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“May each of you
grow
old
and
wear out
in the service of others.”
-- Edward Lorenzo Holmes, MD Founder, Chicago Charitable Eye and Ear Infirmary,
to a graduating class at Rush Medical College
T
T
o Our Dedicated Faculty, Administration and Staff:
When I joined UIC in 2001, I had more than a small idea of the history
and accomplishments of the Department of Otolaryngology – Head
and Neck Surgery. I already knew many of the many distinguished
members of our department and what centers of leadership existed
and where we could build.
What I wasn’t prepared for was the depth of knowledge, training
and heart that lives inside this longtime institution. This is one of
the main places where our specialty grew up. The Illinois Eye and
Ear Infirmary has opened its doors for 150 years to patients of all
means who benefited not only from immediate treatment, but from
innovations created on the West Side of Chicago that have changed
our field.
In our next 150 years, we are expecting great and exciting change.
The technology in our field promises to revolutionize the way we
practice medicine and within the next decade, we hope to move into
new facilities that, much like our move to Taylor Street in 1958, will
put us at the cutting edge of our specialty.
This book, I hope, will reinforce how important every single person
involved in this institution has been to its longevity and its future,
with many more rewarding years to come.
Sincerely,
J. Regan Thomas, MD
Lederer Professor and Department Head
T
T
o Dr. Thomas and the faculty, administration, staff and alumni of the
Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary Department of Otolaryngology:
One of the most gratifying things about my job is celebrating the
accomplishments of University departments that have long contributed
groundbreaking research, innovation, training and services to our
citizens.
For the last 150 years, the Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary’s Otolaryngology
Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery has been not
only a community leader but a world leader in these achievements. Its
faculty and medical staff have provided superlative training for many
of today’s leading surgeons in otolaryngology’s top sub-specialties,
and patients from around the world have made the trip to the Infirmary
to seek care from these excellent practitioners.
This book details an extraordinary history of a critical medical
specialty that did much of its growing up in Chicago, and proudly,
within the University of Illinois.
Sincerely,
B. Joseph White
President
The University of Illinois
T
T
o the Faculty, Administration, Staff and Alumni of the Illinois Eye
and Ear Infirmary Department of Otolaryngology:
The UIC College of Medicine is the largest medical school in the United States and one of the fastest-growing medical schools in research
– those facts are well known. What’s less known is the proud and
unique history of the earliest departments of the UIC medical complex
that helped build the stature we hold today.
Since 1858, the Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary has distinguished itself
as a national and international landmark for surgical training, patient
care, innovation and research in the field of otolaryngology. As you
read through the pages of this book, you will begin to understand how
the earliest practitioners in ENT created the rigorous training and research standards that have created one of the nation’s top otolaryngology programs here at UIC.
The UIC Department of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery
is not only entwined with the specialty and its many exciting subspecialties, but the history of a great and diverse city. Its graduates are
not only prepared to move to the top of their field – with a 100 percent
board passage rate – but they are trained in a truly unique environment that forces them to understand the needs of patients on all levels
of the economic and demographic scale. That commitment started at
the Infirmary.
I congratulate Dr. Thomas and his dedicated faculty, staff and administration for continuing the proud tradition at the IEEI. We cannot
wait to see what the future will bring for one of the most distinguished
centers of teaching at the University.
Sincerely,
Joseph A. Flaherty, MD
Dean, University of Illinois
College of Medicine
This book made possible by a generous gift from the
Maria E. Lindberg Trust.
To learn more about Maria Ikenberg Lindberg’s career and contributions at the
Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary turn to page twenty-eight.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
page 1:
page 16:
page 33:
page 50:
Part I: 1858-1908
The Roots of a New Specialty
Part II: 1908-1958
Completing a Century of Service
Part III: 1958-2008
From Taylor Street to the 21st Century
Appendix
One
part
1546 – The first account of a
successful tracheotomy, the basic
procedure of early otolaryngology, is published.
1806 – French physician René
Joachim Henri Dutrochet introduces the concept of vocal cord
movement, another landmark in
the study of otolaryngology.
1858-1908
THE ROOTS OF A NEW SPECIALTY
T
he founder of the Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary (IEEI), one of the nation’s oldest continuing
medical centers serving eye, ear, nose and throat
ailments, was only trying to find himself when he arrived in
Chicago in 1856. Edward Lorenzo Holmes, MD a Massachusetts native, had graduated from Harvard Medical School and
completed a lengthy period of post-graduate medical training
in eye and ear diseases in Europe before heading back home
to the East Coast to start his own practice.
He’d briefly experimented with the idea of settling in Buffalo,
but decided to leave after only three months. He decided to
follow the path of many young, ambitious Eastern men to a
growing city in the Middle West – Chicago. By the 1850s,
Chicago’s population had grown to nearly 30,000 from only
5,000 a decade earlier. Through the 1920s it would grow exponentially from that point.
The year Holmes arrived was literally the moment Chicago
had become the largest railroad center in the world, thanks to
St. Louis’s decision to bet all of its transportation marbles on
steamboat traffic on the Mississippi. The rails built the city’s
earliest industries -- livestock, agricultural products, butchering, tanning, trading of all kinds of goods, and brewing and
distilling. Next would come jobs in heavy manufacturing,
warehousing and distribution, followed by thousands upon
thousands of domestic and international immigrants looking
for jobs. Chicago was now the railroad hub of the country – a
title it retains today – and transportation literally made it a
metropolis overnight.
1828 – Edward
Lorenzo Holmes, MD
founder of the Infirmary, is born January
28 in Dedham, Mass.
1837 – Chicago,
a longtime trading
post, is incorporated
as a city. Its first
mayor was William B.
Ogden.
1856 – After studying
at Harvard and then
at clinics in Vienna,
Berlin and Paris, Dr
Edward Lorenzo Holmes arrives in Chicago.
1858 – The laryngoscope is
invented. This tool allows physicians to examine a patient’s
larynx for the first time. Attributed
to Dr. Ernst Krackowiczer, it led
to more accurate disease diagnosis and was the next major step
in the creation of the laryngology
specialty.
1858 – Holmes opens the
Chicago Charitable Eye and Ear
Infirmary as a private charity at
60 North Clark Street.
1861 – The Infirmary
moves to larger quarters at 28 North Clark
Street.
1861 – The Civil War begins, ushering in an era of advancement in
head and neck surgery as doctors
work to treat wounded soldiers
over the next four years. Holmes
acquires a “large attic” near the
building to house more of the
wounded.
1
What did this means for Holmes? Obviously, where there was a growing population, there existed the potential for a growing medical
practice. But despite such rapid expansion, Chicago mirrored the erratic economy of the nation – boom followed by bust. By the time
Holmes came to town, the nation was sliding into a serious recession
and, with no social welfare system, many of the dreamers hoping for
work found none.
Great wealth was being made in Chicago in the mid-1850s, but great
poverty was spreading as well.
Edward Lorenzo Holmes,
founder of the IEEI.
Holmes started his career modestly on the North Side. He practiced
general medicine at two locations in succession on North Clark Street.
Both were above drug stores. His second landlord, Henry W. Robinson, was a crucial supporter of Holmes’ ambitions. He introduced
him to the first set of wealthy individuals who would be instrumental
in helping him build the Chicago Charitable Eye and Ear Infirmary,
predecessor to the Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary at the University of
Illinois Medical Center at Chicago.
Robinson introduced Holmes to a wealthy widow known as Mrs.
Bandt, described in Holmes’ own memoirs1 as “the widow of a man
who was lost at sea by the burning of the steamer ‘Austria’.” Mrs.
Bandt, a noted musician in Chicago, knew several prominent Chicagoans, including the Rev. William Barry, a conduit to a network of
local business and civic leaders who would ultimately help Holmes
get the Infirmary on its feet.
This kind of social networking was nothing new to Holmes. He had
always moved easily in disparate groups of people, including some
who were very famous. In his college days at Harvard, he had associated with the historian John Lathrop Motley, who lived in Holmes’
hometown of Dedham; and he received his instruction in German
from the poet Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, whom he befriended.
In getting to know Chicago’s earliest and wealthiest settlers, Holmes
established the connections that would help build his private practice and fuel his establishment of the Infirmary. As Holmes’ career
advanced, those friendships made him a player in Chicago’s early
network of hospitals and positioned him as a respected medical educator at Rush Medical College, where he stayed until nearly the end
of his life.
Those connections provided the money and stewardship that helped
1
Holmes, Edward Lorenzo. “Life and Reminiscence of Edward Lorenzo Holmes,” (unpublished manuscript), p. 6. Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary Library.
2
Beatty WK. “Edward Lorenzo Holmes – Pioneer Ophthalmologist and Hospital Founder.” Proc Inst Med Chgo. 1986 Oct/Dec;39(4):147-64.
Holmes start the Eye and Ear Infirmary. But what personal
reasons might have motivated Holmes’ choice to do it? Historical records don’t spell out the exact reason. But an account2
of Holmes’ trip back to the United States in 1856 from medical training in Europe, shortly before he came to Chicago,
offers at least one possible motivation. Having signed on as a
ship’s doctor in exchange for cheaper fare home to America,
he discovered how poor people were particularly vulnerable
to disease and death due to unsafe and inadequate medical
conditions:
The trip was not pleasant. After boarding the ship,
Holmes asked the mate the purpose of a pile of paving stones lying on the deck and the mate answered,
“You will see before we get across.” The captain, Holmes
recalled, “was the most brutal man I ever met.” When
the ship was towed from the dock, it carried about 50
men whom Holmes took to be the crew. After darkness
came, the port inspectors came on board to make sure
that the crew was adequate. The men were lined up, inspected and answered to the roll call. Shortly after the
inspectors had left the “crew” was all taken ashore. They
were replaced by “the most awful-looking, drunken men,
who were nearly all hauled on board and turned into
the forecastle to lie on the floor or in bunks as best they
could to sleep off their drunkenness.”
Bad weather struck immediately and many of the passengers became ill, with over 50 dying. Each of the
dead, mostly children, went over the side of the ship
with one of the paving stones as a weight…He concludes
the account of his first European trip with these words:
“There were practically no medicines on board the ship,
so there was little for me to do but fold my arms and see
the sick children die.”
Perhaps Holmes’ unstinting support of medical care for the
poor – particularly children -- originated with that horrible
experience on that ship.
1862 – To handle even more patients, engineers literally raise the
28 North Clark Street structure to
add a basement.
1862 – The states of Illinois, Minnesota and Wisconsin donate
state funds to the Infirmary to
care for their war veterans.
1862 – The Morrill
Act is signed into law
by President Abraham
Lincoln, setting the
stage for the nation’s
first land-grant universities, including the predecessor of the University of Illinois at ChampaignUrbana.
1864 – Trustee Walter
Newberry donates
a lot at 16-18 East
Pearson Street for
10 years. An existing two-story building is moved
onto the lot as the new Infirmary
headquarters.
1865 – Abraham Lincoln is assassinated.
1867 – The “Illinois Industrial
University” – predecessor to the
University of Illinois – is formally
chartered in Champaign-Urbana.
1869 – An additional building is
added to rear of lot of the Eye
and Ear Infirmary; state aid is set
at $5,000 per year.
1870 – The Eye and Ear Infirmary’s funding is threatened when
the new Illinois Constitution
blocks appropriations to any nonstate institution.
1871 – The Chicago Eye & Ear
Infirmary becomes the Illinois
Charitable Eye and Ear Infirmary
as it transitions into a state-funded institution.
3
Chicago’s Medical Challenges in the 1850s
In the 1850s with the number of poor in Chicago growing exponentially, the city
and county government had no plan for treating this population. For this reason,
the Eye and Ear Infirmary was a truly welcome necessity.
Researcher Craig Buettinger estimated that in 1850, 74.6 percent of adult males with
wives and children in Chicago were destitute—possessing no land, no commercial
wealth, and “only possibly some personal items such as a few coins, some tools, and
clothes.” At the time, there was an incredibly unequal distribution of wealth in Chicago. The wealthiest one percent of the population owned 52 percent of the wealth.
This inequity, combined with a lack of a social safety net, meant that Chicago’s poor
faced particularly difficult odds.3
In 1835, Cook County government opened its first charitable home, officially called
the Poor House. It offered a small amount of free medical care, but mostly it warehoused the city’s mentally and physically incapacitated as well as the healthy poor.
Qualified medical care was sporadic; it certainly couldn’t be considered a hospital
even then. According to the history of the Cook County Department of Medicine,
the city’s poor population was growing so fast in 1847 that the county had to rent
Tippecanoe Hall at Kinzie and State to handle the overflow, and very soon that space
was filled to capacity.4
While several private, for-profit hospitals would open in the meantime – notably Illinois General Hospital of the Lakes, opened in 1850 by doctors from Rush Medical
College -- the first formal Cook County Hospital would not open until 1866.
The Growth of the Infirmary Model
T
he 1850s were also a time of rapid expansion of dispensaries – essentially
walk-in outpatient clinics – at a time of fierce debate over what constituted proper medical care for all levels of American society and particularly the poor. Trained medical professionals were administering procedures and
medicines that could be harsh and even fatal to patients. A fearful public put store in
the work of what Encyclopedia of Chicago contributing author Paul A. Buelow refers
to as “medical sectarians, some with unorthodox therapeutic practices.”5 Homeopathy
was in its early heyday at that time, but even this highly suspect practice was only available to the most respected practitioners, who tended to serve those with means. For
the poor, sources of care were few and far between while untreated illnesses ravaged the
lower classes, creating a threat to public health.
3
Buettinger, Craig, “Economic Inequality in Early Chicago, 1849-1850,” Journal of Social History, Spring, 1978, pp. 413-418.
4
http://www.cchil.org/dom/cchhistory.html
Organized medicine fought back with its own treatment approaches to the poor. They began to open their own dispensaries. On the East Coast, they were paired with infirmaries
– specialty inpatient hospitals devoted to a particular segment
of medicine. Since diseases of the eye and ear were prevalent
among the poor, the early ENT specialists created these early
hospitals not only for care, but also for a growing body of
research and technical advances that would define the specialty
going forward.
The first special hospital for the eye and ear was Moorfields,
opened in England in 1805. Afterward the following infirmaries began to appear in the United States:
„
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„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
New London (CT) Eye Infirmary (1819)
New York Eye Infirmary (1820)
Institution for Disease of the Eye and Ear (Philadelphia: 1821)
Pennsylvania Infirmary for Diseases of the Eye and Ear (Philadelphia, 1822)
Baltimore Dispensary for the Cure of Diseases of the Eye (1823)
Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary (1824)
Chicago Charitable Eye and Ear Infirmary (1858)
Ophthalmic and Aural Institute (New York, 1868)
Brooklyn Eye and Ear Hospital (1868)
Manhattan Eye and Ear Hospital (1869)
Touro Infirmary (New Orleans, 1876)
As these infirmaries grew, so did the sophistication of tools and
procedures doctors were developing within these institutions.
In a history written in 1963 by former IEEI Otolaryngology
Department Chair Francis L. Lederer, 19th Century otologists
had limited means of studying the eardrum until 1841, when
Friedrich Hofmann, a general practitioner in Burgsteinfurt,
Germany developed a concave mirror with a central hole for
the physician to look through while reflecting sunlight or
lamplight into the ear canal.
Laryngological investigation was more challenging. Even
though the laryngoscope was developed the year the Chicago
Charitable Eye and Ear Infirmary was founded, it would take
another 26 years before another critical problem was solved –
the provision of a proper anesthetic to make the exploratory
process less painful for patients.
1871 – The
Chicago Fire
consumes both
of the Infirmary’s buildings
on Pearson; Holmes temporarily
moves the facility to 137 North
Morgan Street.
1871 – The Chicago Relief & Aid
Society gives $20,000 for the purchase of a corner lot at West Adams St. and South Peoria Street
for a new permanent Infirmary.
1874 – The Illinois
Charitable Eye and
Ear Infirmary opens its
building at Adams and
Peoria, the building it
would occupy until 1963.
1882 – The College of Physicians
& Surgeons – the predecessor
institution to the UIC Medical
Center – is founded.
1885 – Frank E. Waxham, MD
who worked at the Infirmary from
1882-93, is credited with the
introduction of intubation for the
larynx in 1885 as the first successful alternative to tracheotomy.
1897 – College of Physicians and
Surgeons affiliates with the U of
I’s College of Medicine.
1899 – The Chicago Otolaryngological and Climatological Society
is organized; today, the organization is known as the Chicago
Laryngological and Otological
Society (CL&O).
1900 – Edward Lorenzo Holmes,
MD then President of Rush Medical College, dies.
A Viennese practitioner, Edward Jelinek, applied cocaine as the
anesthetic solution, and that led the way to more invasive and
effective diagnostic options that the patient could better withstand. Obviously, anesthesia was also a critical milepost that
enabled the development of more invasive and precise surgical
procedures in all specialties.
5
Buelow, Paul, A. “Hospitals,” Encyclopedia of Chicago. http://
www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/602.html
An indirect laryngoscope, aided by
a mirrored reflection, circa 1880s.
CREDIT: Courtesy of Phisick Medical Antiques (www.phisick.com)
5
The Infirmary Opens its Doors
H
olmes followed the East
Coast models to create a
unique force in indigent
care in the Chicago area. The Chicago
Charitable Eye and Ear Infirmary opened
“with a one-room dispensary”6 at 60 N.
Clark St. in May 1858, when the local and
national economy was in a tailspin. The
Panic of 1857 had tipped the nation into
a depression, and the preliminary stirrings
of the Civil War were well underway. The
city’s poor immigrant population was
continuing to grow and was thrown into
greater disarray by the loss of jobs.
The Infirmary began as a private charity where treatment was completely free
of charge – doctors worked for free and
Holmes largely funded the Infirmary’s operating expenses himself. The IEEI was
unique in Chicago in its exclusive use of
trained and licensed physicians working
on a volunteer basis to deliver specialized
and cutting-edge care for free. Professionals were doing the work on all levels from
the first day the Infirmary opened.
According to the Infirmary’s first annual
report, the Chicago Charitable Eye and
Ear Infirmary saw a total of 115 patients,
including 95 eye patients and 20 with ear
diseases. “Of these,” the report noted,
“one hundred and five were natives of foreign countries and ten were of the United States.” By the third annual report in
1861, 288 patients were treated, including
237 eye patients and 51 ear patients.
at Rush Medical College – predecessor to
today’s Rush University Medical Center –
in 1858. This allowed him to recruit some
of the best medical and surgical talent in
the city. Daniel Brainard, MD the founding surgeon at Rush, joined the Infirmary
as a consulting surgeon. In 1869, Rush created a professorship of ophthalmology and
otology specifically for Holmes, a post he
would fill for the next 30 years.
Before he left, however, he moved the Infirmary’s location to 28 N. Clark Street, a
structure that had to literally be lifted off
its foundation so engineers could build a
basement for more space. This was actually a common occurrence throughout the
city of Chicago – homes and other buildings were often raised while workmen built
basements and fixed sewer and drainage issues that surfaced in these fast-developing
neighborhoods.
6
Noble W. L. Illinois Charitable Eye and Ear
Infirmary In: History of Medicine and Surgery
and Physicians and Surgeons of Chicago. Chicago Medical Society. Biographical Publishing
Corporation, Chicago IL. 1922;248-251.
Holmes would write in those early years,
“The treatment has been gratifyingly successful; and much suffering, destitution
and distress has been alleviated through
the instrumentality of the Infirmary.”
Holmes got even busier as he expanded his
professional activities beyond his private
practice and his work at the Infirmary.
Holmes started lecturing in ophthalmology
Early days at the Chicago Charitable Eye
and Ear Infirmary
SPOTLIGHT
The Infirmary’s Earliest Supporters
A
t the age of 30, Holmes moved to found an infirmary “association” with
a constitution and bylaws, a slate of executive officers, and a group of 12
trustees. He was able to recruit some of the best-connected people in the
city to join what would become the Chicago Charitable Eye and Ear Infirmary’s board
of trustees:
Walter Loomis Newberry, founder of the
Newberry Library at 60 W. Walton Street.
Newberry, a Connecticut native, was a
fellow Easterner who with his brother
earned the family fortune in a shipping
business in Buffalo and in the dry goods
business in Detroit. Newberry would later join a real estate investment syndicate
that included William Astor, son of New
York millionaire John Jacob Astor, and
Lewis Cass, the second governor of the
Michigan territory, that bought up land
in what would become Chicago, Milwaukee and Green Bay. He moved to Chicago in 1833 to oversee his interests. As
we’ll discuss later, Newberry would make
a critical land grant that would help the
Infirmary expand.
Mark Skinner, one of Chicago’s first
City Attorneys, a U.S. District Attorney
for Illinois, a member of the Illinois State
Legislature, and a judge in Cook County. Skinner was Newberry’s lawyer, and
when Newberry was making his will, it
was he who suggested that if Newberry’s
daughters died without heirs he should
bequeath a substantial sum for the establishment of a library. That is the reason
the Newberry Library stands today.
invested heavily in real estate in the area
surrounding what is now LaSalle Street
and Wackert Drive. Over time, his pharmacy business recovered, and he never
lost his prominence in society. He organized the Chicago Relief and Aid Society,
which later helped victims of the Chicago
Fire, and was a member of the city’s early
school board and board of health. Those
connections would be an immense help
to Holmes later.
Charles V. Dyer, a physician and first
president of the Chicago Medical Society,
elected in 1850. Dyer was also a major
downtown landowner, and he established
the first Chicago police force.
Ezra Butler McCagg, a lumber magnate
in a fledgling city that was almost exclusively based on frame construction, McCagg was also a founder of the Chicago
Historical Society and helped assemble
the parcels of land that created Lincoln
Park. An early philanthropic giant, McCagg was also one of the original trustees
of the Chicago Symphony Orchestral Association and the University of Chicago.
John Harris Kinzie, the eldest son of
John Kinzie, Chicago’s first white settler.
He became Chicago’s second president
before incorporation and lost to William
Butler Ogden in the first election for Chicago’s mayor.
Philo Carpenter, Chicago’s first pharmacist. Carpenter came to Chicago in 1832
and opened the settlement’s first drug
store in a log cabin on what is now downtown Lake Street. Carpenter lost one major fortune in the Panic of 1837; he had
Walter L. Newberry
CREDIT: The Newberry Library
7
Physicians of Distinction
H
olmes assembled a distinguished
volunteer physician team for the
infirmary. The first attendings
at the infirmary were Holmes, Henry Parker,
MD, F.B. Norcum, MD, and William H. Baltzell, MD all respected physicians at the time.
Later, Edwin Powell, MD, Daniel Brainard,
MD one of the founders of the Rush Medical
College, and Joseph W. Freer, MD would join
the Infirmary as consultants.
Over the years, Holmes would recruit professionals who would make their own mark on
the field of otolaryngology. Dr. E. Fletcher
Ingals was the first to use the laryngoscope
and the first person in the Midwest to remove
foreign bodies from the air and food passages.
He also devised an “independent light carrier”
for the bronchoscope, and thereby became the
first to describe the movements of the bronchial tree as seen though the bronchoscope.7
Ingals advocated tracheotomy for croup,
galvano-cautery for the treatment of juvenile
angiofibromas, and worked toward preserving
the nasofrontal duct in radical frontal sinus
surgery. He was also the founder of the Chicago Otolaryngological and Climatological
Society, which became the Chicago Laryngological and Otological Society (CL&O) of
today. His landmark textbook, Diseases of the
Chest, Throat and Nasal Cavities, was a standard
training tool for new layrngologists and endoscopists.
A Leader in Early Radiology
T
he Infirmary was a leader in the
early practice of radiology. On
Dec. 22, 1895, Wilhelm Röntgen,
a German physics professor and the first winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics, did the first
x-ray photograph of a human body part – his
wife’s hand.9 From that point, physicians at the
IEEI embraced the possibilities which radiology brought to patient treatment and research.
Early radiology flourished in general and subspecialty hospitals and private offices in the
late 1800s and through the early days of the
20th Century.
According to Weber, many of the top eye,
ear, nose and throat hospitals founded in the
late 19th century were among the first to embrace the medical potential of radiology as a
welcome substitute for exploratory surgery.10
These hospitals quickly installed small radiology departments with part-time radiologists as
staff members. In addition to their hospital
activity, they maintained private radiologic
practices that were engaged in head and neck
and limited general radiology – predecessor
services to independent CT and MRI labs that
exist today.
9
Weber, Alfred L. MD. “History of Head and Neck
Radiology: Past, Present, and Future,” Radiology.
January, 2001. PP. 15-24.
10
Ibid.
Another founder of the CL&O and an early
practitioner at the IEEI was William L. Ballenger, MD known for his general otolaryngology book, Textbook of Diseases of the Nose, Throat
and Ear. Ballenger was a professor of otology
at the Chicago Eye and Ear College and professor of otology and laryngology at the University of Illinois Medical School. Ballenger
was also an active inventor of surgeon’s tools;
he created the surgical swivel knife and several
related instruments for intranasal work.
Wilhelm Röntgen, inventor of the x-ray.
CREDIT: Public Domain
7
Friedberg, Stanton A., M.D. “Historical Landmarks
in Chicago Otolaryngology,” Presentation at the
Middle Section Meeting of the Triological Society,
Chicago, Jan. 25, 1986.
The Civil War
T
he Civil War put new demands on
the Infirmary. Wounded military
patients grew from a trickle to a
flood, and Holmes was having trouble keeping
physicians and other support staff at the Infirmary, since they too were being called away for
war work.
In fact, 1862 was the only time in its history
that the Infirmary was forced to close. Holmes’
last doctor had just been called away to care for
the wounded in the Union cause, and Holmes
himself had to leave for a life-changing event
-- he was getting married. He shuttered the Infirmary for five months so he could go to Vienna
to marry Paula Wieser, a woman with whom he
had corresponded for over eight years since leaving Europe.
There was one other major event that would affect the distant future of the IEEI during the
Civil War, though it probably got little notice
at the Infirmary at the time. President Abraham
Lincoln 1862 signed the Morrill Land-Grant
Colleges Act, the piece of legislation that would
eventually create the University of Illinois and
105 other state institutions.
8
Ibid., page 151.
Abraham Lincoln
CREDIT: Library of Congress
In 1864, while the Civil War raged on, the president of the infirmary, Walter Newberry, donated his own lots at 16 and 18 East Pearson for a
term of 10 years. This land was just a few blocks
south of what would become the Newberry Library in 1887. Newberry’s contribution, worth
$2,000, was combined with a $4,000 loan from
the now-successful Holmes and allowed the Infirmary to move to a dramatically larger space.
The new facility opened not a moment too
soon -- it was said that the first patient arrived
at Pearson Street before a single room had been
cleaned or furnished – and that person was given a blanket and slept on the floor for the first
two nights.8
As news of the Infirmary’s reputation spread,
the governors of Illinois, Minnesota and Wisconsin made donations to handle the specific
care of soldiers from their respective states. The
care of servicemen during the Civil War set a
precedent that continues today at the IEEI. The
Infirmary always took in military patients needing specialized care during wartime and peacetime, which is represented today in the IEEI’s
relationship with Chicago-area Veterans Administration (VA) hospitals. This relationship dates
back to the formation of the VA in the 1930s.
9
The State Makes its Move
I
n 1865, the Illinois State Legislature
passed a special bill to support the Infirmary, providing $5,000 a year from 1867
to 1869, and later renewing the appropriation for
another two-year period. Also, in the fall of 1869,
additional funding of $6,000 came from the trustees and the surgeons to support the Infirmary.
But pressure was mounting from reformers to formalize such use of public funds to finance private
agencies, the logic being that such specialized payments had the look of sweetheart deals made for favored taxpayers. This came to haunt the Infirmary,
despite its growing reputation for quality care and
medical innovation.
In 1870, the new Illinois State Constitution would
ban special appropriations to institutions not
owned in full or in part by the state. Holmes and
his trustees had to make a decision, and they decided to turn over the Infirmary to the State of
Illinois. In 1871, the state legislature, by special act,
took title to the Infirmary and established it as a
state institution, eliminating the word “Chicago”
from its name and renaming it the Illinois Charitable Eye and Ear Infirmary.
„
Patients are admitted and treated in said institution who are not absolutely unable to pay for
their board and treatment.
It was definitely a new day at Edward Lorenzo Holmes’ charitable infirmary. At least two presidents
of the IEEI were forced out by 1900, in addition to
many doctors and staff members who ran afoul of
the state patronage system of the time.
“Downstaters” – what everyone outside the city’s
borders were called no matter where they lived –
made it clear they were not going to give the Infirmary a blank check. It was the first indication
that the Infirmary would become just one more
public agency fighting for money over the coming
decades. But it would not be the biggest excitement
the Infirmary would see in 1871.
However, the takeover didn’t mean that the state
would fully fund the Infirmary. In the original legislation, the state agreed to cover only $35,000 of
patient boarding costs. All building, equipment,
and all related maintenance costs had to be raised
by the Infirmary itself from other financial sources.
Why? Because of the legendary – and continuing
-- battle between lawmakers in Chicago and those
everywhere else in the state.
Newspaper clippings and histories of the IEEI
change markedly after 1871, the year of the state
takeover. As Holmes and his early partners in the
Infirmary stepped into the background, through
the 1880s there were regular skirmishes in the press
involving state legislators and other social activists taking issue with operations, management and
spending at the Infirmary. A set of charges reported in the Chicago Tribune on April 29, 1883 read
in part:
Patients are admitted and treated in the Illinois
Charitable Eye and Ear Infirmary contrary to the
laws drafting and regulating said institution.
„ Patients are admitted and treated in said institution without furnishing the certificate required
by law.
„
Rules to follow at the new Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary
The Chicago Fire
O
ctober 8, 1871 was a demarcation line for
the City of Chicago, literally ending the
disorganized first steps of a rough-andtumble, fast-growing “city on the make” and giving it
a second chance to recreate itself as a major, cultured
metropolis. Yet that recreation came at a considerable
cost to the city, its residents and the Infirmary.
About 9 p.m. that evening, a fire was started in a barn
on DeKoven Street that was owned by Catherine and
Patrick O’Leary (the legend of the cow never actually was part of the official story). Fueled by heavy
winds that night, the blaze quickly spread to other
frame structures and for the next 36 hours raged as
the Great Chicago Fire.
The blaze destroyed an amazing amount of property
within a three-and-a-half-mile span in the heart of the
city – again, it was a city built mostly of wood. It destroyed 18,000 structures, killed 300 people and left
an astounding 300,000 people homeless.
One of the structures it destroyed was the Illinois
Eye and Ear Infirmary, located on Walter Newberry’s
land. The Pearson facility was leveled, though the
IEEI staff managed to relocate all the patients and
transport them to a building on Kinzie Street before
the fire came through. Holmes was able to convince
the state legislature to approve a special appropriation to resume service at rented quarters at 137 N.
Morgan St. -- significantly west of the fire zone. It
would be a prescient move. The Infirmary’s knee-jerk
relocation to escape the flames would become one of
the first steps in creating the city’s West Side medical
district as it exists today.
It was at that temporary outpost where Holmes and
the IEEI trustees got the idea to snap up a parcel of
land at West Adams and South Peoria Streets. Their
initial stake for the new structure came from the Chicago Relief and Aid Society Chairman (and first-year
The area of the city destroyed in the Great Chicago Fire.
CREDIT: From History of Chicago, Vol. 2, by A.T. Andreas
IEEI trustee) Philo Carpenter, who sped through a
$20,000 appropriation from his organization’s coffers to buy the land -- proving once again that Holmes had made some very wise and well-placed friendships.
Plans were soon drawn up for an imposing four-story
fireproof structure of brick and limestone, complete
with a mansard roof and elaborate ironwork. The
total bill for the structure would be in the neighborhood of $42,000, with $28,000 coming directly
from the State of Illinois. Donations, subscriptions
and bank interest on then-flush Infirmary accounts
would provide the remainder of the building funds.
The building at Adams and Peoria would open in
1874, and Holmes happily declared that the new facility “excels in its arrangements that of any similar
institution in the world.” It contained indoor plumbing and modern heating, two large treatment rooms,
and a state-of-the-art operating theater.
There was inpatient space for 100, and the additional
facility space allowed for a staff expansion of five
consulting surgeons, seven attending physicians, 10
assistant attending physicians, and what was known
at the time as a “medical microscopist,” better known
in today’s parlance as a lab technician. Today this is
common, but it was cutting-edge back then. In 1877
the legislature appropriated $10,000 for the purchase
of additional land and nearly $ó,000 to erect a boiler
house, a kitchen, a dispensary and another operating
room.
The Infirmary wouldn’t be alone for long on the West
Side. Both Rush Medical College and Cook County
Hospital put down permanent roots on the West
Side after the fire, and that’s where the Rush Medical Center, UIC Medical Center and nearby John H.
Stroger Jr. Hospital are located today.
Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, Adams and Peoria
11
SPOTLIGHT
The Vienna Connection
I
n Europe, Paris and Vienna
had been world renowned for
surgery, but Vienna in particular holds relevance for the field of otolaryngology and for the Illinois Eye and Ear
Infirmary. Legendary names of the IEEI
such as Beck, Lederer and Holinger made
the tour through Vienna, but Holmes was
the first. The founder of the IEEI was
educated in Vienna, a common practice
for physicians hoping for a career in otolaryngology. According to the Chicago
Laryngological and Otological Society’s
centennial book, physicians who were
looking for specialty training in the 19th
Century typically made a pilgrimage to
Europe to learn the latest otolaryngological techniques, since that training was not
available in the United States.
It is not clear from Holmes’ personal histories whether Politzer was one of his instructors, but it is known that he was the
first lecturer in otology at the University
of Vienna in 1861, where he also ran otology clinics and wards. By 1919 the position of “Head of the Clinic of Ear, Nose
and Larynx” was created at the school,
and over the next twenty years otology
and laryngology were brought into the
discipline.
The IEEI connection to Vienna’s medical elite would continue for years. Former
Department chair Francis Lederer also
kept ties to the Austrian capital’s medical
establishment, inspired by his mentors.
Coincidentally, it is also believed that otology became a separate specialty in 1861,
when Dr. Adam Politzer was appointed
the first lecturer in diseases of the auditory organ at the Vienna Medical School.
In 1873, Dr. Politzer and his colleague
Dr. Josef Gruber, the two forefathers of
Viennese otology, established the first Department of Otology at the school.
Francis Lederer’s certificate from the
American Medical Society of Vienna.
CREDIT: Francis Lederer Collection, IEEI
Dr. Adam Politzer (first row, center) appears with
colleagues at the Vienna Medical School
CREDIT: Francis Lederer Collection, IEEI.
Life After Holmes
A
room which we have, and the unfortunate inability of the officers to convince the legislature
of the needs of the Infirmary, have prevented
anything being done for it.12
fter 1885, Holmes began devoting
more time to his private practice
and to teaching at Rush Medical
College, where he was president a short time before
he died of pneumonia in 1900.
When Holmes died, his colleague Holbrook credited him this way:
He was one of the earliest, perhaps the first
medical specialist in Chicago and in the West.
Up to 1871, he combined with his eye and ear
work a general practice, but since that date
strictly limited his work. His office was a Mecca
of many a pilgrimage from cities, villages, farms
and ranches over the West, before practitioners
of his specialty became scattered all over the
country. And later, he was often the consultant
sought by these new specialists who found his
kindness, generosity and courtesy equal to his
great knowledge.11
Holmes’ absence was felt. As the 19th Century came
to a close, the trustees of the IEEI were seeing signs
of wear and overcrowding at the Infirmary. In the
Infirmary’s 1892 annual report, they noted:
The Infirmary has reached a point where something must be done to relieve its over-crowded
condition. When we have money to provide
medicine and board for those afflicted with eye
and ear diseases, it seems deplorable that we
are not able to receive possibly more than twothirds of those who apply. The Infirmary was
built much as hospitals were twenty years ago,
and is to-day probably the poorest arranged
institution in the State of Illinois. Other institutions have been frequently remodeled, or
almost rebuilt, but the very limited amount of
In 1902, IEEI executive officer Dr. Norval H. Pierce
called for modernization:
But further improvements are essential if we
are to keep pace with the advance of otology,
and act worthily as conservators of the past
history of the Illinois Charitable Eye and Ear
Infirmary. The installation of the electric current for lighting, cautery and motor purposes
is a crying need. I do not hesitate to say that
when we operate, as we do, so close to the gas
jets, while ether or chloroform is being administered, as in mastoid work, we court danger,
which will sooner or later end in some disaster.
The inflammable gas of ether will explode, or
the poisonous bodies generated from chloroform by heat will be responsible for the death
of some individual committed to our care, as
has recently transpired in Europe.13
The reality of most state-based institutions, then
and now, is that resources are sometimes painfully
limited and that politics tend to trump real leadership. This would be the ongoing story of the IEEI
for the next 30 years.
11
Holbrook, Arthur Tenney, “Edward Lorenzo Holmes,”
The Corpuscle, (Rush Medical College/University of Chicago), March, 1900, Vol. IX., No. 9, P. 278.
12
Eighteenth Biennial Report, Illinois Charitable Eye and
Ear Infirmary, July 1, 1892, P. 11.
13
Lederer FL. The History of Otolaryngology in Chicago:
part III. Chic Med. 1961 Sept 23; 64(13):25-7. P. 25.
13
part
Two
1920 – William Lincoln Noble,
MD, the Infirmary’s first resident,
takes over the Infirmary but draws
controversy due to his Cook
County political connections.
1908-1958
COMPLETING A CENTURY OF SERVICE
T
he second 50 years of the Illinois Eye and Ear
Infirmary would usher in a new and very different environment from that seen during the
years when Edward Holmes and his colleagues were building
the IEEI together. In the early days of the Infirmary, when
funding was thin, even during the Civil War years, the wealthiest and best-connected names in Chicago – which included
the city’s medical establishment – could be counted on to
open their wallets and fix any shortfalls. State ownership
was another ball game entirely, with all the requisite growing
pains tied to both political gamesmanship and scarce taxpayer funding.
Even though the Infirmary would continue to serve patients
consistently without interruption, the IEEI Ophthalmology
Department’s history notes that the administration of Republican Gov. Lennington Small – who was once indicted but not
convicted for a money-laundering scheme – had placed several political cronies inside the IEEI during his term, which
ran from 1921 to 1929. The most notorious of them all was
Chief of Staff William Lincoln Noble, MD. On paper, Noble
seemed a good candidate for the job. He was a medical graduate of Rush Medical College and literally the first resident to
be trained at the Infirmary.
However, the IEEI ophthalmology history points out that
Noble, who never practiced his specialty full-time, was more
interested in building political influence than running an effective infirmary. Besides the chairmanship of the IEEI, he
held several other political appointments, including: County
1933 – Harry Gradle,
MD, an ophthalmologist and appointee of
Gov. Henry Horner,
takes over the Infirmary with a reform agenda. He
begins a major recruitment drive
for attending physicians, launches
extensive research and educational programs and separates
ophthalmology and otolaryngology into separate departments.
1933 – Joseph C.
Beck, MD is named
the first head of the
freestanding otolaryngology department.
1934: Francis Loeffler Lederer, MD is
formally named head
of the Department of
Otolaryngology. [ART:
Young Lederer II.jpg] He was
named acting head in 1925.
1936 – Then-state senator
Richard J. Daley proposes the
creation of a University of Illinois
campus in Chicago – three
decades before the campus becomes a reality.
1940: Engineer Joseph
Brubaker would
begin tinkering with an
endoscopic camera that would
eventually become a landmark
in medical imaging. After World
War II, Brubaker would meet
Infirmary faculty member Dr. Paul
Holinger, and both would create
the Holinger-Brubaker endoscopic camera.
1941 –World War II
unites the Infirmary
with Chicago-area Veterans Administration
hospitals. Dr. Francis
Lederer takes a commission as a
Navy physician in Pennsylvania
and brings many innovations
back to the Infirmary.
15
Physician of Cook County, Superintendent of
the Cook County Insane Asylum, and a seat
on the professional committee for medicine
in the State Department of Registration and
Education.
Quoting a biographer of the University’s president during this period, the IEEI Ophthalmology history notes:15
Although a medical graduate of Rush
and the first resident to be trained at the
Infirmary (1888), Noble never practiced
a specialty and was never as interested
in medicine as he was in politics. Soon
after taking his M.D. in 1888, he began
building a power base through essentially
political appointments: as ‘’County Physician’’ of Cook County; as Superintendent
of the Cook County Insane Asylum; as
Chief of Staff at various times at the Il-
Attending and resident staff at the IEEI in 1925.
linois Eye and Ear Infirmary (where he is
often credited with re-organizing the staff
after Holmes’ retirement); as “Extramural
Surgeon” of the old P. & S. (in 1910); as
a member of the professional committee
for medicine in the State Department of
Registration and Education (1916- 1920).
In the early 1930s, an effort was initiated to
bring the Infirmary into the University system
as one of the projected Research and Educational Hospitals of the U of I system. Noble
blocked that move through a series of political maneuvers, delaying the IEEI’s eventual
alliance with the University of Illinois for at
least another decade.
15
http://www.uic.edu/com/eye/Department/Publications/Department%20History/History.shtml
The Harry Gradle Years
T
he environment at the IEEI changed markedly when
Henry Horner won the Illinois governorship in 1932.
In the depths of the Depression, Horner named nationally renowned Chicago ophthalmologist Harry Searle Gradle, MD to
fill the post of Chief of Staff at the IEEI. Gradle’s appointment in
1933 was important for several reasons. Horner’s agenda during the
national economic crisis was to shore up state-run medical services
to help the poor, and therefore Gradle was chosen for his ability to
organize resources, improve the standard of care, and re-energize a
seriously demoralized Infirmary staff.
But for the otolaryngology practitioners, Gradle’s appointment was
particularly beneficial. He began a recruitment effort for ophthalmologists and otolaryngologists who could form a stronger attending staff, and for the first time separated the two specialties as freestanding departments within the Infirmary. It was a sensible move,
since both specialties had evolved to the point where they could
stand and develop on their own.
Joseph C. Beck, MD a nationally known otolaryngology specialist, would become the IEEI’s first chairman of the Infirmary’s new
Department of Otolaryngology. Gradle was the son of Dr. Henry
Gradle, one of the first leading ophthalmologists in Chicago. Gradle
senior was born in Germany in 1855, emigrated to Chicago in 1865,
and was educated at Chicago Medical College, interning at Mercy
Hospital. After losing his father in 1911, the younger Gradle went
on to even greater renown in ophthalmology.
Gradle was a second-generation physician, much like fellow IEEI
doctor Paul Holinger, whose father Jacques was a physician specialist in eye, ear, nose and throat medicine. While Gradle was solely an
ophthalmologist, Gradle’s father Henry was also a Chicago-based eye,
ear, nose and throat doctor like Holinger’s father. (Lauren Holinger,
Paul’s son, today heads the Division of Otolaryngology and Communicative Disorders at Children’s Memorial Hospital.)
Gradle would then turn his attention to the University of Illinois, giving the IEEI the university-based medical education connection that
he and others believed would be of most benefit to the Infirmary. In
1940, he pressed the IEEI trustees to authorize the reintroduction of
a bill in the Illinois State Legislature to make the Infirmary one of
the state’s Research and Educational Hospitals, 21 years after the first
legislative proposal to unite the IEEI and the University had been
made. That legislation was finally passed in 1941, and in July 1943 the
University of Illinois completed the acquisition of the Infirmary as its
clinical facility for ophthalmology and otolaryngology.
Harry Gradle, MD chief of staff at
the IEEI from 1933 to 1946.
1943 – After 72 years as a
private charity and later a statefunded agency, the Illinois Eye
and Ear Infirmary becomes part
of the University of Illinois.
1947 – Maria
Ikenberg Lindberg, a German
émigré hired
by Dr. Francis
Lederer in 1939, is now chief
photographer at the Infirmary,
creating many groundbreaking images using the HolingerBrubaker camera.
1951 – Illinois House Bill 108
directs the University of Illinois to
establish a permanent Chicago
campus.
1957 – The Torok Vestibular
Laboratory opens.
1958 –Richard J.
Daley, now Chicago’s
mayor, announces
plans for a permanent
downtown UIC campus, to be known as the University of Illinois at Chicago Circle.
17
SPOTLIGHT
Creating a Path for Training
T
he years between 1908 and
1958 weren’t all about political strife and growing pains.
Chicago’s otolaryngologists were cementing
their national status as innovators in their
specialty.
The American Board of Otolaryngology was
regarded as only the second professional
medical board in the country (The American
Board of Ophthalmology was the first) when
it was formed in 1924. One of their first
goals was to recommend a uniform curriculum and uniform requirements for admission for an otolaryngolic practice. According to a history from the American Academy
of Otolaryngology14 there were five otolaryngology societies involved in the effort.
As the professionals wrangled over exactly
how the typical otolaryngological graduate
program should look, Rush Medical College
came up with its own program in 1922. It
would accept eight students annually and
would train them in the taking of histories,
methods of testing, diagnosis, treatment
and finally, surgical technique. Surgical
technique came last in the process because
Rush wanted to emphasize diagnostic skills
in equal measure with surgical procedures to
eliminate unneeded surgeries.
The American Medical Association was also
calling urgently for improvements in graduate medical education. In 1916, the AMA’s
Council on Medical Education and Hospitals reviewed 20 institutions providing graduate instruction, and found that none published enough information on their courses
for a prospective candidate to judge whether
or not any systematic graded instruction was
offered. In 1920, the AMA followed up with
a request for a subcommittee to outline a
course in otolaryngology.
The following curriculum was specified by
the AMA: anatomy of the head, neck and
chest, embryology and histology (100 credit
hours); pathology and bacteriology (100 credit hours); operative work on the cadaver (100
credit hours); physics (32 credit hours); physiology (30 credit hours); neurology (20 credit
hours); hygiene and public health (10 credit
hours) and additional courses providing general knowledge of radiology, diseases of the
teeth and mouth, and surgical techniques.
14
http://www.aao.org/about/history/
The signatures of IEEI physicians William
L. Ballenger, Joseph Beck, Otto J. Stein
appear on a roster for the 1904 meeting of
the American Academy of Ophthalmology
and Otolaryngology. CREDIT: American
Academy of Ophthalmology
Joseph C. Beck, MD pictured on the left, first head of the freestanding Otolaryngology Department at the IEEI.
Abraham R. Hollender, MD pictured on the right, was an IEEI faculty member and a prolific author in the field of otolaryngology who wrote frequently with Francis Lederer. CREDIT: Francis Lederer Collection, IEEI
Joseph Beck and the First IEEI Otolaryngology Department
I
oseph C. Beck was not only a medical
pioneer and the first chief of the newly
independent Otolaryngology Department at the IEEI, but he was the childhood physician and eventual mentor of another legend in the
department, Francis L. Lederer, MD. Lederer tells
the story this way: 16
It all began with an earache on September 2,
1902. My mother took me to Dr. Joseph C.
Beck, who recorded, “Earache for the last three
or four days. Noticed some discharge from the
right ear. Large tonsils removed. September
3rd. Boy doing well.”
There was definitely more to the story. The Czechoslovakian-born Beck was educated at the Chicago
Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat College, located at Randolph and Wabash, an institution separate from
the IEEI. At the time, it was not regarded as a
particularly dynamic specialty, but Lederer wrote
that Beck saw more potential early in his career at
Cook County Hospital. Lederer quotes Beck as
saying:
“Even at that time I was very desirous of teaching these men pathologic diagnosis of common
diseases of the ear, nose and throat, and to that
end I was encouraged to develop a small laboratory. However, there were no takers. These men
wanted clinical, practical, a-b-c type of diagnosis and treatment, particularly operations, and
these they insisted on doing themselves under
my direction.”
According to Lederer, it was between 1904-1919
while Beck served at Cook County Hospital where
Beck developed his interest in what he called “borderline” otolaryngology, which included the earliest examples of oncologic and plastic surgery. In
1928, Beck and his brothers Carl, Emil and Rudolf
(a dentist) developed a private hospital and clinic
known as the North Chicago Hospital, and Beck
began his own private training program for otolaryngologists, which the CL&O identifies in its
centennial history as “The Joe Beck, MD School.”
Lederer, in addition to John Ballenger, were among
Beck’s early trainees.
Beck is the first link to the work in plastic and
reconstructive surgery that’s become such a dominant practice area in the otolaryngology field and
such a major part of today’s IEEI. Beck was a pioneer in the modern era of head and neck surgery
which put the Infirmary on the map, and trained
many of the best specialists who worked throughout the nation for the duration of the 20th century
and the beginning of the 21st.
Beck also created a silver cane that he used primarily as an instrument of self-defense but had also
served as a storage device for Beck’s precious surgical instruments. Eventually, the cane was turned
into a physical award for distinguished members
of the CL&O.
16
Lederer FL. “The History of Otolaryngology in Chicago: Part III.” Chic Med. 1961 Sept 23; 64(13):25-7.
19
Francis L. Lederer Takes the Reins
K
nown as “The Chief,” Francis Loeffler Lederer, MD was a native Chicagoan with a nearly 50-year connection to the University of Illinois and the IEEI.
Born in 1898, he would serve his internship and
otolaryngologic residency under Dr. Joseph Beck at
Beck’s North Chicago Hospital. Like Holmes and
many of the leading otolaryngologic practitioners
before him, he would study in Europe, attending
the universities of Berlin, Vienna and Prague for
his postgraduate training. He joined the University
of Illinois Department of Otolaryngology in 1922
and was certified by the American Board of Otolaryngology in 1926, only two years after its founding
as one of the first specialty boards.
Lederer would become acting head of the Otolaryngology Department at the University of Illinois in
1925 and its formal head in 1934, a post he would
fill until his retirement in 1967. He amassed an
incredible resume at the IEEI while still operating a
private practice outside the institution. Also, being
independently wealthy, he never took a salary from
the Infirmary.
Lederer became a prolific writer and researcher in
the field, and he made substantial contributions to
military medicine during World War II, cementing the Infirmary’s training relationship with the
Veterans Administration that exists today. Those
who knew Lederer give him high marks as an administrator, clinician and visionary in the practice
of otolaryngology and the development of the department at the University of Illinois. But they remember him most fondly as a warm mentor and
teacher. During his tenure, more than 250 residents completed their otolaryngology training at
the Infirmary.
One of the residents to study under Dr. Lederer was
Francis Lederer early in his career. CREDIT: Francis Lederer Collection,
IEEI
Goodbye party at Chicago’s Covenant Club for Lederer in 1942, the
year he joins the U.S. Navy Medical Corps as a captain. CREDIT: Francis Lederer Collection, IEEI
Dr. M. Eugene Tardy’s application for residency at the IEEI.
CREDIT: M. Eugene Tardy, MD
Dr. Tardy today.
M. Eugene Tardy, MD. Dr.Tardy was in a cardiovascular residency at the University of Iowa in the
early 1960s when Uncle Sam called. “It was the Berlin Crisis, and I was drafted, and I ended up being
a hospital commander in charge of a library in the
Air Force. It was the time of Christian Barnard (the
South African cardiac surgeon who completed the
first successful human-to-human heart transplant),
and that was what I thought would be my career,”
Tardy recalled in an interview in 2008.
When the time came, Tardy called Lederer’s office
and was surprised to have him pick up the phone.
“He granted me a 15-minute appointment, and
when we stopped talking, it was more than three
hours later. At the end, he said to me, ‘I understand
your plans are to go to the University of Iowa, but
that’s not going to happen. You are going to come
here.’ That was it. He literally changed my life.”
Tardy joined the IEEI as a resident in 1964.
But while working in that military library, Tardy
came across Lederer’s landmark book, Diseases of
Ear, Nose and Throat, and began to think about
only one thing – meeting the author. “My second
choice in medicine had always been head and neck
surgery and I was so inspired by this book, that I
told my wife that the next time we went to visit her
parents in Chicago, I wanted to meet this man.”
21
SPOTLIGHT
IEEI in Wartime
F
rancis Lederer was just one of
several IEEI specialists who
were active as medical personnel in wartime. Lederer was a lifetime military
man, serving in the Marines during World
War I and in the Medical Corps of the U.S.
Navy throughout World War II. At that time,
he would establish one of the first rehabilitation units at the U.S. Naval Hospital in Philadelphia, which was the center for treatment of
hearing loss among Naval personnel.
The injuries suffered by U.S. military personnel were tragic on a personal level, but invaluable to the development of emergency and rehabilitation medicine in both otolaryngology
and audiology. The complexity and gravity
of battle-related injuries drove practitioners
to find better ways to help veterans return to
postwar life. Their discoveries would have vast
benefits for a civilian population as well.
Lederer would receive the Navy Commendation for establishing a rehabilitation program
for blinded and hard-of-hearing patients at
the U.S. Naval Hospital in Philadelphia. The
field of audiology was accelerated after World
War II, as returning military fought hearing loss from exposure to artillery fire. Thus
Lederer brought his wartime interest in rehabilitation home in peacetime. He started the
Speech and Hearing Center at the University
of Illinois in the 1940s – the first such center
in a medical school. He is also credited with
the Infirmary’s continuing link to the Veterans Administration hospital system.
Initially a consultant in otolaryngology and
audiology, Lederer was appointed to the
VA’s Special Medical Advisory Group from
1960-65. Presidents Truman, Eisenhower and
Kennedy conferred citations of appreciation
for his services as an advisor for the Selective
Service System. From 1954 to his death in
1973, Lederer was also a national consultant
in otolaryngology to the surgeon general of
the U.S. Air Force.
In his obituary, it was reported that Lederer
received the University of Illinois’ Golden
Apple teaching award “on three separate occasions. Under his direction more than 250
residents completed training in otolaryngology and are now serving in that capacity
throughout the world.”
Lederer helped establish the Norval Pierce
Award for outstanding residency performance, named for Lederer’s former teacher
and predecessor at the Infirmary. It would
later be renamed the Lederer-Pierce Award
and is still given annually to winners of an
annual competition among Chicago-area
training programs.
Lederer was also a pioneer in continuing education at the IEEI, a tradition that continues,
notably with the Department’s annual continuing education events in Snowmass, CO.
Lederer was also a noted author of books, papers and studies. His landmark Diseases of the
Ear, Nose and Throat, published in the 1940s,
was a standard text for many years.
Page 24 Left: Dr. Francis Lederer working with a Naval officer experiencing hearing loss.
CREDIT: Francis Lederer Collection, IEEI
Page 24 Right: Keller demonstrating a Braille typewriter to injured Navy personnel at the U.S. Naval Hospital in Philadelphia. CREDIT: Francis Lederer Collection, IEEI
Page 25 Upper Left: Dr. Francis Lederer and author, activist and lecturer Helen Keller on a tour of the
U.S. Naval Hospital in Philadelphia, where Lederer was stationed. Keller, deaf and blind from childhood,
did extensive tours of military rehabilitation hospitals during World War II.
CREDIT: Francis Lederer Collection, IEEI
Page 25 Upper Right: Capt. Francis Lederer, U.S. Navy in 1943.
CREDIT: Francis Lederer Collection, IEEI
Page 25 Lower Left: Lederer (1st row, third from left) in his Naval officers’ graduating class.
CREDIT: Francis Lederer Collection, IEEI
Page 25 Lower Right: Continuing medical education has always been a part of life at the Infirmary. This
1943 photo, featuring Francis Lederer at the rear of the room (Second from right), details a regular meeting of Dept. of Otolaryngology medical faculty. He would make continuing education a constant at IEEI
going forward, and the tradition continues today.
CREDIT: Francis Lederer Collection, IEEI
25
23
Above: An advertisement for Francis Lederer’s
landmark work, Diseases of the Ear, Nose and
Throat.
CREDIT: Francis Lederer Collection, IEEI
Right: One of Dr. Lederer’s presidential commendations – this one from President Truman.
CREDIT: Francis Lederer Collection, IEEI
SPOTLIGHT
The Holinger Family
T
hroughout the history of the
IEEI, fathers and sons have
been a fixture.
But no family story is more notable within
the history of the Infirmary than that of the
Holingers - Jacques, Paul and Lauren, grandfather, father and grandson.
These three generations of physicians exemplify the evolution of the specialty over time.
Jacques Holinger was born and educated in
Switzerland; when he arrived in Chicago in
1892, he was one of the few ENT doctors at
the time to limit his practice to otolaryngology. Like Joseph C. Beck, he had a special
interest in the anatomy and pathology of the
ear, and was later appointed associate professor of otolaryngology at the University of Illinois College of Medicine.
His son Paul was born in 1906 and grew up
speaking both English and German, useful
language skills since so many otolaryngology
practitioners were still training in Europe at
that time. Paul’s early education was spent at
the Francis W. Parker School; he attended the
University of Chicago for his undergraduate
and graduate degrees, and for medical school,
he went to Northwestern University and did
his otolaryngology residency at the University
of Illinois. After a year’s stay in Philadelphia
to study with leading otolaryngologists Chevalier Jackson and his son C.L. Jackson (who
was also Paul Holinger’s best man), Holinger
returned home to Chicago and the University of Illinois in 1935. He would become a
professor of otolaryngology at the University
of Illinois and Rush-Presbyterian-St. Luke’s
Hospital Medical Center, and eventually specialize in laryngology, bronchoesophagology
and head and neck surgery. From 1963-75,
Paul Holinger would be at various times governor, regent and chairman of the Advisory
Council for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology of the
American College of Surgeons.
Paul Holinger’s son Lauren is a prolific researcher and writer, and teaches IEEI thirdyear residents doing their rotation at Chicago’s
Children’s Memorial Hospital. In a recent interview, he offered numerous insights into his
role in the family medical dynasty; he enjoys
telling people, for example, that this role was
neither assured nor pressured by his father or
grandfather. Even though Holinger occasionally accompanied his father on rounds or in
the operating room at the IEEI as a boy, he
didn’t go directly into medical school after
college. He recalls playing blackjack -- “I was
pretty good at counting cards,” he recalls -in Nevada and eventually worked at Harrah’s
Casino in Lake Tahoe before he decided to
start his medical education in night school in
the 1970s.
“I did biochemical research for a year, and
thought about going into psychiatry or general surgery.” He chose general surgery at the
University of Colorado Medical Center in
Denver and not long after starting his residency, an opening came up in otolaryngology. He would complete his residency in the
family specialty. In his second year of that
residency, Paul Holinger suffered a heart attack in Chicago and after Lauren finished his
residency, he came back to Chicago to work
with his father at the IEEI, Children’s and
Rush. Lauren would eventually do his postgraduate training at Children’s.
Lauren remembers how important teaching
was to his father. “He won the Golden Apple
Award (the University of Illinois’ teaching
award voted on by medical students), and my
mother wore it on her charm bracelet. The
Infirmary was his fondest affiliation.”
Left to right:
Jacques Holinger,
MD, Paul H.
Holinger, MD and
Lauren Holinger,
MD
25
The Holinger-Brubaker Endoscopic Camera
A
fter World War II, Paul Holinger,
MD, had a chance meeting in
Chicago with a photographic
engineer named Joseph Brubaker who was then
taking still and motion pictures for a proctologist with a custom camera he was continuing to
tinker with.
The images – and the camera itself – would prove
a revolution in the way endoscopic photography
would be done not only in otolaryngology and
otology, but throughout medicine.
Brubaker’s system proved to be one of th first
successful clinical endoscopic cameras. Its design was exceptional for capturing images that
were used to document patients’ conditions and
to train medical professionals. Eventually, the
early still camera work done with the HolingerBrubaker camera would migrate to closed-circuit
television and eventually today’s digital video.
The Infirmary’s long-standing reputation in cutting-edge imaging technology would begin here.
Brubaker and Holinger had one more pair of
helping hands on the development side of that
camera, and they belonged to Maria Ikenberg
Lindberg, a German émigré who joined the UIC
Department of Otolaryngology in 1939. A rare
woman in the field, Lindberg was trained in technical photography at the AGFA and Leitz factories in Germany, and would become an assistant
to Francis Lederer.
“She really was Dr. Lederer’s right arm,” explains
Tardy, who did his residency at the IEEI and
would succeed Beck and other distinguished
practitioners in the development of facial plastic
surgery at the Infirmary to the top ranking it
holds today. “Mrs. Lindberg was instrumental
in making this new kind of medical photography possible because she was in the background
doing the grunt work – making sure the cameras
were in good working order, making sure they
worked properly during the photographing of
live tissue and of course, making it possible to
capture the images that the doctors were looking
for. She was a pioneer.”
The three, with Dr. Richard Buckingham, then
a young otologist, would revolutionize imaging
in otolaryngology under Lederer’s watch. Lindberg would describe the camera as awkward to
set up, but its design was unique and effective
for capturing images deep inside the larynx and
the lung. The camera would use enormous flash
bulbs to light the internal areas of the larynx,
esophagus and lung.
Buckingham and Holinger would produce the
landmark 1969 title, Atlas of Ear, Nose and Throat
Diseases: Including Bronchoesophagology, co-written
with Wolfgang Steiner, Michael P. Jaumann and
Walter Becker. But before that, Buckingham
would produce his own 1956 best-selling title,
An Atlas of Disorders Common to the Ear Drum
and Canal.
Buckingham remembers how excited he was to
work with the camera back in the 1950s. “It was
1955, and I was a husband with young children
still getting a start in medicine, and I scrounged
up $500 to buy one of Holinger’s (HolingerBrubaker) cameras. That was quite a lot of money
back then, but I couldn’t wait to work with it.”
Right: An advertisement for Dr. Richard
A. Buckingham’s book, An Atlas of Disorders Common to the Ear Drum and Canal
featuring the Brubaker-Holinger Endoscopic Camera.
Left: Photos from the Holinger-Brubaker
camera.
According to Tardy, Buckingham would produce
the first images of the eardrum and middle ear,
and Holinger produced the first fine images of the
airway, including the larynx, esophagus and lung.
Lindberg handled all the technical details. She
would spend hours setting up the still and motion
shots, “using filters, colors and all her technical
mastery to sharpen and perfect the image and create an ideal teaching tool…She set a standard for
excellence that few can measure up to.”17
form. Lauren Holinger observed, “When (Dr.) Tardy travels to other (otolaryngology) departments,
the first thing he wants to see is the A/V department.”
However, it wasn’t a nimble device. Dr. Schild
describes the camera itself “as very big….unwieldy,
really, and to light the subject, they literally used
an airplane landing bulb to light the subject.”
“U of I became a leader in giving these courses,”
said Tardy. “We developed a very interesting reputation having the best courses, dissections and
television. And we owe it all to Lederer. He had a
unique ability to speak to the powers that be.”
The Holinger-Brubaker camera revealed what a
great step forward in imaging technology could do
for a specialty. Among the younger doctors who
worked with it, it ignited a desire to create better and sharper pictures in both still and moving
Tardy himself would guide his own revolution in
imaging technology at the Infirmary in the 1970s.
He pioneered cadaver dissection on closed-circuit
television between the University of Illinois and
Cook County Hospital to great success.
17
http://www.newswise.com/articles/
view/538422/?sc=rsmn
27
SPOTLIGHT
Maria Ikenberg Lindberg’s Gift
F
or more than three decades,
Maria Ikenberg Lindberg
would break barriers as a
woman professional and a medical photographer. She left an encyclopedic collection of medical images of the ear, nose and
throat as her legacy. After her death in
2006, Lindberg also left a $250,000 gift to
the Infirmary.
vitation Exhibition of Photography at the
New York City Camera Club. The exhibit
featured the work of forty women photographers. The vast majority of the images
came from commercial, fashion, and portrait photographers, but there was a segment for scientific and medical photography that displayed Lindberg’s clinical and
endoscopic images.
Her work in biomedical imaging attracted attention not long after she got to the
Infirmary. In 1947, she was invited to exhibit her work in The First Women’s In-
Some of her bequest will support archiving
of the department’s rich historical images
and artifacts.
Maria Ikenberg Lindberg, pictured above, working with the Holinger-Brubaker Camera.
CREDIT: Courtesy of BioCommunications Association - www.bca.org/lindberg/lindberg.html
Twilight at Adams and Peoria
A
ged and creaking as it neared the
age of 100, the old building at
Adams and Peoria Streets nonetheless continued to serve into the 1950s.
Dr. Kenji Aimi was a resident at the Infirmary
in the late 1950s, having emigrated from his
native Japan. At the time, all foreign students
lived in tight space inside the Infirmary. “We
lived in that building and we worked in that
building,” Aimi reminisces during a recent interview, as he discusses those years with Dr.
Buckingham, his old friend and co-lecturer at
the Infirmary. They laugh remembering how
both the Asian and the Spanish students used
to make their own ethnic rice recipes on hot
plates at the facility. Buckingham quips: “It
was a fire trap. You were lucky.”
In truth, the Infirmary was outgrowing the
West Side headquarters built after the Great
Chicago Fire. Treatment areas were overcrowded, operating theaters were antiquated,
there weren’t enough beds and the facility had
simply grown too old to practice cutting-edge
medicine and conduct groundbreaking research.
Of course, bigger plans were afoot on the
West Side.
The Infirmary in the 1950s.
Instruments at the beside at Adams and Peoria.
29
part
Three
1961 – The West Side site in the
Harrison/Halsted area is chosen
as the construction site for Circle
Campus.
1962 – Ground broken at the
corner of Taylor and Wolcott
Streets, for the new Illinois Eye
and Ear Infirmary in the medical
center.
1958-2008
FROM TAYLOR STREET TO THE
21ST CENTURY
D
espite the hardship of working in an antiquated
facility, residency education continued to thrive
at IEEI throughout the 1950s and 1960s. Dr.
Joyce A. Schild did her residency at the Infirmary at that time,
and was one of the only female otolaryngologists on staff
until the early 1970s. She describes her experience this way:
“The ENT department had very dynamic lectures using the
latest in visual technology. Dr. Lederer had developed a faculty of mostly volunteer physicians who were equally effective
as teachers. It was a very different time in medicine – it seems
that physicians were largely supporting themselves in private
practice.”
Dr. Schild’s tenure at IEEI spanned four decades,
beginning with her residency and ending with her
retirement as a full professor.
1963 – The current
building of the Illinois
Eye and Ear Infirmary
at 1855 West Taylor
Street was opened for
use. The building was formally
dedicated in 1965.
1967 – Lederer retires; Albert
H. Andrews Jr., MD takes over.
Andrews was a member of the
Infirmary faculty since 1940 in the
bronchoesophagology section.
1968 – The Democratic National
Convention comes to Chicago.
Riot violence threatens the neighborhood around the Infirmary.
1969 – The Atlas of Otorhinolaryngology and Bronchoesophagology
is published, written by Drs. Walter Becker, Richard A. Buckingham, Paul H. Holinger, Gunter W.
Korting and Francis L. Lederer.
1973 – Francis Lederer dies.
1975 – Andrews steps
down; Burton J. Soboroff, MD takes over
as interim head of the
department.
1976 – David A. Hilding, MD
takes over the department.
Many of the residents actually lived in the Infirmary while
they completed their long hours of training. Schild remembers the close-knit culture of the Department’s residents,
born of the live-in arrangement many had at the Infirmary at
Adams and Peoria. “Each single resident had a single dorm
room and we shared a dining room with administrative and
nursing staff,” she recalls. “There was an Ophthalmology
resident from Greece and one Saturday night, he walked us
through the whole of Greek mythology. We all worked plenty
of hours, but the time we got to spend with each other was
really memorable.”
1977 – Dr. Hilding leaves the
department chairmanship, and
Dr. Soboroff steps in again as the
interim head of the department.
1979 – Dr. Applebaum is named as
professor and head
of the Department of
Otolaryngology.
33
31
Dr. Elio J. Fornatto, an otolaryngology resident and
later a faculty member at the Infirmary (front row, left)
with the members of his resident class, which included
students from South Africa, Mexico, France and India.
Fornatto was born in Italy.
But by 1958, the doctors, residents, and staff of the
Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary were seeing thousands of patients a year in outdated facilities that
had become entirely too cramped for the work
that had to be done. No one knew this better
than Francis L. Lederer, chief of the institution,
who put his considerable professional and po-
Dr. O.E. Van Alyea was a member of the
Department of Laryngology, Rhinology,
and Otology, University of Illinois College of Medicine. In 1942, he published
the book, “Nasal Sinuses. An Anatomical
and Clinical Consideration” and published
many monographs on the treatment of
sinonasal disorders throughout the 1950’s
and 1960’s.
litical talents to work as discussions about a new
University of Illinois campus took on renewed
momentum in the 1950s. His efforts would allow
the Infirmary to jettison the aging facility at Adams and Peoria and join one of the greatest urban
development efforts in Chicago history.
The Move to Taylor Street
R
ichard J. Daley was sworn in for the
first of his five terms as Chicago’s
mayor on April 20, 1955. Daley presided over a construction boom unprecedented
in urban America. He remade Chicago’s skyline,
created the city’s expressway network, expanded
Chicago-O’Hare International Airport to become
the transportation powerhouse it is today, and,
last but not least, built the University of Illinois
at Chicago, a personal goal since his first days in
the Illinois State Senate back in the 1930’s.
As Mayor Daley dreamed his big dreams for Chicago and particularly the West Side, it could be
fairly argued that Lederer saw the Infirmary’s
place in those grand plans. In 1958, the Infirmary’s centennial year, promotional materials for its
celebration made the point that the IEEI was an
integral part of the future University of Illinois
Circle Campus and its future state-of-the-art medical complex.
As part of its effort to attract the $45 million* in
funds it would take to raise the new building, the
Infirmary didn’t mince words about the inadequacy of the
facilities at Adams and Peoria.
“Expansion and modernization are the only answer to
the present problem (of overcrowding and antiquated
facilities) if we are to be able to carry forward the challenge and hope of improved and growing service to the
best interest of every citizen.”*
Finally, the Infirmary’s gothic home on the corner of Adams
and Peoria Streets was shuttered and a new infirmary opened
on 1855 West Taylor Street. In this way, the Infirmary began
its move into the turbulent 1960s, with a literal move into a
new facility.
Designed by PACE Associates, the new Illinois Eye and Ear
Infirmary opened at the west end of the current University
of Illinois Medical Center. PACE was founded by Charles
“Skip” Booher Genther, an architect and colleague of Ludwig
Mies van der Rohe.
On the date of its formal dedication in 1965, the new facility contained more than 167,227 square feet of examination
rooms, labs and clinic waiting space. It also housed six major
specialized operating rooms, a recovery room, and inpatient
rooms for at least two dozen people, according to the University of Illinois at Chicago’s Facility Information Management office. The new Infirmary would also include basement
tunnels that would connect with the University of Illinois
Hospital, clinical and library buildings.
An article in one of the 1964 issues of The Commentator set
the stage for the formal opening:
The building will include a large Communications Science Center; a large multidiscipline laboratory; a laboratory for histopathology and temporal bone work; and
excellent facilities for clinics and hospital. A 225-seat
Holmes Auditorium will enable us to hold meetings,
clinics and postgraduate programs. There will be other
areas which can offer an adequate welcome to all of our
Alumni. Picture, if you will, an annual reunion where
we all get together and exchange experiences.*
Lederer presided over the opening of the Taylor Street building, a fitting coda to a career that would close with his retirement in 1967, followed by his death in 1973.
1982 – The Galter Foundation
funds a major expansion of examining rooms and microscope
rooms at the Infirmary.
1983 – The University of Illinois
approves a $150,000 project to
renovate the Infirmary entrance
and lobby.
1986 – The Infirmary
adds a new resident
rotation to be devoted
solely to research
activities.
1988 – The Coclear
Implant program
begins.
1997 – The Infirmary’s four operating rooms – two operated by
the Department of Otolaryngology, the other two dedicated to
Ophthalmology – are closed and
surgical operations are consolidated at the UIC Medical Center.
2001 – Dr. Regan
Thomas named head
of the Department of
Otolaryngology.
2004 – Big renovations at the
Infirmary. UIC
funds $600,000
for two major
projects. The former residency
clinic on the first floor is converted to space for faculty members’ individual practices, and a
combined clinic for residents and
attendings is opened on the third
floor.
2008 – The freestanding audiology department – long a part
of life at the Infirmary joins the
Department of Otolaryngology by
year end.
*Continuing Education Brochure, Department of Opthalmology,
Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, 1979.
*Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary
1858-1958, Brochure, P. 17.
*
“New Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary – A Fact,” Commentator, Otolaryngologic Alumni Association, P. 1, August 1964.
33
35
Class of 1967
Dr. Burton J. Soboroff
Dr. Burton J. Soboroff, who died in 2004, was one of the Infirmary’s pioneers in head and
neck cancer surgery and one of its most beloved teachers. He is one of the members of the
infirmary faculty who proved to be a master of all skills – he was a rigorous medical educator, administrator, and practitioner. Dr. Schild remembers him “as a very valuable teacher
for many years, and a real gentleman.”
After completing his residency at the University of Illinois from 1946 to 1949 and further
training in head and neck surgery at Hines VA Hospital from 1949 to 1951, Dr. Soboroff
became a senior attending in the Department of Otolaryngology at the Infirmary starting
in 1951. He was very active in the department’s resident research activities as is witnessed
by his 1970 publication, “Research In Resident Education in Veterans Administration and
Public Health Hospitals.”
After his retirement in 1988 at the age of 70, he held an emeritus position at the Infirmary
until his death. He established the Burton J. Soboroff Lectureship in 1999, an endowment
which enables the Department to host eminent otolaryngologists on resident graduation day each year. This lectureship continues to be funded
through gifts from former residents, colleagues, friends and admirers.
Burton Soforoff, MD
After Lederer
Dr. Robert E. Lewy
and the Floating
Laryngoscope
T
he following year, 1968, was an extraordinary one in Chicago and throughout
the nation. The city drew international
attention for the violence and chaos at the August
Democratic Convention. And earlier in the year, the
West Side riots after the assassination of Dr. Martin
Luther King, Jr. raged just to the north of the Infirmary, keeping the entire West Side Medical Complex
on alert. Inside the Infirmary, the transition from the
post-war era of Lederer to the early days of the managed care revolution would also pose
After Lederer retired, Dr. Albert H. Andrews, Jr. was
named interim head of the department and then hired
as its formal chair in September 1969. Andrews, who
joined the IEEI faculty in 1940, is best known for his
work on the application of the CO2 laser to otolaryngology. Dr. Andrews was quick to appreciate and examine the efficacy of laser technology for laryngological disorders and conducted numerous clinical studies
utilizing that technology at the Infirmary.
Research conducted by Andrews and others had a significant effect on the advancement of CO2 laser use in
otolaryngology and generally in the field of medicine.
In his final paper on the subject, “The Use of the CO2
Laser in Otolaryngology: Ten Years of Experience”
(Lasers in Surgery and Medicine, 1984) Andrews stated:
Dr. Robert E. Lewy practiced medicine for 50 years in Chicago and
taught at the University of Illinois
Eye and Ear Infirmary. He also
served as president of the Laryngological and Otological Society. Lewy
is best known for developing surgical
techniques and instruments, including the Lewy floating laryngoscope.
He appears above with a letter from
former President Lyndon B. Johnson,
one of his patients, and his invention, the floating laryngoscope.
Lewy’s invention was one of many developed by doctors at the Infirmary.
The carbon dioxide laser is one of the great advances in otolaryngology. It has the characteristics of accuracy, reduced bleeding, reduced reaction, faster healing and less scarring as compared
with conventional surgery.
Andrews served as department head until 1975, when
Dr. Burton J. Soboroff, one of the most respected faculty members in the history of the Infirmary, stepped
up to the plate as interim chair. Dr. David A. Hilding
was hired in 1976 from the New Jersey Medical School
but resigned after only one year. Once again Dr. Soboroff took on “his accustomed role” of interim chairman for the next three years.*
*Commentator, August 1977, P. 1
University of Chicago Magazine April
2001 http://magazine.uchicago.
edu/0104/class-notes/deaths-print.html
The original CO2
laser designed by Dr.
Albert H. Andrews.
35
The Applebaum Years
I
n 1979, the Department recruited as its
new chief Dr. Edward L. Applebaum, an
Otologist, head and neck surgeon, and
former attending and professor at Northwestern
University. He would become the second longestserving chief of the Department of Otolaryngology at the Infirmary. Dr. Applebaum had done
his residency at Harvard University, under the
chairmanship of Harold F. Schubrecht, a world
renowned Otologist, and had served as a Major
in the US Medical Corp, treating Vietnam casualties in Japan.
“What attracted me to the Infirmary was that I
had trained at the Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, and I liked the teaching model of a huge
busy clinic where residents could see their own
patients,” he observed. “Being at Northwestern
[in Chicago], I knew the Infirmary, and I found
it a similar environment to the one in which I
had trained.”
At the time Applebaum came on board, the department was looking for the stability a permanent chairman could bring. Said the Commentator, the Department’s newsletter:
Dr. Applebaum will bring to our department the full-time direction our program
needs. He has taught and worked with
residents for many years and will provide
strong representation for us in University
councils. He comes to us with the highest
recommendations from his former chief.
He is a personal individual who has already
made contributions in research and to our
literature. Most important, he will provide
the leadership our department needs.*
During his tenure, the name of the Department
was changed from the Department of Otolaryngology to the Department of Otolaryngology –
Head and Neck Surgery, a reflection of how far
surgical procedure had evolved in the treatment
of cancers and plastic and reconstructive surgery
of the head and neck. Applebaum would also be
named the first Francis L. Lederer Professor of
Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery.
One of the most significant changes Applebaum
made to the department was to establish a permanent full-time faculty. “There simply weren’t
many full-time staffers when I arrived, and I
thought that needed to change.” Under his leadership the annual Snowmass meeting and the
Golf Outing were brought into the department.
Applebaum’s tenure saw massive leaps forward in
the practice of otolaryngology. For example, cochlear implants were revolutionizing the practice
of audiology and otology. But, it was not only in
Otology that the Infirmary was making its mark.
Applebaum credited Dr. M. Eugene Tardy with
moving facial plastic and reconstructive surgery
ahead in the Department and helping to establish
it as a prominent subspecialty within the field of
otolaryngology. Dr. Tardy was particularly renowned for his supurb teaching skills and the
creation of a new generation of instruments that
became widely used in the field. (See the Spotlight on The Infirmary’s Contribution toward
Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery below.
Dr. Tardy brought additional positive recognition
to the department as president of the American
Academy of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, as well as president of the American Academy
of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery.
*Commentator, September 1979, P. 1
Dr. Applebaum and
Resident Judy Ginsberg, Class of 1981
Applebaum was the creator of several inventions
including the Applebaum Incudostapedial Joint
Prosthesis -- to aid in hearing recovery. It is still
widely used today, throughout the world.
SPOTLIGHT
The Infirmary and Audiology
T
In 2008, Audiology became an
official part of the Department
of Otolaryngology, though that
fact might confuse those who have been tested
for various hearing and communication disorders inside the Infirmary’s headquarters over
the past 50 years. The physical presence of Audiology has actually been a part of the Infirmary for a long time.
Audiology was a specialty that grew in the aftermath of World War II, when veterans arrived home with a host of hearing and balancerelated problems. But as audiology technology
improved, the discipline expanded to serve civilians of all ages – particularly children.
Dr. William Plotkin, a retired assistant professor of communicative disorders remembers that
the audiology facilities were unlike any other at
the time they were built: “We had Industrial
Acoustics (Inc.) design our testing rooms, but
they had a particular problem with the doors
being able to shut out all sound. They eventually went to a butcher shop hardware company
to create doors that were similar to those on
meat coolers, which are virtually airtight (and
block out all sound).” Aside from the novelty
of the facility design, Plotkin reports that the
Infirmary’s audiology division was among the
first places where autistic children were tested
in the Chicago area.
Today, the audiology division has gone far
beyond tests to determine hearing loss. Mike
Hefferly, the current division head, says that
Audiology now works with otology specialists
– those who treat all conditions of the ear – to
address a wide range of “quality of life issues”
that start with hearing but move on to balance
problems and noise problems like tinnitus,
also known as chronic ringing or hissing in
the ears.
The audiology division also tests both children
and adults for their potential for success with
cochlear implants and next-generation technologies to permanently correct hearing problems,
not the least of which will be incredibly sophisticated hearing aids which actually adjust
amplification levels by themselves.
“This is an exciting time because technology
and methods are developing to retrain the
brain to hear again. We’re part of an effort to
develop a more comprehensive approach to
hearing loss,” said Mike Hefferly. “We’re not
just working to make people hear. We’re working with them to make sure they can communicate – there’s a difference.” Working with the
Department’s center of Otology/Neurotology/
Skull-Base Surgery, Audiology will be working
to diagnose new surgical and mechanical solutions to solve a broad range of communications issues.
Left: The Infirmary’s Cochlear Implant
program serves children and adults.
Above: The Audiology Department
hosts events for cochlear implant patients and their families to get together
and enjoy some comraderie.
37
A New Emphasis on Research
A
pplebaum pushed for a more intensive research component for all the residents
going through their training at the Infirmary. “Medical research is a good thing
because it puts your department on the map, and we definitely needed that at that
time. I wanted to make our department a consistent contender for the Lederer-Pierce Award,”
said Dr. Applebaum in a recent interview. (See the Appendix for a list of recent Lederer-Pierce
winners from the UIC Department of Otolaryngology.)
During Dr. Applebaum’s tenure, which ran from 1979 through 2000, technological and pharmacological fields were advancing rapidly; both offered promise for new advancements in otolaryngology.
In an effort to build on the growing number of opportunities in research, Applebaum hired
David Harris, Ph.D. as Director of Research in the early 1980s. Like Applebaum, Harris had an
interest in studying the auditory pathways and mechanisms of the middle and inner ear. Harris
conducted several auditory pathway experiments in gerbils throughout the 1980s, yielding new
insights into the mechanisms of hearing.
Dr. Harris also had a keen interest in the advancing field of photodynamic therapy in the treatment of cancer. Using a hamster cheek pouch model, Harris conducted several studies that
contributed to the growing bank of medical knowledge in the field.
As the 1980s came to a close, Harris left the University. In 1989, Dr. Dean Toriumi, then an
otolaryngologist with a fellowship in facial plastic and reconstructive surgery, was hired by Applebaum as a full-time faculty memeber in facial plastic surgery, and to succeed Harris as Residency Research Director.
David Harris, Ph.D. with other
IEEI staff members, including
Glenn Krol and Chet Childs,
who still work in the Department in 2008.
Kevin O’Grady and TK Bhattacharyya, PHD in 1979. Both
research specialists are still on
staff in 2008.
One of Bhattacharyya’s histolic slides.
Under Toriumi, the level and volume of bench and pre-clinical research quickly elevated. He
hired Tapan K. Bhattacharyya, Ph.D, who had been working at the University of Chicago, in the
early 1990s and developed expert skills in histological preparation and analysis throughout the
decade, skills that would prove extremely useful in the years to come. Dr. Toriumi also hired
Kevin O’Grady as a research technician in 1992.
The 1990s proved to be an extremely busy and productive decade in terms of research at the
Infirmary. Research projects touched on all subspecialties in the field. Some of the highlights
included:
Mahmood Mafee, MD and Dr. Galdino Valvassori, MD conducted numerous anatomic
and imaging studies used to evaluate new innovations in CT and MRI technologies as applied to the head and neck.
Dr. Dean Toriumi and Kevin O’Grady conducted a multi-centered research study testing
the efficacy of Dermabond, a novel cyanoacrylate adhesive for wound closure, among
several fibrin tissue adhesive studies. For another notable adheasive study see Siedentop’s
Research into Fibrin Tissue Adheasives.
Dr. Toriumi and others in the Department were supported by a grant from the Cambridge,
Mass.-based Genetics Institute to conduct research examining the efficacy of BMP-2 proteins and their osteoinductive capabilities. Numerous studies examining efficacy, dosing,
radiation effects, and optimal carrier molecules were performed at UIC and later published.
Also during this period, numerous preclinical studies were conducted evaluating the use of
growth factors in wound healing, nerve regeneration, and bone formation.
The Virtual Temporal Bone
In 1997, Ted Mason, then a second-year
resident, worked with Dr. Applebaum
to incorporate newly developed photographic and computer-based technologies to create the first virtual temporal
bone. Mason scanned 300 existing sections of a human temporal bone, and
working with the U of I Biomedical
Visualization staff, produced a digital,
three-dimensional model of the bone.
Developed at UIC in the School of Biomedical and Health Information Sciences, the project uses virtual reality and
computer networking technologies to
give medical students and residents the
benefit of learning from lifelike models
of the middle and inner ear, without the
risks of surgery.
The Virtual Reality in Medicine Lab (VRMedLabSM) at UIC creates Tele-Immersive Virtual
Reality tools to empower the medical community. The Virtual Temporal Bone was created
by Infirmary physicians, researchers and staff
in conjunction with the VRMedLabSM team.
39
Siedentop’s Research into Fibrin Tissue Adhesives
Part-time faculty member Dr. Karl Siedentop, an otolaryngologist in private practice at Northwest
Community Hospital in Arlington Heights, did significant research on fibrin tissue adhesives (FTA),
adhesives created from a patient’s own blood. Siedentop found methods to create his own autologous
preparation of FTA to stabilize tissue grafts and/or the ossicles of the ear during his procedures.
Dr. Ben Sanchez, a Filipino physician prepared the FTA for Seidentop in the operating room. He also
handled all of the clinical histological preparations from surgical cases in the department. Siedentop
was able to utilize FTA in appropriate surgical cases and thereby eliminate the potential risk of viral
contamination to patients, from using pooled blood products.
Siedentop was as expert in the field of FTA and published extensively on the topic. He was frequently
contacted by companies to test their formulation in bench and preclinical research experiments, and
he established standard tests to evaluate the bonding strength and tissue compatibility characteristics
of the various formulations. Dr. Siedentop’s important contributions to the field of fibrin tissue adhesives continue to be referenced in medical literature.
A stained glass window produced by
Dr. Siedentop’s widow Christel for the
Infirmary’s 150th Anniversary, using his
glasses and several pieces of his diagnostic equipment.
Laboratories within the Infirmary
A
remarkable feature of the Infirmary is its laboratories, designed for research, education, and patient testing. One of these laboratories, the Torok Vestibular Lab, was
originally built in 1957 during Lederer’s tenure. But this lab underwent extensive
development under the watchful eye of Dr. Applebaum, who also oversaw the construction of a
dissection lab, the Galter Temporal Bone Lab.
The Torok Vestibular Laboratory
Opened in 1957 as the Infirmary’s neurotology laboratory following a National Institutes of Health
Grant, the laboratory established by Nicholas Torok, MD, made important strides in understanding
the balance system of the human body, its disorders, and clinical methods for evaluation.
Born in Budapest, Hungary in 1909, Torok would emigrate to the U.S. in 1947, and eventually
joined the Infirmary at the University of Illinois. He progressed through its academic ranks from
instructor to full professor (the latter in 1968).
Torok’s pioneering work on the measurement and recording of eye movements in normal and dizzy
patients remains a standard for the treatment of dizziness in patients of all ages. Torok’s Caloric
Test involves goggles that a patient wears that measure all eye movements. Such movements, if
erratic, can be a direct indicator of anomalies in the inner ear. The IEEI was one of the first institutions to zero in on this connection.
Dr. Torok maintained inordinately high standards, according to Glenn Krol the biomedical engineer
who worked with him closely. Mr. Krol along with Albert Pieri, a neurotology technician, built the
equipment in the laboratory and its equipment specifically to Dr. Torok’s unique design specifications. His successor, Arvind Kumar, MD alumni (1977) and faculty memeber, took Torok’s place
at the lab after Torok died in 1996.
The Torok Vestibular Laboratory recently got a boost in 2008 from the addition of Thomas J.
Haberkamp, MD to the staff. Dr. Haberkamp is a specialist in otology, neurotology and skullbased surgery, who is breaking new ground with the creation of a hearing and balance center that
integrates audiology and neurotology in the treatment of patients. The laboratory will be key to
patient testing and treatment.
Plans for the renovated lab include new, state-of-the-art technology. New equipment includes a floor
that literally shifts under patients – who are secured in a harness to keep them from falling. This enables the medical team to measure and examine their corrective efforts to help to determine the causes
of their balance problems.
The Galter Temporal Bone Laboratory
In 1992, a grant from the Galter Foundation provided funds for the construction of the Galter
Temporal Bone Laboratory in the basement of the Infirmary. Today, the Department continues to
maintain this lab and it remains one of the best equipped in the country. Students work with current
surgical instruments to learn the intricate anatomy and drilling protocols necessary for temporal
bone surgical procedures.
Dr. Buckingham, who has been with department since
the days of Lederer, observes students at work in the
Temporal Bone Laboratory in 2005
Above: Nicholas Torok, MD
Right: The vestibular lab was dedicated
to Dr.Torok in 1994 and is still in use
today. It is undergoing major renovations in 2008 under the leadership of J.
Regan Thomas, MD and the direction of
Thomas Haberkamp, MD.
41
As Health Care Changed, So Did The Infirmary
B
y the 1980s the Infirmary on Taylor
Street was one of the last of its kind
– a specialty hospital focusing on
surgical treatment, education, and research, with
virtually all of its services under a single roof. A
Department brochure from that era described its
surgical facilities this way:
Modern operating rooms used exclusively for
otolaryngologic and head and neck surgery
are well-equipped, including the surgical laser and closed-circuit television. Supervision
is provided by an active full-time, part-time
and voluntary attending staff whose varying
interests include all aspects of contemporary
otolaryngologic practice.
Two full-time photographers in the department’s section of photography are available
for clinical, surgical and pre- and postoperative photography, as well as for the production of teaching slides.*
solidation of what it deemed redundant services
throughout the institution.
The members of the Otolaryngology and Ophthalmology Departments at the Infirmary were deeply
dissapointed by the decision. A Sept. 26, 1996 Chicago Tribune story described the move as follows:
For more than a century, the Illinois Eye
and Ear Infirmary – a specialized mini-hospital on Chicago’s West Side – has saved the
eyes, ears, noses and throats of countless patients. But in a few months, doctors say, the
infirmary will lose its own heart…*
And although much has indeed changed in the
past decade, happily the move into the Medical
Center’s surgical facilities did not diminish the
Department’s standing as one of the best Otolaryngology centers in the country. But in retrospect,
this event marked the beginning of the end of an
era, culminating in Dr. Applebaum’s retirement
in 2000.
*“The Department of Otolaryngology—Head and
Neck Surgery,” Brochure, College of Medicine,
The University of Illinois at Chicago.
*Schreuder C. Eye, “Ear Clinic’s relocation brings
a sense of loss.” Chicago Tribune. 1996 Sep 26:
Sect 2.
Left to right: Current department photographers Chet Childs and Eric Johnson.
But by the 1990s, the Infirmary would say goodbye to one of its greatest sources of pride -- its
self-contained surgical theaters. In an effort to
increase hospital efficiency, eliminate redundancy,
and ultimately save money, the University made
the decision to close the surgical theaters in the
Infirmary and have all surgeries performed in the
UIC Medical Center’s main surgical wing across
the street.
The Infirmary medical staff mourned what would
be a huge cultural change to the institution. It was
one of the most controversial decisions affecting
the Infirmary the University of Illinois ever made.
But in most respects, the move was unavoidable.
The University faced increasingly stringent budget
targets, and its Medical Center turned toward con-
Until 1996, patients stayed overnight in the Taylor
Street Infirmary, after surgery which also took
place in the same building.
The Current Era
I
n 1999, after 20 years at the post, Dr. Applebaum left the EEI and was quickly recruited
to serve as Head of Otolaryngology at Northwestern University. At the Infirmary, Arvind
Kumar was appointed Acting Head of the Department of Otolaryngology until J. Regan
Thomas, MD, otolaryngologist and facial plastic and reconstructive surgeon joined the Department
in 2001 as Lederer Professor and Head.
It is often said that “what goes around comes around.” Curiously, the man who was fellowship
trained under M. Eugene Tardy was now head of the Department at the Infirmary, and as he liked
to mention lightheartedly, he was now Tardy’s boss. Again, as was seen in the relationship between
Lederer and Soboroff, one could clearly recognize the degree of respect each man had for the other;
both experts in their field, both cut from the same cloth, both true leaders and gentlemen.
Dr. Thomas is deeply cognizant of the Infirmary’s historical significance within the field of Otolaryngology. “We are one of the oldest and most recognized departments in the field, but it is significant, and one of our important bragging rights, that in every era, we have always had an meaningful
impact on the specialty,” Thomas said.
Like so many of his predecessors, Dr. Thomas faced an aging facility at the IEEI when he came on
board. So, one of his first priorities was a renovation of the Department’s clinical and administrative
facilities. The new clinics opened in 2005, each patient room equipped with state-of-the art technology including two flat screen monitors – one for the patient and one for the resident and attending
physician – to view images seen during endoscopic examinations.
Clockwise from upper left: Dr. J. Regan
Thomas at Journal Club.
A new patient exam
room.
Hospital CEO, John
Denardo, Dr. Thomas,
and Dr. Flaherty hail the
opening of the department’s new clinic space
in 2005.
43
Specialization with Otolaryngology
A
s the practice of medicine advances, the tendency toward specialization increases, and
the practice of otolaryngology is no exception to this rule. One of the critical changes
Thomas brought to the Department of Otolaryngology was to have fellowship-trained
physicians establish individual centers of excellence to provide tertiary care for patients whose conditions require treatment beyond the expertise of a general ENT surgeon.
• The Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Center
J. Regan Thomas, MD and Dean Toriumi, MD have both been named in Castle and Connelly’s
America’s Top Doctors ® and on Best Doctors, Inc’s Best Doctors in America® list. They bring
their years of training and experience to both their patient care and their research. Both Dr.
Toriumi and Dr. Thomas have served as President of the American Academy of Facial Plastic
Surgery and Dr. Thomas is the past president of the American Board of Facial Plastic and Reconstrutive Surgery.
• The Sinus & Nasal Allergy Center
Stephanie Joe, MD is fellowship trained in rhinology and sinus surgery as well as facial plastic
surgery and reconstructive surgery. This unique training allows to Dr. Joe to treat all aspects of
sinonasal disorders. Dr. Joe is also the co-director of the Skull Base Program at UIC. She brings
her extensive knowledge of minimally invasive endoscopic sinus surgery to the program.
• The Head & Neck Cancer Surgery Center
Kristen Pytynia, MD, MPH is fellowship trained specialist in oncologic head and neck surgery.
Dr. Pytynia is an integral member of a team of specialists, including radiologists, pathologists,
hematologist/oncologists who are dedicated to the treatment of patients with head and neck
cancer. The Department hosts a weekly conference to discuss each patient’s individual case and
determine their optimal treatment plan and ongoing care.
• The Chicago Institute for Voice Care
Steven Sims, MD heads the Chicago Institute of Voice Care. Dr. Sims is a board certified
Otolaryngologist who subspecializes in professional voice care. A professional baritone
singer, Dr. Sims brings his knowledge of music and performance to his practice of Medicine.
The Institute also hosts an annual Voice Conference to educate the public on how to protect
the voice especially for those who are singers and public speakers.
• The Otology/Neurotology/Skull Base Surgery Center
Thomas Haberkamp, MD joined the department in 2008. He too has been recognized as
one of America’s Best Doctors ® and brings his expertise in neurotology to the integration
of the department with Audiology and the supervision of major renovations and expansion
of services.
Nonetheless, there is still a vital place for the ENT generalist in private practice, and many of the
residents who graduate from this program go on to open such practices. For this reason, in 2007,
the Department hired Rakhi Thambi, MD, who had been a resident at the Infirmary and worked in
private practice after graduating from the department. She has played a critical role in mentoring
residents who will go into private practice after graduation. In 2008 she will be joined by Ari Rubenfeld, MD, who is also joining the department from private practice.
1
2
3
4
5
6
1. J. Regan Thomas, MD 2. Dean Toriumi, MD 3. Stephanie Joe, MD 4. Steven Sims, MD 5. Kristen Pytynia, MD, MPH 6.
Thomas Haberkamp, MD 7. Rakhi Thambi, MD
7
SPOTLIGHT
The Infirmary’s Contributions Toward Facial Plastic
and Reconstructive Surgery
T
oday, the Department is renowned
for its facial plastic surgery. Remarkably, the Department’s prominence in this subspecialty took root more than
six decades ago. Many people might be surprised
to know that the growth of plastic surgery at the
IEEI was a singular response to the disfigurement
problems faced by Infirmary patients undergoing surgery for cancer and other head and neck
procedures.
As mentioned before, Dr. Joseph Beck was an
early pioneer in the area of reconstructive procedures in surgery, and Dr. M. Eugene Tardy was
a successor to that legacy. Dr. Tardy explains
that at the time he was entering the medical
profession in the early 1960s, facial plastics was
considered the domain of the plastic surgeon, a
specialty completely separate from head and neck
surgeons. In fact, at the University of Illinois,
both Dr. Tardy and Dr. Lederer had to take some
unusual steps to bring facial plastic surgery into
the Department of Otolaryngology.
“When I arrived as a new resident in 1964, otolaryngology and plastic surgery were actually two
competing specialties,” Tardy explained. “But
Lederer as always was a visionary, and he wanted
to focus on facial plastics as an extension of otolaryngology, and my interests were attracted to that
part of the specialty.” Lederer’s people skills were
necessary in getting plastic surgeons on the U of
I staff to work with the otolaryngology residents,
and the political waters were truly rough at first.
but at first, it was a little tough.”
Dr. Tardy established a fellowship position in facial plastic susrgery in 1979. Ironically, his first
fellow was a young surgeon from the University
of Missouri, J. Regan Thomas, MD.
Those days were a far cry from the clinical and
surgical service in facial plastic and reconstructive
surgery that operates today under the leadership
of current Department of Otolaryngology-Head
and Neck Surgery Head Dr. J. Regan Thomas and
Dr. Dean M. Toriumi, both nationally known
facial plastic and reconstructive surgeons. The
department today has two facial plastic fellowship positions under the supervision of Dr. Toriumi and Dr. Thomas, who also conduct weekly
courses for the residents and fellows in the new
conference room on the clinic floor.
In addition to clinical work performed on the Infirmary grounds, today’s facial plastic and reconstructive surgery practice also maintains an office
in the heart of Chicago’s Gold Coast, along with
an office in the northwest suburbs.
“We obviously are specialists in the cosmetic area of
plastic surgery, but we think our specialty has benefited from our strength in facial plastics because so
many patients need reconstructive work after cancer
and other conditions,” explains Toriumi. “We are
one of the strongest facial plastic surgery programs
in the country because we have a strong commitment to resident education and we lead with the
best technology to train new doctors.”
“I was involved in teaching one of the first postgraduate courses (on facial plastic and reconstructive
surgery) in the Otolaryngology Department, but initially, we ran up against resistance and we decided to
hold the first classes off campus so we wouldn’t stir
up too many issues at the University.”
Tardy would literally hold those classes in the
basement of his Oak Park home for five years.
“My wife would bake cookies, and the students
would have to duck under the low ceiling in my
basement for the class! We were eventually able
to establish some ecumenism between the departments that allowed us to move back on campus,
Dean Toriumi, MD, M. Eugene Tardy,
MD, and J. Regan Thomas, MD all preeminent facial plastic surgeons.
45
The Residency Experience in 2008
T
he life and training of the resident has
certainly changed over the generations
since the Infirmary first opened. In
many ways, the challenges and expectations residents
face in learning all there is to know about otolaryngology and head and neck surgery is more daunting
than ever. In other ways, there is a growing appreciation of the strains under which residents work and
an effort to their regulate hours and improve their
working conditions.
Something that has not changed is the Department’s
commitment to ensuring that residents graduate prepared to be the very best in the field. No recent
faculty member has exhibited this dedication more
than Mike Yao, MD, who served as the department’s
program director from 2003 confirm this date
through 2008, until he moved back to his home state
of California. As Scott Sebastian, MD, alumni class
of 2008, reflects: “Dr. Yao led by example, inspir-
ing the residents to practice medicine with a critical
mind, a fearless spirit, and an eye for style.”
Kunal Thakkar, the chief resident in the Department
of Otolaryngology during 2008-09, expresses a widely
shared appreciation of the department’s rich and living history: “You learn about the great physicians in
this department – Lederer, Soboroff and others. It’s
great that Dr. Buckingham and Dr. Aimi are still here
to work with us. They not only provide a tremendous
amount of skill we learn from, but they provide great
insight into the history of the infirmary.”
The faculty also appreciate working with the fine residents the department attracts. “Working with residents is the main reason I’m here,” said Dr. Thomas
J. Haberkamp, the newly appointed program director. “They tend to keep you focused and sharp on
things. Conventional wisdom might not be 100 percent of what solves a patient’s problems.”
Continuing Education – A Major Infirmary Initiative
C
ontinuing medical education (CME) –
mandatory mid-career training required
by states and other medical regulators
-- is now a regular fact of life for doctors. But more
than 30 years ago, few centers of learning were creating dedicated events that would become landmarks.
The Infirmary presents two of the best.
In 1981, the Department of Otolaryngologyfirst
sponsored the annual Midwinter Symposium on
Practical Surgical Challenges in Otolaryngology in
Snowmass, Colorado. A meeting, which Robert
Meyers, MD, alumni (1969) and clinical faculty
member, had begun a few years before. For the last
33 years, the Symposium has remained one of the
most heavily attended – and enjoyed – events in the
specialty. But it is also one of the oldest and most
successful. Each year, this premier meeting draws
both a national and international audience in the
field to dispense current, state-of-the-art, practical information on the management of surgical problems
in major areas in the specialty of otolaryngology.
A particularly popular course during the 1980s
was the Annual Otolaryngology Review, created by
Emanuel M. Skolnik, MD alumni (1949). Dr. Applebaum explained that the course attracted hundreds and was a preparation for the board exam.
The Department and its faculty have worked hard to
create significant continuing education events in the
field. In 2001, 2003, 2005 and 2007, Drs. Tardy and
Toriumi were the organizers of Advances in Rhinoplasty, a Chicago-based conference sponsored by the
American Academy of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery on the latest plastic surgery techniques.
The conference drew more than 400 attendees nationally and internationally each year it was held.
In 2008, plans were being made by Dr. Stephanie
Joe and Dr. Nikhil Bhatt to introduce a new CME
course on endoscopic sinus surgery.
Drs. Caldarelli, Thomas & Meyers
at Snowmass 2008
SPOTLIGHT
Research in the New Millenium
T
he faculty, in tandem with a talented
research staff with over 50 years of
combined experience, manages all
aspects of the research process from initial study
design and preparation of preclinical and clinical protocols to manuscript submission for publication. The Department maintains over 3,000
square feet of space for basic and preclinical research, an accredited GLP laboratory along with
a dedicated laboratory for decalcified and nondecalcified histology, and the Infirmary’s Temporal Bone Laboratory to teach the intricacies of
temporal bone anatomy and surgery.
All of the faculty and residents are involved in
many important research studies covering the
entire spectrum of otolaryngology. The Department conducts research at all levels from basic
and preclinical investigation to clinical trials. It
also conducts corporate contract work for companies that require an independent and reliable
source of testing and data evaluation in order to
proceed with 510K and U.S. Food and Drug Administration submission procedures.
Since 2000, Department research has tended to
focus on basic research projects in facial and reconstructive plastic surgery topics. This focus
makes sense in light of the fact that Dr. Thomas,
Department Chair, is a world renowned facial
plastic surgeon, Dr. Tardy (his mentor) is still active in the Department, and Dr. Toriumi continues in his role as head of research. Some of the
notable projects include:
• The Virtual Nose, developed as a follow-up
to the Virtual Temporal Bone by Dr. John
Vartanian as a research project during his
residency, and mentored by Dr. Thomas
and Dr. Tardy.
• Numerous projects evaluating wound healing
characteristics with platelet rich plasma and
other growth factors in preclinical models.
• Anatomical studies of flap survival, blood
flow, and structural and grafting considerations in rhinoplasty.
• Three-dimensional imaging of facial contours, using new photographic technology.
• Laser technology for dermal remodeling.
• The effect of dermal treatments on the aging process. Dr. Thomas and T.K. Bhattacharyya were awarded a CORE grant
from the Academy of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery in 2007 to study various chemical and dermatological creams
and their effect on dermal skin response.
The purchase of latest in imaging technology
– the 3D MD Camera – was made possible
through funds contributed to the department by
some of Dr. Dean Toriumi’s grateful patients.
In 2004, Jason Cundiff won first prize in the
Lederer Pierce Award for studies involving the
use of siRNA and mutations in the gap junction
beta-2 (GJB-2) gene, which encodes the connexin 26 protein critical in a specific autosomal
hearing loss (Djalilian, Cundiff, Kumar, 2004)
47
Meeting Today’s Financial Challenges
A
s state and federal funding of medical care and research decline, the future demands a return to a focus on fundraising
that harkens back to the days of Holmes. Once again the
Infirmary finds itself building relationships with the city’s philanthropic
community and with its alumni and friends who are committed to supporting the important mission of the Department.
The Bhatt Surgical Training Center
A recent example of a significant alumni contribution can be seen in the
construction of the Bhatt Surgical Training Center. Bhatt, a former IEEI
resident and instructor, started the laboratory in 2007 with an initial donation of $25,000 and an additional provision of $150,000 from the Bhatt
Laser Research Institute to support in perpetuity the annual operations of
the Lab.
“The way in which I’m brought up, when you receive something, you give
something back,” said Bhatt, who was raised in India. “You can’t keep taking and taking. It is my culture.”
Mike Yao, MD, Head and Neck Cancer
Surgeon, was a dedicated teacher as
well as one of America’s Top Doctors ®.
Pictured here teaching residents during a
course held in the Bhatt Surgical Training
Center.
The idea for the lab originated with Dr. Bhatt and Dr. Joe, Director of the
Sinus and Nasal Allergy Center at UIC. They envisioned an educational lab
for residents and visiting physicians where they would be able to practice
and spend time learning endoscopic sinus techniques in a collegial atmosphere. This type of minimally invasive surgery avoids external incisions
and allows for faster recovery for patients.
Bhatt points out that head and neck surgery is becoming much more detailed. “We’re reaching to the skull base, which is a very different setup than
ear surgery. We’re now working very close to the brain. This laboratory allows surgeons to learn a new art.”
The Louis F. Scaramella, MD, ENT Research Fund Golf Outing
For the last 15 years, one of the IEEI’s most successful fundraisers for resident research has taken place at the Prestwick Country Club in Frankfort,
IL. Louis F. Scaramella, a Department faculty member since 1960, organized
in 1993 what he hoped would be a golf outing that would draw 40 people to
support funding of resident research projects. Eighty people showed up.
To date, the annual summer event has raised nearly $250,000 to support
the applied research that Infirmary residents must complete by the end of
their training.
UIC Dr. Louis and Nina Scaramella Lecture Series
Dr. Scaramella not only sponsors the golf outing every year, but in 2004 he
also endowed the Louis Scaramella, MD lectureship, which will enable the
department to host eminent Otolaryngologists from around the country
to address faculty and residents at selected Grand Rounds conferences. Dr.
Scaramella chose Richard Buckingham, MD, eminent otologist and alumnus (1946) to be the first lecturer.
The M. Eugene Tardy, MD Lectureship in Facial Plastic Surgery and
the Humanities
Dr. Scaramella (center) joins Dr. Thomas
(right) and Toriumi (left) at the 2007 Golf
Outing.
This lectureship, endowed by M. Eugene Tardy, MD, in 2004, is held in
conjunction with Alumni Day. The lecturers are asked to explore the ‘human side’ of the practice of otolaryngology and the treatment of patients,
rather than simply focusing on technological advances.
Alumni Outreach
When Dr. Thomas joined the Department, he recognized that alumni outreach needed to reinvigoration. He recognized that alumni are not only an
important source of support for all academic departments, they are also a
vital constituency of the department whose past contributions during their
residency deserve ongoing recognition and appreciation from the Department.
In 2004, Dr. Thomas approached Dr. Tardy, a highly regarded emeritus
faculty who mentored many residents at the Infirmary, to spearhead an
alumni development initiative. They decided to establish an alumni association and link the Tardy Lectureship with Alumni Day as a way to attract
past residents back to the Infirmary and help them re-establish ties to the
department. In 2007, Howard Kotler, MD assumed the role president of
the Alumni Association.
J. Regan Thomas, MD, Sofferman (guest
speaker) and Tardy
Starting in 2005, the Department began naming outstanding Alumni of the
Year, and their names are announced on Alumni Day. They are:
2005:
2006:
2007:
2008:
Nikhil J. Bhatt, MD and Herbert C. Jones, MD
Louis F. Scaramella, MD and Henry Rabinowitz, MD
Peter L. Leffman, MD (Alumnus of the Year) and Timothy B.
McDonald, MD (Anesthesiologist and Honorary Alumnus of the
Year)
Mario Mansueto, MD and M. Eugene Tardy, MD
Now Hear This!
Howard Kotler, MD
In 2008, some 31 million Americans had some form of hearing loss.
Through the University of Illinois Foundation, the Department established
the “Now Hear This!” Foundation to advance the quality of life and treatment for people experiencing hearing loss.
This initiative will be kicked off at the 150th gala celebration and will support five key areas of need:
• The establishment of a self-directed and patient-centered “Hearing Resource Center” which will allow patients to maximize the benefits of
their treatment
• The funding of future research endeavors into treatment and prevention of hearing loss
• The subsidizing of patient care for people who cannot afford hearing
aids and implant devices
• Support for hearing services for the elderly, now that the Baby Boom
generation is approaching retirement
• Public education and outreach for individuals who may be reticent to
seek treatment for hearing loss
Department head, Dr. Thomas is the chair of “Now Hear This” and proud
to share this distinction with honorary co-chair, Marlee Matlin, who won
an Oscar for the film Children of a Lesser God in 1986 and has also distinguished herself as an advocate for closed-captioning.
Marlee Matlin, Honorary Chairperson of
the IEEI “Now Hear This!” Foundation
49
Going Forward
A
t the end of its first year of operation in 1858, the
IEEI treated 115 patients, including 20 with ear diseases. At the end of 2008, the Illinois Eye and Ear
Infirmary’s Otolaryngology Department will have treated an estimated 16,750 patients, including 4,750 who underwent facial plastic and reconstructive surgery.
In 150 years, the Department of Otolaryngology of the Illinois Eye
and Ear Infirmary has not only grown in the number of patients it
serves, but it has done so on the cutting edge of research and care.
No one can predict where the field of otolaryngology will be in
another 150 years. As Dr. Applebaum suggests, the rate of change
is always increasing:
“When I started in this field, there was no endoscopic sinus
surgery being done yet and relatively few otolaryngologists
were doing facial plastic surgery,” said Applebaum. “I would
not dare to guess the future other than to say that it is likely
that more refined treatments for head and neck cancer will
evolve and replace the radical and deforming ablations being
done now.”
Dr. Thomas demonstrates the
Virtual Nose project.
In the coming years, the clinical side of the Department is expected
to leave its location on Taylor Street and move to a new building
on the U of I Medical Center campus. While the administrative
function of the Infirmary will stay at its Taylor Street location, the
clinical side of the Infirmary will pursue advancements in care in an
economic environment that’s ironically familiar to the one Holmes
faced.
As the nation’s social safety net continues to face challenges due
to shortfalls in government funding of care for the uninsured and
underinsured, the Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck
Surgery will have to actively seek donations, grants and other opportunities to fund the best in care for those who can’t fund it
themselves.
“I think medical organizations like ours will need to develop innovative solutions if we’re going to deliver care to all the constituencies we serve here at UIC,” said Dr. Thomas. “That will present
some incredible challenges, but over the last 150 years, we have
managed to overcome many similar obstacles. I am confident that
as we move forward we will provide solutions to serve our patients,
our community, and our profession.”
Holmes would likely be pleased to know his original mission continues with the philosophy he brought to the Infirmary from the
first day – to seek out the best doctors, to set the best standards of
care, and to keep loyal supporters close at all times.
And most of all, to wear out in the service of others.
The Infirmary’s Current headquarters at
1855 W. Taylor St. Credit: Photo by Lisa
Holton
Appendix
Alumni List
The following list was compiled by Marilyn Plomann, RN, MBA, Assistant to the Head/Director of Physician Practice, Illinois Eye
and Ear Infirmary/Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Illinois at Chicago.
We have tracked the Department of Otolaryngology’s graduates from 1932 to present day using the following resources:
• The GME resident rotation list going back to 1942;
• The University of Illinois Foundation Development Office (tracking alumni donors);
• Other IEEI alumni archive materials.
If you spot an error or omission, we definitely want to correct it for future editions of our history. Please contact Marilyn Plomann
at (312) 996-6582 or by e-mail at [email protected].
1932
Mahlon Palmer
1933
Theodore R. Fritsche
John Wally
1935
Leonard Wachs
1936
Milton Kurth
1937
Lloyd Matzkin
1939
Jack E. Brooks
1941
Samuel Fogelhut
1940
Henry Weiskopk
1942
Sydney Lerner
Donald Wiebner
Leonard Niles
1944
Lawrence Hirsch
1945
Marshall U Simon
Harry Sperling
1946
Richard Buckingham
1947
Richard Ariagnoy
1948
Arnold Grossman
William A. Donnelly
Harry Levett
Arthur Loewy
Albert Swirsky
James F. Gavin
Gerald Guemmer
John K. Hamel
1949
John Alexander
George Anison
Alden E. Fogo
Gerald E. Guemmer
Carl. C. Hanchey
Abraham Kositsky
William Kucera
Marvin Lesky
Paul Ittkin
Leonard Nianick
Jay Schmidt
Emanuel Skolnik
Myron Shipero
Burton J. Soboroff
1950
A. Joel Zeldin
Monte Steadman
Lawrence Cohen
August Martinucci
1951
Emil Bergendahl
Jerry J. Dragovich
Ross Goldware
Charles Kudolla
Joseph Orrico
James Richardson
Herbert Kwepiszeski
Irving Sokolsky
Charles Sale
John Douglas
1952
Jack Carsel
Frank Krejca
Edward Weisman
Filmore Schiller
Robert Sills
Robert McMahon
Salvatore Perrelli
Edward Razim
1953
Garth Hemenway
Maynard Murray
Charles Yast
E. Weisman
Cecil Riggs
1959
Kenji Aimi
Pierre DeBlois
Jose Ferrer
Joseph Gyorkey
Lawrence Shapiro
Phillip Mozer
Robert Pornoy
1954
Pierre Gilles
Gerald Immerman
Stanley H. Bear
Colette Jeantet
Roland Kowal
1960
Ralph Casciaro
David Fagelson
Aldo Sirugo
Thaddeus Pierzyeski
Louis Scaramella
1955
Mario Mansuetto
Hsin Fen Wang
Cesar Guajardo
Adappa Devadas
John Gladney
1961
John Baxter
George Conner
Laurence Lemel
Dino Maurizi
Roy Matthews
Joyce Schild
Ronald Stefani
Louis Tenta
Richard J. Underriner
1956
David O. Dale
Elio Fornatto
Albert Kinkella
Henry K. Rosen
Andreas Kodros (56)
1957
Gustavo Galan
Guenter Gehrich
Ursula Neuendorf
Bertram Smith
1958
Lloyd F. O’Neil
David Austin
Robert Borkenhagen
Howard Martin
A. P. Panagopoulos
1962
Charles Bluestone
Peter Leffman
James Meucci
Robert Newell
Harold Small
John W. Stone
1963
Thomas Griffith
Roger Eggert
Robert Rosnagle
Robert McMahon
1964
51
Derald E. Brackman
Robin Brown
Jose Smoler
Ron Mathews
Joseph Velek
1965
John Comito
Harold Laker
Frank Massari
Robert Toohill
Florian Nykiel
1966
Ronald Blumenfield
Blaine Block
Robert Fagelson
Jerry Friedman
Keith Holmes
Donald Huttner
Donald Lee Jerome
Sanford Bruce Mer
Kodkiat Ruckphaopunt
Marvin Weintraub
1967
Neil Aaronson
Stephen P. Becker
John McPherson
William Sermonte
Daniel Madigan
Mark Saberman
Jerrold Gendler
David Wineinger
Charles Karam
Mark Saberman
M. Eugene Tardy
John Mills
1971
Ronald Fragen
Khalil Azem
Norman Blinstrub
James Cravens
Pradeep Keni
Charles Robinson
Charles Wine
William Youngerman
Ohan Bedros
1972
Richard Bulger
Peter Brusca
John Drammis
George Goldstein
Wafik Hanna
Paul Kaufman
Raymond Kelly
James Lipton
Peter Nutley
1973
Gerald Capoot
Robert Goldenberg
Abdel Hanna
Nagala Kishore
Robert Kotler
Stuart Lanson
Spyros Staikos
1968
Charles Dennis
Lattimer Ford
Herbert Jones
Meron Levitats
Mario Lucchinetti
Henry Rabinowitz
Richard Rehmeyer
Barry R. Weiss
Herbert Weinstein
1974
John Docktor
Theodore Golden
James Jakubiec
Samad Honorvar
Young Nin Lee
Carlyn Malik
Harold Moss
Robert Nudera
1975
Thomas Cahill
Howard Gelman
Lawrence Martin
Eugen Molnar
Neil Pollock
Michael Wheatley
King Foon Yee
1969
Robert M. Meyers
James M. Campbell
Victoria Anne Middleton
Norman J. Pastorek
Joel Charles Ross
Joseph Siegel
Burton Stearn
1976
Larry Bailey
Byron Eisenstein
Gregory Keller
Geoffrey Keyes
Timothy Reichert
Jeffery Schafer
Gary Schnitker
1970
David D. Caldarelli
Norman Cantor
Robert Guziec
Paul Kaufman
Ralph Levin
Prem K. Munjal
Herbert Newburger
Robert Stagman
1977
Richard Cohen
Abdoi H. Dowlatshahi
Javier Ferrer
Michael Friedman
Bon B. Hartline
Arvind Kumar
Pajendra Hanodia
Geoffrey Keyes
1978
Howard Baim
Francisco Belizario
Nikhil J. Bhatt
Michael Loebach
Robert Miller
1979
Solomon Greer
Michael E. Goldman
David Hemmer
Steven Horowitz
Stimson Schantz
Samuel Stal
David Wasser
1980
Narenda Desai
Charles Dickerson
Andrew Ilkiw
Arthur Katz
Elisabeth Mathew
1981
Judy Ginsberg
Leo Carter
Mark Baldree
Steve Soltes
1982
David Yannas
Todd Howel
Arab Mohammad
Vicki Shelton
Mark Lundine
1983
Paul Wotowic
Kenneth Stallings
James Oddie
Vytenis Grybauskas
Daved E. Krause
1984
Alan Sieden
Alan Freint
James Chow
David Sabato
Dale Sutton
1985-1986
Robert Deitch
Nicholas Lygizos
Elise Cheng-Deneny
Jeffery Krivit
Oscar Alonso
1987
Jay Werkhaven
Kevin Ham
Barry Levin
Gary Livingston
1988
Jane Tiesenga-Dillon
Lawrence Berg
Luca Vassalli
John Parker
1989
David Goodman
Margaret Jove-Provenza
Scott Karlin
Henry Cramer
1990
Daniel Kurtzman
Joseph Mishell
Howard Yerman
Charles Hurbis
1991
Thomas Grosch
Timothy Frost
Francisco Civantos
Kevin Ziffra
1992
David Tojo
Randall Weingarten
Sharon Gibson
Louis Portugal
1993
Lon Petchenik
Kerstin Stenson
Howard Kotler
Michael Paciorek
1994
Dennis Han
Michael Dailey
Benjamin Teitelbaum
Andrew Frankel
1995
Kevin Robertson
David Walner
Brian Duff
Alan Murray
John Topping
Scott Divenere
1996
Christopher Standage
Mark Whipple
Bill Berry
Jeffery Koempel
James Geraghty
2001
Angelique Cohen
Amita Bagal
Greg Bassell
Marci Lait
Yash Patil
Gustavo Diaz-Reyes
Anil Shah
Shridhar Ventrapragada
2006
Allan Ho
Jason Cundiff
Ryan Rehl
James J. Kempiners
1997
Mark Reinke
John Goldenberg
Bradley Green
Rajeev Mehta
Michael Keenan
2002
Alexander Golden
Rakhi Wadwa
Aftab Patni
Shelagh Cofer
Roy Amir
1998
Devang Desai
George Smyrniotis
Allen Rosenbaum
Amit Agrawal
Steven Dayan
2003
Shefali Shah
DJ Trigg
John Vartanian
Ankit Patel
2008
Ryan Greene
Nadia Mohyuddin
Amit Patel
J. Scott Sebastian
1999
Matt Mingrone
Jacqueline Cheng
Robert Furman
Jerry Rosen
Richard Mugge
2004
Kirk Clark
Sue Kim
Aaron Benson
Roya Munsonri
2009
Amy Anstead
Naveen Bhandarkar
Jeannie Linton
Kunal Thakkar
2007
Benjamin Johnson
Meredith Merz
Shamila Rawal
Steven Alexander
2010
Stephen Hoff
Lori Howell
Jeremy Alderfer
Sundip Patel
2000
Frank Casper
Glenn Schwartz
Ted Mason
James Bouzoukis
2005
John Damrose
2011
Joshua Downie
Keith Lertsburapa
Bo Brobst
Adam Frenc
53
The Chicago Laryngological and
Otological Society
Winners of the Lederer-Pierce Awards from the University of
Illinois/Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary
Year
Resident
Prize
1982
1983
1984
Mark Lundine
James Chow
Elise Deutsch
James Chow
Jeffrey Krivit
Gary Livingston
Jay Werkhaven
Luca Vassali
Scott Karlin
Scott Karlin
Kevin Ziffra
Charles Hurbis
Howard Yermin
Francisco Civantos
Kevin Ziffra
Michael J. Paciorek
Jeffrey A. Koempel
David L. Walner
Andrew S. Frankel
Mark Whipple
John Goldenberg
Allan Murray
Jeffrey A. Koempel
Christopher Standage
Devan Desai
George Smyrniotis
Amit Agrawal
Matthew Mingrone
Glenn Schwartz
Yash Patil
Shefali Shah
Shalagh Cofer
Aaron Benson
John Damrose
John Damrose
Jason Cundiff
Ryan Rehl
Aaron Benson
Jeannie Linton
3rd
1st
1st
3rd
2nd
2nd
3rd
1st
3rd
2nd
3rd
2nd
3rd
1st
3rd
1st
1st
2nd
3rd
1st
2nd
3rd
2nd
3rd
1st
1st
3rd
1st
2nd
3rd
Hon. Ment.
1st
3rd
2nd
1st
1st
2nd
3rd
2nd
1987
1989*
1990
1991
1992
1994**
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
1990-91
Royce Mueller
1991-92
R. Graham Boyce
Edwin Williams
1982-2007
1985
1986
List of facial plastic fellows who
have come through EEI since 1990.
2008 ***
NOTES:
* No winners from U of I in 1988.
* * No winners from U of I in 1993.
*** No winners in 2005 and 2007; information missing from
2006.
1993-94
James Henrick
Eric Lindbeck
1994-95
Sheldon Genack
George Murrell
1995-96
Daniel Becker
Mark Weinberger
1996-97
David Hendrick
James Alex
1997-98
Jennifer Porter
David Lovice
1998-99
Maria Chad
Deborah Watson
1999-00
David Hecht
2000-01
Benjamin Light
2001-02
Steve Mobley
John Hilinski
2002-03
David Kim
Benjamin Bassichis
2003-04
Manuel Lopez
John Westine
2004-05
Arnold Lee
Grant Hamilton
2005-06
Cori Horn
Jamie DeRosa
2006-07
Natalie Steele
Benjamin Swartout
2007-08
Paula Jackson
Mark Checcone
2008-09
Colin Pero
Clinton Humphrey