Seshadri_final_technical_report_0214110

Effect of fragmentation and
consequent climate change on
amphibian assemblage, KMTR, South
Western Ghats, India
Start of field work: October 1st 2010
End of Field work: October 30th 2011
FINAL TECHNICAL REPORT PREPARED BY : SESHADRI K. S.
Present address: Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment
ATREE, Royal Enclave, Bangalore, India
Email: [email protected]
Date of report completion September 10th 2012
Project ID: 0214110
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Contents
Summary
Background
Summary of Objectives, Activities and Outcomes
Objective 1
Activity 1, 2
Outcomes and Future activities
Objective 2
Activity 1, 2
Outcomes and Future activities
Objective 3
Activity 1,2,3 & 4
Outreach Activities
Achievements and Impacts
Problems encountered and potential solutions
Appendix
Methodology
Anuran Sampling
Long term monitoring
Species List
List of publications from this project
Acknowledgements
Annexures
Media Stories
Popular Articles
Scientific Publications
Outreach Material
Audit Statement
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List of Figures
Figure 1. Map showing the study area
Figure 2. Field data collection in process using Visual Encounter Surveys
Figure 3. Density differences across micro habitat and disturbance
Figure 4. Relationship of temperature and anuran vocalization
Figure 5. Process involved in Rigging canopy, Tree climbing
and setting up Song Meter
Figure 6. Average vocalizing intensity over time
Figure 7. Outreach Activities.
Figure 8. Personnel trained in canopy access
Figure 9. Flow chart showing methods in automated data collection
Figure 10. Plate showing some common anurans
Figure 11. Images of new species Raorchestes kakachi sp.nov
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Summary
The project objectives as proposed have been successfully achieved. An intensive study
has been carried out to compare amphibian assemblages in selection logged and
unlogged forest. This provided the first ever assessment of impacts of selection logging
on amphibians in the study site of Kalakad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve (KMTR). These
studies also lead to description of a new species of amphibian.
For long term monitoring, an automated protocol has been developed and tested and is
being finalized before being suggested for widespread application in the Western Ghats
to monitor amphibians in harsh environments. Additionally, a small study on diet
content analysis of two species of stream frogs has been carried out. A pocket guide to
the amphibians of the study site has been brought out and will be distributed among
students and interested persons. Interaction meeting will be arranged with stake
holders and an exciting footage on amphibians will be screened before delivering
lectures on amphibian conservation. The study has so far, led to three scientific
publications (at various stages of preparation and review); two popular book chapters;
One popular article in Magazine and two planned articles in local print media.
A deviation was made with respect to the proposed Objective 3. ‘Determine if there is a
potential of degraded forests in supporting amphibians under climate change scenario
given their sensitivity to temperature and humidity levels.’ This objective has been
reduced to only establishing and gathering base line information about anuran
occurrence and density using automated data loggers. The long term program will
generate data for climate change models in future. This was suggested by the review
committee as well.
Forest canopy of the unlogged evergreen forest
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Background
Amphibians are in danger of extinction world over. Habitat loss is considered to be one
of the important causal factors. India is home to an astonishing diversity of amphibians.
Over 170 species have been described and new species are being described in the
Western Ghats. Much of this diversity is endemic and unique to the Western Ghats
biodiversity hotspot. However, the studies on amphibians have remained largely
taxonomic and have left wide gaps in the knowledge of natural history and ecology of
these creatures. There are no field-based continuous amphibian monitoring programs in
India which is important given the high diversity and endemism of the taxa and the
threats the taxa is likely to face from land degradation and global climate change. This
study attempts to narrow these gaps by relating micro climatic variables with amphibian
assemblages across various micro habitats by setting up the first autonomous long term
monitoring program for amphibians in Western Ghats.
Evergreen forest in the backdrop of Agasthya peak, Agasthyamalai Biosphere Reserve
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Summary of Objectives, Activities and Outputs
Objective 1: Determine amphibian distribution on a vertical gradient of forest in
degraded forests and undisturbed sites
 Activity 1: Anuran Sampling
Sampling for anurans was done between the months November 2010–January
2011 and again in June–August 2011. The sampling protocol has been provided
in the appendix, map showing sample units are depicted in the Figure 1.

Activity 2: Data Analysis
Species richness estimator and Shannon H, Simpson D and Simpson 1-D were
used for comparing diversity, dominance and heterogeneity respectively.
Significance testing was done using one way ANOVA using log transformed data.
Figure 1. Map showing the study area
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Outputs from objective 1:
 A total of 12 species of anurans were recorded across unlogged and selective
logged forest. Three species were unique to unlogged forest and all twelve
species were endemic to the Western Ghats of India. The observed species
richness between selective logged and unlogged forest was different (9 vs.12
respectively).

The diversity index value was only marginally higher in unlogged forest
compared to selective logged forest (Shannon H log 10=2.0 & 1.7 respectively).

A total 257 individuals were encountered during this study in an area of 0.4 ha
with an average 6.4 individuals /100 m2. Mean anuran density was higher in
unlogged forest (8.15/100 m2) compared to selective logged forest (4.7/ 100 m2)
and the variation was significantly different between the two sites (F=6.443,
df=37, p<0.005). The anuran densities were highest in streams. Streams in
unlogged had significantly higher no. of amphibians than in logged forests.
Riparian zones had lower densities than streams and forest quadrats had the
least in both unlogged and selective logged sites (Figure. 2).
Figure 2. Field data collection in process using Visual Encounter Surveys
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
During the course of the study, as many as five new species were encountered.
One has been described as Raorchestes kakachi sp. nov.( species novelty in the
taxonomic journal Zootaxa published by Magnolia press, Auckland. The total
checklist of species recorded in the wet evergreen forest of KMTR has been
revised to 20 from about 10 from earlier studies (Appendix 2).

The team members were part of a major rediscovery of a Lost amphibian,
Raorchestes chalazodes–Chalazodes Bubble nest frog. This frog was not reported
for the past 136 years. The team leader collaborated for the search with Dr.
S.D.Biju, a reputed authority on Indian amphibians from Delhi University and Dr.
R. Ganesan, A botanist at ATREE. An updated list of species in the wet evergreen
forest study area has been provided in appendix 2.
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Crude density /100m2
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Density comparison across microhabitat and
disturbance
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unlogged
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20.2
20
selective logged
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10
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8.2
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3.7
2.3
0
Forest
Stream
Riparian
Figure 3. Density differences across micro habitat and disturbance
Forthcoming activities planned
 This sampling was carried out during post monsoon season. Another sampling
will be carried out during the next monsoons to verify some of the species and
density patterns observed.

The study has been written up as a manuscript for consideration to be published
in a journal. We plan to submit it to the Journal of Tropical Conservation Science.

A popular article on the adventures and mis-adventures and wildlife sightings
during amphibian sampling at night has been written and submitted to be
published in Sanctuary Asia. It is a leading wildlife, conservation and
environment magazine for Asian Wildlife.
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
An additional pilot study was undertaken for diet composition analysis of stream
dwelling frogs. As it was a new method, two common species were chosen
(Nyctibatrachus vasanthi and Micrixalus fuscus) in unlogged sites. The individuals
were caught and stomach was flushed with distilled water. Thirty individuals
were caught and contents observed. The stomach contests had a diversity of
arthropods. A total of 70 morpho species have been identified and the
taxonomic details are being worked upon. The smallest creature was an
‘amphipod’– a fresh water arthropod and the largest was a ‘Centepede’. The
arthropods will be identified and the manuscript submitted for publication.
Objective 2: Determine if micro climatic changes in these forests explain the observed
patterns with strong emphasis on canopy amphibians

Activity 1: Measurement of habitat characteristics
Soil and water temperature, substrate depth, water depth, atmospheric
temperature, relative humidity and canopy cover were measured. (For methods
see Appendix)

Activity 2: Long term monitoring of environmental variables
For long term monitoring of trends in environmental variables, two Kestrel®
Weather trackers were deployed one each in the canopy and on the ground. The
unit automatically takes record of 10 environmental variables at specified
intervals i.e. once every 30 mins.
Outputs from objective 2:
 Among the habitat parameters measured, only substrate thickness and substrate
temperature had significant positive relationship with species density and the
two parameters were responsible for 40% of the variation while canopy cover
and relative humidity did not have any significant influence (Multiple Linear
Regression: R2=0.55; adjusted R2=0.49; F=9.88, p<0.005).

We have observed the vocalization of frogs to peak during low temperatures
(Fig. 4). Overall, during the 6 months of data collection on weather, the lowest
temperatures were reached during December–January (~80C) and the peak was
during March–April (~230C). Temperature and humidity were positively
correlated. Relative Humidity reached 100% during the cold months of
December–January.
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20.5
20
3.5
Average temperature C
Average vocalization intensity
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2.5
18.5
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0.5
16.5
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Avg call
Avg temp
Figure 4. Relationship of temperature and anuran vocalization
Forthcoming activities planned
 A detailed analysis of the environmental data logged by the recorder will be
tested for specific patterns.
Objective 3: Protocol for Long Term Monitoring of anuran occurrence over a spatial and
temporal scale.

Activity 1: Development of protocol
There are currently no established protocols for long term monitoring of
amphibians in the Western Ghats. Acoustic monitoring techniques have been in
use in the Western countries and such methods are known to be efficient. They
also allow the opportunity to integrate interested persons, school children and
nature enthusiasts for monitoring. We deployed an automated sound recorder in
six spatially separated trees (500 m apart) and recorded amphibian calls for 24 h.
to discern patterns. The sound recorder was placed for 24 h. in the canopy and
another 24 h. on the ground (Fig. 5)

Activity 2: Testing protocol
A total of 12 trees were chosen and monitored for calling patterns during two
rainy seasons. Recordings of 1 min. duration were made for every 30 min. on
each location and this was synchronized with the weather data logger from the
previous objective.

Activity 3: Validation and verification
Five most common species of amphibians were chosen for the monitoring
program and their presence was monitored by surveying the trees and forest
floor at night. This activity also involved spending time in obtaining good quality
recordings of each calling species in order to assign the call to its origin. Those
species calling was recorded to be present or absent over time. The sound
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recordings were also cross verified by randomly listening to few recordings in
each sample point for any variations in call or addition of calling species.

Activity 4: Data analysis
Data analysis was done using software for automated call detection. The
proprietary software ‘Song Scope’ was used for this. First, using the good quality
recordings obtained in activity 3., the software is trained to detect patterns of
vocalizations by assigning the species to its known set of calls. The software,
then generates a recognizer with statistical confidence. This step was repeated
for each of the selected species. The recordings made at each location are then
loaded into the software and the recognizer’s are run. The system, depending on
the user defined selection criteria identifies regions of the recordings most
statistically suitable with the recognizer. The observer than manually verifies
each of the detected portions for the match with intended species and the table
is exported for analysis (Fig. 8, Appendix).
Figure 5. Process involved in Rigging canopy, Tree climbing and setting up Song Meter
Outputs from objective 3
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Figure 6. Average vocalizing intensity over time
Outreach activities:
As part of the outreach activities apart from involving local communities in the study,
we carried out a cultural program in from of street play in association with Nature
Talkies, a cultural drama team consisting of local children and Mr. Elango, A local folk
and theater artist. The drama was conducted on 26 th of January 2012. The theme of the
drama was how biodiversity was important to wet paddy agriculture and the eco system
services of frogs, owls and other birds.
The street play was conducted in two villages, Vaagaikulam and Naanal kulam on the
evening of 26th, which is a national holiday. The play had a surprisingly high attendance
by villagers and over hundred spectators were present in each village. Many had come
to watch their own children perform. The children were trained by Mr. Elango through
the day. A school bag and a T shirt were given to the children who participated in the
play as a small token of appreciation.
On February 2nd, the District Collectorate inaugurated the “Pocket guide to Frogs and
Toads of KMTR” ahead of the “Run for Us” cycle rally organized by us in association with
ATREE. He said that the field guide will go a long way in fostering support for
conservation. The leaflet is made in both English and Tamil, the local language for
maximum reach.
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Figure 7 Outreach Activities. (Counter clock wise). Frogs and Toads of KMTR being
released by Mathivanan M with Collector; Nature Talkies team; Mr. Elango during
street play; Audience and Mathivanan M, speaking on frogs.
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Achievements and Impacts (max 250 words)
The successful implementation of this study can be evaluated form the many
quantitative outcomes of the project.

Parts of the studies in this project are presented in two international
conferences (SCCS–Bangalore, September 2011 and ICCB New Zealand,
December 2011).

The study resulted in three manuscripts for publication consideration in peer
reviewed international journals. One species of bush frog has newly been
described to science and has already been submitted to a peer reviewed journal
in taxonomy–Zootaxa. Another manuscript on the impacts of selection logging
on anuran assemblages has been prepared and will be submitted to tentativelyto
Oryx, an open access journal, in December 2011. The other manuscript is in
preparation and will describe a modified protocol for ‘stomach flush’ on the diet
contents of two stream dwelling species.

Long term amphibian monitoring program has been established using
autonomous data collection protocol. This will have wide application in climate
change impact modeling on amphibians. The protocol once published, can be
replicated along the amphibian rich Western Ghats in future studies.
Overall, the study was aimed at knowledge generation for establishing baselines and the
above mentioned outcomes precisely contribute to the existing knowledge of
amphibians in the Western Ghats.
We have developed a photographic pocket field guide to the frogs and toads of the
KMTR and this will prove to be an important tool for dissipating information and the
gathered knowledge among local stakeholders, especially children and farmers. Field
modules, Conservation education activities and street play delivered at schools and
villages will further a cause for amphibian conservation.

First ever database of amphibian vocalizations in KMTR has been done. This
information is essential for success of the long term monitoring program.

A protocol developed and is being tested for successful replication in the
Western Ghats. This involves, Song meter, Software, Data Logger and very low
man power. This method gives ability to monitor amphibians easily in the
canopy, where working at night hours is difficult. The protocol will be written up
and published in a peer reviewed international journal.
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
So far, up to five species of amphibians have been conclusively known to occupy
the forest canopy (Raorchestes sp., R. crustai, R. kakachi, R.bobingeri and
Rhachophorous calcadensis). Among these, R. bobingeri is almost exclusively
known only from the forest canopy and has never been encountered on the
ground (It has however been seen vertically stratified from bushes of up to 10 m
to forest canopy of about 34 m, Fig. 6).

Seasonal fluctuation has been observed in vocalizing amphibians. The peak
vocalizing (and thus breeding) season begins with first rainy season during May–
August. All the species except post/ pre monsoon season vocalizing frogs like
Micrixalus fuscus vocalize during this season. The second breeding/ vocalizing
peak occurs during the second spell of monsoon during November–January.
However, species like R.bobingeri, R. chalazodes, R.kakachi, R.crustai do not
vocalize intensively. However, more seasonal data is required for any firm
conclusions.

Automated pattern detection from recordings is a difficult task and requires
significant trial and error before finalizing the procedure. In this direction, the
team leader is training in the use of pattern detection software and generating
recognizers. Good quality recognizers have successfully been generated for
Chalazodes bubble frog and tested to detect vocalizations. Other study species
are currently being tested.

The protocol developed and tested has been written as a popular article for the
book “Forest Canopies of South Asia– A glimpse”, ATREE publications. We have
also been invited to submit another article on the same theme to a book
“Treetops at Risk”, Springer publications. This book will be released during the
6th International Canopy Conference in Mexico, October 2012.

The protocol and the preliminary results of the study are being presented by the
team leader in the 25th International Congress on Conservation Biology, New
Zealand, 2011.
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Training members in tree climbing and amphibian identification: Overall, nine persons
including team members have been trained in tree climbing using single rope technique.
One undergraduate intern has been trained in arthropod identification, stomach flush
techniques and scientific publication writing. All the nine volunteers are trained in
amphibian identification as well.
Figure 8. Personnel trained in canopy access (Fig g: Photo: R.Ganesan)
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Problems encountered and potential solutions
Which project activities and outcomes have been problematic and in what way, and
how has this been overcome?
The major problematic activity was obtaining research permits form the forest
department. The problem was overcome by repeated interaction with the department,
presentation of proposed work, and follow up of application status over eight months
period.
Please detail any problems that the project has encountered or deviations from
original project plans. Describe how these problems were addressed and what
solutions were found to deal with these issues (for example with project management
or administration).
The only deviation in the project was the removal of climate change prediction modeling
as it would be unreliable with one year data. This was also strongly recommended by
the CLP review committee. The objective was limited only to establishing monitoring
protocol, gathering species information and baseline building for future model
predictions.
Please state important lessons which have been learnt through the course of the
project so far.
Need for adaptability. Often, the things we proposed or planned to do in a project may
not be feasible due to many difficulties like delay in permits, harsh weather conditions,
project personnel needing to attend to personal commitments etc. We learnt to
overcome these by having a rapport with forest department staff and updating them on
progress of field work. Sampling protocol and duration was aimed to maximize
replication and lastly, support was elicited from interns and local assistants in field on
realizing the need for the same.
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Appendix
Methodology
Anuran Sampling
Anurans were sampled based on a random stratified systematic sampling approach. A
total of 40 quadrats of 10X10 m2 each were laid and marked permanently with ribbon
tags. Hand held GPS Etrex Hc Garmin ® was used to geo-reference the location. Selective
logged and unlogged forest had 20 such quadrats each and the total sample effort was
0.4 ha. Further, quadrats were distributed evenly within each microhabitat with 10 in
forest (beyond 10 m from stream edge), five on the stream and five in the riparian zone
(10 m from stream edge) in both logged and unlogged forest respectively.
Sampling was carried out between 1800hrs-2100hrs during December 2010 to January
2011. Each quadrat was searched for 20 min duration using an “All out search method”
where observers searched the forest floor. Subsequently, they were photographed and
released in the same spot within 30 min duration of capture. No specimens were
collected during the study. Those individuals with uncertain identity were assigned to
the closest congener and indicated as confirmation pending (cf.).
Monitoring environmental variables
Soil and water temperature was obtained using a standard 110 0 mercury thermometer.
Substrate thickness (leaf litter depth for terrestrial and water depth for aquatic
respectively) was measured using a 30 cm stainless steel scale. The percentile of canopy
openness was estimated using photographs from below the canopy were taken using an
18 mm lens mounted on a Nikon D90 DLSR kept one foot above the ground. The images
were then converted to grayscale, brightness reduced to -100 and contrast increased to
+100 before obtaining the percentile canopy cover using the ‘Histogram’ option in
Adobe Photoshop ® Ver 7.0.
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Long term monitoring
Flow chart depicting process of data collection and interpretation from Song meter
recordings
Figure 9. Flow chart showing methods in automated data collection
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Species list
List of anurans encountered in selection logged and unlogged areas during October
2010 to November 2011 (Note: * indicates new addition to list or ambiguity cleared)
Species
Common name
Bufonidae
Duttaphrynus beddomii
Beddome’s toad
Duttaphrynus melanostictus
Common toad
Micrixalidae
Micrixalus fuscus
Dusky torrent frog
Micrixalus cf. phyllophilus*
Pink thigh frog
Microhylidae
Ramanella montana
Jerdons ramanella
Nyctibatrachidae
Nyctibatrachus aliciae
Alicea's night frog
N. vasanthi
Vasanthi's night frog
N. beddomi
Beddomes night frog
N. pillai*
Pillai night frog
Ranidae
Hylarana temporalis
Bronzed frog
Ranixalidae
Indirana beddomii
Beddomes Indian frog
Indirana diplosticta
Malabar Indian frog
Rhacophoridae
Raorchestes agasthyaensis*
Agasthya's bush frog
Raorchestes bobingeri*
Bobinger's bush frog
Raorchestes cf.graminirupes*
Ponmudi bush frog
Pseudophilautus cf.kani*
Kani bush frog
Raorchestes chalazodes*
Chalazodes bubble nest frog
Raorchestes kakachi sp. nov.*
Kakachi Shrub frog (paper under review)
Raorchestes crustai*
Bark and moss bush frog
Rhacophorus calcadensis
Calacad gliding frog
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Figure 10. Plate showing some common anurans (a: Raorchestes graminirupes; b:
Rhacophorous calcadensis; c: Duttaphrynus beddomii; d: Indirana bedomii; e: Indirana
diplosticta; f: Raorchestes agasthyaensis; g: Raorchestes bobingeri; h: Raorchestes
chalazodes; i: Raorchestes manohari)
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Figure-11 Image of the newly described species Raorchestes kakachi sp.nov (Seshadri,
Gururaja and Aravind, 2012). a=male and b=female.
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List of publications from this project
Seshadri,K.S., Aravind., N.A & Gururaja.K.V. (2012). A new species of Raorchestes (Amphibia: Anura:
Rhacophoridae) from mid- elevation evergreen forests of the south Western Ghats, India. Zootaxa: 3410:
19–34.
Seshadri.K.S (2012) Kodayar by Night, Sanctuary Asia (A bimonthly magazine on Aisan wildlife), February,
2012.
Seshadri,K.S. (Manuscript, 2012) Impacts of selective logging on anuran assemblages in an evergreen
forest stand of southern Western Ghats, India. To be submitted to ORYX.
Seshadri, K.S., Allwin.J., Mathivanan, M., Ganesh,T. (2012). Pocket guide to the Frogs and Toads of
Kalakad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve, ATREE publications.
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Acknowledgements:
We acknowledge the support of CLP, SOS and Idea Wild both financially and for their
help in assisting us in many ways for the successful completion of field work of this
project. Permissions to the study were provided by the Tamil Nadu Forest Department
vide permit number WL5/33019/201 to Seshadri.K.S.
Tamil Nadu Electricity board provided accommodation in the reserve. Facilities of the
Agasthyamalai Community Based Conservation Centre were extended by ATREE. Dr
Subramanya S of GKVK welcomed this idea and gave an excellent recommendation
letter which helped receive this grant. We are particularly grateful to him. Drs. Ganesh
T., Soubadra Devy M., and Ganesan R. provided valuable inputs for the completion of
the project. Drs. Aravind N.A and Gururaja K.V helped in amphibian identification apart
from discussing several concepts. Preeti, Kiran, Kishan, and Kumble volunteered for the
work. Chian, John, Murthy, Esaki and Murugan provided field assistance. Mrs, Rani and
her colleagues from Anantha and Co helped with auditing the expenditure. We are
thankful to all of them
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Annexures
News in Popular Media
In Kalakad forests, a project to bring out amphibian ecology
P. Sudhakar
A rare frog (Duttaphrynus beddomei) which was discover by the reasearchers at
Kalakkad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve in Tirunelveli District after the gap of 136 years.
Photo: Special Arrangement
Perhaps for the first time in the country, researchers of the Ashoka Trust for Research in
Ecology and Environment have initiated a project to monitor the presence of frogs and
toads in the evergreen forests of the Western Ghats to preserve these endangered species
serving as indicators of climate change.
The Ashoka Trust is based at the Agasthyamalai community conservation centre at
Manimuthar.
The researchers plan to exploit the behaviour of frogs and toads by placing automated
sound recorders and climate data loggers in the forests to record the calling of males at
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night to attract females for breeding. They will analyse the data in relation to climate and
the frog species found in an area and discern the patterns after a few years of monitoring.
Among amphibians, frogs and toads are exceptions: they are without tails while being
adults. They are collectively called anurans. India is a home to 277 species of anurans,
and close to 150 species have been listed as ‘threatened.'
If the predictions of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change are to come true,
many more anurans may be pushed to the brink of extinction. Sensitive to temperature
and moisture in the atmosphere, amphibians also serve as indicators of climate change.
This will be the first effort at monitoring the amphibians for long-term population
dynamics.
“This study will throw light on the present status of anurans, and we will be able to
understand the role of climate in the anuran population,” says K.S. Seshadri, who is
heading the study team in the Kalakad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve.
The key components of the study are a pilot survey of anurans and documentation of
calls of each species; setting up of equipment for seasonal and long-term monitoring in
the mid-elevation evergreen forest of the Kalakad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve; an
intensive study of the habitat of anurans; training of volunteers from urban and rural
communities in the use of gadgets for long-term monitoring; and an analysis of the data
gathered to predict the impact of climate change on anurans.
“With the backing of modern technology, we will be able to gather baseline data on the
amphibian population. Long-term monitoring of the anuran population will help us better
understand the drastic changes, which may indicate a decline in amphibian population,”
says T. Ganesh, Senior Fellow at the Ashoka Trust and an adviser of the project.
Automated sound recorders, ‘Song Meter,' made by Wildlife Acoustics Inc., U.S., and
Kestrel Pocket Weather Tracker, are used to record climate change. These gadgets allow
for pre-set programming to record data for specified lengths of time.
Forest canopies experience a harsh environment as they are the first to interact with the
atmosphere. There are many anurans living in this harsh environment. For a holistic
understanding, sound recorders with climate data loggers will be placed on the forest
floor as well as on the forest canopy at an altitude of 900-1,200 metres.
The success of the pilot project conducted by the Ashoka Trust helped its researchers bag
the prestigious Future Conservationist Project, which is funded by the Canada-based
Conservation Leadership Programme's Rs. 5.75 lakh-worth ‘Save Our Species
Campaign.'
They faced a tough competition from more than 150 teams worldwide. Research scholars
J. Allwin and M. Mathivanan of the Ashoka Trust will be involved in understanding the
perceptions of the local communities of the amphibians and build the stewardship
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towards amphibian conservation. Mr. Seshadri and P. Mrugank will document the
amphibians and the ecological aspects. A database of anuran photographs and calls will
also be made available.
“Understanding the perception of the people, living both in and outside of the KMTR, of
the amphibians will go a long way towards their conservation. People can easily relate to
frogs and toads as they are found even on paddy fields and in cities,” says Mr.
Mathivanan, who has a long-standing association with local communities in conservation
and now manages the Agasthyamalai community conservation centre.
“The project is well under way, and we have finished one field session during the
northeast monsoon and got some interesting insights. We also sighted a rare toad,
Duttaphrynus beddomei (Beddome's toad), after a decade. It was last sighted in 2001,”
Mr. Seshadri says.
Rare green frog
A rare green frog, Raorchestes chalazodes, was recently rediscovered in the the Kalakad
Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve by Dr. Ganesan and Mr. Seshadri, and Dr. S.D. Biju of
Delhi University. The frog was not seen for 136 years, they claim, and nothing much is
known about it.
This project is a significant step towards filling this gap in the knowledge.
“In the long run, we will be able to better understand the relationships and provide inputs
for amphibian conservation,” Dr. Ganesh says.
Keywords: Western Ghats, ecological project, Ashoka Trust, monitoring amphibians
Source: http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/article1556345.ece
As accessed on: 30-11-11
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Article in local print media, Dinamalar.
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'Frog song' may help understand climate change
Jayashree Nandi, TNN Jan 3, 2012, 07.10AM IST
NEW DELHI: If not kissing the frog, at least appreciating their 'croak' may lead to some
headway in to climate research . For the first time frog song is being monitored using
automated sound recorders by Indian scientists to track the impact of climate change on
amphibians in the forests of southern Western Ghats. The methodology for tracking their
call has recently been standardized by researchers.
Principal investigators of the study were struck with the idea when three of them were
100 feet above the ground on a rainy day, sitting on a tree shelter for canopy research at
Kalakad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve. They heard frog song and decided to investigate
how it could relate to climate.
Since frogs and toads respond to changes in atmospheric moisture and temperature, the
team decided on analysing the sound recordings of frog song and corelate it with readings
from climate data loggers.
"Amphibians have long been considered to be the barometers of the climate any subtle
variations in the atmospheric conditions like moisture availability and temperature is
likely to have profound impacts on them' said Seshadri.KS, who is heading the project
and is part of the team that won the Conservation Leadership Programme-Save Our
Species with senior fellow at Ashoka Trust for Research and Ecology, Ganesh T.
The team is using programmable automated sound recording systems called 'Song Meter'
and coupling it with an automated weather data logger device. These units are set in
remote forest areas and programmed to switch on or off at specified intervals . During the
South West and North East monsoons , of the past two years, they have been able to
listen to the forest at day and night.
"Amphibians are facing unprecedented declines world over. This has largely been
attributed to loss of habitat , fungal infections and global climate change. We are lacking
the big picture in India . So long term monitoring may help," he said.
Seshadri explained that the frog song can be the unique element that will help scientists
in the future. "For example, some frogs vocalize in a wide window of time while some,
are active for a very short window of time, may be for a few weeks. If the climate change
predictions are true, amphibians should be negatively be affected. By monitoring the
vocalizing activity , we can come up with an activity calendar for each of the indicator
species. Using this information, we can discern the changes in observed patterns and
interpret it in the context of climatic variations . This is the goal of the project," he added.
In the process of documenting various frog species in KMTR, the team consisting of
Seshadri, R Ganesan and S D Biju of Delhi University recently spotted the bubble nest
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frog, which was last spotted 136 years ago. They also spotted Beddome's toad that was
seen almost a decade ago.
While the monitoring process is long-term , the methodology has been standardized and
the initial results of their study were shared at the International Congress for
Conservation Biology in New Zealand held in December. The results would also be
published soon next year.
The Times of India. As accessed on 1st September 2012:
http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-01-03/florafauna/30583705_1_frog-species-climate-change-s-d-biju
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What frogs tell us about the planet
CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACT
A team of scientists at Kalakad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve reason that analysing
sound recordings of frog croaking combined with readings from climate data
loggers could improve our understanding of the effect of climate change on
amphibian populations, writes Atula Gupta
Sitting 100 feet above the ground, in the dense canopies of the Kalakad Mundanthurai
Tiger Reserve, three researchers were keen to finish their work before the approaching
rain clouds drenched them from head to toe. But the trio were distracted, because with the
impending storm, the forest had come alive with songs of frogs that happily conversed
with the hovering clouds. It was right at that moment that a striking idea was born in the
minds of the scientists: What if frog calls changed with changing climate? What if frogs
could foretell the future of the planet?
Intrigued by the cacophony of sound that the rains triggered, KS Seshadri with T Ganesh,
and S Devy initiated a monitoring programme to document the presence, or absence, of
amphibians in the Kakachi-Kodayar region of Kalakad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve
(KMTR), paying special attention to canopy frogs.
The study’s first aim is to document anurans, their calls and habitat, in the canopy or on
the ground, and will be the first time that such an extensive effort is being made in India
to monitor amphibians for long-term population dynamics based on calls.
Since frogs and toads respond to changes in atmospheric moisture and temperature, and
specific frogs sing at specific times of the year, the team reasoned that an analysis of
sound recordings, combined with readings from climate data loggers, could help improve
understanding of the effect of climate change on amphibian populations.
Over the past two years, the researchers have successfully gathered lots of sounds during
the south west and north-east monsoons using a programmable automated sound
recording device called song meter. These calls are then being matched with individual
frogs to identify them.
At the third stage, the sounds are being coupled with automated weather data logger
device to know eventually how over the years, weather conditions are changing and
affecting the presence or absence of frogs.
Weather forecasters
Amphibian skin is extremely thin, which makes frogs acutely sensitive to even minor
changes in temperature, humidity, and air or water quality.
“Amphibians have long been considered to be the barometers of the climate and any
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subtle variations in the atmospheric conditions like moisture availability and temperature
is likely to have profound impacts on them,” said Seshadri. According to him, some frogs
vocalise in a wide window of time while some are active for a very short duration, may
be for a few weeks. If the climate change predictions are true, by monitoring the
vocalising activity, an activity calendar for each of the indicator species can be made. The
information can be discerned in the context of climatic variations.
Worldwide, various researchers have noted that frog species are dying at a very high rate
and global warming may be the reason for the widespread extinctions. In 2006, American
scientists suggested that many of the county’s frog species were vanishing due to deadly
infectious fungal diseases spurred by changing water and air temperatures.
“Disease is the bullet killing frogs, but climate change is pulling the trigger,” said
Pounds, lead study author. “Global warming is wreaking havoc on amphibians and will
cause staggering losses of biodiversity if we don’t do something fast.”
India is home to 277 amphibians of which about 150 occupy the IUCN Red List for
threatened species. Many of these species have been recently described to science and are
already in danger of extinction. The long-term monitoring of frog activity therefore will
be invaluable in knowing the greater impact of climate change and also saving the
species.
Role frogs play
But why invest so much time and money on saving frogs and not tigers that naturally
seem to have a more poignant presence in the forests and are also known as the umbrella
species whose conservation will help save all other species?
In nature’s drama, even the seemingly insignificant frogs have an important role to play.
Amphibians, although small, have a great impact in sustaining the biodiversity and
ensuring that forest cover remains, monsoon showers occur in time and river do not run
dry. If frogs and toads are gone, it will lead to rise in insect population, their main preys.
These insects will feed on leaves destroying forests and leading to zero ground water
precipitation. Clouds will not form and thus without rains, rivers will dry.
That the disappearance of frogs will then ultimately affect forests, rivers and humans is a
given.
The human-led changes brought on to the planet have changed the dynamics of the earth
so much that the possibility of mass extinction of all living beings is no more a fantastic
thought.
That the summers are becoming hotter and winters unbearably cold, are phenomenon that
everyone observes but no one cares enough to interpret the changing pattern with human
enforced changes like pollution, deforestation and excessive harnessing of natural
resources.
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India also trails far behind when it comes to actual on-site data of its flora and fauna. Will
the croak alarm finally wake us from our ignorant slumber? The answer lies in the future.
The Deccan Herald, as accessed on 1st September 2012:
http://www.deccanherald.com/content/226881/what-frogs-tell-us-planet.html
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This work was executed by Seshadri.K.S, Allwin Jesudasa, Mathivannan M and
Mrugank Prabhu. All and any opinions expressed in this report are that of the author
and not of the organization associated with at the time of report production. This
report has not been formally copyedited.
Suggested citation: Seshadri.K.S. 2012. Effect of fragmentation and consequent climate
change on amphibian assemblage, KMTR, South Western Ghats, India. 35pp.
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