!Norway!..........................................................................................................................................!113!
!4.5.5.!Sweden!...........................................................................................................................................!114!
5.!Discussion!......................................................................................................................!117!
5.1.!Summary!..............................................................................................................................!117!
5.2.!Discussion!............................................................................................................................!117!
6.!References!......................................................................................................................!123!
List!of!figures!.....................................................................................................................!128!
List!of!tables!.......................................................................................................................!129!
Appendix!.............................................................................................................................!130!
Acknowledgements!..................................................................................................................!130!
Internet!Ressources!........................................................................................................!132!
Table!Music!Therapy!Training!Courses!.............................................................................!142!
4
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Abstract!
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Abstract
This thesis aims to provide an overview of music therapy training courses in Europe. It relates to
Karin
Reissenbergers
(aka
Karin
Schumacher)
thesis
“Versuch
einer
Überschau
musiktherapeutischer Bemühungen innerhalb des europäischen Raumes [Attempt of an
overview of music therapeutic efforts within the European area]” (1970) and shows the rapid
growth of training programmes since the 1970s. The prevailing reserch method is field research,
either through direct or mail contact. Also literature and web research has been applied. The
investigated time period is from March 2013 to June 2014. In the first chapter the term
“Europe“ is defined, it deals with the applied methods and gives a literature report. The second
chapter reflects the current state of music therapy training courses in 2013/2014 in comparison
to 1970. The third chapter presents common music therapy schools practiced throughout
Europe. In the fourth chapter European music therapy courses are introduced and described.
Criterias such entrance exams, duration, subjects, tuition fees and the therapeutic orientation of
a programme are taken into account.
Diese Diplomarbeit versucht einen Überblick über die gegenwärtige musiktherapeutische
Ausbildungslandschaft in Europa zu geben. Dabei wird auf Karin Reissenbergers (aka Karin
Schumacher) Diplomarbeit “Versuch einer Überschau musiktherapeutischer Bemühungen
innerhalb des europäischen Raumes“ (1970) Bezug genommen: ein rasanter Anstieg der
Ausbildungen seit 1970 ist zu bemerken. Neben der Literatur- und Webrecherche dient vor
allem die Feldforschung (entweder durch direkten oder Mail-Kontakt) zur Erhebung der Daten.
Die untersuchte Zeitspanne erstreckt sich von März 2013 bis Juni 2014. Im ersten Kapitel wird
der Begriff „Europa“definiert, die verwendeten Methoden werden vorgestellt und ein kurzer
Literaturbericht wird gegeben. Das zweite Kapitel behandelt den Status Quo der
Musiktherapie-Ausbildungen
im
Jahr
2013/2014
im
Vergleich
zu
1970.
Welche
Musiktherapieschulen in Europa am häufigsten zur Anwendung kommen, findet im dritten
Kapitel kurze Erwähnung. Abschließend werden europäische Musiktherapieausbildungen
vorgestellt, wobei Kriterien wie Aufnahmeprüfung, Dauer der Ausbildung, Unterrichtsfächer,
Kosten und therapeutische Orientierung berücksichtigt werden.
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!
!
1. Introduction!
!
!
1. Introduction
This thesis aims to provide an overview of music therapy training courses
offered in Europe. The investigated time period is from March 2013 to June
2014.
1.1. Definition
In the first chapter I would like to discuss the definition of “Europe” and the
definition of “training courses”.
This thesis will cover all training courses that offer a bachelor, master, diploma,
PhD or any other likewise degree.
Before I start talking about the actual music therapy training courses, the term
“Europe” has to be defined: Does it only include European Union member
states? Where does Europe stop and Asia begin? In this case I would like to
avoid restricting the term “Europe“ to the 28 European Union member states
and incorporate countries located on European territory as well. These 45
countries are (excluding the Vatican City) (http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa,
March 13, 2013):
Albania
Croatia
Andorra
Cyprus
Austria
Czech Republic
Belarus
Denmark
Belgium
Estonia
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Finland
Bulgaria
France
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1. Introduction!
!
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Germany
Poland
Greece
Portugal
Hungary
Republic of Macedonia
Iceland
Romania
Ireland
Russia
Italy
San Marino
Latvia
Serbia
Liechtenstein
Slovakia
Lithuania
Slovenia
Luxembourg
Spain
Malta
Sweden
Moldavia
Switzerland
Monaco
Turkey
Montenegro
Ukraine
Netherlands
United Kingdom
Norway
The countries will be divided into geographic areas (see also 2.5. Division of
geographic areas):
•
Central Europe
•
Eastern Europe
•
Southern and South-Eastern Europe
•
Western Europe
•
Northern Europe
According to the European Music Therapy Confederation (EMTC, 2011-2014,
date of access: May 30, 2014) there are currently 60 official training courses
throughout Europe: 19 in the South, 22 in the Middle and 19 in the North.
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1. Introduction!
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Though, the EMTC includes slightly other countries than this research: Israel is
missing in my research.
1.2. Motivation
While studying music therapy at the University of Music and Performing Arts
Vienna I always was curious of how music therapy was carried out in other
countries. Although I was aware of being educated within the tradition of the
“Viennese School”, I felt a need to explore different theoretical approaches
and paths and felt that I had a definite lack of knowledge about international
music therapy practice.
As part of our training course we visited the music therapy training programme
at the Berlin University of Arts in November 2012 and a student meeting in
Poland (Wrocław) in March 2010. These visits were fuel for the following thesis
by triggering and initiating reflections and thoughts on international music
therapy training courses.
In my thesis in musicology “Musiktherapie in Indien [music therapy in India]”
(Schmid, 2012) I attempted to draw conclusions about contemporary music
therapy practice in India in 2011 with the means of a two-month fieldwork.
Throughout this journey I realized how important the establishment of training
courses is for providing professional music therapy care: providing high quality
training courses can help in internationally recognizing music therapy as an
approved healing method within the health-care sector. Vice versa, low quality
or unprofessional training courses can bring music therapy into disrepute.
1.3. Literature report
In this thesis I want to relate to Karin Reissenbergers (aka Karin Schumacher)
thesis “Versuch einer Überschau musiktherapeutischer Bemühungen innerhalb
des europäischen Raumes [Attempt of an overview of music therapeutic efforts
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1. Introduction!
!
!
within the European area]“ (Reissenberger, 1970). In this – nowadays alone for
its historical value interesting – work, Reissenberger gave an overview of music
therapy practice in the European area in the late 1960s and early 1970s. She
introduces music therapists and institutions from Western and Eastern
Germany, Denmark, Finland, UK, Yugoslavia, the Netherlands, Norway, Austria,
Poland, Romania, Sweden, Switzerland and Hungary. Although this work mainly
deals with music therapy methods, she also gives references to music therapy
training courses.
The European Music Therapy Confederation provides a wealth of information
about music therapy programmes on their website (http://emtc-eu.com/). This
thesis will frequently refer to the EMTC’s sections “Country Information” and
“Training Courses”. Therefore the European Music Therapy Confederation is
abbreviated as EMTC in the text. Unfortunately not all European countries
(which offer music therapy courses as well) are members of the EMTC.
The online music therapy forum Voices (http://www.voices.no/) provides
extensive information about international music therapy practice and therefore
also about training courses. Its mission is “to build bridges between various
cultures, disciplines, and practice fields concerned with relationships between
music and health” (Voices, 2013). The category “Country of the Month”
introduces music therapy around the world on a (nearly) monthly basis.
The World Federation of Music Therapy (WFMT, www.wfmt.info) also offers
“cards“ on different countries that also provide information about the training
courses.
1.4. Methods
The prevailing method used in this thesis is field research, through direct or EMail contact – mainly with the heads of the training programmes, but also with
students of the diverse training institutions.
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1. Introduction!
!
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Before searching the web for information about courses, I checked the
European Music Therapy Confederations’ website (www.emtc-eu.com), which
provides information about European music therapy courses. As mentioned
above, another important source was the music therapy online forum Voices
(www.voices.no). If the articles on these websites didn’t contain enough
information, I tried to get in touch with the authors through E-Mail and asked
them to send me the contact details of institutions/members of institutions that
offer training programmes in their home country. If they were involved in
organising a training course I asked them questions about the duration, the
costs, the orientation, and the subjects of “their” programme.
In chapter four the courses are described and some subjects are picked to give
a “flavour” of the training course. Unfortunately there was not enough space to
describe the whole curriculum, readers who are interested can find it on most of
the courses’ websites.
Some countries don’t provide any information about music therapy education
(for example Albania). In this case I tried to contact music therapists who work
or worked in these countries – sometimes volunteering – or even art therapy
associations. If the homepages were in a language unknown to me, I translated
them with Google Translate.
In addition, also a phone interview with Hans-Helmut Decker-Voigt (March 3,
2014) took place.
Another focus is literature and general web research. As there is an on-going
development of training courses, the web is the fastest medium to promote
these courses – more up to date than a printed medium could be.
The web resources are mostly translated by myself and also through the help of
Google Translate and friends. For the linguists amongst the readers: It goes
without saying, that there might be some translation errors, as my mother
tongue is German, not English and the languages that I have come across reach
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1. Introduction!
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from Finnish to Danish to Bulgarian etc. Fair enough, I have tried my best using
my knowledge of English, Italian as well as a little Spanish and French.
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2. Comparison of training courses in the years 1970 and 2013/2014!
!
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2. Comparison of training courses in the
years 1970 and 2013/2014
Karin Reissenberger describes in her thesis “Versuch einer Überschau
musiktherapeutischer Bemühungen innerhalb des europäischen Raumes
[Attempt of an overview of music therapeutic efforts within the European area]”
(1970) not only practitioning music therapists, but also training programmes.
As the EMTC was founded only in 1990 (EMTC, 2011-2014, date of access: May
30, 2014), there was no such thing as an organization that networked
information about music therapy in 1970. Naturally, there was no internet at that
time, which meant, that in order to collect information one had to carry out
“true field research” and travel: Reissenberger aka Schumacher described in a
lecture, that she had to travel across Europe and meet music therapists to
gather information for her thesis. She gives references of training courses in the
following countries (Reissenberger, 1970).
2.1. Austria
•
Vienna: “Sonderlehrgang für Musikheilkunde“ at the “Hochschule für
Musik und darstellende Kunst Wien“ [University of Music and Performing
Arts Vienna], founded in 1959, under the direction of Prof. Edith KofferUllrich (till 1970, afterwards Prof. Alfred Schmölz) (Reissenberger, 1970,
p.101ff)
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2.2. Germany
•
Berlin: “Ausbildungslehrgang für Musiktherapeuten“, founded in 1970
(Reissenberger, 1970, p.37)
•
Rostock:
“1.
Weiterbildungslehrgang
über
psychomotorische
Therapie“ in Rostock, from October 9 – 17, 1970 (Reissenberger ,1970, p.
53)
2.3. UK
•
London: Guildhall School of Music and Drama offers in cooperation
with The British Music Therapy Society – which was founded in 1968 and
directed by the French cellist Juliette Alvin (EMTC, 2014) – a one-year
training course with diploma (Reissenberger, 1970, p. 69)
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The image below shows the location of the courses mentioned above.
Figure 1: Music therapy training courses in 1970, graphic by Jana Kilbertus
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2.4. Training courses 2013/2014
As continuation of Karin Reissenbergers field research, the EMTC shows a list
(EMTC, 2011 – 2014, date of access: May 31, 2014) of the “Official beginning of
music therapy in Europe” that gives hints about the foundation of training
courses, as well as information about the applied theories – here in a slightly
shortened version:
Table 1: Foundation of music therapy training courses (adapted from EMTC, 2014)
Country
Training
Courses since:
Theory
1959
BELGIUM
BULGARIA
Prof.
Association
since:
1984
(ÖBM),
1997 (WIM)
2010 (BfEM)
1998
1995
CYPRUS
2010
-
CZECH
REPUBLIC
2006 (CAMAD), 1989
2008 (CZMTA)
DENMARK
1969, 1992
1982
ESTONIA
1990
1990
FINLAND
1973
1973
Psychodynamic,
Humanistic, Ethno
Music Therapy
Psychoanalytic
Humanistic,
Psychodynamic,
Integrative,…
Humanistic/Creative,
Psychodynamic,
Psychotherapeutic,
Behavioural,
Neurological (NMT)
Humanistic,
Psychodynamic,
Integrative,
Art
Therapy,
Medical,
Anthropsophic
Humanistic,
Psychodynamic,
Integrative
Humanistic,
Psychodynamic,
Behavioural, Comb.
With Art Therapies
Psychodynamic,
Eclectic, Functional
AUSTRIA
1985
2008
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FRANCE
GERMANY
GREECE
HUNGARY
ICELAND
ISRAEL
ITALY
LATVIA
LITHUANIA
LUXEMBURG
NETHERLANDS
NORWAY
POLAND
PORTUGAL
SERBIA
SLOVENIA
SPAIN
!
!
2002
1970
Analytical, Behav.
1969
(EAST), 1960
(EAST), Humanistic,
1973 (DGMT)
1969 (Anthrop.), Psychotherapeutic,
Analytic, Gestalt
1992
1992
Greek Philosophy,
Medical, Music and
Art
1995 (MZE)
1992
Psychodynamic,
Eclectic,
Special
Needs and Dev.
Centered
1997
In practice Eclectic
1971
1980
Psychodynamic,
Eclectic, Integrative,
Humanistic
1992
1990
Psychodynamic,
Orff,
NordoffRobbins, Humanistic
2005
2002
Nordoff-Robbins
1997
2004 (GML)
1962
(Art 1965
Structuralism,
Therapy)
Humanistic,
Creative,
ArtTherapy
1960
1978
Humanistic,
Psychoth.,
GIM,
Nordoff-Robbins,
Dev.
Psychol.
Oriented
1996
(PAMT), 1973
Eclectic, Humanistic
2003 (KAJROS)
1996
1990
Dev.
Psych.,
Psychoanalytic
2001
2002
Psychodynamic,
Integrative
2004 (SZUT)
2000
(Art Combining Music,
Therapies)
Dance-Movement,
Art
&
Drama
Therap., Creative
1977
1986/1992
Eclectic, All main MT
Models
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SWEDEN
1974
1981
SWITZERLAND
1981
1986
UK
1976
1958
!
!
Psychodynamic,
Functional
Psychotherapy,
Medical,
Gestalt,
Analytic, Anthropo.
Nordoff-Robbins,
Psychodynamic,
Humanistic
Not only has the number of training courses grown significantly since
Reissenberger’s findings, also the system of education has changed.
According to the website of the European Higher Education Area (EHEA)
(2010), the Bologna Process, launched with the Bologna Declaration in 1999, is
implemented in 47 countries – which therefore define the European Higher
Education Area. Summarised, the Bologna process aims to facilitate mobility
within the member states, through the use of the European Credit Transfer and
Accumulation System (ECTS). The ECTS ensures, that semesters abroad are
recognised in the home country (European University Association, 2014).
Furthermore, a three degree cycle (bachelor – master – PhD) was introduced
(European University Association, 2014). Typically, a bachelor’s degree requires
between 180-240 ECTS credits and a master’s degree between 90-120; PhD
programmes are not defined by ECTS credits (European University Associaton,
2014). Nevertheless, European universities are in the implementation phase and
existing degrees (such as in Austria diplomas, for example) still persist parallel
to the “new” system (European University Association, 2014).
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This table shows the number of music therapy courses per region according to
my research (May 2014).
Table 2: Number of music therapy training courses 2013/2014
Region
Courses
Bachelor
Master
[Institutions]1
Other
courses
Number of institutions that offer music therapy courses
Central
47
6
16
30
-
-
-
-
2
14
26
21
6
10
6
9
4
5
4
117
18
45
66
Europe2
Eastern
Europe3
Southern and 40
South-Eastern
Europe4
Western
Europe5
Northern
Europe6
As stated in 1.1., the EMTC counts 60 official training courses throughout
Europe: 19 in the South, 22 in the Middle and 19 in the North (EMTC, 20112014, date of access: May 31, 2014). Of these courses, 30 are accredited at
1!some!institutions!offer!bachelor,!as!well!as!master!or!other!courses!
2!Austria,!Croatia,!Czech!Republic,!Estonia,!Germany,!Hungary,!Latvia,!Lithuania,!Luxembourg,!
Poland,!Slovakia,!Slovenia,!Switzerland,!5!courses!are!integrated!in!an!art!therapy!course!
3!Belarus,!Russia,!Ukraine!
4!Albania,!Andorra,!Bosnia!and!Herzegovina,!Bulgaria,!Cyprus,!Greece,!Italy,!Malta,!Moldavia,!
Monaco,!Montenegro,!Portugal,!Republic!of!Macedonia,!Romania,!San!Marino,!Serbia,!Spain,!Turkey!
5!Belgium,!France,!Ireland,!Netherlands,!United!Kingdom!
6!Denmark,!Finland,!Iceland,!Norway,!Sweden
!
18
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!
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master and 11 on bachelor level (EMTC, 2011-2014, date of access: May 31,
2014).
My findings are slightly different, due to the different division of geographic
areas, but probably also due to rapid changes in the educational field.
The map below shows all courses discussed in this thesis.
Figure 2: Music therapy training courses in 2013/2014, graphic by Jana Kilbertus
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2.5. Division of geographic areas
The courses will be divided by their location into roughly geographic areas, as
proposed by the “Ständiger Ausschuss für geographische Namen (StAGN)“ –
see map below.
Figure 3: Classification of Europe
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3. Applied Schools and Approaches!
!
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3. Applied Schools and Approaches
Kenneth Bruscia defines music therapy as "[...] a systematic process of
intervention wherein the therapist helps the client to promote health, using
music experiences and the relationships that develops through them as
dynamic forces of change" (Bruscia, 1998, as cited in Aasgaard & Trondalen,
2004). The following music therapy schools and approaches are the most
common in Europe.
3.1. Music therapy schools
To make out the similarities and differences, I would like to give an overview of
different approaches and schools taught and applied in various European
institutions. According to Hans-Helmut Decker-Voigt (2001), music therapy has
its background in various disciplines and schools:
Humanistic!
Psychology!
Medicine!
Music!
Therapy!!
Deep!
Psychology!
(Psycho!
Analysis)!
Behaviourism!
21
Figure 4: Music therapy and related disciplines, graphic by Johanna
Schmid
!
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!
!
Therefore, being influenced by different dynamics, various theories, schools
and orientations exist nowadays. In the following chapter I want to describe the
approaches that are most commonly applied.
3.1.1. Psychoanalytical Music Therapy
Psychoanalytical music therapy is a form of music-centred psychotherapy and is
based on a client-therapist exchange through musical improvisation or music
listening (De Backer, 2013, p. 104). It builds on psychoanalysis and the theory of
the subconscious (Metzner, 2001, p. 33). Psychoanalytical music therapy was
founded by the English music therapist Mary Priestley (Metzner, 2001, p. 6).
According
to
De
Backer,
interventions
include
use
of
transference,
countertransference, holding, containment, etc. (De Backer, 2013, p. 104). As
active methods it uses associative or free improvisations, as passive methods
Guided Imagery and Music (Bonny, 1978, Metzner, 1996, 2001, p. 52).
3.1.2. Behavioural Music Therapy
Behavioural music therapy was mainly developed in the USA and is still one of
the most often used methods (Bonde & Pedersen, 2002). According to Bruscia
(1998, as cited in Bonde & Pedersen, 2002) music is used as a reinforcement or
stimulus to increase adaptive behaviours and delete maladaptive behaviours.
Another method is „conditioning“ by using music to counteract against a fearinducing stimulus (Smeijsters, 2009, p. 270).
3.1.3. Nordoff-Robbins
Therapy)
Music
Therapy
(Creative
Music
Nordoff/Robbins music therapy is named after its founders, the American
pianist Paul Nordoff and the English special teacher Clive Robbins (Gustorff,
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!
2001, p. 208). The focus of Nordoff-Robbins music therapy is the human being
with all its natural creative potential (Gustorff, 2001, p. 209). It is an
improvisational, music-centred approach that is grounded in the belief that
everyone – also disabled and ill people – is able to respond to music (Tsiris,
2013, p. 93). Usually both therapist and patient are actively involved in the
musical performance/improvisation (Gustorff, 2001, p. 209).
3.1.4. Orff-Music Therapy
Orff-music therapy is an active, multi-sensorial form of music therapy and was
developed to treat children and adolescents with developmental disorders and
disabilities (Voigt, 2001, p. 242). It is based on the Orff Schulwerk approach,
which is a way to teach music based on things children enjoy: singing, chanting,
moving and keeping a beat (Colwell, 2013, p. 95). It follows humanistic and
developmental models and takes also the family and social environment into
account (Voigt, 2001, p. 242ff).
3.1.5. Anthroposophic Music Therapy
Anthroposophic music therapy strives to unite anthroposophic concepts with
music therapeutic action (Damen, 2004, p. 265). According to the North
American Anthroposophic Music Therapy Association (NAAMTA) (2013)
Anthroposophic music therapy “is the deliberate use of the musical elements
[...] with the intent of supporting the balance and integration of the four
members of the human being: the ego, astral, etheric and physical bodies.“ The
musical impact on the human being is in the focus of anthrophosophic music
therapy (Florschütz, 2009, p. 33).
23
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!
3.1.6. Integrative Music Therapy
The integrative music therapy approach combines social psychological points
of view with the concepts of Gestalt therapy, psychodrama, psychoanalysis and
creative self-realization (Frohne-Hagemann, 2009, p. 214). Using an integrative
approach it allows to be flexible in selecting methods and techniques (Paipare,
2013,
p.
65).
Integrative
music
therapy
tries
to
reach
the
patient
comprehensively by using different approved methods according to the
indication and context (Frohne Hagemann, 2009, p. 216).
3.1.7. Benenzon model of Music Therapy
According to Kirkland (2013) the Benenzon model is a primarily psychoanalytic
model. It seeks to break isolation through the ISO (Identità Sonora) principle,
relational treatment and communication through an intermediary object, usually
a musical instrument (Kirkland, 2013). At the IX World Congress of Music
Therapy (1999) it was nominated as one of the five most important models of
music therapy – next to behavioural music therapy, the Bonny Method of
Guided Music and Imagery, analytic music therapy and Nordoff-Robbins music
therapy (Kirkland, 2013).
3.1.8. Guided Imagery Music (GIM) / Bonny Method
GIM was developed by Helen Bonny, who combined relaxation techniques and
classical music in order to support clients undergoing LSD-assisted
psychotherapy (Abrams, 2013, p. 54). The Association of Music and Imagery
(2014) describes the Bonny Method as a “music – oriented exploration of
consciousness, where [...] specifically sequenced classical music programmes
are used to stimulate and sustain a dynamic unfolding of inner experiences.“
24
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!
In the following chapter the different music therapy training courses in Europe
will be discussed. These criteria are included in the research:
•
Are the training courses bachelor, master, diploma or advanced training
courses?
•
How many semesters does the training course take?
•
Is there an entrance examination? If yes, what does it include?
•
Which subjects does the programme include?
•
How much are the tuition/registration/entrance examination fees?
•
Towards which therapeutic approach/method is the programme
oriented?
The following chapters are structured according to the divisions of geographic
areas (chapter 2.5.): Central Europe, Eastern Europe, Southern and SouthEastern Europe, Western Europe and Northern Europe.
25
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!
4.
4.!Music Therapy courses in Europe!
!
!
Music Therapy courses in Europe
In this chapter music therapy training courses all over Europe are presented and
introduced. Criterias such as tuition fees, duration of the course and therapeutic
approach (see also 3.1.) and more will be taken into account.
4.1. Music Therapy courses in Central Europe
Figure 5: Music therapy courses in Central Europe, graphic by Jana Kilbertus
26
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!
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!
4.1.1. Austria
Currently three institutions in Austria offer training courses – 1 bachelor’s
degree, 1 master’s course, 1 diploma and 1 bachelor-equivalent certificate. Two
of them were founded within the last five years (Krems in 2009/2012, Graz in
2010, see also Österreichischer Berufsverband der MusiktherapeutInnen, 2014,
translated by the author). There are two professional associations: the Austrian
Association
of
Music
Therapists
[Österreichischer
Berufsverband
der
MusiktherapeutInnen, ÖBM] and the Association of (Ethno) Music Therapy
[Berufsverband für (Ethno-) Musiktherapie, BfEM]. The World Congress of Music
Therapy 2014 will take place in Krems, the 10th European Music Therapy
Conference in 2016 will be held in Vienna. On July 1, 2009 the Austrian music
therapy law came into force (Geretsegger, 2012).
4.1.1.1. Universität für Musik und darstellende Kunst Wien
The music therapy training programme in Vienna (the training programme I
attended) is conceptualized as a full-time four-years diploma-course, equivalent
to master’s degree (240 ECTS) (DMtG, 2012, p.103ff, translated by the author). It
is state-recognised, was founded in 1959, and therefore is the “oldest“ training
course in Austria.
The entrance examination takes three days and consists of a musical part (first
two days) including ear training, music theory and performance of piano,
guitar/voice, and one melody instrument, followed by the music therapy part on
the third day, including three improvisational tasks and an individual interview.
At the moment there is no tuition fee, except 17.50 € student fee.
Examples for subjects are “History and theory of music therapy“, “Introduction
to psychology“, “Ethics in music therapy“, “Medical basics for music
therapists“, “Neurobiological fundamentals of music therapy“etc. The
27
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!
university offers one-to-one instrumental or singing lessons to every student
during the first two years. There are three compulsory internships in childrenand youth psychiatry, psychosomatics and psychiatry and three internship of the
students’ choice (in e.g. geriatrics, neurology, special education, intensive care
unit, neonatology, psychiatry or child oncology). Altogether, there is a minimum
of 765 hours of internships, including on-site supervision, and medical seminars.
Self experience (training therapy) is another important and integrative part of
the training programme, including three years in individual (90 hours) and
group (180 hours) setting; the university pays all expenses.
The programme’s orientation is traditionally a psychodynamic-humanistic
approach with a clinically based concept (“Viennese school“).
In 2013, the first doctoral programme (PhD) in music therapy in Austria has been
implemented in Vienna with currently four doctoral students (6 semesters, 180
ECTS).
4.1.1.2. Universitätslehrgang Musiktherapie - Kunstuniversität Graz
The programme in Graz (in the south of Austria) is titled as an “interuniversity
extra occupational training“ (180 ECTS), which is a bachelor-equivalent
certificate (Geretsegger, 2010). It takes four years (DMtG, 2012, p. 95ff,
translated by the author). The course takes place mainly on weekends and for
two weeks in summer and the programme is a cooperation of three universities
in Graz: the Medical University (MUG), the University for Arts (KUG) and the KarlFranzens-Universität (KFUG).
There is an entrance examination, consisting of a musical part, an improvisation
exam and a suitability interview (IMPG, 2014).
The entrance examination fee is 120 €, the monthly tuition fee 270 € (altogether
13,080 €), not including the costs for 90 single training therapy sessions (à 6080 €) (IMPG, 2014).
28
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!
Graduates
are
certified
as
“Academically
!
!
certified
graduate
of
the
interuniversity extra occupational training in music therapy“. The certificate is
accredited as equivalent to a bachelor’s degree by the IMC University of
Applied Sciences Krems (see below). In accordance with the Austrian music
therapy law graduates are registered as jointly responsible music therapists
(IMPG, 2014).
Subjects are “Music and developmental psychology“, “The music therapeutic
process“, “Introduction to medical basics“ etc. (IMPG, 2014).
Furthermore 460 hours of internship in related areas of practice and 100 hours
of practical exercise with clients in the own professional field are required
(IMPG, 2014).
The focus of the programme is the intersection of music therapeutic and
psychotherapeutic processes. Also humanistic-integrative, psychodynamic,
deep psychological and transpersonal approaches play an important role in
knowledge transfer (IMPG, 2014, translated by the author).
4.1.1.3. IMC University of Applied Sciences Krems
The bachelor‘s programme was founded in September 2009 and takes six
semesters (180 ECTS), the Master’s programme was founded in 2012 and takes
four semesters (120 ECTS) (DMtG, 2012, p. 99ff, Geretsegger, 2012).
Both are part-time studies, the students study alongside their work, the courses
take place mainly on weekends (IMC Fachhochschule Krems, 2014).
There is an entrance examination, consisting of four steps: a psychological test
focusing on social skills, a musical test (either guitar, harp, oud or piano), a
motivation/biographical letter, an admission interview (IMC Fachhochschule
Krems, 2014).
Tuition fees are 363 € per semester, plus a compulsory contribution for the
Austrian Students Union (ÖH).
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!
!
!
Examples for bachelor-subjects are “Theory and basics of music therapy“,
“Introduction to research methods“, “Improvisational techniques“ and
“Ethics“. Master-subjects are “Therapeutic communication“, “Anthropology of
healing“, “Self-reflection“ etc. Furthermore the programme focuses on the
reflection of ones‘ own inner processes and training of conversational skills and
music therapeutic procedures and interventions. Another focus is on training
the students in research competencies (IMC Fachhochschule Krems, 2014).
Internships in psychiatry, psychosomatics, oncology, neurology, intensive care
unit, neonatology, geriatrics and palliative care are offered (DMtG, 2012, p.
100).
The programme’s therapeutic approach is a clearly relationship-oriented
anthropologic model; the scientific background is oriented towards qualitative
research (for example action research based on chronobiology) (DMtG, 2012, p.
100ff, translated by the author).
4.1.2. Croatia
As Krzysztof Stachyra (2013) states in his article “In search of the golden means
– our way to music therapy“, the University of Zagreb has started Croatia’s first
academic training programme for music therapists in 2012.
4.1.2.1. Faculty of Education and Rehabilitation Sciences/University of
Zagreb (Zagreb)
Ana Katušić mentions, that there is a two-year long (240 hours) music therapy
training – although it is not a master’s programme – within the Centre for
lifelong learning“ at the Faculty of Education and Rehabilitation Sciences
(University of Zagreb). The education is organized by the Croatian Association
of Music Therapists and is held by domestic professionals and international
music therapists.
30
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!
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!
The entrance exam consists of a motivational interview and a test of the
applicants’ music skills.
Tuition fees are 800 € per year, altogether 1,600 €.
Subjects cover for example “Vocal techniques“, “methods“, “Music therapeutic
clinical work“ and “Developmental disorders“.
The
programme
is
oriented
towards
humanistic
and
psychodynamic
approaches (A. Katušić, personal communication, December 13, 2013).
4.1.3. Czech Republic
According to an E-Mail-Conversation with Marketa Gerlichová (November 22,
2013) psychologists, special educators, doctors etc. can study music therapy as
a postgraduate degree. The EMTC (2011-2014, date of access: April 20, 2014)
states that however, music therapy education is not yet fully recognized by the
Czech music therapy community: there are many good music therapists with a
wide education background, but without an academic title. The Music Therapy
Association of Czech Republic (CZMTA) recommends the following 6 university
and private courses.
4.1.3.1. Faculty of Education of Charles University (Prague)
This course is a postgraduate programme, only psychologists and special
educators with a master’s degree can enrol (EMTC 2011-2014, date of access:
April 20, 2014).
There was controversial information to be found: Although the programme is
listed on the EMTC’s list of training courses, Stanislav Pechacek from the
Department of Music, mentions, that he is not aware, that there is a music
therapy
programme,
there
are
only
communication, January 21, 2014).
31
short
term
courses
(Personal
!
!
!
!
Though, the tuition fees at Charles University are 6,500 € per academic year (H.
Squibb, personal communication, January 16, 2014).
4.1.3.2. Faculty of Education of the Technical University (Liberec)
Only psychologists and special educators with a master’s degree can enrol in
this postgraduate programme (EMTC 2011-2014, date of access: April 20, 2014).
4.1.3.3. University Plzeň, Department of Psychology (Plzeň)
Marie Slavíková states, that music therapy is a not a separate course, but a
subject in the bachelor’s course “Pre-school education“ and “Social work“ and
in the master’s programme “Secondary school teaching“ and “Teaching music
education“ (Personal communication, January 7, 2014). Thus, the course is not
for training professional music therapists, but for giving students a glance into
music therapeutic work – in order to apply music therapy techniques while
working as a teacher or social worker.
It takes one semester, 26 hours.
Topics are “History of music therapy“, “Basic techniques of music therapy
(games with sounds etc.)“, “Receptive music therapy techniques“ and
“Improvisation movement to music“ (M. Slavíková, personal communication,
January 7, 2014).
4.1.3.4. University Palacký, Faculty of Philosophy (Olomouc)
The University Palacký offers a three-semester-course (180 hours), which is
neither a bachelor’s nor a master’s programme (J. Mikolášková, personal
The course is designed for educators, psychologists, teachers and likewise
professions; an application form needs to be sent, including a résumé and a CV
(Institut celoživothního vzděkávání, 2014).
32
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!
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!
Costs for the whole course are 14,800 CZK (= 538.72 €) (J. Mikolášková, personal
Subjects are for example “Physiology of hearing and sensory perception“,
“Music therapy techniques I – methodology and practice“, “Training of
personal and social skills“ and “Music therapy relaxation, energization and
stimulation“ (J. Mikolášková, personal communication, January 8, 2014).
The programme is focused on holistic music therapy.
4.1.3.5. Akademie Tabor (Prague)
This programme is carried out as a three-years distance-learning course and is
designed as a follow-up-study (Akademie Tabor, 2009). It’s a private course
(EMTC 2011-2014, date of access: April 20, 2014).
The
candidates
should
be
interested
in
the
philosophy
of
Rudolf
Steiner/anthroposophy and should either study music or some other subject at
the Academy of Social Arts Tabor. There is a motivational interview that costs
500 CZK (= 18.15 €) (Akademie Tabor, 2009).
Fees for the whole course are 28,000 CZK (= 1,016 €) (Akademie Tabor, 2009).
Topics for subjects are “Music in the areas of life“, “Astrological aspects“,
“Psychological processes“ and “Psychosomatic medicine“ (Akademie Tabor,
2009). Tabor is focused on anthroposophic music therapy (Akademie Tabor,
2009).
Akademie Tabor offers also a programme called “Musica Humana“ that is
carried out as a distance learning programme, takes two years, includes subject
such as “Music and fairy tales“, “Improvisation“, “Eurhythmics“ and “The
general doctrine of man“ (Akademie Tabor, 2009). Terms of acceptance are
playing a musical instrument/basic music education and an individual interview
(Akademie Tabor, 2009, translated by the author).
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!
4.1.3.6. Akademie Alternativa (Olomouc)
This programme is neither a bachelor’s nor a master’s course, but according to
Tomáš Beníček (Personal communication, November 16, 2013), an „intensifying
of a professional qualification“. It takes three years/six semesters (480 hours);
there is also an entrance exam (T. Beníček, personal communication, November
16, 2013). It is a private course (EMTC 2011-2014, date of access: April 20, 2014).
The costs for one semester are 9,500 Kč (= 346.7 €, 2,080 € altogether) (T.
Beníček, personal communication, November 16, 2013).
Subjects include “Theoretical foundations of music therapy“, “Music therapy
techniques for clients with multiple disabilities“, “Psychopathology“ and
“Psychopathology“ (Akademie Alternativa, 2014, translated by the author).
The Akademie Alternativa offers not only music therapy, but also art therapy,
dance-movement therapy, drama therapy (T. Beníček, personal communication,
November 16, 2013).
4.1.4. Estonia
According to the WFMT, Estonia has established two training courses (WFMT,
2008-2013, Fact Page Estonia). ECARTE (European Consortium for Arts
Therapies Education) mentions, that Tallinn University offers a three-years
bachelor’s degree (180 ECTS) and a two-year master’s degree course (120
ECTS) in art therapy, which includes specialisations in music therapy (Ecarte,
2014).
Besides, there are short-term introductory courses at the Estonian Academy of
Music and Theatre (Ecarte, 2014).
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!
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!
4.1.5. Germany
The guide “Studien- und Ausbildungslandschaft Musiktherapie 2012“ [Study
and Education Guide Music Therapy 2012], edited by the German Music
Therapy Society “Deutsche Musiktherapeutische Gesellschaft (DMtG)“ (DMtG,
2012) gives a comprehensive overview on music therapy programmes in
Germany, Belgium, the Netherlands, Austria and Switzerland. There are 19
training courses: 1 bachelor’s course, 8 master’s courses and 11 courses with
other degrees such as diploma courses.
4.1.5.1. SRH Hochschule Heidelberg
The University of Applied Sciences offers a Bachelor of Arts as well as a Master
of Arts in music therapy (DMtG, 2012, p. 25ff).
The bachelor‘s programme takes seven semesters and treats subjects such as
“Clinical psychology“, “Instrumental basic techniques“, “Music therapy with
handicapped persons“, “Active music therapy“ etc. The entrance examination
includes a musical-artistical and a therapeutic-psychological part. The costs for
the bachelor‘s programme are 520 € monthly (including group supervision and
group self-experience), for the master’s programme 530 € monthly. The
matriculation fee is a singular payment of 620 € (DMtG, 2012, p. 25ff).
The master’s course builds on the bachelor‘s programme and takes four
semesters. It does not require a further entrance examination, it aims to deepen
music therapeutic knowledge and skills in the areas of “Therapeutic and
relational behaviour“, “Clinical practice“, “Music therapy and empiricism“ etc.
(DMtG, 2012, p. 25ff).
Both programmes are orientated towards a psychodynamic, integrative
approach. Humanistic, behavioural, systemic and psychotherapeutic basic
35
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!
!
!
orientations are taken into consideration (DMtG, 2012, p. 25ff, translated by the
author).
4.1.5.2. Universität Augsburg
A part-time master’s course that takes six semesters is offered at the University
of Augsburg in Southern Germany (DMtG, 2012, p. 14ff). The courses are held
on weekends, a clinical internship, external supervision and individual training
music therapy is required as well. There is an entrance examination consisting
of musical theory and cadence play, improvisation, instrumental and vocal
examination and a one-to-one-interview. The course costs 500 € per semester,
supervision and training therapy (DMtG, 2012, p. 15).
The subjects include “Medical basis knowledge“, “Self-reflective skills“,
“Psychotherapeutical basis knowledge“, “Music therapeutic praxeology“ and
many more (DMtG, 2012, p.15, translated by the author).
4.1.5.3. Universität der Künste Berlin
The University of Arts in Berlin holds a six-semester part-time master’s
programme that consists of following subjects (DMtG, 2012, p. 18ff): “Music
therapeutic basics“, “Music therapeutic musical practice“, “Self-reflective
skills“,
“Medical
basis
knowledge“,
“Clinical
music
therapy“,
“Psychotherapeutical knowledge in music therapy“ and the master thesis.
Three internships are required as well (DMtG, 2012, p. 19ff).
An entrance examination is necessary; people with a degree in music can skip
the musical part of the exam. The tuition fee is 330 € monthly (UdK Berlin, 2014,
translated by the author).
The Berlinese music therapy programme is psychodynamic, psychotherapeutic
and development-psychologically oriented (DMtG, 2012, p. 21, translated by
the author).
36
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!
!
!
4.1.5.4. Hochschule für Musik und Theater Hamburg
The six-semester master’s programme takes place on weekends at the
Hochschule für Musik und Theater Hamburg (DMtG, 2012, p. 23).
Students are required to have completed an internship of at least 50 hours;
furthermore they need to have completed a university programme of at least
three years. There is an entrance examination (entrance fee 30 €) to
demonstrate musical skills and a general suitability as a music therapist
(Hochschule für Musik und Theater Hamburg, 2010). Examples for subjects are:
“Self-reflective skills“, “Music therapeutic Praxeology“, “Theoretical-scientific
basis knowledge“ (DMtG, 2012, p. 24). At the moment there is no tuition fee,
except a semester fee of ~285.50 € (including the semester ticket), plus there
are extra expenses for training Music therapy and supervision (Hochschule für
Musik und Theater Hamburg, 2010, translated by the author).
The orientation is towards a psychodynamic-humanistic tradition, but there are
also
psychoanalytical
aspects
and
systematic,
morphological
and
phenomenological perspectives (DMtG, 2012, p. 24, translated by the author).
4.1.5.5. Hochschule Magdeburg - Stendal
The University of Applied Science in Magdeburg-Stendal offers a four-semester
master’s programme in music therapy (DMtG, 2012, p. 33). The courses are held
on weekends, partly web-supported. The students have to do two internships
(60 hours) at their hometown (DMtG, 2012, p. 33). This music therapy
programme is for students who have already finished a bachelor‘s degree in
music therapy, social or educational sciences or are qualified music therapists
who have completed a university diploma. Therefore, there is no entrance
examination (DMtG, 2012, p. 33). The tuition fee is 500 € per semester (DMtG,
2012, p. 33).
37
!
!
!
!
Subjects are a bit different then in the already mentioned institutions: “Music
therapy – culture – society“, “Self-reflective components: identity and
professionalism“, “Music therapeutic and musicological methods in the focus of
sociological categories“ etc. (DMtG, 2012, p. 34).
This master’s programme is specialised on research, especially qualitative
research and open towards all music therapy schools (DMtG, 2012, p. 34,
4.1.5.6. Theologische Hochschule Möckern-Friedensau
The master’s programme is open for students who have completed a bachelor’s
degree in music, psychology, social work, social sciences, educational sciences,
sociology, political sciences or pedagogy (DMtG, 2012, p. 37). It is a part time
programme and takes six semesters. The entrance examination consists of a
musical part and a one-to-one-interview (DMtG, 2012, p.37). Subjects are
“Music
therapy
(theory
and
practice)“,
“Music
therapy
internship“,
“Psychology“, “Health sciences“, “Scientific methods“, “Ethics“ and the
master’s thesis (DMtG, 2012, p. 38).
Compared to other course, the costs are quite high: 1,781.33 € per semester
(whole course = 10,688 €) (Theologische Hochschule Friedensau, 2014,
translated by the author). Members of the Seventh-day Adventist-Church get an
additional discount of 15 per cent (DMtG, 2012, p. 38, translated by the author).
4.1.5.7. Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster
This full-time master’s programme takes four semesters and requires students
to have completed either a bachelor’s programme or a diploma in music
therapy, music pedagogy, psychology, medicine, social work, musicology,
special education, or pedagogy (DMtG, 2012, p. 40ff). Students who do not
have a bachelor in music therapy have to do a self-assessment and an
38
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!
!
!
internship of at least six weeks (DMtG, 2012, p. 40). The fees are 218.64 € per
semester (Universität Münster, 2014, translated by the author).
Subjects are for example “Psychiatry, psychotherapy“, “Description of music
therapeutic improvisation“, “Psychoanalytical basics“, “Neurology“ etc. (DMtG,
2012, p. 41ff).
The orientation is psychodynamic (DMtG, 2012, p. 42, translated by the author).
4.1.5.8.
Hochschule
für
angewandte
Wissenschaften
Würzburg-
Schweinfurt
The master’s programme in the Southern German city Würzburg is a part-time
course and takes four semesters (DMtG, 2012, p. 44ff). At least a bachelor’s
degree is required in music therapy, social work, health care, psychology,
special education, music pedagogy and musicology (DMtG, 2012, p. 44).
Students have to have one year of working experience, only health care, special
education, music pedagogy or psychology students need to take an
examination exam if they can‘t prove musical practice (DMtG, 2012, p. 44).
The tuition fees of 6,000 € include all expenses, they are payable per semester
(1,500 € each) (DMtG, 2012, p. 44).
Subjects are “Basis competences of music therapy and basis knowledge in
psychology, medicine and music“, “Observing internship“, “Music therapy with
handicapped and dementia“ and others (DMtG, 2012, p. 45).
The programme is specialised in with handicapped and with dementia (OrffMusic therapy, family oriented music therapy according to Oldfield, clinical
improvisation according to Wigram, music therapy in stroke rehabilitation,
Community Music Therapy etc.) (DMtG, 2012, p. 45, translated by the author).
4.1.5.9. Musiktherapeutische Arbeitsstätte Berlin
This programme is organized as a block course and takes eight and a half
semesters (DMtG, 2012, p. 50ff). Candidates must be at least 23 years old, must
39
!
!
!
!
have longstanding expertise in music practice and have to complete a preinternship in special education or nursing (DMtG, 2012, p. 50).
The tuition fee is payable in 51 monthly rates of 250 € (in total 12,750 €), not
including the examination fees (150 €) and study counselling before entering
the course (60 €) (Musiktherapeutische Arbeitsstätte, 2014 , translated by the
author).
Subjects include “Professional ethics“, “Conversational skills“, “Psychology,
psychology of development, psychotherapy“, “Music therapeutic practice“,
“Biography work“ and others; 1,500 hours of practice through internships are
required (DMtG, 2012, p. 51).
The programme is anthroposophically oriented, music therapy is regarded as a
process and action orientated procedure (DMtG, 2012, p. 51ff). In contrast to
psychoanalytical
or
psychotherapeutic
orientated
music
therapy,
anthroposophic art therapy has a wider spectrum of indications; music is
regarded as the primary impact factor, the human being and music correspond
(DMtG, 2012, p.51ff, translated by the author). Resulting from this fact,
adequate musical training is an important factor in this training course.
4.1.5.10. Institut für Musiktherapie Berlin
The diploma study programme takes six semesters and is a part-time course
(DMtG, 2012, p. 54ff).
Students need to take part in an information seminar and complete a musical
entrance examination and a one-to-one-interview (DMtG, 2012, p. 54).
The monthly tuition fee is 205 €, with an additional registration fee of 195 € and
an examination fee of 950 € (DMtG, 2012, p. 54).
Examples for subjects are: “Basics of music therapy“, “Methodology of single
and group therapy“, “Rhythmic“, “Vocal training“, “Psychiatry“, “Paediatrics“,
etc. (DMtG, 2012, p. 55).
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!
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!
The Institut für Musiktherapie Berlin regards music therapy as psychotherapy
with the additional use of musical material with a focus on relationship between
client and therapist: it uses analytical, deep psychological, behaviourtherapeutic and systemic-orientated methods (DMtG, 2012, p. 56, translated by
the author).
4.1.5.11. Institut für Gestalttherapie und Gestaltpädagogik (IGG) Berlin
The IGG offers a part-time advanced training course in Gestalt-music therapy
on weekends; it takes four and a half years (three years basic training, one and a
half year specialisation) (DMtG, 2012, p. 57ff; IGG, 2014, translated by the
author).
Participants need to have completed a study in a pedagogical, psychological or
musical subject, but exceptions are possible (DMtG, 2012, p. 57).
The entrance examination consists of a seminar and three interviews (one
information and two selection interviews), an entrance fee of 400 € is required
(DMtG, 2012, p. 57).
The monthly tuition fee is 270 €, single training therapy sessions are from 65 € to
80 € per session (DMtG, 2012, p. 57).
As the programme is focused on Gestalt-Therapy, subjects are oriented
towards this topic: “Gestalt-therapeutic and music therapeutic self-experience“,
“Theory and methodology of Gestalt-Therapy“, “Theory and methodology of
music therapy“ (DMtG, 2012, p. 57). Also an internship in a music therapeutic
field of practice is required (DMtG, 2012, p. 58, translated by the author).
4.1.5.12. Institut für Imaginative Psychotherapie und Musik - GIM Buchholz
The part-time course takes at least four years, although it is possible to attend
only module 1 and 2 as an advanced training course for one to two years. The
course is divided into three modules (DMtG, 2012, p. 59ff).
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Participating students must have completed at least a bachelor in psychology,
pedagogy, social pedagogy, curative education, social work, medicine or
psychotherapy, a music therapy or any other art therapy training (DMtG, 2012,
p. 59).
There is no entrance examination; costs for module 1 are 524.50 €, 1,460 € for
module 2 and 2,730 € for module 3 (excluding fees for training therapy and
supervision) (DMtG, 2012, p. 59). Altogether the costs are 4,714.5 €. Absolvents
are enabled to call themselves GIM-Therapists (DMtG, 2012, p. 60).
Subjects are oriented toward the GIM-Method: “Basics and history of GIM“,
“Indication and contraindication“, “Music selection and analysis for MI and
GIM“ etc. (DMtG, 2012, p. 60ff).
The programme’s focus is on receptive music therapy, MI (= Music Imagination)
and
GIM.
The
theoretic
background
is
formed
by
psychodynamic
psychotherapy (especially Jung and deep psychology), humanistic psychology,
transpersonal psychology, music psychology, developmental psychology
(Stern), music philosophy and imagination theory (DMtG, 2012, p. 62, translated
by the author).
4.1.5.13. Akademie für Angewandte Musiktherapie Crossen
This academy offers a part-time training course in music therapy on weekends,
of three years’ duration (DMtG, 2012, p. 63).
Students must have completed a university study in a medical, psychological,
social, social pedagogical, pedagogical, musical, curing or teaching area
(DMtG, 2012, p. 63). They are required to have working experience of at least
one year (DMtG, 2012, p.63).
Students must hand in a CV and a letter of motivation for the entrance
examination; interest in the critical reception of music of all styles, experience
with music, and a stable but sensitive personality are examples for required
criteria (DMtG, 2012, p. 63). The entrance examination fee is 50 €, the monthly
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tuition fee is 175 € per weekend, examination fees are 100 € (6,275 € in total)
(Akademie für angewandte Musiktherapie Crossen, 1999 – 2014, translated by
the author).
Subjects are “Reflection of active and passive methods of a music therapeutic
concept in a group process in connection with the theoretical background“,
“Realization of the music therapeutic concept in different fields of practice“,
“Ethical principles in music therapy“ etc. (DMtG, 2012, p. 65). Self-reflection is
an important aspect of the training (DMtG, 2012, p. 66).
As the training course is organised as a part-time course, it‘s possible for the
participants to include music therapy in their profession to gather first
experiences (DMtG, 2012, p. 65).
The programme teaches music therapy application after the conception of
Christoph Schwabe, which has an integrative general psychotherapeutic
orientation (DMtG, 2012, p. 66, translated by the author).
4.1.5.14. Europäische Akademie für Psychosoziale Gesundheit (FPI)
Hückeswagen
The programme at Hückeswagen offers a three to four years training- and
selfexperience group, mainly on weekends (DMtG, 2012, p. 68ff). It‘s possible to
complete a postgraduate course at the “Hochschule“ in Magdeburg (DMtG,
2012, p. 68).
Participants must be at least 24 years old, and have to have completed a study
in music pedagogics, musicology, music, rhythmic, social pedagogics, social
work or an education in a curative or social profession; they have to have at
least a year of working experience (DMtG, 2012, p. 68).
The entrance examination consists of a music therapeutic selection interview
(70 €). Physical as well as mental resilience, ability for empathy and introspection
and self-reflection are all part of the basic requirements (DMtG, 2012, p. 68).
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The total fee for the seminars and lectures is 11,375 €, including the registration
fee of 90 €, the costs of teaching materials (ca. 210 €), of training therapy,
supervision and graduation and board and lodging (EAG-FPI, 2014, translated
by the author).
Subjects are for example “Diagnostics“, “Clinical improvisation“, “Basic
concepts of IMT“, “Music theraputic respiratory and vocal work“, “Crisis
support“ etc. (DMtG, 2012, p. 69ff). 100 hours of internship is required (DMtG,
2012, p. 70).
The orientation is towards integrative music therapy, including neuroscientific,
psychological, social sciences and ecological findings into a bio-psycho-social
approach (DMtG, 2012, p. 70ff, translated by the author).
4.1.5.15. Freies Musikzentrum München, Institut für Musiktherapie (FMZ)
The part-time programme takes seven semesters (three and a half years) and is
recognised by the Psychotherapy Association of Bavaria as further training
(DMtG, 2012, p. 72ff).
Candidates must be at least 26 years old and must have attended at least 30
hours of music- or psychotherapeutic self-experience and a clinical preinternship in a related area of work (DMtG, 2012, p. 72).
The entrance examination takes several days and includes rhythmic
improvisation, improvisational tasks, music theory and audition of two classical
pieces (DMtG, 2012, p. 73).
The monthly tuition fee is 235 € plus costs of 100 hours of external single
training music therapy and 10 hours of external supervision. Further costs
accumulate for the entrance examination fee (95 €) and for examination fees
(165 €), altogether the training costs 16,780 € (FMZ, 2014, translated by the
author).
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Subjects are for example “Song accompaniment in music therapy“,
“Documentation and evaluation: basics of observation“, “Introduction to
Neurobiology“, “Conversation techniques“ etc. (DMtG, 2012, p. 73ff).
300 hours of clinical internship are required in two different fields of practice
(DMtG, 2012, p. 74).
The training is based on a depth-psychological understanding of music therapy;
also the self-experience is deep-psychology-based (DMtG, 2012, p. 75,
4.1.5.16. Deutsche Akademie für Entwicklungs-Rehabilitation e.V. München
This programme is designed as on-the-job-training and takes three years
(DMtG, 2012, p. 77). Candidates must have completed a regular study in
curative education, music pedagogy, music, special education, medicine,
psychology or a related discipline (DMtG, 2012, p. 77). They need to work
parallel to their training and must be able to play one or more instruments
(DMtG, 2012, p. 77). There is a written entrance examination, a practical musical
exam and an entrance interview (DMtG, 2012, p. 77).
The costs of the training are 7,350 € (excluding the entrance examination fee of
175 € and the cost of teaching materials of approximately 100 €) – in total
approximately 7,625 € (DMtG, 2012, p. 77).
Subjects include “Parental work in music therapy“, “Instrumental techniques“,
“Music therapeutic self-experience“, “Supervision”; 100 hours of practical
music therapeutic work within an internship are required (DMtG, 2012, p. 78).
The training is based on development-oriented music therapy by Gertrud Orff
and is focused on the work with children and adolescents (DMtG, 2012, p. 78,
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4.1.5.17. Zukunftswerkstatt therapie kreativ, Neukirchen – Vluyn
Zukunftswerkstatt
therapie
kreativ
offers
a
three-phase
training
(Zukunftswerkstatt, 2014):
•
Phase 1 “Basics“ (14 months): basic introduction
•
Phase 2 “Practitioner“ (18 months): qualifies to work as a (self-employed)
music therapist
•
Phase 3 (24 months): focuses on psychotherapeutic work, degree as
“Creative Body Therapist, Focus Music-Psychotherapy“
Applicants should be trained in a social, pedagogical or health profession,
otherwise they need to have a counselling interview; furthermore they have to
send a CV (Zukunftswerkstatt, 2014).
The total fees for all three phases are between 8,544 € and 8,739 € (plus the
costs for self-therapy etc.).
Subjects for Phase 1 are for example “Breathing, voice, music“, “Receptive
music therapy” and “Musical dialogue“, for Phase 2 “Body image 1“, “Music
therapy with people with mental illness“ and “Personal Music History and
therapeutic identity“ (Zukunftswerkstatt, 2014).
The theoretical foundation of Zukunftswerkstatt lies in creative body therapy,
which is grounded in deep psychology, although it uses neuroscientific findings
as well as insights from developmental psychology (Zukunftswerkstatt, 2014,
4.1.5.18. Europäische Akademie der Heilenden Künste (Klein Jasedow)
This very new programme (starting in May 2014) is a continuing education
programme in Community Music Therapy, is carried out on weekends and takes
two years (EAHA, 2014).
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Participants must have basic musical skills and should be trained in either music
pedagogy, social work, psychology, special education or another social/musical
profession.
The tuition fees for the whole course are 7,650 € (EAHA, 2014).
Topics are “Music as a personality- and community-building medium“, “Music
therapeutic self-experience“, “Depth psychological-phenomenological and
body oriented basics“ and “Musical-artistical self-expression and musical
interaction“ (EAHA, 2014).
The programme is based on Community Music Therapy (EAHA, 2014,
4.1.5.19. Hamburger Institut für gestaltorientierte Weiterbildung (Hamburg)
This further training programme takes four years and focuses on Gestalt-music
therapy (HIGW, 2014).
The training is addressed to professionals in pedagogy, social pedagogy,
medicine,
psychology,
theology,
musicians,
music
therapists
and
psychotherapists who want to use elements of Gestalt-music therapy in their
work (HIGW, 2014). Applicants need to have finished an education in these
areas (including professional practice plus previous experience with selfexperience, music and voice), they have to be over 26 years old and have to
take part in an entrance interview (HIGW, 2014).
The costs for the course are: 170 € for the introductory course, 150 € for the
certificate, 180 € for a colloquium, 145 € monthly (not including training therapy
sessions á 70-75 € and supervision á 20 €) (HIGW, 2014). Altogether the course is
around 7,460 €.
The programme includes subjects such as “Musical experience and psychic
development“, “Theoretical foundations of Gestalt-therapy“, “The therapeutic
relationship in music therapy“ and “Diagnosis and indication“ (HIGW, 2014).
It is focused on Gestalt-music therapy (HIGW, 2014, translated by the author).
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4.1.6. Hungary
According to the EMTC (2011-2014, date of access: June 22, 2014) there are two
training courses accredited in Hungary, although both are postgraduate.
My fellow colleague Roxana Karlócai, who is from Hungary, says, that it is
necessary to take part in 120 hours of self-experience before taking the
entrance examination at the University in Budapest (Personal communication,
June 6, 2013, translated by the author).
Forgács (2008) states, that music therapy modules are offered also at under
graduate level at the University of West Hungary, the University of Debrecen
and the Special Needs Faculty of Eötvös University in Budapest.
3.17.1. ELTE/ Eötvös University Budapest (Special Needs Faculty)
The postgraduate training takes two years/four semesters and was established
in 2003 (Forgács, 2008). After graduating, the students can practice music
therapy in the field of their original diplomas (for example special education,
psychology...) (A. Fekete, personal communication, June 9, 2013).
The entrance exam checks the musical skills and also general knowledge about
psychology and music therapy (A. Fekete, personal communication, June 9,
2013).
Tuition fees are 150,000 Forint (= 482.3 €) per semester (A. Fekete, personal
communication, June 9, 2013).
The therapeutic orientation is psychodynamic, transpersonal and integrative (A.
Fekete, personal communication, June 9, 2013).
4.1.6.2. Liszt Academy of Music Pécs
This postgraduate programme was established in 2003 and takes four
semesters (120 ECTS) (Forgács, 2008). It is not an explicit music therapy, but an
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art therapy course, where students can specialise either in dance-movement, art
or music therapy (A. Tamás, personal communication, February 24, 2014).
There is an entrance exam: a motivational interview with the medical and the
music therapeutic head of the programme and a musical part, where
candidates have to accompany themselves on piano or guitar and improvise (N.
Buzasi, personal communication, February 26, 2014). Applicants need to
possess a diploma in art, medicine or pedagogy (A. Tamás, personal
communication, February 24, 2014).
Examples for subjects are “Basics of Psychotherapy“, “Improvisation“, “Case
Analysis“ and “Self-Knowledge Group“ (N. Buzasi, personal communication,
February 26, 2014).
In the first two semesters there are 60 study places (music, dance and visual
arts), in the third and fourth semesters there are 20 places (N. Buzasi, personal
communication, February 26, 2014).
4.1.7. Latvia
Latvia has two programmes to offer, one in Liepaja, one in Riga.
4.1.7.1. Liepaja University (Liepaja)
The University in Liepaja offers a part-time three-years (six semesters) training,
which is at master’s level (M. Paipare, personal communication, June 6, 2013).
There is an entrance exam, which includes vocal and instrumental
improvisation; the annual fee is around 1,800 € (M. Paipare, personal
Subjects are for example “Special needs pedagogy and special needs
psychology“, “Practical work in music therapy“, “Improvisation and selfexperience (vocal skills and abilities)“ and “Human anatomy and physiology“
(M. Paipare, personal communication, June 6, 2013).
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The programme has a Nordoff/Robbins and integrative-eclectic approach (M.
Paipare, personal communication, June 6, 2013).
4.1.7.2. Riga Stradiņš University (Riga)
The programme in Riga is a full-time master’s level course and takes five
semesters/two and a half year (M. Paipare, personal communication, June 6,
2013). The programme is an art therapy course and has four specializations (art,
music, drama and dance and movement therapy) (M. Paipare, personal
Mirzda Paipare states, that the annual cost is around 1,800 € (personal
As in Liepaja, there is an entrance exam, which consists of vocal and
instrumental tasks (M. Paipare, personal communication, June 6, 2013).
Subjects at the Riga Stradiņš University are “Biological principles of psyche I
(anatomy)“, “Contemporary psycho-dynamic psychiatrics“, “Personal therapy
training“ and “Music improvisation in practice“ (M. Paipare, personal
communication, June 6, 2013). The programme has a psychodynamic approach
(M. Paipare, personal communication, June 6, 2013).
4.1.8. Liechtenstein
Currently there were no music therapy training courses in Liechtenstein to be
found.
4.1.9. Lithuania
According to the EMTC (2011-2014, date of access: April 24, 2014) Lithuania
offers eclective courses/an introduction to music therapy (2-4 credit points),
integrated in music education, social education, special education, preschool &
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primary education and occupational therapy programmes throughout diverse
universities in Lithuania.
4.1.9.1. Vilnius Pedagogical University / Lithuanian University of Educational
Sciences (Vilnius)
According to Dovilė Jezukevičiūtė (Personal communication, March 13, 2014)
the Vilnus Pedagogical University was renamed as Lithuanian University of
Educational Sciences. There is an art therapy specialization (30 credit points)
integrated in the social work master’s programmes at the social communication
Institute (EMTC 2011-2014, date of access: February 24, 2014).
The programme takes three semesters; there is no entrance exam (D.
Jezukevičiūtė, personal communication, March 4, 2014).
Each subject (6 ECTS) costs about 112.8 €, but there’s also the possibility to
study for free (D. Jezukevičiūtė, personal communication, March 4, 2014).
Subjects are “Methods of arts therapy“, “Application of arts therapy“ and
“Process of arts therapy“ – in general students analyse methods of music
therapy, art therapy, dance-movement therapy and drama therapy (D.
Jezukevičiūtė, personal communication, March 4, 2014).
4.1.10. Luxembourg
As confirmed in an E-Mail-Conversation (September 23, 2013) with Marianne
Wiltgen-Sanavia – EMTC-Delegate – there is no music therapy training at the
present.
4.1.11. Poland
There are 6 training courses in Poland: 3 bachelor’s, 2 master’s and 4 courses
which conclude with another degree. Krzysztof Stachyra, head of the music
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therapy course at Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, helped me with a detailed
translation of Poland’s training courses.
4.1.11.1. Maria Curie-Skłodowska University (Lublin)
The course at Maria Curie-Skłodowska University is a postgraduate diploma
course and takes three semesters (420 hours).
Applicants need to be graduates in an artistic, pedagogical, psychological or
medical area. The entrance exam consists of two music pieces: singing and
playing an instrument – improvisation skills are.
The whole tuition fee for three semesters is 1,500 €.
Subjects are for example “Music therapy methods and techniques”, “Music
therapy research”, “Art therapy” and “Electronic devices in music therapy”.
The programme is a general course and includes different approaches and
methods, including guest lectures on various music therapy models/approaches
(K. Stachyra, personal communication, December 28, 2013).
4.1.11.2 Akademia Muzyczna w Krakowie (Krakow)
k
The music academy in Krakow offers a postgraduate diploma course that takes
five semesters (655 hours).
Applicants must be graduates at bachelor’s or master’s level, furthermore there
is an entrance exam where they have to proof that they are able to play an
instrument.
These and more subjects are included in the course: “Relaxation techniques“,
“Improvisation“, “Psychopathology“ and “Exercise with music therapy in
personality disorders“ (K. Stachyra, personal communication, December 28,
2013).
The programme is a general/eclectic programme; there isn’t any specific music
therapy approach or method (K. Stachyra, personal communication, December
28, 2013).
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4.1.11.3. Karol Lipiński Academy of Music (Wrocław)
The Karol Lipiński Academy of Music offers a bachelor’s (six semesters, 180
ECTS) and a master’s programme (four semesters, 120 ECTS).
There is an entrance exam, which consists of two parts: an interview to assess
the student’s suitability and a musical part, where the candidates have to proof
their knowledge about music history etc. Furthermore they have to play two
songs on any instrument and sing one song with or without accompaniment.
As the Karol Lipiński Academy of Music is a public university it doesn’t charge
tuition fees (they apply only for postgraduate studies).
Subjects for the bachelor’s courseare “Clinical music therapy“, “Improvisation
and music therapy“, “Psychotherapy“ and “Music therapy and autism“. The
masters’ programme includes subjects such as “Musictherapeutic methods“,
“Art therapy“, “Ethnomusicology“ and “Music psychology“.
According to Szymon Chrobak (Personal communication, February 1, 2014) the
courses are based on an eclectic approach, although psychodynamic,
psychiatric and cognitive approaches dominate.
4.1.11.4. The Karol Szymanowski Academy of Music (Katowice)
The Karol Szymanowski Academy of Music offers a bachelor (six semesters,
1860 hours), a master (four semesters, 730 hours) and postgraduate (four
semesters, 420 hours) course.
There is an entrance exam for the postgraduate course in singing and playing
an instrument; applicants must be graduates (bachelor or aster) (K. Stachyra,
personal communication, December 28, 2013).
The bachelor’s and master’s level is free, the tuition fees for the postgraduate
course are 1,500 € altogether.
Krzysztof Stachyra mentions, that subjects are “Clinical music therapy”, “Music
and movement”, “Professional ethics” and “Piano” for the Bachelor course,
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“Music therapy in gerontology”, “Psychotherapy”, “Piano improvisation” and
“Music therapy internship” for the master course and “Psychiatry”, “Music
therapy applications”, “Dance therapy” and “Orff workshops” for the
postgraduate course.
All of the three programmes are a general courses and don’t focus on a specific
method/approach (K. Stachyra, personal communication, December 28, 2013).
4.1.11.5. Grażyna and Kiejstut Bacewicz Music Academy (Łódź)
This course is a part-time bachelor’s programme with duration of six
semesters/three years.
There are no entrance exams.
The course consists of basic modules and facultative subjects; these include for
example “Improvisation in music therapy”, “Basics of psychotherapy”,
“Information technology” and “Exercise of with blind people”.
The approach is general. There are no certain prevailing methods (K. Stachyra,
personal communication, December 28, 2013).
4.1.11.6. Akademia Pomorska (Słupsk)
Akademia Pomorska offers a postgraduate course that focuses on “Music
therapy with stress psychoprohylaxis” and takes three semesters (280 hours, 60
ECTS) (K. Stachyra, personal communication, December 28, 2013/Akademia
Pomorska Institut Muzyki, 2014, translated by the author).
University graduates that hold a bachelor or master in a pedagogical, artistic or
medical background (including nursing and physiotherapy) can apply for the
programme (K. Stachyra, personal communication, December 28, 2013).
The tuition fees are 1,500 Zloty (= 359.8 €) per semester (J. Bernagiewicz,
personal communication, January 6, 2014).
Subjects include “Music and movement classes in therapy”, “The psychology of
music”, “Psycho-prophylaxis (health psychology)” and “The therapeutic relation
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(basic therapeutic skills)” (K. Stachyra, personal communication, December 28,
2013).
Again the training is a general training without any specific approach/method
applied (K. Stachyra, personal communication, December 28, 2013).
4.1.12. Slovakia
According to Eva Králova, there is no accredited music therapy programme
(personal communication, May 21, 2014). However, she mentions, that there are
private music therapy courses, which don’t have any accreditation. For example
there are short-term music therapy courses at the NGO Artea (E. Králova,
personal communication, May 23, 2014). Their duration is between 19 and 200
hours (E. Králova, personal communication, May 23, 2014).
4.1.13. Slovenia
4.1.13.1. University of Ljubljana
The Faculty of Education offers a two-year postgraduate master’s study (120
ECTS) in art therapy (drama, dance-movement, music, fine arts) which doesn’t
focus on music therapy, but offers elective music therapy classes (30 ECTS)
(University of Ljubljana, 2010).
Candidates can enrol in the programme if they have completed a first cycle
study programme (at least 180 ECTS credits) in a social, artistic, psychological,
pedagogical area – for example social pedagogy (University of Ljubljana, 2010,
translated by the author). According to Alenka Vidrih there are portfolio
presentations and other tasks as an entrance exam, if more then 22 people
apply, the selection process is stricter (personal communication, April 8, 2014).
Modules are for example: “Psychology and psychopathology“, “Applied social
pedagogy and special and rehabilitation pedagogy“, “Experimental group and
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Gestalt psychotherapy, learning therapy“ and “Integrative psychotherapy“ (A.
Vidrih, personal communication, April 8, 2014).
The therapeutic orientation is integrative (A. Vidrih, personal communication,
April 8, 2014).
4.1.14. Switzerland
According to the SFMT (Schweizerischer Fachverband für Musiktherapie) and
the ASMT (Association Professionelle Suisse de Musicothérapie) the following 5
institutes offer training programmes in Switzerland – all programmes are
private, except the MAS Klinische Musiktherapie at the Zürcher Hochschule der
Künste (ZHdK) (SMFT/ASMT, 2013), which is the only master’s course.
4.1.14.1. Zürcher Hochschule der Künste (ZHdK) Zürich
The Zürcher Hochschule der Künste (ZHdK) offers three different programmes
(DMtG, 2012, p. 113ff):
a. Master of Advanced Studies (MAS) in clinical music therapy
b. Integrally conceived psychotherapeutic on-the-job-training as “MusicPsychotherapist“
c. upgrade Master of Advanced Studies (MAS) for professionally trained
music therapists
4.1.14.1.a.%MAS%in%clinical%music%therapy%
The training programme takes four years (DMtG, 2012, p. 113). Candidates must
be at least 26 years old, and need to have completed a study in either music,
special education, psychology, pedagogy, social work or medicine and a clinical
internship, need to have job experience, musical and improvisational practice,
and 40 hours of music therapeutic group self-experience (DMtG, 2012, p. 113).
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The entrance examination consists of a one-to-one-interview with a musicalimprovisational dialogue and improvisation and reflections in the group (DMtG,
2012, p. 113).
Fees for the course are: 200 CHF (~161.20 €) registration fee, 500 CHF (~403 €)
for the admission procedure and 3,800 CHF (~3,063 €) tuition fee per semester
(DMtG, 2012, p. 113).
The course consists of different modules, including subjects such as “Single
training
music
therapy“,
“Improvisation“,
“Psychosomatics“,
“General
methodology“, etc. (DMtG, 2012, p.114ff).
Two internships (altogether 300 hours) and at least 120 hours of independent
clinical music therapeutic professional practice are required (DMtG, 2012, p.
115).
The programme’s orientation is towards the humanistic mainstream, but
integrates also deep psychological, humanistic, learn-theoretic and systemic
approaches (DMtG, 2012, p. 115, translated by the author).
4.1.14.1.b%On8the8job8training%as%“Music8Psychotherapist”%
This training takes five or six years and consists of four years of clinical music
therapy training (see also 4.1.14.1.a) and one to two years for the upgrade in
clinical music therapy (DMtG, 2012, p. 116ff). The graduates‘ title in musicpsychotherapy is recognised by the Swiss Charta for Psychotherapy.
The requirements for the entrance exam, the therapeutic orientation and the
costs for the training are as stated in 4.1.14.1.a.
Subjects are “Indication and Contraindication“, “Diagnosis and indication
specific interventional practice“, “Supervision“ etc. (DMtG, 2012, p.117).
300 hours of internships and one year of psychotherapeutic practice in a
psychiatric, medical, psychotherapeutic or psychosocial institution are included
in the training (DMtG, 2012, p. 117, translated by the author).
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4.1.14.1.c.%MAS%for%professionally%trained%music%therapists
This Master of Advanced Studies (MAS) programme is designed for music
therapists who want to expand their professional knowledge, it takes four years
(depending on former educational qualification) (DMtG, 2012, p.119ff).
Candidates need to have a diploma in music therapy, and need at least 120
hours of music therapeutic practical experience and 20 hours of further training
per year (DMtG, 2012, p.119). Furthermore they have to be ordinary members
of the Swiss Professional Association for Music Therapy (SMFT) or any other
equivalent association (DMtG, 2012, p.119).
The entrance exam consists of an application; costs for the whole course are
7,000 CHF (at maximum) (= 5,741.52 €) (Zürcher Hochschule der Künste, 2014,
Subjects are for example “Methods of music therapy“, “Research in music
therapy“, “Developmental psychology“ (DMtG, 2012, p.120, translated by the
author).
The therapeutic orientation is integrative and towards humanistic approaches
(as stated above).
4.1.14.2. Forum Musiktherapeutischer Weiterbildung Schweiz FMWS
(Schwaderloch)
This training programme consists of a four-years course, that is divided into
three years of the basic course and one year of advanced training with
certification (DMtG, 2012, 108ff).
Candidates must have a regular education in either the social area, pedagogy,
therapy, special education, medicine or music; furthermore they need to have
long-term practice on their main instrument, sufficient improvisational skills and
basis knowledge of music theory (DMtG, 2012, p. 108). As also most other
institutions require, they must be willing to experience self-awareness and
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-development (DMtG, 2012, p. 108).
There is an entrance examination comprising of different parts: admission
interview, performance of a musical piece, a vocal song with accompaniment,
and free improvisation (DMtG, 2012, p.108).
The fees are 26,000 CHF (~20,915.37 €) altogether, payable in semi-annual
instalments of 3,250 CHF (~2,611.34 €). The fee for the certification is 550 CHF
(~441.67 €), the admission fee 120 CHF (~96.36 €), plus the fee for the admission
interview 280 CHF (~224.87 €). Altogether it adds up to approx. 21,677 €.
Subjects are for example “Training music therapy“, “Improvisation“, “Research
in music therapy“, “Interventional practice and communication skills“ and
“Psychotherapeutic schools“ (DMtG, 2012, p. 109ff). All in all 300 hours of
supervised internships are required (DMtG, 2012, p. 111). Interestingly, courses
in instrument manufacturing are integrated in the programme.
This Swiss programme is based on deep psychological concepts of the human
sciences: music is an essential resource for coping with illness and health issues
(DMtG, 2012, p.111, translated by the author).
4.1.14.3. Ecole Romande de Musicothérapie (Genève)
This private institution offers a part-time three-years music therapy training
(ERM, 2010).
The admission criterias for the programme are: a minimum age of 22 years,
having a former education in the pedagogical or social field, a musical
(theoretical and practical) standard equivalent to the first certificate at a
conservatory or jazz school and sufficient practice in a clinic or a
social/pedagogical field (ERM, 2010).
The total costs for the programme are 21,700 CHF (=17,704.6 €) (ERM, 2010).
Examples for subjects are “History of music therapy“, “General and
developmental psychology“, “Group music therapy“ and “Ethics“. Also two
clinical placements are required (ERM, 2010, translated by the author).
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4.1.14.4. Integrative Musiktherapie SEAG (Rorschach)
The course in integrative music therapy is carried out by the Europäische
Akademie für psychosozialen Gesundheit – Fritz Perls Institut in Germany,
Hückeswagen (see also 4.1.5.14.) and has a cooperation with the SEAG (Stiftung
Europäische Akademie für Integrative Therapie und psychosoziale Gesundheit)
(EAG-FPI, 2014, translated by the author).
4.1.14.5. Orpheus Schule für Musiktherapie (Schafisheim)
The course is a part-time programme and takes four years, classes are held on
Mondays and on weekends (Orpheus Schule, 2013).
Candidates need to be healthy, at least 25 years old, they have to have work
experience in either the social-therapeutic, pedagogical, nursing or curative
field, they have to be able to play at least one instrument and have to have
basic knowledge in music theory and aural training. Furthermore they should be
interested in anthroposophy (Orpheus Schule, 2013). First applicants need to
send a motivational letter; the actual entrance exam consists of singing a folk
song, playing one or more pieces on the main instrument/other instruments
and an entrance interview.
All in all the costs for the training are 28,050 CHF (=22,885.4 €) (Orpheus Schule,
2013).
Subjects are “Musical phenomenology“, “Voice formation, singing, sound
eurhythmics“, “Music therapy in medicine“ and “Quality assurance and
standards“; also 250 hours of internship are part of the programme (Orpheus
Schule, 2013).
The programme has an approach based on an antroposophic view of the
human being and teaches anthroposophic music therapy (Orpheus Schule,
2013, translated by the author).
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4.2. Music therapy courses in Eastern Europe
Figure 6: Music therapy courses in East Europe, graphic by Jana Kilbertus
4.2.1. Belarus
According to an E-Mail-Conversation with Lisa Margetts (March 13, 2014), who
has done music therapy projects as well as her doctoral research in Belarus,
there are no music therapy training courses in Belarus.
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4.2.2. Russia
As Russia spreads across Europe and Asia I will regard only the European side
that expands up to the Ural Mountains.
At the moment there is no training course yet established. However, HansHelmut Decker-Voigt explained, that there are plans for establishing a “RussianGerman
institute
for
Music
Therapy”
based
in
Moscow
(Personal
communication, May 12, 2014). There will be a cooperation between the
Institute of Music Therapy at the Hochschule für Musik und Theater Hamburg
(under the guidance of Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Decker-Voigt) and the Institute for
Psychology in Moscow (under the guidance of Prof.Dr.Valentin Petruschin) (H.H. Decker-Voigt, phone-interview, March 3, 2014, personal communication, May
12, 2014). Starting in 2015 this institute will offer training courses and further
education (H.-H. Decker-Voigt, phone-interview, March 3, 2014, personal
communication, May 12, 2014).
Though, between 2007 and 2010 there was a continuing education programme
for doctors, psychotherapists and a few musicians in Orenburg, that DeckerVoigt established as a cooperation between the
•
Hochschule für Musik und Theater Hamburg
•
L. and M. Rostropovich-University for Music and Fine Arts and the
•
Psychotherapeutic Centre Orenburg.
Yearly congresses took place, in Russia, as well as in Germany (H.-H. DeckerVoigt, phone-interview, March 3, 2014).
The training took five semesters; there was an entrance exam that consisted of
a motivational analysis, a musical role-play and an activity report from the
candidates’ therapeutic practice (H.-H. Decker-Voigt, phone-interview, March 3,
2014).
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The course was subject to charges, though Mr.Decker-Voigt couldn’t tell me
exactly what the fees were, but probably quite low in comparison to other
European courses – for classification: a university professor earns 400 € per
month (H.-H. Decker-Voigt, phone-interview, March 3, 2014).
Subjects involved “Developmental psychology“, “Psychopathology“, “Musical
improvisation“, “Musical biography work“ and others (H.-H. Decker-Voigt,
phone-interview, March 3, 2014).
As most of the other courses, the training was a synthesis between medical,
psychoanalytical, behavioural and humanistic influences (H.-H. Decker-Voigt,
phone-interview, March 3, 2014).
4.2.3. Ukraine
From 2000 the Faculty of Social Pedagogy and Psychology at the State
University of Zaporizhzhya had a cooperation with the Faculty of Music Therapy
of the University of Applied Sciences Magdeburg-Stendal and offered a music
therapy module (Ivannikova, 2002). Also two international conferences took
place in 2007 and 2011 (T. Wosch, personal communication, May 23, 2013).
Thomas Wosch, who gave seminars, online courses and lectures at the State
University of Zaporizhzhya says, that the active cooperation between the two
universities is terminated (T. Wosch, personal communication, May 23, 2013,
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4.3. Music therapy courses in Southern and South-Eastern
Europe
Figure 7: Music therapy courses in South and South -Eastern Europe, graphic by Jana Kilbertus
4.3.1. Albania
There was no available information about music therapy courses in Albania
(January 2014). Though, Adrian Snell – a British music therapist, who has worked
in Albania with street children – states in an E-Mail-Conversation (January 6,
2014), that this might be due to the fact, that the country has only relatively
recently emerged from decades of oppression and relative poverty. Therefore,
the whole area of art therapies might be low on the list of priorities.
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4.3.2. Andorra
At the investigated time period, no music therapy training programme existed
in Andorra (January 2014).
4.3.3. Bosnia and Herzegovina
Watts (2004) explains in her article “Music therapy in Bosnia-Herzegovina: an
introduction“, that there are no accredited national training courses, but some
initiatives have tried to establish music therapy as an acknowledged profession:
Firstly, four Bosnian students were selected to undertake training at the music
therapy department of the University of Stockholm (Watts 2004).
Secondly, the project Sunflower Music Therapy Unit has delivered skill-sharing
training courses to people working already in established institutions (Watts,
2004). This project is not as such a music therapy training, but aims to pass on
basic skills to local workers in order to develop therapeutic music programmes
in their institutions (Watts, 2004).
4.3.4. Bulgaria
The Bulgarian Association for Music Therapy (BAMT) states that between 1999
and 2004 a distance training in GIM has been held in Bulgaria by the Art
Therapy Institute of San Francisco.
4.3.4.1. BAMT (Sofia)
In 2008 Liliya Ahtarova and Nadejda Vitanova (BAMT) started a four-years
training programme (“Music therapy approaches in psychotherapy”).
Musicians, psychologists, medical doctors, music educators, social workers and
other professions with medical education can apply to the programme, as long
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as they have sufficient theoretical and practical music skills (BAMT, 2014). The
programme is not a university programme; it is a psychotherapeutic training (L.
Achtarova, personal communication, September 21, 2013).
There was no information about the tuition fees available.
Students first have to complete a 30-hours entry level; afterwards there will be
an interview with faculty members. Subjects are for example “Active music
therapy in individual and group psychotherapy“, “Psychopathology“, “Marital
counselling“ and “Music improvisations“. Furthermore a minimum of 20 hours
of personal psychotherapy is required (BAMT, 2014). Students are being
introduced to all of the main music therapy schools and have the chance of
developing in the one they’ve chosen (L. Achtarova, personal communication,
September 21, 2013). Graduates have a diploma as Music Psychotherapist
(BAMT, 2014).
4.3.5. Greece
According to the EMTC (2011-2014, date of access: April 3, 2014) there is no full
music therapy programme at state university level. There are introductory or
optional music therapy modules at the Music or Education University
departments (EMTC 2011-2014, date of access: April 3, 2014). Three institutes
offer classes (EMTC 2011-2014, date of access: April 3, 2014):
•
Aristotle University, Department of Music Studies (Thessaloniki):
Musicology study (BA which is recognized as a MA level programme
since it’s a five-year-programme) with specialisation on music therapy,
each semester two courses/seminars on music therapy are offered, for
example “Introduction to music therapy“, “Music therapy: music
interventions – techniques I“ and “Music therapy approaches“ (D.
Psaltopoulou, personal communication, Feburary 24, 2014).
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!
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Aristotle University, Department of Special Education (Thessalonik): there
is a lecturer-position in music therapy (established in 2010 and therefore
the first official music therapy position)
•
Ionian University, Department of Music Studies (Corfu): classes run by
qualified music therapists
According to Giorgos Tsiris (2011) Greek music therapists need to study
abroad, which creates a rich palette of theoretical and practical approaches.
4.3.5.1. Music Therapy Centre (Thessaloniki)
Though the EMTC does not include this programme in its list of training
courses, Makaria Psiliteli and Potheini Vaiouli (2013) mention, that there is a
music therapy training at the Music Therapy Centre in Thessaloniki. According
to Psiliteli and Vaiouli the course offers a degree since 1996; it requires a
bachelor degree, students need to be at least 23 years old and need to have a
high level of education and music skills on at least one instrument (Psiliteli &
Vaiouli, 2013).
There is an audition and an interview, before candidates are admitted (Psiliteli &
Vaiouli, 2013).
4.3.6. Cyprus
According to the EMTC (EMTC, 2011-2014, date of access: January 17, 2014),
there is no recognised music therapy training programme in Cyprus. There is an
introductory subject on music therapy within a music degree in one of the
universities (EMTC, 2011-2014, date of access: January 14, 2014). In an E-MailConversation with the music therapist Magda Papadopoulou-Kantaris (June 5,
2013) she confirmed, that there are no music therapy courses in Cyprus. She
also said, that at least one university has started making an initial investigation
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about the creation of a postgraduate music therapy programme at master‘s
level, but at this moment there is – also due to the economic crisis in Cyprus –
not much progress.
4.3.7. Italy
There are 20 training courses in Italy (1 bachelor, 2 master and 16 other courses
such as courses equivalent to a master’s degree or postgraduate degrees),
using diverse methods and belonging to different music therapy schools.
The Italian music therapy associations have identified some criteria, training
course should fulfil to meet the goal of educational standardisation (Zanchi,
Suvini, Ferrara, Bodrato, Borghesi, D’Ulisse, &Casotti, 2005):
•
Length of training course at least three years (700 – 1,400 hours)
•
Entrance criteria: secondary school and excellent knowledge of musical
language
•
Educational programme divided into four areas: music therapy (45%),
music (25%), psychology (15%) and medicine (15%)
•
Practical placement (minimum 250 hours) and tutoring (minimum 60
hours)
4.3.7.1. Alfredo Casella Conservatorio (L’Acquila)
The diploma programme at the Alfredo Casella Conservatorio takes two years;
classes are held on Friday and Saturday and consist of 827 hours of lectures and
250 hours of supervised internships (Convervatorio di musica Alfredo Casella,
2013). The candidate must either have a conservatory diploma, an academic
diploma or another university degree and the appropriate expertise in music.
There is an entrance examination consisting of a personal interview on the
candidates’
motivation,
musical
knowledge
(Convervatorio di musica Alfredo Casella, 2013).
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The tuition fee is 1,200 € per annum, additionally the tuition fees are 21.43 €, the
insurance 7.70 € and the contribution to the right to study is 77.47 €
(Convervatorio di musica Alfredo Casella, 2013).
The programme has a multidisciplinary approach and includes medical,
psychological, music therapeutic, musical as well as legislative subjects
(Convervatorio di musica Alfredo Casella, 2013, translated by the author).
4.3.7.2. A.M.A.T. Accademia Mediterranea di Arti-Terapia (Modica)
This three-years-programme, taking place in Modica, Sicily, consists of 900
hours of theoretical and practical lectures. Aspirants must have completed a
musical conservatory, if they cannot prove basic musical knowledge by a
certificate, they are obliged to acquire appropriate musical skills during the
course (Emagister, 2013).
The fees for the course are 1,400 €. The programme includes subjects such as
“Introduction to music therapy“, “Improvisation“, “Developmental psychology“
and “Neurophysiology“. Also self-experience is part of the course.
4.3.7.3. Apollon Istituto di Musicoterapia e Musicologia (Cosenza)
The Apollon Institute, situated in the south of Italy, Calabria, offers a threeyears-course that takes place on weekends (Apollon Istituto, 2014). It consists of
six semesters and 1,210 hours of lectures and practical experience, out of which
250 hours are dedicated to an internship. Applicants need to have basic musical
knowledge and there is a selection interview (Apollon Istituto, 2014).
Subjects are for example: “Historical, methodological and theoretical aspects of
music therapy“, “Neuropsychology of music“, “Group improvisation“,
“Developmental psychology“ and “Receptive music therapy“ (Apollon Istituto,
2014).
The course takes place, if at least 20 students apply (Apollon Istituto, 2014,
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4.3.7.4. A.I.M.U. Associazione Italiana Musicoterapia Umanistica (Napoli)
The A.I.M.U. is a humanistic association of music therapists, situated in Naples
(A.I.M.U., 2010-2011).
The three-years-course contains 1,200 hours of lectures, out of these 300 hours
are dedicated to supervision and internships. It is organized as a monthly
weekend course with an intensive week in summer. Aspirants must have
completed a conservatory or must have any other likewise musical education.
There is also a motivational entrance interview (A.I.M.U. 2010-2011).
Examples for subjects are “Vocal technique“, “Neuropsychology“, “Psychology
of music“, “Dance therapy“ and “Developmental psychology“.
As the A.I.M.U. is a humanistic institution, the focus is on humanistic guidelines,
but the institute uses also an integrative approach, to confront students with
other music therapy models (A.I.M.U. 2010-2011, translated by the author).
4.3.7.5. Associazione Professionale Italiana Musicoterapisti (Genova,
Torino, Lecco)
The APIM (Assosicazione Professionale Italiana Musicoterapisti) offers three
different courses (APIM, 2013).
4.3.7.5.a.%Genova%
The three-years-course in Genova is called “Musica & Terapia“ [“Music &
Therapy“]. It includes 456 hours of lectures (with music therapeutic, musical,
medical and psychological content) and 250 hours of internships (APIM, 2014).
For admission the applicants’ curriculum, motivational aspects and musical
competencies are evaluated (APIM, 2014).
The annual costs for the course are 1,000 €, payable in bi-annual rates.
APIM’s homepage does not specifically note subjects, except that the
curriculum is divided into 25 % musical, 45% music therapeutic, 15%
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psychological and 15% medical subjects – as required by the CONFIAM, the
Confederazione Italiana Scuole e Associazioni di Musicoterapia (APIM, 2014).
The course follows psychodynamic and neurobiological approaches, and also
relates to the concept of emotional regulation after Ricci Bitti (1997) and the
study of interpersonal relationships after Siegel (2001) (APIM, 2014, translated
by the author).
4.3.7.5.b.Torino%
As in Genova, the course takes three years and is called “Musica & Terapia“,
[“Music & Therapy“]. Also the amount of lectures (456 and 250 hours of
internship) is the same.
There was no specific information about an entrance exam. The annual costs
are 1,050 €, payable in three rates. APIM’s homepage does not state any
specific subjects, but mentions certain laboratories (for example “Musical
improvisation“, “Corporal expression“...) (APIM, 2014). Self-experience is an
important focus (APIM, 2014, translated by the author). It follows the abovementioned approaches (see 4.3.7.5.a. Genova).
4.3.7.5.c.%Lecco%
Also in Lecco the course takes three years and has collaboration with the Scuola
di
Arteterapia,
the
Scuola
di
Drammaterapia
and
the
Scuola
di
Danzamovimentoterapia. Students are required to visit 42 hours of the
mentioned institutions’ seminars (APIM, 2014); also internships are an important
part of the course.
According to the “Centro Artiterapie“ candidates are required to send a CV,
furthermore they need to have musical, art-therapeutic and creative experience
(participance in theatre, sculpture, dance, music, self-experience seminars etc.).
There was no information about the costs on APIM’s homepage.
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Examples for subjects are: “Developmental psychology“, “Research in music
therapy“, “Vocal and instrumental laboratory“, “Music therapy in psychiatry“
and “Receptive music therapy“ (APIM, 2014).
The course follows a relational, psychodynamic and phenomenological
approach and refers to the model of P.L. Postacchini. But also other methods
are taught and mentioned throughout the study: GIM (Helen Bonny), analytical
music therapy (Mary Priestley), creative music therapy (Nordoff and Robbins),
music therapy after Benenzon (Benenzon), etc. (APIM, 2014, translated by the
author).
4.3.7.6. Associazione Regionale Musicoterapia del Friuli Venezia Giulia „Il
Flauto Magico“ (Udine)
The three-years-course that takes place at the ARTEM in Udine consists of 472
hours of lectures and 250 hours of internships (Musicoterapia in Friuli Venezia
Giulia, 2013).
Applicants must have completed a conservatory or a high school specialised in
music, otherwise they must have likewise musical knowledge. There is a
motivational interview. During the entrance exam the competencies such as
rhythmic improvisation, vocal expression, melodic imitation etc. are evaluated.
The costs for the course are 1,500 € per annum (payable in three rates), plus
40 € yearly for the ARTEM-membership, plus 50 € pre-enrolment fees
(Musicoterapia in Friuli Venezia Giulia, 2013).
“Theory and methods of music therapy in Italy“, “Theory and methods of music
therapy in foreign countries“, “Vocal laboratory“, “Elements of Community
Therapy“ and “Neurology“ are examples for some subjects. Also selfexperience is an important part of the course (Musicoterapia in Friuli Venezia
Giulia 2013, translated by the author).
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I couldn’t find any specific remark about a specific approach, although the
Argentinian music therapist R.O.Benenzon is mentioned frequently throughout
the homepage.
4.3.7.7. Cesfor – Centro studio e formazione (Bolzano)
The three-years-course in Bolzano, organized by the Centro studio e
formazione consists of 440 hours of theory and practice, 60 hours of supervision
and 180 hours of internships (CESFOR, 2013).
Students who want to apply for the programme need to have medium to high
musical knowledge (a conservatory title is preferred but not compulsory), there
is also a personal interview, plus candidates have to give a musical prove
(CESFOR, 2013). The annual fee is 1,500 € (payable in three rates).
The programme includes subjects such as “Physioacoustics“, “Voiceinstruments-emotions“, “Music therapy and psychic pathology“, “Improvisation
in music therapy“, “Case studies“ etc. (CESFOR, 2013).
CESFOR teaches a humanistic approach and refers also to pedagogy. Other
music therapy methods (such as Nordoff-Robbins, psychodynamic music
therapy) are considered too (CESFOR, 2013).
The course takes place only if more than 25 students apply (CESFOR, 2013,
4.3.7.8. Conservatorio di Verona Evaristo Felice dall’ Abaco (Verona)
The programme is a two-years-course (consisting of 750 hours of training in
total, including internships). It takes place on weekends and is a master’s course
(H.-W. Perkins, personal communication, July 12, 2013, translated by the
author).
Students who want to apply for the course need to have completed a
bachelor’s programme in music or any other study (plus they need to prove
their musical skills). There is an entrance examination, in which the candidate
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must present a musical piece on the instrument of her/his choice, has to prove
basic skills on the piano, the guitar and the voice and finally has to improvise on
her/his main instrument. The course costs 1,225 € per annum (H.-W. Perkins,
personal communication, July 12, 2013, translated by the author).
The course’s content is divided into five areas: musical, music therapeutic
methods, medical, psycho-pedagogical and sociological. “Models and
strategies of music therapy“, “Psychoacoustics“, “Elements of pedagogy and
special
education“
and
“Techniques
of
integrated
communication
–
body&mind“ are examples for taught subjects.
Hugh Ward-Perkins, the director of the course at the Conservatorio di Verona,
states, that the course is client-centred and inspired by humanistic psychology
after Carls Rogers and Abraham Maslow. Speaking in terms of specific music
therapy methods, Community Music Therapy and music centred music therapy
are the prevailing methods (H.-W. Perkins, personal communication, July 12,
4.3.7.9. Scuola di Musicoterapia Dinamica (Firenze)
The Scuola di Musicoterapia Dinamica which has a cooperation with the
Lemmensinstitut and the University in Kortenberg (both Belgium) offers a twoyears-course, that consists of 1,400 hours, which include 1,000 hours training
and 400 hours of music therapy practice (F. Suvini, personal communication,
August 8, 2013).
The tuition fees are altogether 6,000 €. Applicants have to write a CV, have to
do a free improvisation with a music therapist and a long interview on the
student’s motivation (F. Suvini, personal communication, August 8, 2013).
Subjects are for example “Improvisational techniques“, “Clinical music
therapy“, “Musical analysis“ and “Anthropology of music“ (Scuola di
Musicoterapia Dinamica, 2013).
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As the course is collaborating closely with Belgium music therapists, they refer
closely to Jos De Backers and Jan Van Camps model of treatment of psychosis.
The Scuola di Musicoterapia Dinamica follows a dynamic model that includes a
psychodynamic understanding, but implicates also modern findings in neuro
science and developmental psychology (Scuola di Musicoterapia Dinamica,
4.3.7.10. Fondazione Istituto Musicale Pareggiato della Valle d’Aosta
(Aosta)
No information about this programme was available while the research took
place (although it is mentioned on the EMTC’s website).
4.3.7.11. ISFOM - Istituto Formazione Musicoterapia (Napoli)
The ISFOM offers a three-years-programme, containing more hours of training,
than other institutions in Italy: 900 hours of lectures plus 300 hours internships
have to be completed (ISFOM, Facebook-Page, August 10, 2013, translated by
the author).
Unfortunately, there was no data about the costs on the homepage.
There is an entrance exam; students have to have a musical predisposition
(ISFOM Facebook-Page, August 10, 2013, translated by the author).
There were no references about subjects, or about the specific directions on
the homepage.
4.3.7.12. Istituto di Artiterapie e Scienze Creative (Lecce)
There are two different music therapy courses, they differ through the number
of required lectures, and both take three years.
4.3.7.12.a%Basic%course%(as%ordinary%member)%
The basic course (660 hours) offers theoretical knowledge about music therapy,
with a minimum of practical experience. Altogether there are 150 hours of
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laboratories (four weekends per annum) and 510 hours of theory (Istituto di
Artiterapie e Scienze Creative, 2007, translated by the author).
4.3.7.12.b.%Specialisation%course%(as%dues8paying%member)%
The specialisation course consists of 1,200 hours of training: students need to
complete 510 hours of the theoretical area, 390 hours of practical laboratories,
200 hours of internship and 50 hours of group supervision (Istituto di Artiterapie
e Scienze Creative, 2007).
Both courses cost 700 € per annum (Istituto di Artiterapie e Scienze Creative,
2007). Applicants have to present a CV, need to have an entrance interview;
furthermore they need to possess at least a diploma in either the social,
psychological, educative, humanistic or artistic area.
Subjects are for example “General psychopathology“, “Dynamic psychology“,
“Musical notation“ and “Group analysis“.
The institute follows a clinical approach, in theoretical and methodological
terms it refers to R.O. Benenzon’s model and to analytical receptive music
therapy after N. Cattich; also the Orff, Nordoff-Robbins, GIM, Priestley’s and
Aldridge’s models are included in the courses (Istituto di Artiterapie e Scienze
Creative, 2007, translated by the author).
4.3.7.13. Music Space Italy / University of Bristol (Bologna)
This training course is a three-year postgraduate specialist training and takes
850 hours (Musicspace Italy, 2014). There is also a one-year master’s
programme (60 ECTS), that is a collaboration between the University of the
West of England (Faculty of Health and Life Sciences) in Bristol (UK) and Music
Space Italy (Musicspace Italy, 2014). Music Space Italy offers also a short-term
(35 hours) GIM-Training (Musicspace Italy, 2014).
The three-year-course is intended for musicians or professionals (such as
doctors, teachers, psychologists...); applicants need a bachelor’s degree and
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adequate music theoretical and instrumental competence (Musicspace Italy,
2014). They need to be able to improvise on one or more instruments. For the
entrance examination they have two songs with a different character, have to
sight read and accompany a melody, have to do a short improvisation and take
part in an interview (Musicspace Italy, 2014).
The course is based on the music therapeutic understanding of Juliette Alvin
and follows psychodynamic principles (Musicspace Italy, 2014).
15 students are allowed per academic year (Musicspace Italy, 2014, translated
by the author).
4.3.7.14. Scuola di Musicoterapia di Assisi della Pro Civitate Christiana
Assisi (Assisi)
This course was Italy’s first training course, which started in 1981. It takes four
years and is organized in two-week summer courses that take place each year
(altogether 700 hours, including an internship) (Scuola di Musicoterapia di
Assisi, 2013).
Applicants need to have a university (also bachelor’s degree) or conservatory
diploma, have to be at least 20 years old and need good musical training if they
don’t have a conservatory certificate (Scuola di Musicoterapia di Assisi, 2013).
The entrance fee is 1,150 €, there was no more information about further fees
available, as the website was under construction (Scuola di Musicoterapia di
Assisi, 2013).
Subjects include “Neuropsychology“, “Improvisation in music therapy“,
“Movement/Dance therapy“ and “Practical analytical composition“ (Scuola di
Musicoterapia di Assisi, 2013, translated by the author).
I couldn’t find clues about the music therapeutic orientation on the website.
Every year there are between 40 and 60/65 students (Centro Educazione
Permanente, Sezione Musica, Assisi, personal communication, March 20, 2014).
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4.3.7.15. Scuola Triennale di Musicoterapia „La linea dell’arco“ (Lecco)
The “Cooperativa Sociale ´La linea dell’arco`“ runs a training centre in art
therapies (= “Centro Artiterapie di Lecco“, see also 4.3.7.5.c.) and offers threeyear postgraduate courses (Cooperativa sociale La linea dell’ arco, 2014).
To enter the course, applicants have to be at least 22 years old, need good
musical abilities and a higher degree in the artistical/social/educational/health
area (Centro Artiterapie, 2014). Furthermore, there is an admission process
where candidates are chosen for their suitability (Centro Artiterapie, 2014).
Subjects are “Music therapy in psychiatry“, “Receptive music therapy“,
“Psychodynamic elements and observation“ and “Vocal and instrumental
laboratory – sound and body“ etc. (Centro Artiterapie, 2014).
The course follows a relational, psychodynamic and phenomenological
approach (Centro Artiterapie, 2014, translated by the author).
4.3.7.16. Stratos – Associazione Artistica Musicoterapia (Bari)
Stratos provides a three-years training (1,200 hours), held on weekends (Stratos,
2014).
There is an admission interview, Stratos advises future student to have at least
basic musical skills (Stratos, 2014).
Examples for subjects are “Theory and techniques of music therapy“,
“Ethnomusicology“, “Psychopathology/ Psychiatric module“ and “General
psychology“ (Stratos, 2014).
The course is focused on active music therapy and follows the theories of
Benenzon (Stratos, 2014, translated by the author).
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4.3.7.17. Tuscany Music Therapy Centre (Centro toscano Musicoterapia):
A.Fo.Ri.S.M.A. : Agenzia Formativa per la Ricerca e la Sperimentazione in
Musicoterapia (Formative Agency in order to Research and Experiment in
Music-Therapy) (Firenze)
There was no information available.
4.3.7.18. Scuola di Musicoterapia Umanistica „Giulia Cremaschi Trovesi“
(Padova)
This very new course (formed in 2013 from members of the F.I.M. (Federazione
Italiana Musicoterapeuti)) is carried out on weekends and takes three years (680
hours) (Scuola di Musicoterapia Umanstica Giulia Cremaschi Trovesi, 2014).
Applicants need a music conservatory diploma or a bachelor’s degree in music,
improvisational skills are tested as well (Scuola di Musicoterapia Umanstica
Giulia Cremaschi Trovesi, 2014).
The annual fees are 1,500 €, altogether 4,500 € (Scuola di Musicoterapia
Umanstica Giulia Cremaschi Trovesi, 2014).
Subjects are “History of music therapy“, “Developmental psychology“,
“Psychiatry“ and “Acoustics in relation to the vibrating body“ (Scuola di
Musicoterapia Umanstica Giulia Cremaschi Trovesi, 2014).
The course is in humanistic music therapy (Scuola di Musicoterapia Umanstica
Giulia Cremaschi Trovesi, 2014, translated by the author).
4.3.7.19. APE (Associazione Progetto Espressione) (Genova)
The Associazione Progetto Espressione offers a three-year postgraduate course
that consists of 820 hours of training (APE, 2014).
Candidates need to have a bachelor’s degree or a likewise conservatory
diploma and should be able to express themselves musically (APE, 2014).
Subjects cover the topics “Music therapy and psychotherapy“, “Receptive
music therapy: listening in music therapy“, “Neuro-psychic and sensory
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handicap“ and “The phenomenological approach: philosophical foundations,
psychological models and clinical orientation” (APE, 2014).
The training gives great importance to the musical dimension (such as AngloSaxon
therapists
like
J.Alvin,
L.Bunt,
T.Wigram)
and
integrates
phenomenological-existential and psychodynamic conceptualizations (APE,
4.3.7.20. Conservatorio Statale di Musica „Luisa D’Annunzio“ / Ministry of
Education, University and Research (Pescara)
Conservatorio Luisa D’Annunzio offers a three-year bachelor’s degree
(Conservatorio Luisa D’Annunzio, 2008).
Applicants need to possess a diploma of secondary education and basic
musical competencies; there’s as well an entrance exam that consists of an
interview and a practical test (Conservatorio Luisa D’Annunzio, 2008).
The entrance fee is 6.04 €, the registration fee 21.43 €, the fees are up to 2,400 €
altogether – depending on the students’ income (Conservatorio Luisa
D’Annunzio, 2008).
The offered subjects are “Theory, method and history of music therapy“, “Vocal
improvisation I“, “Childhood psychopathology outlines“ and “Geriatric music
therapy and psychology of aging“ (Conservatorio Luisa D’Annunzio, 2008).
The programme is eclective and teaches the basics of the five clinical models
approved by the WFMT (World Federation of Music Therapy): Benenzon’s
model, creative music therapy after Nordoff-Robbins, GIM after H. Bonny,
analytical music therapy after M. Priestley and behavioural music therapy
(Conservatorio Luisa D’Annunzio, 2008, translated by the author).
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4.3.8. Malta
According to the Creative Arts Therapies Society (C.A.T.S.) Malta there is one
music therapist in Malta, but at the time of research there were no hints about a
training programme to be found.
4.3.9. Moldavia
I couldn’t find any references about music therapy courses in Moldavia in the
investigated time period (April 2014).
4.3.10. Monaco
No information is available about a music therapy training programme (April
2014).
4.3.11. Montenegro
At the time of research no information about music therapy training
programmes was available (April 2014).
4.3.12. Portugal
At the moment there are two music therapy training programmes, both at
graduate level (EMTC 2011-2014, date of access: February 9, 2014).
4.3.12.1. Universidade Lusíada de Lisboa (Lissabon)
The programme is a master’s programme (120 ECTS), takes four semesters and
is designed after American education models (Fundaçao Minverva – Cultura –
Ensino e Investigaçao Cientifica / Universidades Lusiada, 2004 – 2011).
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Students who want to apply need to have a bachelor’s degree, or an
appropriate CV that enables them to carry out the study (Fundaçao Minverva –
Cultura – Ensino e Investigaçao Cientifica / Universidades Lusiada, 2004 – 2011).
According to the blog “Musicoterapia en Portugal“ the registration fees are
250 €, the tuition fees 4,000 €.
Subjects are for example “Psychopathology“, “Improvisation in music therapy“,
“Psychology of health“ and “Methodology of intervention“ (Fundaçao
Minverva – Cultura – Ensino e Investigaçao Cientifica / Universidades Lusiada,
2004 – 2011, translated by the author).
4.3.12.2. Instituto Politecnico do Porto – Escola Superior de Educaçao
According to the EMTC the Instituto Politecnico do Porto offers a non-degree
joint music therapy programme in collaboration with the Universidad de Cádiz
(Spain) (see 4.3.17.3. Universidad de Cádiz).
4.3.13. Republic of Macedonia
There was no information about music therapy courses in the Republic of
Macedonia (April 2014).
4.3.14. Romania
There is no training programme as such, but several efforts have been made to
establish music therapy as a university discipline (Quin, 2005). From 1999 the
Universitatea de Vest (Timisoara) offered a music therapy module for
undergraduates in cooperation with the organisation Music as Therapy (Quin,
2005). Another music therapy module – for psychology students – is run at the
Universitatea Lucian Blaga (Sibiu) since 2002 (Quin, 2005).
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4.3.15. San Marino
There were no references about any music therapy training courses (April 2014).
4.3.16. Serbia
4.3.16.1. Association of Music Therapists of Serbia/Hatorum (Belgrade)
The Association of Music Therapists of Serbia offers a four-years-training
programme (Association of Music Therapists of Serbia, 2008).
Candidates must have completed their training or must be in their final year of
education at the Faculty of Humanities or the Faculty of Music Art; they must be
able to play at least one instrument (Association of Music Therapists of Serbia,
2008).
After the preselection of the candidates there is an enrolment interview,
candidates who don‘t have a diploma of a music school have to pass a musical
enrolment test as well (Association of Music Therapists of Serbia, 2008).
The curriculum consists of 3,500 hours, divided between theoretical lectures,
didactical analysis of a candidate and practical lectures (including supervision)
(Association of Music Therapists of Serbia, 2008).
The tuition fees are 960 € per year, payable in Dinar, the local currency
(Association of Music Therapists of Serbia, 2008).
According to the Association of Music Therapists of Serbia (2008, translated by
the author) the orientation is towards integrative music therapy and analytical
music listening/guided fantasy method.
4.3.17. Spain
Music therapy in Spain is very diverse and heterogeneous: a multitude of
different approaches and methods are applied and taught. The training
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programmes reflect this variety. There are private (since 1986), as well as state
institutions (since 1992) (Sabbatella, 2004); humanistic models as well as
eclective approaches.
All in all 14 institutions offer music therapy courses: 11 master programmes, 6
other training courses (postgraduate diplomas, “Experto en Musicoterapia“courses and likewise).
Due to the fact that music therapy is not recognised as an official health care
profession by the work ministry music therapists have difficulties to find jobs
(EMTC 2011-2014, date of access: May 25, 2014). This leads to another problem:
As the professional limits are not defined, some people work as music
therapists without having an appropriate training (EMTC 2011-2014, date of
access: May 25, 2014).
4.3.17.1. Universidad Autonoma de Madrid
As confirmed in an E-Mail-Conversation with María Jesús del Olmo Barros
(November 18, 2013) from the Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, there is a
master’s programme (60 ECTS) that takes three semesters.
There is an entrance exam including an interview (M. J. del Olmo Barros,
personal communication, November 18, 2013). Furthermore candidates need to
present a piece on their main instrument and need to have basic skills on a
harmonic instrument (UAM Master Musicoterapia, 2013).
The total costs are 5,800 € (UAM Master Musicoterapia, 2013).
There are different modules consisting for example of “Intervention techniques
and clinical improvisation“, “The musical elements in music therapy sessions:
rhythm,
melody,
harmony
and
voice“,
“Group
self-experience“
and
“Psychiatry“ (M. J. del Olmo Barros, personal communication, November 20,
2013).
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The programme focuses on music therapy and early development and music
therapy in special education (M. J. del Olmo Barros, personal communication,
November 18, 2013, translated by the author).
4.3.17.2. Universidad de Barcelona Les Heures
The University of Barcelona (IL3-UB) offers a two-years master’s degree
programme (60 ECTS), courses are held on weekends (Universitat de Barcelona,
2013).
Applicants have to hold a university degree in social work, health and education
or music (UB, 2013).
The enrolment fee is 2,985 € per year (=5,970 € plus an administration fee of up
to 70 € = 6,040 €) (UB, 2013).
Example for subjects are: “Theory of music therapy“, “Harmony and
composition“, “General psychopathology“ and “Self-experience“(UB, 2013,
4.3.17.3. Universidad de Cádiz
The University of Cadiz and the Instituto Politecnico do Porto offer a joint
international training in music therapy: a postgraduate diploma in music
therapy (60 ECTS) and a master in (120 ECTS) (UCA Newsletter, 2007-2009).
The postgraduate course takes three semesters, the master course four
semesters, both programmes are held on weekends (UCA Newsletter, 20072009).
The course is open to people with an undergraduate diploma in music,
psychology, medicine, health sciences or education, English skills are required
as there is an international teaching staff (UCA Newsletter, 2007-2009).
The costs for the master’s programme are 4,400 € (UCA Newsletter, 2007-2009).
Subjects for the postgraduate diploma are for example “Musical skills in”,
“Neurological diseases”, “Music therapy theory and methods” and “Music
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therapy clinical work”; the master course includes research topics, for example
“Research methods in music therapy” and a master thesis (UCA Newsletter,
2007-2009, translated by the author).
Eclectic approaches are taught at the University of Cadiz, with a focus on active
music therapy (P. L. Sabbatella, personal communication, November 21, 2013).
4.3.17.4. Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED)
This course is a basic “teacher training course” and takes six month (6 ECTS)
(UNED, 2013).
Graduates in the area of education and professionals such as doctors, nurses,
etc. can access the course (UNED, 2013).
The tuition fees are 340 € (UNED, 2013).
Subjects are for example “Definition of relaxation therapy“, “Introduction to
music therapy (definition, schools, models and techniques)“, “Mental
disabilities“ and “Intervention proposals“ (UNED, 2013, translated by the
author).
4.3.17.5. Centro de Investigación Musicoterapeutica (CIM) (Bilbao)
The Centro de Investigación Musicoterapeutica offers a two-year master’s
course (1250 hours, 50 ECTS) (CIM, 2014).
For admission, students have to hand in an application form; the access to the
course depends on the professional experience, the academic training, the
interest in the therapeutic field and the musical knowledge of the candidate
(CIM, 2014).
The costs for the whole course are 2,600 € (CIM, 2014).
“Vocal expression“, “Personality. Psychopathology. Modulation of the
emotional states“, “Introduction to the GIM method“ and “Evaluation and
supervision of music therapy sessions“ are examples for subjects (CIM, 2014,
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4.3.17.6. Universidad Pontificia De Salamanca (Salamanca)
The Universidad Pontificia De Salamanca offers a two-year master’s weekendprogramme in music therapy (60 ECTS) and a one-year “Experto en
Musicoterapia“ (=expert in music therapy) (30 ECTS) (UPSA, 2014).
The programme is designed for people who have completed studies such as
musicology, psychology, physiotherapy and social work (UPSA, 2014). There is
no entrance exam to apply to programme (UPSA, 2014).
The costs for the “Especialista“ course are 1,080 €, for the master’s course it is
2,700 € (UPSA, 2014).
The curriculum is designed after the guidelines of the EMTC, subjects are:
“Musical experience: Music, communication, emotion and creativity in
education and therapy“, “Group processes in music therapy“, “Music therapy
in special education“ and “Quantitative and qualitative research methods in
music therapy“ etc. (UPSA, 2014). Also self-experience is part of the course
(UPSA, 2014).
The UPSA follows a humanistic approach (UPSA, 2014, translated by the author).
4.3.17.7. Universitat Ramon Llull/Universitat Pompeu Fabra (Barcelona)
The programme offered at Universitat Ramon Lull/idEC-UPF is a master’s
degree (60 ECTS, 650 in-class hours) and takes four semesters (M.MercadalBrotons, personal communication, November 20, 2013).
According to Melissa Mercadal-Brotons (personal communication, November
20, 2013) there is no entrance exam as such, but future students need to meet
certain requirements: they need to have musical studies, a university degree
and they have to take part in an interview.
She states, that the costs for the entire programme are 6,900 € (personal
communication, November 20, 2013).
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Subjects are “Orff instruments“, “Music therapy methods with specific
populations“, “Psychopathology“ and “Self-experience“ (M.Mercadal-Brotons,
personal communication, November 20, 2013).
The therapeutic orientation is very eclectic. The students get exposed to
different internationally approved music therapy models (M.Mercadal-Brotons,
4.3.17.8. Universidad de Zaragoza (Zaragoza)
The University of Zaragoza offers a two-year postgraduate programme (33
ECTS) in music therapy (Unizar, 2014).
Candidates need to have a first cycle study; there was no information about an
entrance exam available (Unizar, 2014).
Fees for the programme amount to 2,100 € (Unizar, 2014).
Subjects
are
“Percussion
workshop“,
“Music
and
human
emotions“,
“Professional ethics of the music therapist“ and “Psychological disorders of
children and adolescents“ and others (Unizar, 2014).
There are 18 to 25 study places in the course (Unizar, 2014, translated by the
author).
4.3.17.9. Istituto Música, Arte y Proceso (Vitoria-Gasteiz)
Since 2010 the Istituto Música, Arte y Proceso has cooperation agreements with
Aalborg University (Agruparte, 2013). It offers a master’s course that takes three
years (180 ECTS) and additionally a one-year postgraduate course in Guided
Imagery and Music (Agruparte, 2013).
Candidates need to preregister on the homepage. They have to have at least
three years of musical experience (Agruparte, 2013).
The annual costs are 2,225 € (Agruparte, 2013), altogether it’s 6,750 €. The costs
for the GIM-training are altogether 6,230 € (Agruparte, 2013, translated by the
author).
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Subjects are “Models and techniques of improvisation“, “Music in music
therapy“, “Theory and practice of group dynamics“ and “Clinical-musical skills
of the therapist“ (Agruparte, 2013).
There is an emphasis on the humanistic-existential approach (P. del Campo San
Vicente, personal communication, December 10, 2013).
There are 18 study places for the GIM-course (Agruparte, 2013, translated by
the author).
4.3.17.10. Musitando (Madrid)
The programme at Musitando takes three years (Musitando, 2014).
Applicants need to be able to improvise on an instrument otherwise they have
to use their voice. If they are not able to play an instrument, they need to take
music classes (Musitando, 2014).
The annual costs are 2,500 €, altogether 7,500 € (Musitando, 2014).
Subjects are for example “General psychology“, “Instrumental techniques“,
“Mental health“ and “Ethics“ (Musitando, 2014, translated by the author).
There were no references about the orientation.
4.3.17.11. Universidad Católica de Valencia (Valencia)
The Universidad Católica de Valencia offers a weekend master’s degree (60
ECTS), which takes a year (Universida Católica de Valencia, 2012).
There was no information about an admission process and the therapeutic
orientation.
The costs are 3,100 € (Universida Católica de Valencia, 2012).
The programme includes subjects such as “Theory and fundamentals of music
therapy“, “Music and voice“, “Music therapy in the health sector“ and
“Psychopathology“ (Universida Católica de Valencia, 2012, translated by the
author).
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4.3.17.12. Universitat de Vic (Barcelona)
This “College for psychological studies“ offers a two-year master’s programme
(Universitat de Vic, 2014).
This course is aimed at people who have completed an education in the area of
psychology, education or music (Universitat de Vic, 2014).
No information about costs, entrance exam and orientation was available.
Subjects are “Theoretical models of music therapy" “Corporal percussion“
“General
psychology“
and
“Relaxation“.
Additionally
100
hours
of
internship/practical placement has to be done (Universitat de Vic, 2014,
4.3.17.13. Centro Benenzon Espana (Valencia)
The course at the Centro Benenzon Espana takes 200 hours and is divided into
levels, which lead up to a master’s degree (Centro Benenzon Espana
Musicoterapia, 2014).
The programme is aimed at therapists, educators, artists, psychologists etc.
(Centro Benenzon Espana Musicoterapia, 2014), there were no hints about an
entrance exam.
Each level costs about 300 €, altogether its about 1,450 € (without specialisation
seminars) (Centro Benenzon Espana Musicoterapia, 2014).
Subjects are “Relationship and communication in music therapy“, “The
principle of ISO“, examples for levels are “Individual nonverbal therapy“ and
“Clinical application model“ (Centro Benenzon Espana Musicoterapia, 2014).
Obviously, the course is based on the Benenzon model of music therapy.
For each level, there are 20 study places (Centro Benenzon Espana
Musicoterapia, 2014, translated by the author).
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4.3.17.14. Casa Baubo/Escuela International de Música, y Musicoterapia
(Santiago de Compostela)
The Casa Baubo offers a master’s programme in music therapy (240 ECTS),
which takes four years (M. Giner, personal communication, April 7, 2014).
The exam includes a theoretical part (general questions about music therapy
and the ethical code for music therapists) and a practical part (piano playing,
improvisation, group improvisation etc.) furthermore there is an entrance
interview (M. Giner, personal communication, April 7, 2014).
The total costs for the training are 6,000 € (Casa Baubo, 2013).
Subjects include “Music therapy. Theory and practice“, “Training of the voice
and group improvisation“, “Group dynamics“ and “Research: qualitative
research in music therapy I“ (Casa Baubo, 2013, translated by the author).
The
training
has
a
psychodynamic
orientation
(M.
Giner,
personal
communication, April 7, 2014).
Each year there are 25 to 30 study places (M. Giner, personal communication,
April 7, 2014).
4.3.18. Turkey
Rahmi Oruç Güvenc (2006) treats in his article “Music therapy in Turkey“ the
topic of Turkish music therapy tradition and curing with music – as well in
ancient times, as nowadays. Though, he talks about the application he doesn’t
mention any training courses.
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4.4. Music therapy courses in Western Europe
Figure 8: Music therapy courses in West Europe, graphic by Jana Kilbertus
4.4.1. Belgium
Belgium‘s first music therapy training was founded in 1993 in Leuven (EMTC,
2011-2014). Since then, also other training programmes have been established.
The EMTC states, that music therapy in Belgium is psychoanalytically oriented,
with a focus in Lacanian psychoanalysis (EMTC, 2011-2014, date of access:
January 5, 2014).
In the following section Belgium‘s training programmes are listed. Furthermore,
LUCA Faculty of Arts offers a doctoral programme (J. De Backer, personal
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4.4.1.1. Campus Lemmensinstituut (Leuven)
The training programme in Leuven consists of a three-years bachelor’s course
and a two-years master’s programme – both full-time (J. De Backer, personal
communication, January 13, 2014). It is the only state-recognised training in
Belgium and is subsidised by the Belgium government.
There is an entrance examination, consisting of an admission test solfege and
an instrumental test (Lemmensinstitut, 2012). After the bachelor there’s another
entrance exam for the master (J. De Backer, personal communication, January
13, 2014).
The tuition fee for one year is 570 € (J. De Backer, personal communication,
January 13, 2014). For non-EEA-students it‘s 5,100 € (Lemmensintitut, 2012).
The first two years are focused on musical training, from the third year on music
therapeutic, psychiatric and psychotherapeutic courses follow. Subjects are for
example: “Basics and principles of music therapy“, “Clinical application of
music in music therapy“, “Psychiatry and psychopathology“, “Supervision“ etc.
(De Backer, Coomans, 2006).
The programme is psychoanalytically oriented (J. De Backer, personal
4.4.1.2. Artevelde Hogeschool (Ghent)
There
is
a
bachelor-after-bachelor
Arteveldehogeschool
in
Ghent,
training
which
(60
spreads
ECTS)
over
two
at
the
years
(Arteveldehogeschool, 2014). The programme is not specialised on music
therapy, it is an “Advanced bachelor of arts therapies“ (Arteveldehogeschool,
2014) and includes also art therapy, dance and movement therapy and drama
therapy.
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Candidates have to write a motivational letter, than there’s an exam, where
reflection skills and the ability to handle the different mediums are tested
(Arteveldehogeschool, 2014).
The registration fee is 95 €. The costs per academic year are 340.8 € (776.8 € for
the whole course) (Artevelde Hogeschool, 2014).
Examples for subjects are “General psychopathology“, “Philosophy and
psychology
of
art“,
“Psychoanalysis“
and
“Group
therapy:
practice“
(Arteveldehogeschool, 2014).
It is focused on the Lacanian theory (Arteveldehogeschool, 2014, translated by
the author).
4.4.1.3. Aream asbl (Brussels)
The Aream centre provides music therapy sessions, as well as a two-years music
therapy specialisation course for musicians and health professionals (De Backer/
Coomans, 2006). This training course is a private initiative, and therefore not
recognised by the Belgium government (EMTC, 2011-2013, date of access:
October 08, 2013). The course is organised in seminars.
The tuition fee is 2,500 € per annum, 50 € for the entrance examination and 500
€ registration fee (Aream asbl, 2013).
The entrance exam consists of two parts: in the first part the candidate needs to
present a letter of motivation; they need to have completed a study in
psychology. The second part consists of a musical test: performance of two or
three vocal songs, performance of two to three pieces on an instrument,
harmonic play on the piano and rhythmic improvisation (Aream asbl, 2013).
The subjects consist of psychological and music therapeutic seminars and
internships. Examples for subjects are “Theory and practice of active and
receptive music therapy“, “Principles and basics of music therapy“ and
“Application of music therapy“ (Aream asbl, 2013).
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The therapeutic orientation is according to Nordoff-Robbins and Benenzon
(Aream asbl, 2013, translated by Gabriele Schmid).
4.4.2. France
According to the EMTC (2011-2013, date of access: December 26, 2013) French
music therapy (and also French training programmes) are based in
psychodynamic orientation. Adrienne Lerner states, that there is a multitude of
so-called training programmes, but only six are recognised by the French
Federation of Music Therapy (A. Lerner, personal communication, December
26, 2013). Though there are several training programmes, music therapy still has
not received official recognition by the government (A. Lerner, personal
communication, December 26, 2013).
4.4.2.1. Atelier de Musicotherapié de Bourgogne (Dijon)
The Atelier de Musicothérapie de Bourgogne offers a continuing education
course that takes two years, classes are organised in workshop-weeks (540
hours) (P. Berthelon, personal communication, March 5, 2014). Plus, there are
also short and introductory courses (AMB, 2013).
There was no information about the actual entrance exam, though candidates
need to have already a profession in a related field (AMB, 2013).
The costs for the programme are 4,407 €, if the candidate is employed
somewhere, 2,034 € if the candidate is not employed (AMB, 2013).
Examples for modules and subjects are as follow: “The body as sound object“,
“Psychology, psychopathology and psychophysiology“, “Analytical inspired
music therapy“ and “Application of music therapy techniques“ (AMB, 2013,
According to the list of subjects, AMB (2013) is oriented towards analytical
music therapy, and gives insight into psychoanalysis.
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4.4.2.2. Atelier de Musicotherapié de Bourdeaux (Parempuyre)
The Atelier de Musicotherapié de Bordeaux offers a training that is realised in
the form of workshops, all courses taken together add up to 199 hours and are
offered within a year (AMBx, 2014).
Applicants need to have worked in another profession already – the training is a
continued education programme (AMBx, 2014).
The costs for all workshops are 1,650 € if paid by the employer, 840 € if paid
individually (AMBx, 2014).
The offered workshops are: “Voice in music therapy“, “Applications of music
therapy techniques“, “Synthesis and movement“ and “Didactic music therapy“
(AMBx, 2014).
There were no clear hints about the orientation.
4.4.2.3. Université Paul Valéry Montpellier III (Montpellier)
The Université Paul Valéry Montpellier III offers a “Diplôme Universitaire de
Musicothérapie (1er niveau)“ (four semesters) and a “Diplôme Universitaire de
Musicothérapie (2ème niveau) (two semesters) (Université Paul Valéry Montpellier
III, 2014).
Candidates have to have a bachelor or likewise qualification and need sufficient
musical niveau (Université Paul Valéry Montpellier III, 2014).
There is an obligatory day of information and orientation; students need to
send a CV and a motivational letter as well.
The fees for students are altogether 3,150 € for the “Diplôme Universitaire de
Musicothérapie (1er niveau)“ and 1,050 € for the “Diplôme Universitaire de
Musicothérapie (2ème niveau). The fee for the day of information and orientation
is 61 €. The costs for the course as continuous education – see 4.4.2.5. for more
information on the French system of education – are 7,000 € for the “Diplôme
Universitaire de Musicothérapie (1er niveau)“ and 3,500 € for the “Diplôme
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Universitaire de Musicothérapie (2ème niveau) (Université Paul Valéry Montpellier
III, 2014).
Subjects are for example “The development of the child“, “Psychopathology“,
“Communication in active music therapy“ and “Percussion workshop“. The
“Diplôme Universitaire de Musicothérapie (2ème niveau) consists mainly of an sixmonth internship and the thesis (Université Paul Valéry Montpellier III, 2014,
The schedule of subjects suggests, that the Université Paul Valéry Montpellier III
is oriented towards psychodynamic and developmental principles.
4.4.2.4. Université de Nantes (Nantes)
The programme (“Diplôme Universitaire de Musicothérapie“) at the University
of Nantes takes three years (1,358 hours, candidates need to have completed at
least a bachelor’s programme – preferably in an artistic, musical, health related,
educational or social area – and have to have sufficient musical practice)
(Université de Nantes, 2014).
The costs are 7,320 € for the whole programme (Université de Nantes, 2014).
Examples for modules are “Anthropology and ethnomusicology“, “Clinical
music therapy: theories, methods and case studies“, “History of music therapy“
and “Body, music and therapy“ (Université de Nantes, 2014, translated by the
author).
4.4.2.5. Université Paris-Descartes (Paris)
This course takes two years (60 ECTS) and is a master’s course in art therapy,
including music therapy. Candidates must hold a – at least bachelor’s – degree
in human or social sciences (psychology, art, medicine, etc.) (Université ParisDescartes, 2014).
The tuition fees vary: the “formation initiale“ (which can be loosely translated as
“basic/initial training“ which is for students who don’t have work experience
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and attend university straight after school) costs 259.1 €, not including the social
insurance for students which costs 211 € (altogether 470.1 €). The “formation
continue“ (which means continuing education and is for people who have
already working experience) costs altogether 12,180 € (Université ParisDescartes, 2014).
Modules are “Theoretical and methodological basics in art therapy“,
“Psychopathology and case studies“, “Methodology“ and “Internship“
(Université Paris-Descartes, 2014, translated by the author).
4.4.2.6. C.I.M. Centre International de Musicothérapie (Paris, Aix en
Provence)
The C.I.M. offers a two-years course (13 weeks of training plus 200 hours of
internship) in “Psycho-musical techniques and music therapy“; the programme
is recognized by the World Federation of Music Therapy (CIM, 2002/2014).
C.I.M. holds also specialisation courses (CIM, 2002/2014).
Only medical and social-educational professionals, (music) teachers and
psychology and musicology students can enrol in the programme, they need to
be involved in practicing music (CIM, 2002/2014).
The costs for 13 weeks of training (455 hours) are 7,250 € (CIM, 2002/2014).
Subjects are “Group dynamics“, “Non-verbal communication“, “Psychomusical techniques (active and receptive)“ and “Music therapy and geriatrics“.
The course is focused on the application of psycho-musical techniques (CIM,
2002/2014, translated by the author).
4.4.3. Ireland
There is only one degree in Ireland that leads to a professional qualification in
music therapy (Irish World Academy of Music and Dance, 2013).
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4.4.3.1. Irish World Academy of Music and Dance (Limerick)
The University of Limerick offers a two-years master’s (120 ECTS) full-time
programme (Irish World Academy of Music and Dance, 2013).
Applicants need a degree qualification (Level 8) in either music, psychology,
health sciences, medicine, education or another related discipline (University of
Limerick, 2013). Furthermore, they must be experienced in working with people
with additional needs and have to be willing to engage with personal
development throughout the course. The candidate must perform three pieces
on his/her main instrument and sing one song accompanying himself/herself on
guitar or piano each (Irish World Academy of Music and Dance, 2013). There’s
an interview (where candidates are questioned about their former experience
with music therapy) and an assessment interview with a psychotherapist (Irish
World Academy of Music and Dance, 2013).
The costs per annum are 4,860 € (in total 9,720 €) for EU-Students and 9,739 € (in
total 19,478 €) per annum for non-EU-students (University of Limerick, 2013).
There are three modules per semester, for example “Introduction to research
methods“, “Music therapy practice 1“ and “Seminar in clinical music therapy“
(University of Limerick, 2013); subjects include also “Group work therapy“ and
clinical placements (Irish World Academy of Music and Dance, 2013). Students
also need to attend at least 30 psychotherapy sessions during the programme
(Irish World Academy of Music and Dance, 2013).
According to Jane Edwards (course director of the programme) the training is
psychodynamic, though students are encouraged to explore other traditions (J.
Edwards, personal communication, September 14, 2013).
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4.4.4. Netherlands
According to Henk Smeijsters and Annemiek Vink (2010) there are four full-time
four-year programmes in the Netherlands within the regular educational
system. Three programmes [in Arnhem-Nijmegen, Utrecht and Zuyd Heerlen]
are located at the departments of health or social work at the Universities of
Applied Sciences (Smeijsters, Vink, 2010). The programme at ArtEZ takes place
at a conservatory (Smeijsters, Vink, 2010).
These training courses are all accredited and supervised from the government;
furthermore there is a two and a half year course offered at the UAS Stenden
and a part-time course based on anthroposophical music therapy at the UAS
Leiden (Smeijsteres, Vink, 2010).
4.4.4.1. ArtEZ Conservatorium (Enschede)
The training programme in Enschede is conceived as a four-years-bachelor’s
programme (DMtG, 2012, p. 83).
Students have to have basis knowledge of Dutch. The entrance examination
consists of a performance on ones‘ own instrument, a voice performance
(presentation of one pop song), a motivational interview and a music theoretical
test. The tuition fees are 1,906 € per year (ArtEZ, 2014).
“Methodology“, “Aural training“, “Psychology/psychopathology“ and “Piano
improvisation“ are some of the subjects. In comparison with other training
institutions there are many practical musical subjects. The ArtEZ institute says
that 45% of the programme consists of musical training (ArtEZ, 2014).
Supervised internships are taking place from the second year onwards, in the
7th semester students are able to study one semester abroad or do an
internship abroad (DMtG, 2012, p. 84). The ArtEZ Conservatorium Enschede
uses a multi-method approach (DMtG, 2012, p. 84) and teaches a model that
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should enable students to apply the appropriate method for each client (ArtEZ,
4.4.4.2. Zuyd University of Applied Sciences (Heerlen)
The University of Applied Sciences Heerlen offers
a. a fulltime bachelor four-year course (DMtG, 2012, p.86ff) and
b. a 2-year master course (DMtG, 2012, p. 89ff).
The programme is called “Creative therapies“ – students can choose at the
beginning of their training between drama, music, visual forms and dancemovement (Zuyd Hogeschool, 2014).
4.4.4.2.a%Bachelor%
As the language of instruction is Dutch, students need to acquire solid
language skills within the first year of study (DMtG, 2012, p. 87).
The entrance examination consists of a performance of two to three songs on
the candidates‘ main instrument, performance of one song, improvisational
tasks, performance on the piano and a motivational letter (which is the basis for
the admission interview) (DMtG, 2012, p. 87).
Tuition fees are 1,835 € per year (Zuyd Hogeschool, 2014), admission fees are
25€.
Subjects
are
for
example
psychopathology/sociology“,
“Therapeutic
techniques“,
“Psychology/
“Diagnosis/indication/methods“
and
“Supervision“ (DMtG, 2012, p. 87).
There is no certain specialisation in the taught approach, the background of the
methodical action builds Henk Smeijsters analogue process model (= the
therapeutic process takes place WITHIN the Medium, “arts as therapy“, not on
the conversational level “arts in therapy“) (DMtG, 2012, p. 87, translated by the
author).
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4.4.4.2.b.%Master%(KenVaK)%
The programme was established in 2004 by Smeijsters and is a joint venture of
UAS Zuyd Heerlen, UAS Utrecht, UAS ArtEZ School of Music Enschede, and
UAS Stenden Leeuwarden (Smeijsters, Vink, 2010). Candidates must have
achieved a bachelor diploma in music therapy, need to have work experience
as a music therapist for at least two years, work as a music therapist during the
master programme and have to be able to understand and speak Dutch (DMtG,
2012, p. 89).
There is an admission interview, the fee for the entrance examination is 150 €,
yearly tuition fees are 1,835 € at the moment (Zuyd Hogeschool, 2014).
Subjects are oriented towards research and treatment methodology (Smeijsters,
Vink, 2010): “Evaluation of research results and development of guidelines“,
“Advanced course on art therapies“, “Qualitative research“ and “Theory
development“ (DMtG, 2012, p. 90, translated by the author).
4.4.4.3. Hogeschool van Arnhem en Nijmegen (Nijmegen)
This institution is a university for applied sciences and offers a four-years
bachelor’s programme and also a master of arts therapies course (two or three
years) (ECArTE European Consortium for Arts Therapies Education, 2014). For
the bachelor’s course it‘s possible to take part either in the full time version, or
to study part-time next to working in a regular job (DMtG, 2012, p. 91).
4.4.4.3.a.%Bachelor%
The entrance examination consists of a musical test (music theoretical basics,
aural training, performance of a vocal song, performance of ones‘ main
instrument, improvisational tasks) (DMtG, 2012, p. 92, translated by the author).
The entrance examination fee is 50 €, the tuition fee for the part time course is
1,600 €, for the full-time-course 1,906 € (Hogeschool van Arnhem en Nijmegen,
2014).
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Subjects involve “(Developmental) psychology“, “Diagnosis, methodology,
target groups“, “Composition“ and “Theory, methodology and practice of
music therapy“ (DMtG, 2012, p. 92).
The programme has an eclectic approach; reference points are among others
Bruscia, Hegi and Nordoff-Robbins but also systematic approaches and
narrative methods. There‘s a focus on evidence-based methods and practice
research (DMtG, 2012, p. 92, translated by the author).
4.4.4.3.b.%Master%
The international master of arts therapies is offered and accredited by the
Hogeschool van Arnhem en Nijmegen and the KGH Freiburg (Smeijsters, Vink,
2010).
It requires a diploma or bachelor’s degree in the field of art therapies, such as
psychology or educational science, a study of at least 1,000 hours in arts and
two years of work experience (ECArTE European Consortium for Arts Therapies
Education, 2014).
According to Smeijsters and Vink (2010) the curriculum focuses on the reflection
of theory and methods and research competences. Modules are for example:
“Qualitative and quantitative research methods”, “Aesthetic and cultural
anthropological contexts of the arts therapies“ and “Research-oriented project
work“ (ECArTE European Consortium for Arts Therapies Education, 2014,
4.4.4.4.HU – University Utrecht (Amersfoort)
The Hogeschool Utrecht offers the four-year bachelor’s programme “Creative
therapies“, which has also a musical focus (HU, 2014).
The entrance exam consists of a vocal and instrumental presentation, a music
theory test, a musical group task, where the candidates have to show their
improvisation skills. Furthermore they should be able to play a harmony
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instrument (guitar, piano, harp, accordion) and accompany a simple children’s
song (HU, 2014).
The tuition fee is 1,906 € (HU, 2014, translated by the author).
4.4.5. United Kingdom
There are 6 training courses in the UK, which are all master degrees. According
to the British Association for Music Therapy (BAMT) all master courses in the UK
require a high level of musicianship (British Association for Music Therapy, 20112012). Most training institutions require students to present a criminal record
check before entry. The Health Professional Council (HPC) wants all art therapy
students to receive training therapy (Queen Margaret University, 2005).
4.4.5.1. University of the West of England (Bristol)
The University of the West of England (UWE) offers a three-year part-time
master’s programme in music therapy (UWE, 2013).
Candidates must have work experience in music therapy related areas,
including voluntary work. The programme is open to skilled graduate musicians,
but also to people who graduated in psychology, medicine or nursing (although
they have to prove their professional level of musical competence on at least
one instrument plus harmonic support on keyboard or guitar) (UWE, 2013).
Fees for EU students are 4,500 £ (= 5,333.8 €) per annum, for international
students they are 6,000 £ (= 7,111.8 €) per annum (UWE, 2013). Costs for
personal therapy (40-60 hours are recommended) are not included in these
fees. The programme consists of eight modules (UWE, 2013).
No specific music therapy model is taught, though there is a humanistic and
music-centred focus, with a strong approach on experiential learning (UWE,
2013).
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4.4.5.2. Anglia Ruskin University (Cambridge)
Anglia Ruskin University offers a two-year full-time master’s course (Anglia
Ruskin University, 2013).
Entry requirements include a degree in music or an equivalent degree (but with
high standard of musicianship (grade 8)), clinical experience with adults and
children, relevant motivation, maturity and ability to reflect on self in relation to
others (Anglia Ruskin University, 2013). Candidates for whom English is not their
first language need to demonstrate a level of proficiency of at least IELTS 7 –
International English Language Testing System, good user – (Anglia Ruskin
University, 2013). International applicants have to apply with an online portfolio,
containing music on their study instruments. The audition consists of a piece on
their instruments, demonstration of keyboard skills and a short vocal song
(Anglia Ruskin University, 2013).
The full costs for UK/EU-Citizens are 8,755 £ (= 10,377.3 €), for international
students it’s 10,300 £ (=12,208.6€) (Anglia Ruskin University, 2013).
There are four modules: “Improvisation skills in small groups“, “Keyboard“,
“Music therapy theory“ etc. is taught at Anglia Ruskin University. Clinical
placements in at least three fields (for example hospitals, hospices or
community schools) are required (Anglia Ruskin University, 2013).
Various music therapy approaches are introduced during the programme
(Anglia Ruskin University, 2013).
4.4.5.3. Nordoff-Robbins Music Therapy UK (London)
The Nordoff-Robbins full-time training in London takes two years and is at
master’s level (Nordoff-Robbins Music Therapy, 2011).
Applicants need to have a standard of at least grade 8 at their instrument and a
standard of grade 6 on a harmony instrument. Furthermore they have to have
experience with people with special needs, be able to work at master’s level
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and have a passion about music making with people. They need to send a
video of them, playing their instruments, before they are invited to a group
interview and do a group audition (Nordoff-Robbins Music Therapy, 2011).
The total fee for UK/EU-citizens is 8,000 £ (=9,492.8 €), for non-EU citizens it’s
14,000 £ (=16,612.5 €). Personal psychotherapy (40 hours are required) is not
included in the fees.
The training consists of three parts – called for example “Music therapy
competencies & knowledge“ (Module 2A) or “Music, health, society: practical
and critical perspectives“ (Nordoff-Robbins Music Therapy, 2011).
The approach that is taught is Nordoff-Robbins music therapy.
4.4.5.4. Nordoff-Robbins Music Therapy UK (Manchester)
The Nordoff-Robbins programme in Manchester is connected with the Londonprogramme and has the same conditions as the above-mentioned programme
in London.
4.4.5.5. Guildhall School of Music and Drama (London)
The Guildhall School of Music and Drama offers a two-years master’s
programme.
The general entrance requirements are: high standard of musicianship, a
mature personality and graduate level academic skills (Guildhall School of
Music and Drama, 2010). Candidates have to prepare two pieces on their first
instrument, one piece on the second instrument, a short piece for
unaccompanied voice (such as a folk song). Furthermore they have to
accomplish some sight-singing, free improvisation, simple keyboard harmonies
and interactive improvisation at the audition (Guildhall School of Music and
Drama, 2010). Additionally there’s an interview with the head of music therapy
as well as an external psychotherapist.
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The total costs for the course are 14,670 £ (=17,407.5 €) for UK/EU students and
33,350 £ (=39,573.3 €) for non-EU-students (Guildhall School of Music and
Drama, 2010).
There are several modules (for example “Clinical practice and reflection 1“ or
“Applied theoretical and research studies“). Subjects are for example “Music
therapy theory and literature seminar“, “Keyboard improvisation“, “Personal
therapy“ and “Music therapy techniques“, including three clinical placements
(Guildhall School of Music & Drama, 2010).
The programme is influenced by a psychodynamic approach (Guildhall School
of Music & Drama 2010).
4.4.5.6. Roehampton University (London)
The postgraduate music therapy master’s course (240 ECTS credits) at
Roehampton University can either be done as a full-time course (two years) or
as a part-time course (three to four years). Applicants need to have a mature
personality, some experience with music therapy-related clients, and a
professional musical standard. They are required to have a first degree in a
related area such as music, psychology, social work etc. For application they
have to send a CD of themselves playing their instrument and a short
essay/personal statement (Roehampton University, 2013).
The full-time programme costs 8,100 £ (=9,611.5 €) in total, the part-time
programme 450 £ (=543.0 €) per 10 credits (=10,800 £ in total = 12,796.1 €)
(Roehampton University, 2013).
Subjects include “Theory I: human development and growth“, “Music therapy
placement 1“, “Process group 1“ and “Music studies - clinical improvisation“
(Roehampton University, 2013).
Roehampton University (2013) states, that they base their training on
psychoanalytical ideas.
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4.4.5.7. Queen Margaret University (Scotland, Edinburgh)
This full-time two-year course is a master’s programme.
Students need to have a first degree in a relevant field of study, and have to
have a satisfactory level of musical ability – that includes competence on a
harmonic instrument of at least grade 6 (Queen Margaret University, 2005).
International students, who haven’t done their degree in English, have to take
an IELTS test and receive an overall score of 7.0 (Queen Margaret University,
2005). After this procedure they have to take part in an audition and an
interview.
Costs for EU-students are 5,730 £ (=6,789.0 €; full-time) and 4,210 £ (=4,988.1 €;
part-time). International students pay 12,090 £ (14,324.5 €; full-time) in total.
That doesn’t include personal therapy, which has to be attended between 40
and 60 hours (Queen Margaret University, 2005).
Modules include “Music therapy studies“, “Placement & supervision“ and
“Research methods“ (Queen Margaret University, 2005).
The programme is a Nordoff-Robbins music therapy programme, focuses on
music as main agent for change and uses improvised music as a communication
medium (Queen Margaret University, 2005).
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4.5. Music therapy courses in Northern Europe
Figure 9: Music therapy courses in Northern Europe, graphic by Jana Kilbertus
4.5.1. Denmark
There is only one recognised music therapy training programme in Denmark (U.
Holck, S. Lindahl, H. M. Ridder, personal communication, May 28, 2013). Music
therapy isn‘t recognised by the state yet, and it‘s not possible to become a
certified or registered music therapist. Still music therapists are employed by
the state (Lindahl Jacobsen, 2012).
4.5.1.1. Aalborg University
Aalborg University offers a three year full-time bachelor’s and a two year full
time master’s degree (EMTC, 2011-2013, date of access: October 10, 2013).
According to Bonde (2007) a new curriculum was developed in 2006. He states,
that musical self-experience is an important part of the training.
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The entrance examination consists of performing a prepared solo-piece on the
applicants‘ first instrument, accompaniment exercises on a harmony instrument,
voice performance of a prepared song and three improvisational tasks (Bonde,
2007).
Subjects in the bachelor’s programme include for example “Music therapy
theory I: MT in somatic hospitals“, “Practical musicianship skills“, “Group music
therapy“ and “Practicum“. The master’ programme offers subjects such as
“Clinical application of first study instrument and piano“, “Psychodynamic
group leading“ and “Intertherapy“. The 5th year includes a full time clinical
trainee period (EMTC, 2011-2013, date of access: October 10, 2013).
EU-students and students from Switzerland don’t have to pay tuition fees
(Aalborg University, 2013).
The programme is based on a broad psychodynamic and humanistic
understanding and encourages an integrative-eclectic approach (Wigram,
Pedersen, & Bonde, 2002, p. 269).
Since 2000 the music therapist Torben Moe offers a GIM training, Level 1 of the
GIM course is integrated in the Aalborg programme as an optional choice for
Master‘s students (Bonde, 2007).
Since 1995 (Lindahl Jacobsen, 2012) there is also a three-year PhD programme
in music therapy at the graduate school that offers a doctoral programme on an
international level (Aalborg University, 2013).
4.5.2. Finland
Finland has three different training programmes. Erkkilä (2002) and the
European Consortium for Arts Therapies Education (ECARTE, 2014) describe
that music therapy courses operate on different levels. There are:
•
introductory courses (Level I, 3-5 ECTS)
•
professional studies (Level II, 80 ECTS)
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master studies (Level III, 120 ECTS)
ECARTE (2014) states that all music therapy programmes are equal in their basic
structures.
Most
of
the
training
programmes
are
eclectic
“general
programmes“ which do not use a specific single method or orientation, the
most common approach is the psychodynamic approach, the method mainly
used is improvisation (Erkkilä, 2002, 2008).
4.5.2.1. Karelia University of Applied Science (BA) (Outokumpuu/Joensuu)
Unfortunately the course at Karelia University of Applied Sciences was closed,
according to Riitaa Räsänen, who is a music therapist and lecturer at the
university (personal communication, March 11, 2014).
4.5.2.2. Eino Roiha Institute - University of Jyväskylä
The course at the University of Jyväskylä takes four semesters and is a master’s
programme (120 ECTS), which is conducted in English. Applicants need to have
completed a bachelor’s programme in either musicology, music education,
music therapy, music technology, acoustics, ethnomusicology, arts, cultural
studies, media studies, multimedia, psychology, medical studies, nursing
sciences, cognitive science, philosophy, mathematics, physics, computer
science, information, science or any other related discipline (University of
Jyväskylä, 2013). The entrance interviews are conducted either in person or by
phone on the following criteria: previous studies, clinical experience in the field
of music therapy, knowledge of English, interest in the programme, reasons for
applying. The applicants are expected to have a basic knowledge of music
theory, acoustics and research methods (University of Jyväskylä, 2013).
There is no tuition fee, except the membership fee for the student union
(92.30 € per annum) (University of Jyväskylä, 2013).
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The curriculum 2012 - 2014 includes the following subjects: “Perspectives on
psychiatry and psychotherapy“, “Music psychotherapy I“, “Methodology“ and
“Clinical training“ (University of Jyväskylä, 2013).
The main approach is “Psychodynamic music psychotherapy“ (University of
Jyväskylä, 2013).
4.5.2.3. Eino Roiha Institute
The Eino Roiha Institute is closely connected to the training at the University of
Jyväskylä (WFMT, 2011-2013). They offer not only a private programme, but also
a part-time one and a half year long GIM-training together with the Danish
Institute of GIM Training (DIGU) (Eino Roiha Säätiö, 2014). It consists of four
seminars, each costs 600 € (Eino Roiha Säätiö, 2014).
The next music therapy training programme at Eino Roiha Institute starts in fall
2014, has 185 credit points and takes three years/six semesters (Eino Roiha
Säätiö, 2014).
Candidates have to be suited for the programme and need to have primary
training in the social, educative or health sector; the actual entrance exam
includes a written assignment and a group work (making music etc.) (Eino Roiha
Säätiö, 2014).
The annual fees are 4,500 € (13,500 € in total) (Eino Roiha Säätiö, 2014).
Modules are “Music therapy basic and intermediate studies“, “Music therapy
clinical studies“ and “Basic studies in psychology“ (Eino Roiha Säätiö, 2014,
4.5.3. Iceland
According to the EMTC (2011-2013, date of access: September 26, 2013) there
are no music therapy training courses in Iceland. The Icelandic music therapist
Valgerður Jónsdóttir mentions, that Icelandic music therapists receive their
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!
education abroad, and that the Association of music therapists in Iceland values
the diversity of education and training (V. Jónsdóttir, personal communication,
September 13, 2013).
4.5.4. Norway
Both training programmes focus on research documentation and theoretical
reflection: clinical practice and self-experience are important aspects of the
training (Trondalen, Rolvsjord, & Stige, 2010).
4.5.4.1. Norwegian Academy of Music (Oslo)
The bachelor’s programme in Oslo constitutes of one year of study of music
and health (60 ECTS), after an undergraduate degree (120 ECTS) (Trondalen,
Rolvsjord, Stige, 2010). After these three years, students can do two years of full
time training to complete the master level (120 ECTS) (Trondalen, Rolvsjord,
Stige, 2010). There is also a PhD programme (180 ECTS).
There are entrance exams to both the bachelor and the master level, consisting
of musical tasks and an interview (G.Trondalen, personal communication,
September 18, 2013).
The Norwegian government pays for education: there are no fees.
Subjects are “Self experience“, “Music therapy theory“, “Clinical practice with
supervision“
and
“Research
methodology
(G.Trondalen,
personal
communication, September 18, 2013).
The approach the Norwegian Academy of Music follows, is eclectic: there are
humanistic, developmentally and cultural theories, there’s also an influence of
Nordoff-Robbins and a focus on improvisation (G.Trondalen, personal
communication, September 18, 2013).
113
!
!
!
!
4.5.4.2. University of Bergen (Bergen)
The University of Bergen offers a five-year integrated master’s degree - 300
ECTS - (University of Bergen, 2013), which is a full-time course.
There is an entrance exam, consisting of various musical parts and an interview
(B. Stige, personal communication, September 18, 2013).
As the Norwegian government pays the university education, there are no costs
for the students (B. Stige, personal communication, September 18, 2013).
Subjects are for example “General psychology 1“, “Basic music skills for music
therapy“, “Community music therapy“ and “Music therapy research“ (University
of Bergen, 2013).
The programme at the University of Bergen has a broad therapeutic orientation,
including humanistic, resource-oriented, relational and Community Music
Therapy perspectives (B. Stige, personal communication, September 18, 2013).
4.5.5. Sweden
In Sweden 3 institutions offer music therapy training courses: 1 bachelor’s
degree, 1 master’s degree and 2 other courses.
4.5.5.1.Musikhögskolan Ingesund (Arvika)
The Musikhögskolan Ingesund offers a three-term part-time bachelor’s
programme (90 ECTS) in functionally oriented music therapy (Karlstad
University, 2013).
According to the homepage of the FMT (Functionally Oriented Music Therapy)
(2014) basic musical knowledge and basic piano skills are required for
admission. There are no fees for EU-students.
114
!
!
The
theoretical
content
of
the
programme
is
!
!
“Music
psychology“,
“Development theory“, “Practical music therapy“ and “Learning theory“ (FMT
(Functionally Oriented Music Therapy), 2014).
The programme focuses on functionally oriented music therapy (Paulander,
2008).
Intake takes place two years of three, 10-15 students are in each course (FMT
(Functionally Oriented Music Therapy), 2014).
4.5.5.2. Royal College of Music (Stockholm)
The Royal College of Music offers a master programme, as well as a PhD
programme (KMH, 2013).
The master programme (60 ECTS) takes four semesters (M. Åberg, personal
Students, who want to apply for the master programme, need to have
completed their bachelor’s degree in music or music education. A presentation
(CV) need to be sent in advance, the actual entrance exam consists of singing,
accompaniment,
sight-reading
and
an
interview
(M.
Åberg,
personal
The fees for non-EU-students are approximately 7,200 € per term, EU-students
don’t have to pay these fees as long as they prove their citizenship (M. Åberg,
Examples for programmes’ courses are: “Music therapy theory and
philosophy“, “Ethics“, “Musical improvisation and musical analysis“ and
“Practicum work with supervision“(KMH, 2013).
The programme is oriented towards humanistic and psychodynamic paradigms,
with a music-centred approach (communicative musicality and the meaning of
music for the patient and the therapist) (Hammarlund, 2008). Also music therapy
self-experience is included in the programme (Hammarlund, 2008).
115
!
!
!
!
4.5.5.3. Expressive Arts (Stockholm)
Expressive Arts offers two phases of training: a one-year training in “Short
Music Travel“ (KMR) and a further two-year (altogether three-year) music
therapy training in the Bonny Method of Guided Imagery and Music
(BMGIM)(Expressive Arts, 2014).
The admission criteria are to have a therapist training with at least basic
competencies in psychotherapy or equivalent and to have participated in an
introduction to KMR and GIM sessions (Expressive Arts, 2014).
The costs for each semester are 12,000 Kroner (=1,351.45 €), altogether that is
about 10,808 € (if you finish the courses in four years) (Expressive Arts, 2014).
Subjects are “Repertoire knowledge“, “Criteria for the selection of music“,
“Basics of guidance“ and “Criteria for seeking new KMR music (CD project))“
(Expressive Arts, 2014, translated by the author).
The course is specialized on the Bonny Method of Guided Imagery and Music.
116
!
!
5. Discussion!
!
!
5. Discussion
5.1. Summary
This thesis was carried out as a web-based field research. The results show that
in 2013 and 2014 there were 117 music therapy training courses in the regions
Central Europe, Eastern Europe, Southern and South-Eastern Europe, Western
Europe and Northern Europe. Of these, 18 (21%) were bachelor courses, 45
(52,6%) master courses and 66 (77,2%) other courses such as further training,
post graduate training, introductory courses etc. 45 countries were considered
in the research, 18 countries do not offer music therapy courses, which means
that 40% of European countries do not offer any music therapy programmes.
28 countries are member of the EMTC (62,2%), though not all of these countries
offer training courses (for example Slovakia and Cyprus).
There is a wide range in duration and quality of education between the offered
courses. The span reaches from introductory courses to PhD programmes: for
example the course “Musica y Salud“ (UNED) in Spain takes six month – in
comparison to five-years bachelor, master and PhD courses such as the one
Aalborg University offers.
It’s obvious, that there is no use in comparing them, as the standards are
different.
5.2. Discussion
The conclusion one can draw from this work is, that the development of music
therapy educational programmes is expanding fast throughout Europe.
117
!
!
5. Discussion!
!
!
Looking back to the 1970s and comparing Karin Reissenbergers findings with
the contemporary music therapy educational scene there is a noticeable
upswing: more training courses are offered, new ones spring up continuously.
In the last 10 years music therapy education in Europe saw a massive rise. If you
take Austria as example, two of three programmes developed in the last 5
years: the bachelor-equivalent course at Kunstuniversität Graz was established
in 2010, the course at the IMC University of Applied Sciences in Krems started in
2009 (bachelor’s course) and 2012 (master’s course) (Geretsegger, 2012).
Also in Italy two new courses were established within the last five years: the
post-graduate course at Associazione Progetto Espressione (APE) started in
2009, the Scuola di Musicoterapia Umanistica “Giulia Cremaschi Trovesi” in
2013. Other examples for new programmes are Casa Baubo/Escuela
International de Música, y Musicoterapia in Spain (established in 2013) and
Europäische Akademie der Heilenden Künste in Germany (established in 2014).
Nevertheless, keeping up educational standards, networking and exchange
between the programmes is and will be important topics for the future.
At present one attempt to define Europe-wide quality standards is the EMTR (=
European
Music
Therapy
Register).
The
European
Music
Therapy
Confederation aims to establish a register which ensures, that music therapists
are trained sufficiently to keep up the professional standards (EMTC 2011-2014,
date of access: May 30, 2014). One aim is also to promote the mobility of
professional music therapists within Europe. The minimum standards music
therapists have to meet in order to get registered are quite high: to get
registered as EMTR-MA one has to have a master in music therapy, two years of
full time clinical experience etc. (EMTC 2011-2014, date of access: May 31,
2014). Establishing an official register such as the EMTR brings the advantage of
maintaining and improving high professional standards – training competent
118
!
!
5. Discussion!
!
!
music therapists also helps to raise acceptance for music therapy as a renowned
health care profession.
Vice versa health care institutions can set their own standards for hiring music
therapists: if they employ only staff which fulfils certain criteria (such as having a
bachelor or master in music therapy), training courses which do not comply with
these requirements will slowly disappear from the “educational market“.
Speaking of music therapy associations, some questions arise: is the foundation
of a music therapy association the first step for establishing music therapy as a
renowned profession in a certain country or can only countries in which music
therapy training is already appreciated and established found music therapy
associations? As there is not enough space to discuss this difficult question
here, maybe someone else will find answers to it.
The table below shows the current numbers of training courses versus the
number of training courses per inhabitant (multiplied with 10 to the power of
minus seven – otherwise the number wouldn’t be visible in the table). The
population numbers are taken from the Auswärtiges Amt (Germany) (March
2014).
The result shows, that Estonia (followed by Switzerland and Czech Republic) has
interestingly the highest number of training courses per inhabitant. Though, this
result is not due to the high number of programmes offered, but due to the low
number of population (1.311.870 inhabitants) compared to other European
countries. Italy (20), Germany (19) and Spain (14) offer the highest number of
training courses, though their number of courses per inhabitant is only an
average value.
These results are discussable: also art therapy courses with a specialisation in
music therapy (around 30 ECTS) are included in the table (as this is the case
with Estonia) – in comparison to master’s courses with 180 or more ECTS.
119
!
!
5. Discussion!
!
!
Therefore this table gives no hints about the duration or quality of the
programme.
120
Table 3: Training courses per inhabitant vs. absolute number of training courses
!
!
5. Discussion!
!
!
training!courses!
per!inhabitant!(*!
10^>7)!
absolute!
number!of!
training!courses!
Albanien!
Andorra!
Austria!
Belarus!
Belgium!
Bosnia!and!
Bulgaria!
Croatia!
Cyprus!
Czech!Republic!!
Denmark!
Estonia!
Finland!
France!
Germany!
Greece!
Hungary!
Iceland!
Ireland!
Italy!
Latvia!
Liechtenstein!
Lithuania!
Luxembourg!
Malta!
Moldavia!
Monaco!
Montenegro!
Netherlands!
Norway!
Poland!
Portugal!
Republic!of!
Romania!
Russia!
San!Marino!
Serbia!
Slovakia!
Slovenia!
Spain!
Sweden!
Switzerland!
Turkey!
Ukraine!
United!Kingdom!
0!
5!
10!
121
15!
20!
!
!
5. Discussion!
!
!
As vision for the future it’s likely that still more courses will develop. Probably
there will be more international exchange between the programmes (also
Erasmus) or maybe even “training tourism“ – students who can’t afford training
in their own country might attend a training course in a more affordable
institution. To give an example: training courses in the UK cost between ~5,000
€ and ~39,500 €. In some countries (such as Austria, Norway, Sweden etc.) there
are programmes that are free of costs. It might be possible that people who are
interested in studying music therapy might move there because of financial
reasons.
122
!
!
!
!
6. References!
6. References
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O.
(2004).
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anthroposophischer
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127
!
!
6. References!
!
!
List of figures
Figure 1: Training courses in 1970, drawn by Jana Kilbertus
Figure 2: Music therapy courses in 2013/2014, drawn by Jana Kilbertus
Figure 3: Classification of Europe. In: P. Jordan, Großgliederung Europas nach
kulturräumlichen Kriterien, Europa Regional, 13. Jahrgang, 2005, Heft 4,
S. 162 – 173, Leibniz-Institut für Länderkunde (IfL), Leipzig
Figure 4: Music therapy and related disciplines, drawn by Johanna Schmid
Figure 5: Music therapy training courses in Central Europe, drawn by Jana
Kilbertus
Figure 6: Music therapy training courses in Eastern Europe, drawn by Jana
Kilbertus
Figure 7: Music therapy training courses in Southern and South-Eastern
Europe, drawn by Jana Kilbertus
Figure 8: Music therapy training courses in Western Europe, drawn by Jana
Kilbertus
Figure 9: Music therapy training courses in Northern Europe, drawn by Jana
Kilbertus
128
!
!
6. References!
!
!
List of tables
Table 1: Foundation of training courses. In: www.emtc-eu.com, date of access:
June 14, 2014
Table 2: Number of training courses 2013/2014. Source: Johanna Schmid
Table 3: Training courses per inhabitant vs. absolute number of training
courses. Source: Johanna Schmid
129
!
!
Appendix!
!
!
Appendix
Acknowledgements
I would like to give my sincere “Thank you”’s to a variety of people and
institutions:
•
First of all to my parents (Gabriele and Herbert Schmid) and my family! I
do know that the (mental, financial...) loving support they gave me over
years is not at all self-evident. Even more I wanted to thank my mum (a
genius in languages) for translating French homepages.
•
My thesis advisor Univ.-Prof. DDr. Thomas Stegemann for his patient
support, his competency and positivity and his valuable inputs.
•
Jana Kilbertus for being my personal graphic designer and drawing and
designing most of the graphics used in this work. And for all the rest
(noodles-cooking, talks, dreams, travelling).
•
My friends and flatmates (most of all Jana, Yassi, Kathi, Sarah, Sonja,
Nele, Andi, Ulli...): They endured me patiently while I wrote my first
thesis, and they did so for the second time. They also were a great
motivational support, while we had our “Upper Austrian workshop days“
in the middle of nowhere and helped me with their wide knowledge of
languages - from Swedish to Turkish!
•
Yavuz, for being there, lending me a shoulder and caring – always and 24
hours.
•
“Fräulein Hona” and my band mates Kerstin Eckert, Melanie Künz and
Judith Prieler for road trips and adventures: After long hours in front of
the computer they were a great source of creative inspiration and
130
!
!
Appendix!
!
!
beautiful music. Plus, they spent most of our Germany/Netherlands tour
2014 helping me to correct this thesis whenever they didn’t have to drive.
•
My music therapy fellow colleagues Kerstin Eckert, Katharina Gruber,
Dorothea Henneberger, Manuel Just, Marina Mühlbacher, Magdalena
Pöschl, Judith Prieler, Anna Ratzenböck, Johanna Zachhuber (also called
“Die Herde”): We spent four deeply emotional years with each other,
laughing, crying, fighting and loving each other.
•
The dog: for being just a dog and a really nice one.
•
Krzysztof Stachyra for being incredibly helpful in translating and
gathering information about the Polish training courses.
•
The coffeehouses that took me in and produced a pretty nice
background sound for many working and thinking hours: The Café Phil,
the Brass Monkey, the Topkino and the Café Jelinek. And various others.
•
All the others I might have forgotten (sorry)!
131
!
!
Appendix!
!
!
Internet Ressources
AUSTRIA:
www.oebm.org, Österreichischer Berufsverband der MusiktherapeutInnen
http://www.mdw.ac.at/mbm/mth/,
Universität
für
Musik
und
darstellende Kunst (Wien)
http://www.fh-krems.ac.at, University of Applied Sciences (Krems)
http://www.impg.at/gramuth/, Universitätslehrgang Musiktherapie –
KUG (Graz)
BELGIUM:
http://www.lemmensinstituut.be, Lemmensinstitut (Leuven)
http://associatie.kuleuven.be/ , LUCA Faculty of the Arts (Leuven)
http://www.arteveldehogeschool.be/creatieve-therapie,
Arteveldehogeschool (Ghant)
http://www.aream.be, Aream asbl (Brussels)
https://voices.no/community/?q=country-of-the-month/2006-musictherapy-belgium, Voices, Country of the month Belgium
BULGARIA:
http://bulgarianmusictherapy.com, BAMT (Sofia)
CROATIA:
http://www.erf.unizg.hr Faculty of Education and Rehabilitaion Sciences
(Zagreb)
CZECH REPUBLIC:
http://www.icv.upol.cz Institut celoživothního vzděkávání (Olomouc)
http://www.pedf.cuni.cz/?lang=en,
132
Faculty
of
Education,
Charles
!
!
!
!
Appendix!
University (Prague)
http://www.tul.cz/en/,
Faculty
of
Education,
Technical
University
(Liberec)
http://www.zcu.cz, University of Plzeň (Plzeň)
http://akademiealternativa.cz, Akademie alternativa (Olomouc)
http://www.akademietabor.cz/studium, Akademie Tabor (Prague)
DENMARK:
http://www.en.aau.dk, Aalborg University (Aalborg)
http://www.mt-phd.aau.dk,
Aalborg
University,
PhD
programme
(Aalborg)
ESTONIA:
http://www.musictherapyworld.net/WFMT/Regional_Information_files/Fa
ct%20Page_Estonia%20(2013).pdf, WFMT/ Music Therapy Today: Fact
Page Estonia
www.tpu.ee Tallinn Pedagogical University (Tallinn)
FINLAND:
https://www.jyu.fi/hum/laitokset/musiikki/en/studies/mmt/therapy,
University of Jyväskylä (Jyväskylä)
http://www.karelia.fi/,
Karelia
University
of
Applied
Science
(Outokumpuu/Joensuu)
http://www.ers.fi, Eino Roiha Säätiö
http://www.wfmt.info/Musictherapyworld/modules/wfmt/w_docs10.htm,
WFMT Symposium 1999, Scandinavian Music Therapy Education
FRANCE:
http://www.musicotherapie-federationfrancaise.com,
Federation
Francaise du Musicothérapie
http://ateliers-ambx.net,
Atelier
(Parempuyre)
133
Musicothérapie
de
Bordeaux
!
!
Appendix!
!
!
http://www.amb-musicotherapie.com, Atelier de Musicothérapie de
Bourgogne (Dijon)
www.musicotherapie-montpellier.fr,
Université
de
Paul
Valéry
Montpellier III (Montpellier)
http://www.musicotherapie-nantes.com, Université de Nantes (Nantes)
http://www.scfc.parisdescartes.fr, Université Paris Descartes (Paris)
http://www.musicotherapie.info, C.I.M. (Paris, Aix en Provence)
GERMANY:
http://www.musiktherapie.de, Deutsche musiktherapeutische
Gesellschaft (DMtG)
http://www.higw.de, Hamburger Institut für gestaltorientierte
Weiterbildung (Hamburg)
http://www.hochschuleheidelberg.de/de/studium/masterstudium/musiktherapie/, SRH
Hochschule Heidelberg (Heidelberg)
http://www.philso.uni-augsburg.de/lmz/institute/mmm/Musiktherapie/,
Universität Augsburg (Augsburg)
http://www.udk-berlin.de/sites/musiktherapie/content/index_ger.html,
Universität der Künste (Berlin)
http://www.hfmt-hamburg.de, Hochschule für Musik und Theater
Hamburg (Hamburg)
https://www.hs-magdeburg.de/studium/weiterbildung/methodenmusiktherapeutischer-forschung-und-praxis.html, Hochschule
Magdeburg-Stendal (Magdeburg-Stendal)
http://www.thh-friedensau.de/christliches-sozialwesen/master-of-artsmusiktherapie/, Theologische Hochschule Friedensau (MöckernFriedensau)
http://www.uni-muenster.de/Musiktherapie/, Westfälische Wilhelms134
!
!
Appendix!
!
!
Universität (Münster)
http://mmt.fhws.de, Hochschule für angewandte Wissenschaften
Würzburg-Schweinfurt
http://www.musiktherapeutische-arbeitsstaette.de, Musiktherapeutische
Arbeitsstätte (Berlin)
http://www.musiktherapieberlin.de, Institut für Musiktherapie (Berlin)
http://www.iggberlin.de/weiterbild-gmusik.htm, Institut für
Gestalttherapie und Gestaltpädagogik (IGG) (Berlin)
http://www.gim-therapie.de, Institut für imaginative Psychotherapie und
Musik GIM (Buchholz)
http://www.musiktherapie-crossen.de, Akademie für angewandte
Musiktherapie (Crossen)
http://www.freiesmusikzentrum.de/index.html?/Aktuell_Semester/fortbildungen/musikthe
rapie.html, Freies Musikzentrum München
http://akademie-muenchen.de/2014/, Deutsche Akademie für
Entwicklungs-Rehabilitation e.V. München
http://www.eag-fpi.com/integrative_musiktherapie.html, Europäische
Akademie für Psychosoziale Gesundheit (FPI) (Hückeswagen)
http://www.zukunftswerkstatt-tk.de, Zukunftswerkstatt (NeukirchenVluyn)
http://www.eaha.org, European Academy of Healing Arts (Klein
Jasedow)
GREECE:
http://www.musictherapy-center.gr,
Music
Thessaloniki (Thessaloniki)
HUNGARY:
http://www.art.pte.hu, University of Pécs (Pécs)
135
Therapy
Center
of
!
!
Appendix!
!
!
http://www.elte.hu/de, ELTE/ Eötvös University Budapest (Budapest)
IRELAND:
http://www.ul.ie/graduateschool/course/music-therapy-ma, University of
Limerick
http://www.irishworldacademy.ie/postraduate-programmes/ma-musictherapy/faq/, Irish World Academy of Music and Dance (Limerick)
ITALY:
http://www.consaq.it, Conservatorio Statale di Musica Alfredo Casella
(L’Aquila)
http://www.formazioneamps.it,
Associazione
Musicoterapeuti
Professionisti Siciliani
http://www.apollon-musicoterapia.it, Apollon Istituto di Musicoterapia
(Cosenza)
http://www.musicoterapiaumanistica.it, A.I.M.U., Associazione Italiana
Musicoterapia Umanistica (Napoli)
http://musicaterapia.it,
Associazione
Professionale
Italiana
Musicoterapisti (Genova, Torino, Lecco)
http://www.musicoterapia.fvg.it Associazione Regionale Musicoterapia
del Friuli Venezia Giulia „Il Flauto Magico“ (Udine)
www.cesfor.bz.it, Cesfor – Centro studio e formazione (Bolzano)
http://www.conservatorioverona.it, Conservatorio di Verona Everisto
Felice dall’ Abaco (Verona)
https://www.facebook.com/pages/ISFOM-Istituto-FormazioneMusicoterapia/246551648722517, Istituto Formazione Musicoterapia
(ISFOM) (Napoli)
www.musicoterapiadinamica.net Scuola di Musicaterapia Dinamica
(Firenze)
http://www.artiterapielecce.it Istituto di Artiterapie e Scienze Creative
136
!
!
Appendix!
!
!
(Lecce)
http://www.musicspaceitaly.it, MusicSpace Italy (Bologna)
http://www.cittadelladiassisi.it/musicoterapia/, Scuola di Musicoterapia
di Assisi (Assisi)
http://www.artiterapie.it, Centro Artiterapie di Lecco (Lecco)
http://scuoladimusicoterapiaumanistica.wordpress.com,
Scuola
di
Musicoterapia Umanistica Giulia Cremaschi Trovesi (Padova)
http://www.cooplda.it, La Linea dell’ Arco (Lecco)
http://www.associazionestratos.it, Stratos (Bari)
http://www.musicoterapiaveneto.it,
F.I.M.
/
Musicoterapia
Veneto
(Padova)
http://www.associazioneprogettoespressione.it,
APE
(Associazione
Progetto Espressione) (Genova)
http://www.conspe.it, Conservatorio Luisa D’Annunzio (Pescara)
LATVIA:
http://www.liepu.lv, Liepaja University (Liepaja)
http://www.rsu.lv, Riga Stradiņš University (Riga)
LITHUANIA:
http://www.muzikosterapija.lt, Lietuvos muzikos terapijos asociacija
(Vilnius)
LUXEMBOURG:
http://www.sana-via.lu, Sana Via Institut (Schwebach)
MALTA:
http://catsmalta.org, C.A.T.S.Malta
NETHERLANDS:
http://www.artez.nl/conservatorium/Muziektherapie,
ArtEZ
Conservatorium (Enschede)
http://kenvak.hszuyd.nl, KenVaK Master of Arts Therapies (Heerlen)
137
!
!
Appendix!
!
!
http://www.zuyd.nl/studeren/studieoverzicht/creatieve-therapie,
Zuyd
Hogeschool (Heerlen)
http://www.han.nl/opleidingen/bachelor/de/kreatieve-therapie-de/vt/,
Hogeschool van Arnhem en Nijmegen (Nijmegen)
NORWAY:
http://www.uib.no, University of Bergen (Bergen)
http://www.nmh.no Norwegian Academy of Music (Oslo)
POLAND:
http://www.instytutmuzyki.apsl.edu.pl Akademia Pomorska (Slupsk)
www.am.katowice.pl The Karol Szymanowski Academy of Music
(Katowice)
http://www.umcs.lublin.pl, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University (Lublin)
http://www.amuz.wroc.pl, Karol Lipinski Academy of Music (Wroclaw)
http://www.amuz.lodz.pl, Grażyna and Kiejstut Bacewicz Music Academy
(Łódź)
PORTUGAL:
http://www.lis.ulusiada.pt, Universidade Lusíada de Lisboa (Lissabon)
http://musicoterapiaenportugal.blogia.com, Blog “Musicoterapia en
Portugal”
SERBIA
http://www.muzikoterapija.rs/en/, The Association of Music Therapists in
Serbia
SLOVAKIA:
www.arte-terapia.sk, Artea (Bratislava)
SLOVENIA:
https://www.pef.uni-lj.si, University of Ljubljana (Ljubljana)
SPAIN:
http://www.ub.edu, Universitat de Barcelona Les Heures (Barcelona)
138
!
!
Appendix!
!
!
https://www.ucv.es, Universidad Católica de Valencia (Valencia)
http://www2.uca.es, Universidad de Cádiz (Cádiz)
http://www.mastermusicoterapiauam.com, Universidad Autonoma de
Madrid (Madrid)
http://www.isep.es, Universitat de Vic (Barcelona)
http://unizar.es/, Universidad de Zaragoza (Zaragoza)
http://www.centrobenenzonmusicoterapia.com,
Centro
Benenzon
Espana (Valencia)
http://www.upsa.es, Universidad Pontificia de Salamanca (Salamanca)
http://www.agruparte.com, Istituto Música, Arte y Proceso (VitoriaGasteiz)
http://www.musitando.org, Musitando (Madrid)
http://www.uned.es/pfp-introduccion-musicoterapia/,
Universidad
National de Educación a Distancia
http://casabaubo-escuela.blogspot.com.es, Casa Baubo (Santiago de
Compostela)
SWEDEN:
http://www.kau.se/musikhogskolan-ingesund, Musikhögskolan Ingesund
(Arvika)
http://www.kmh.se, Royal College of Music (Stockholm)
http://www.expressivearts.se, Expressive Arts (Stockholm)
http://www.fmt-metoden.se, Functionally Oriented Music Therapy (FMT)
(Uppsala)
SWITZERLAND:
http://www.musictherapy.ch,
Schweizerischer
Fachverband
für
Musiktherapie, Association Professionelle Suisse de Musicothérapie
http://www.zhdk.ch/index.php?id=9864, Zürcher Hochschule der Künste
(Zürich)
139
!
!
Appendix!
!
!
http://www.erm-musicotherapie.ch Ecole Romande de Musicothérapie
(Genève)
http://www.orpheus-schule.org, Orpheus Schule für Musiktherapie
(Schafisheim)
http://www.fmws.ch,
Forum
musiktherapeutischer
Weiterbildung
Schweiz (Schwaderloch)
http://www.eag-fpi.com/integrative_musiktherapie.html,
Integrative
Musiktherapie SEAG (Rorschach)
TURKEY:
http://tumata.com, Traditional Turkish Music Research and Promotion
Society (Istanbul)
UNITED KINGDOM:
http://www.bamt.org, British Association for Music Therapy
http://www.nordoff-robbins.org.uk, Nordoff Robbins Music Therapy
(London)
http://www.gsmd.ac.uk, Guildhall School of Music and Drama (London)
http://www.roehampton.ac.uk, University of Roehampton (London)
http://www.qmu.ac.uk, Queen Margaret University (Edinburgh)
http://www.uwe.ac.uk, University of the West of England (Bristol)
http://www.lesliebunt.com, Leslie Bunt, Music therapist
GENERAL:
http://www.ecarte.info,
European
Consortium
for
Arts
Therapies
Education (ECArTE)
http://imagine.musictherapy.biz, Imagine Magazine. Early childhood
Music Therapy
http://www.musictherapyworld.net, World Federation of Music Therapy
(WFMT)
http://www.aamta.org, Association for Anthroposophic Medicine &
140
!
!
Appendix!
!
!
Therapies in America
http://ami-bonnymethod.org, Association for Music and Imagery
http://www.ehea.info, European Higher Eduacation Area
http://www.eua.be, European University Association
http://www.auswaertiges-amt.de, Auswärtiges Amt (Germany)
141
!
!
Appendix!
!
!
Table Music Therapy Training Courses
Country
Albania
Andorra
Austria
Belarus
Belgium
Training
course
Universität für Musik und
darstellende Kunst
Universitäts-lehrgang
Musiktherapie
–
Kunstuniversität Graz
University of Applied
Sciences Krems
Campus
Lemmensinstitut
Artevelde Hogeschool
Aream asbl
Bosnia and Herze-
Bachelor
Master
Diploma
other 7
-
-
x
-
-
-
-
x
x
x
-
-
x
x
-
-
x
-
-
-
-
-
-
x
-
-
-
-
for example further training, advanced training, post graduate training,...
per semester, if not specifically mentioned
9 for Non-EEA-students!
7
8
142
costs 8
(EUR)
17.5
~13,080
(whole
course)
363
570/ 5,1009
(per year)
340
(per year)
2,500
(per year)
-
duration
(semesters)
8
private
-
staterun
x
8
x
-
6/4
-
x
6/4
-
x
4
?
?
4
x
-
-
-
-
!
!
Appendix!
govina
Bulgaria
Croatia
Cyprus
Czech
Republic
Denmark
Estonia
Finland
10
!
!
BAMT
University of Zagreb
-
-
x
-
x
?
800 (per
year)
6,500 (per
year)
?
8
4
x
x
-
Charles University
-
-
-
x
?
-
x
Technical
University
Liberec
University Plzeň
University Palacký
-
-
-
x
?
-
x
-
-
-
x
x
2
3
-
x
x
6
x
-
x
x
-
?
538.7 (whole
course)
1,016 (whole
course)
346.7
non
?
Akademie Tabor
-
-
-
x
Akademie alternativa
Aalborg University
Tallinn
Pedagogical
University
Karelia University of
Applied Sciences 10
University of Jyväskylä
x
x
x
x
-
6
6/4/6
6/4
x
-
x
x
x
-
-
-
?
7
?
?
-
x
-
-
4
-
x
-
-
x
92.3 (per
year)
4,500 (per
year)
Eino Roiha Institute
-
6
x
-
as of 1999, course closed now
143
!
!
Appendix!
Country
Training
course
France
Atelier
Musicotherapié
Bourgogne
!
!
Bachelor
Master
Diploma
other 11
costs 12
(EUR)
duration
(semesters)
private
staterun
de
de
-
-
-
x
4
x
-
Atelier
de
Musicotherapié
de
Bourdeaux
Université Paul Valéry
Montpellier III
-
-
-
x
2
x
-
-
-
x17
-
4/2
-
x
Université de Nantes
-
-
x
-
6
-
x
Université
Descartes
-
x
-
-
4,40713/
2,03414
(whole
course)
1,65015/
84016 (whole
course)
7.000+
3,50018/
3,150+
1,50019
7,320 (whole
course)
12,18020/
470.121
4
-
x
Paris-
13!if the candidate is employed somewhere (continuous education)
14!if the candidate is not employed (basic/initial training)
15!if the candidate is employed somewhere (continuous education)
16!if the candidate is not employed (basic/initial training)
17 “Diplôme Universitaire de Musicothérapie (1er niveau)“ (four semesters) and “Diplôme Universitaire de Musicothérapie (2ème niveau) (two semesters)
18!if the candidate is employed somewhere (continous education), 1er niveau and 2ème niveau
19!if the candidate is not employed, 1er niveau and 2ème niveau (basic/initial training)
20!if the candidate is employed somewhere (continous education)
11
12
144
!
!
Appendix!
C.I.M.
International
Musicothérapie
Germany
Centre
de
-
-
-
x
7,250 (whole
course)
4
x
-
SRH
Hochschule
Heidelberg
x
x
-
-
7/4
x
-
Universität Augsburg
Universität der Künste
Berlin
Hochschule für Musik
und Theater Hamburg
Hochschule MagdeburgStendal
Theologische
Hochschule MöckernFriedensau
Westfälische WilhelmsUniversität Münster
Hochschule
für
angewandte
Wissenschaften
Würzburg-Schweinfurt
Musiktherapeutische
Arbeitsstätte Berlin
-
x
x
-
-
6
6
-
x
x
-
x
-
-
520 BA / 530
MA (per
month)
500
330 (per
month)
285.5
6
-
x
-
x
-
-
500
4
-
x
-
x
-
-
1,781.3
6
x22
-
-
x
-
-
218.6
4
-
x
-
x
-
-
1,500
4
-
x
-
-
-
x
12,750
(whole
course)
8,5
x
-
21!if
22
!
!
the candidate is not employed (basic/initial training)
not private as such, but church-operated
145
!
!
Country
Appendix!
!
!
Training
course
Institut für Musiktherapie
Berlin
Institut
für
Gestalttherapie
und
Gestaltpädagogik Berlin
Institut für imaginative
Psychotherapie
und
Musik – GIM Buchholz
Akademie
für
angewandte
Musiktherapie Crossen
Europäische Akademie
für
Psychosoziale
Gesundheit
(FPI)
Hückeswagen
Freies
Musikzentrum
München
Bachelor
Master
Diploma
other 23
costs 24
(EUR)
205 (per
month)
270 (per
month)
duration
(semesters)
6
private
x
staterun
-
-
-
x
-
-
-
-
x
9
x
-
-
-
-
x
4,714.525
8+
x
-
-
-
-
x
6,275 (whole
course)
6
x
-
-
-
-
x
11,375
(whole
course) 26
8
x
-
-
-
-
x
7
x
-
-
-
-
x
16,780
(whole
course) 27
7,625 (whole
Deutsche Akademie für
6
x
-
25 excluding fees for training therapy and supervision
26 including training therapy and examination costs
27 including training therapy and examination costs
23
24
146
!
!
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland
Appendix!
EntwicklungsRehabilitation
e.V.
München
Zukunftswerkstatt
therapie
kreativ,
Neukirchen – Vluyn
Europäische Akademie
der Heilenden Künste
Hamburger Institut für
gestaltorientierte
Weiterbildung
Aristotle
University
Thessaloniki
Music Therapy Center
ELTE/Eötvös University
Budapest
Liszt Academy of Music
Pécs
Irish World Academy of
Music and Dance
!
!
course)
-
-
-
x
-
8,544 –
8,739 (whole
course)28
7.650 (whole
course)
~7.460
(whole
course)
?
4
x
-
-
-
-
x
4
x
-
-
-
-
x
8
x
-
x29
-
-
10
-
x
-
-
-
x
x
?
482.3
?
4
x
-
x
-
-
-
x30
?
4
-
x
-
x
-
-
9,720 31 /
19,478 32
(whole
course)
4
?
?
depending on the price of the eclective subjects, not including costs for self-therapy and supervision
musicology study with specialisation on music therapy, bachelor’s programme which is recognized as a master’s level programme since it is 5 years
30 not an explicit music therapy, but an art therapy course, specialisation in either music, dance-movement or art therapy
31 for EU-students
32 for non-EU-students
28
29
147
!
!
Country
Italy
Appendix!
Training
course
Alfredo
Casella
Conservatorio
A.M.A.T.
Accademia
Mediterranea di ArtiTerapia
Apollon Istituto di
Musicoterapia
e
Musicologia
A.I.M.U. Associazione
Italiana Musicoterapia
Umanistica
Associazione
Professionale Italiana
Musicoterapisti 36
Associazione Regionale
Musicoterapia del Friuli
Venezia Giulia „Il Flauto
Magico“
Cesfor – Centro studio e
formazione
!
!
Bachelor
Master
Diploma
other 33
costs 34
(EUR)
60035
duration
(semesters)
4
private
-
staterun
x
-
-
x
-
-
-
-
x
1,400 (whole
course)
6
x
-
-
-
-
x
?
6
x
-
-
-
-
x
?
6
x
-
-
-
-
x
6/6/6
x
-
-
-
x
1,000/
1,500/
? (per year)
~1,500 (per
year)
6
x
-
-
-
-
x
1,500 (per
year)
6
x
-
35 plus insurance and the “contribution to the right to study“
36 offers three different courses in Genova / Torino / Lecoo
33
34
148
!
!
Appendix!
Conservatorio di Verona
Evaristo Felice dall’
Abaco
Scuola di Musicoterapia
Dinamica
Fondazione
Istituto
Musicale
Pareggiato
della Valle d’Aosta
ISFOM
Istituto
Formazione
Musicoterapia
Istituto di Artiterapie e
Scienze Creative37
Music Space Italy /
University of Bristol
!
!
-
x
-
-
1,225 (per
year)
4
-
x
-
-
-
x
4
x
-
?
?
?
?
6,000 (whole
course)
?
?
?
?
-
-
-
x
?
6
x
-
-
-
-
x
6
x
-
-
x
-
x38
700 (per
year)
?
x
-
di Assisi della Pro
Civitate Christiana Assisi
-
-
-
x
x
-
Scuola Triennale di
Musicoterapia „La linea
dell’arco“
Stratos – Associazione
Artistica Musicoterapia
-
-
-
x
1,150 39
(entrance
fee) plus
further fees
?
2 (MA)/
6 (postgraduate
course)
8
6
x
-
-
-
-
x
?
6
x
-
two courses are offered: basic course(660 hours)and specialisation course (1200 hours), same costs and duration
post-graduate specialisation course
39 there were no further information about the fees, as the website was under construction
37
38
149
!
!
Country
Latvia
Appendix!
!
!
Training
course
Tuscany Music Therapy
Centre (Centro toscano
Musicoterapia):
A.Fo.Ri.S.M.A. : Agenzia
Formativa per la Ricerca
e la Sperimentazione in
Musicoterapia
Umanistica
„Giulia
Cremaschi Trovesi“
APE
(Associazione
Progetto Espressione)
Conservatorio Statale di
Musica
„Luisa
D’Annunzio“ / Ministry of
Education,
University
and Research
Liepaja University
Bachelor
Master
Diploma
other 40
costs 41
(EUR)
?
duration
(semesters)
?
private
?
staterun
?
?
?
?
?
-
-
-
x
1,500 (per
year)
6
x
-
-
-
-
x42
?
6
x
-
x
-
-
-
up to 2,400
(whole
course)43
6
-
x
-
x
-
-
6
-
x
-
x
-
-
1,800 (per
year)
~1,800 (per
Riga Stradiņš University
5
-
x
42 post-graduate course
43 depending on the students’ income
40
41
150
!
!
Liechtenstein
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Malta
Moldavia
Monaco
Montenegro
Netherlands
Norway
Appendix!
!
!
-
-
-
-
-
Vilnius
Pedagogical
University / Lithuanian
University of Educational
Sciences
-
-
x44
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
ArtEZ Conservatorium
Enschede
Zuyd University of
Applied Sciences 46
Hogeschool van Arnhem
en Nijmegen
HU – University Utrecht
x
Norwegian Academy of
Music
year)
-
-
-
-
112.8 (per
subject, 6
ECTS)45
3
-
x
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
8
-
x
x
x
-
-
8/4
-
x
x
-
-
-
8
-
x
x
-
-
-
8
-
x
x
x
-
-
1,906(per
year)
1,835 (per
year)
1,906 (per
year)
1,906 (per
year)
no fees
6/4
-
x
art therapy specialization (30 credit points) integrated in the social work master’s programmes at the Social Communication Institute
there’s the possibility to study for free
46 two different courses: fulltime bachelor’s four-year course and a two-year master’s course
!
44
45
151
!
!
Appendix!
Country
Poland
Training
course
University of Bergen
Maria Curie-Skłodowska
University
Akademia Muzyczna w
Krakowie
Karol Lipiński Academy
of Music
The Karol Szymanowski
Academy of Music
Grażyna and Kiejstut
Bacewicz
Music
Academy
Akademia Pomorska
Portugal
Universidade Lusíada de
Lisboa
Instituto Politecnico do
Porto – Escola Superior
de Educaçao
Republic of Macedonia
Romania
49
Russia
-
47
48
!
!
Bachelor
Master
Diploma
other47
costs48 (EUR)
duration
(semesters)
10
3
private
state-run
-
x
-
-
x
-
-
-
x
no fees
1,500 (whole
course)
?
-
x
x
5
-
x
x
x
-
-
no fees
6/4
-
x
x
x
.
x
6/4/4
-
x
-
no fees/no
fees/ 1,500
(whole
course)
?
x
-
-
6
-
x
-
x
-
x
-
359.8
?
3
4
?
x
?
-
-
-
-
x
?
3
-
x
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
152
!
!
San Marino
Serbia
Slovakia
Slovenia
Spain
Appendix!
!
!
Association of Music
Therapists
of
Serbia/Hatorum
University of Ljubljana
Universidad Autonoma
de Madrid
Universidad
de
Barcelona Les Heures
Universidad de Cádiz
-
-
-
x
960 (per
year)
8
x
-
-
x50
x
-
-
4
3
-
x
x
-
x
-
-
4
-
x
-
x
-
x51
4/3
-
x
Universidad Nacional de
Educación a Distancia
(UNED)
Centro de Investigación
Musicoterapeutica (CIM)
Universidad Pontificia De
Salamanca
Universitat
Ramon
Llull/Universitat Pompeu
Fabra
-
-
-
x
?
5,800 (whole
course)
6,040 (whole
course)
4,400
(master’s
programme)
340
1
-
x
-
x
-
-
4
x
-
-
x
-
x52
4/2
x
-
-
x
-
-
4
x
-
at the moment there is no training course yet established (according to H.-H.Decker-Voigt)
in art therapy (drama, dance-movement, music, fine arts)
51 postgraduate diploma in music therapy (60 ECTS)!
52 „Experto en Musicoterapia“ (=expert in music therapy)
49
50
153
2,600 (whole
course)
2,700/
1,080
6,900 (whole
course)
!
!
Country
Sweden
Appendix!
!
!
Training
course
Universidad de Zaragoza
Bachelor
Master
Diploma
other 53
-
-
-
x
Istituto Música, Arte y
Proceso
-
x
-
x55
Musitando
-
-
-
x
Universidad Católica de
Valencia
Universitat de Vic
Centro
Benenzon
Espana
-
x
-
-
-
x
x
-
-
Casa
Baubo/Escuela
International de Música,
y Musicoterapia
Musikhögskolan
Ingesund
Royal College of Music
Stockholm
-
x
-
-
x
-
-
-
x
-
55 postgraduate course in Guided Imagery and Music!
56 Universitat de Vic is a publicly owned and privately run foundation (Universitat de Vic)
57 EU-students
53
54
154
costs 54
(EUR)
2,100 (whole
course)
2,225 (per
year)/ 6,230
(whole
course)
2,500 (per
year)
3,100 (whole
course)
?
1,450 (whole
course/
levels)
6,000 (whole
course)x
duration
(semesters)
4
private
-
staterun
x
6/2
x
-
6
x
-
2
x
-
4
?
x56
x
x
-
8
x
-
-
no fees
3
-
x
x
no fees57
/7,20058
4/?
-
x
!
!
Switzerland
Turkey
Ukraine
United
Kingdom
Appendix!
!
!
Expressive Arts –
Stockholm
Zürcher Hochschule der
Künste Zürich60
-
-
-
x
~1,351
2/659
x
-
-
x
-
x
8 (a)
/10-12 (b)
/ ~8 (c)
-
x
Ecole Romande
Musicothérapie
de
-
-
-
x
6
x
-
Forum
Musiktherapeutischer
Weiterbildung Schweiz
Integrative
Musiktherapie SEAG
Orpheus Schule für
Musiktherapie
-
-
-
x
8
x
-
-
-
-
x
~3,800
(a,b),
~ 5,741 (c/
whole course)
17,704
(whole
course)
21,677
(whole
course)
?
?
x
-
-
-
-
x
8
x
-
University of the West of
England
-
x
-
-
22,855
(whole
course)
7,111 (per
year)
6
-
x
non-EU-students!
training in “Short Music Travel“ (KMR) and a further two-year (altogether three-year) music therapy training in the Bonny Method of Guided Imagery and Music
(BMGIM)!
60 the ZHdK offers three courses: a) Master of Advanced Studies (MAS) in clinical music therapy, b) integrally conceived psychotherapeutic on-the-job-training, c) Upgrade
Master of Advanced Studies (MAS) for professionally trained music therapists
58
59!one-year
155
!
!
Country
Appendix!
!
!
Training
course
Anglia Ruskin University
Bachelor
Master
Diploma
other 61
-
x
-
-
Nordoff-Robbins Music
Therapy UK65
-
x
-
-
Guildhall School of Music
and Drama
Roehampton University
-
x
-
-
-
x
-
-
63 for UK/EU-students
64 for international students
65 offers two training courses with the same conditions, one in London, one in Manchester
66 for UK/EU-students, personal therapy is not included in these costs
67 for international students, personal therapy is not included in these costs
68 for UK/EU-students
70 full-time
71 part-time!
61
62
156
costs 62
(EUR)
10,37763/
12,20864
(whole
course)
9,49266/
16,61267
(whole
course)
17,40768/
39,57369
9,61170/
12,79671
(whole
course)
duration
(semesters)
4
private
-
staterun
x
4
x
-
4
-
x
4 (full-time)
6 (part-time)
-
x
!
!
Appendix!
Queen
University
Margaret
-
x
-
for UK/EU-students
part-time!
72
73
157
!
!
-
6,78972/
4,98873/
14,32474
4
-
x
!
!
Eidesstaatliche+Erklärung+
!
!
EIDESSTATTLICHE ERKLÄRUNG
Hiermit erkläre ich eidesstattlich, dass ich die vorliegende Diplomarbeit selbstständig und
ohne fremde Hilfe verfasst, andere als die angegebenen Quellen und Hilfsmittel nicht
benutzt bzw. die wörtlich oder sinngemäß entnommenen Stellen als solche kenntlich
gemacht habe. Die vorliegende Diplomarbeit ist mit dem elektronisch übermittelten
Textdokument identisch.
JOHANNA SCHMID
Wien, August 2014

Music Therapy Training Courses in Europe

Transcription

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