Table of Contents - Future Unplugged | Welcome

Transcription

Table of Contents
S. No.
1.0
2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
3.
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
4.0
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
5.0
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
6.0
6.1
6.2
7.0
Description
Executive Summary
Structural Design
External Configuration
Internal Arrangement
Construction Sequence
Mars Orbit Infrastructure Expansion
Operations and Infrastructure
Construction Material Sources
Community Infrastructure
Space Infrastructure
MARSUV
Human Factors
Work Environment
Community Design
Urban Planning
Education
Psychological Concerns
Entertainment
Automation Design and Services
Cargo Handling and Construction Automation
Maintenance and Security Automation
Domestic Automation
Internet Through “Periodic Updates”
Schedule and Cost
Schedule
Costs
Business Requirements
Page No.
1
2
2
7
7
8
9
9
10
20
22
24
24
25
26
27
27
27
28
28
29
32
32
33
33
34
37
Executive Summary
Aresam .::. Mars Space Settlement
1.0 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Northdonning Heedwell agrees with the aspirations of the Foundation Society in the development of a
space settlement community in the Martian orbit with the capability to act as a financial centre in space, a
docking base for ships for ventures into deep space and as a centre for research.
We at Northdonning Heedwell hope that man’s dream of finally conquering the heavens is realized and
that the proposed Martian Space station plays a prominent role in this process. We are indeed honoured
to be chosen as the designers of the path leading to this “dream realized”. The following is in accordance
to the Request for Proposal dated 2nd January 2051.
Over the years NH has acquired expertise in the design of space stations and requisite technology. Our
proposal offers a complete package with very low technical risk. Most of the technologies to be used on
Aresam have been successfully tested on Earth and we assure the highest degree of both safety and
comfort. In fact, Aresam is designed to be exactly like Earth; minus problems like pollution.
This proposal not only describes structural design, development and construction, but also plans for
operating and maintaining the Aresam Space Settlement in the Martian orbit. For easy readability the
proposal has been subdivided into 6 segments.
Some of the more notable features of Aresam are:
High standard of living and comfort for all with availability of customized living options
Spectacular views of Mars, its moons and of course, the Cosmos
Zero/Low-G Recreation
Being the furthest human community to date it will be an excellent Station for deep space
ventures and astronomical observations
High level of automation ranging from cargo handling to household chores
A high level of security ranging from Iris Scan Systems (ISS) to Subcutaneous Chips
High-Quality educational facilities and working places
Well designed living environment with landscaping and wide open spaces
An efficient public transit system: The Monorail, runs throughout the settlement.
-Page 1-
Northdonning Heedwell
Structural Design
2.0 STRUCTURAL DESIGN
2.1 EXTERNAL CONFIGURATION
2.1.1 SHAPE AND DESIGN
Northdonning Heedwell has developed an innovative concept for the shape and design of the Aresam
Mars Space Settlement that overcomes the limitations of the current design technologies such as the
cylinder, dumb-bell, sphere etc. It was decided that a half-cut torus would best suit our requirements. The
half-cut toroidal design requires the removal of the outer semi-circle from the cross-section of the torus.
The design allows us to control the minor radius which generates the atmosphere volume, which is a very
important element in the creation of Pseudo-Gravity (Artificial Gravity) and good biological conditions.
Another advantage of the half-cut torus is that it assures maximum habitable area per ton of nitrogen,
requiring minimum amount of materials.
Figure 2.1 – Schematic Diagram of Aresam Space Settlement
Aresam will consist of two half-cut torii, stacked one over the other, a Communications Sphere, two
Cylinders with spherical end-caps and a Docking Station. Torus 1 will be used for agriculture and storage.
It has been divided into 4 modules for easy management and isolation. Torus 2 will provide the actual
living and working space.
-Page 2-
A cylinder with spherical end-caps will be used in the centre of both of the torii for storage, manufacturing,
recreation and research etc. We have the advantage of strict Zero-Gravity at the centre and constant
Pseudo-Gravity on the end-caps.
It can be easily segmented and will contain a dense atmosphere, thus it can serve as a temporary
location for the colonists incase of torus evacuation.
The lower part will be used for docking, ship repair and cargo handling. The cylindrical docking system
will be equipped with state-of-the-art automated emergency handling technologies and has the capability
to cater to 15 space vehicles simultaneously.
.
The Communications Sphere contains the communication equipments which are based on Laser
Technology (see Section 3.2.3B).
For power generation, solar panels will be placed on the mirror and in between the two torii, which will
also provide robustness and stability to the structure. The mirror will not be rotated so as to continuously
face the sun. This can be done easily with the help of magnetic bearings.
Six spokes will connect each of the torii to the Central Cylinders (the “Core”). Reflective mirrors will be
placed along these spokes which will reflect sunlight into the torii. The two torii will also be connected to
each other by means of three Shafts; each of these shafts will have a solar panel attached to them. A
Central Shaft will be running through the centre of the two cylinders, the Docking Station and the Mirror,
towards the Communications Sphere.
A moveable sphere will be placed on each spoke between the tourism cylinder and the residential torus.
These spheres will provide variable gravity, which will be a novel experience for tourists, and can also be
used for space research. These spheres will be moved slowly as they will change the angular velocity of
the settlement due to the Conservation of Angular Momentum. Although the change is minimal, the
spheres need to be moved slowly to restore the original rotation rate.
All of the rotating and non-rotating components will be joined together using an elaborate system of
magnetic bearings.
Figure 2.2 – Diagram of the Torus
For providing natural
lighting to the interior
space of each torii, a
light-seeking reflective
mirror would be placed
on the central shaft
between Torus 1 and
the
Communications
Sphere. The mirror will
be made out of the
organic polymers Mylar
and Kynar.
Artificial gravity will be created by rotating Aresam around its axis. This will produce centrifugal force
normal to the floor. This centrifugal force will be responsible for generating artificial gravity. The
magnitude of artificial gravity was taken equal to normal Earth gravity, i.e. 9.8m/s2, so as to simulate
Earth-like conditions.
All the regions except the storage areas, which require no human activity, will be pressurized.
Calculations:
As mentioned before, storage and agriculture will take place in the Torus 1. One person requires 155.2
m2 of area (from NASA 1975 Summer Study). Subtracting the area requirements for storage and
-Page 3-
agriculture a figure of 89.2 m2 is obtained per person for the residential torus and 66 m 2 for the agriculture
torus.
Thus the total area in the residential torus will be 15000 * 89.2 which gives 1,338,000 m2. Similarly, the
agricultural torus requires (15,000 * 66) = 990,000 m2.
Taking into account the rotating motion of the settlement, we must determine the radius of both the torii
for which the simulated gravitational constant along the residential area is optimum (g = 9.81 m/s2).
2
Acceleration = ω R = 4π 2 / T2 * R
(Where ω is the Angular Velocity, T is the time period of rotation)
Hence R = gT2 / 4π 2
Considering the reaction of the human body to different angular velocities, and taking into account the
artificial gravity, a rotation time period of 60 seconds is most suitable for the space colony.
Hence the orbital velocity of our settlement = 0.104 rad/s,
R = 9.81 * 60 * 60 / (4 * 9.85) = 894.56 m
The value of the major radius will be same for both the torii.
For the residential torus,
Area required = 1,338,000 m2 = 4π * r * R
Hence r = 119 m
(where r is the minor radius of the torus)
Torus Volume = π2 * r2 * R = 125,026,808 m3
Residential and Agricultural Cylinders:
Height (h) = 60m
Radius (r) = 110m
Volume = π r2 (h + 4r/3) = 7,856,076 m3
Total Surface Area = 2π r (2r + h) = 193,522.1 m2
Communication Sphere:
Radius (r) = 60 m
Volume = 4/3 π r3 = 904,320 m3
Surface area = 4π r2 = 45,257.14 m2
Central Shaft:
Length of the Central Shaft =1,800 m
Radius of the Central Shaft = 8.5 m
Volume of the Central Shaft (π r2 h) = 408,357 m3
Surface Area of the Central Shaft (2π r h) = 96,084.2 m2
Figure 2.3 – Torus (Not to Scale)
Docking Cylinder with Hemispherical Cap at the Top
Total Inner Radius (r) = 200 m
Cylindrical Height (h) = 250 m
Total Surface Area of the Docking Station= 2 π r (h + r) = 565,200 m2
Total Volume of the Docking System = 48,146,666.667 m3
Total Surface Area of Aresam = 3,228,063.44 m2
Total Volume of Aresam = 307,369,035.7 m3
Total Surface Area with Zero/Low-Gravity = 900,063.4 m2
Total Volume with Zero/Low-Gravity = 57,315,419.67 m3
It is seen that the total surface area and total volume of all the low gravity zones works out to be 27.9%
and 18.6 % of the total surface area and total volume respectively of Aresam settlement.
-Page 4-
2.1.2 DOCKING SYSTEMS AND FUEL STORAGE:
Our non-rotating cylindrical docking system has adequate provisions for at least 10 cargo ships and 5
passenger ships simultaneously. It will also contain a “repair bay” for long term docking of ships requiring
emergency repair.
The fuel stored on Aresam is mainly CO2 (for MagBeam propulsion), Hydrazine and Nitrogen-Tetra Oxide
and hydrogen. All fuels will be stored in liquid state. Inflammable cargo and fuel will be kept away from
the docking system to reduce the risk of fires and similar accidents. There will be one passenger terminal
with a capacity of 1000 to accommodate passenger carriers. Aresam will offer facilities for transfer of
cargo, fuel and provisions to passenger and cargo ships.
During the main docking approach, radar systems on Aresam will guide the ship in to the docking station
with the help of magnetic fields. Aresam docking ports also feature retractable arms that dock with the
ship at considerable distances and then pull the ships in. This will serve as an emergency measure in
case the magnetic docking fails or is unable to perform its function. All ships while docked will be
controlled by the Central Control Unit (CCU).
2.1.3 SHIELDING
A significant difficulty for manned missions outside the
Earth’s magnetosphere is the hazard of crew exposure
to particulate radiation in colonization-related activities
and Mars-based mining and manufacturing etc. In order
to overcome this problem, both active and passive
shielding will be employed at Aresam.
A. Active Shielding:
Electromagnetic shielding is the most convenient way of
protecting against ionizing radiation. The magnetic shield
is based on the fact that a charged particle’s trajectory in
magnetic field is curved. When a particle enters a high
magnetic field region, its trajectory will be curved away
from the region that needs protection.
Figure 2.4 – The Particles’ Trajectory
If we know the intensity of magnetic field (B), mass (m),
speed (s) and the charge (q) of the particle, it is possible
to determine the “Lawrence Force“(f) and the radius of the particle’s Circular Trajectory (R).
F=qv*b
Fcf = m v2 / r
Therefore,
M v2 / r = q v * b
R=mv/Bq
(Where r is the radius of the
magnetic field)
Figure 2.5 – Coil Diagram
-Page 5-
For maintaining a magnetic field around the
settlement, a series of close wound bobbins
placed on the exterior margins of the torus
will be used, powered by photovoltaic
panels. The inductance of a single layer of
coil can be determined according to the
Wheeler Formula:
L = d2 n2 /1 + 0.45d
The amperage required to maximize the efficiency of the magnetic field can also be resolved by:
E0 = 622 Wm-2 (E0 = Solar Power per m2)
R0 = m v / q b
B = (µ0 * µr * n * I) / L
µSUPER ALLOYS = 106 H / M
B = (µn * I) / 2R
(R0 = Radius of the Magnetic Field)
(µ0 = 4π * 10-7H/M)
Taking into account that the coils will be entirely exposed to the ionizing radiations, the radius of the coil
(R0) needs to be half of its length:
R0 = L / 2
S = L2 = 0.25 m2 = Surface of the Coil to face the sun
P = E S ή = 622 * 0.25 * 0.30 = 52
(p= Power Generated on a Coil), (ή = Efficiency of the Panel)
B = m v * q ro = (µ0 * µr * n * I) / L
(n = No. of Turns = 104)
I = m * v * l / q * r0 * µ0 * µr * n
For a proton particle
(which is the most common particle in solar flares), (q = 1.67 * 10-19 c)
7
Velocity = 2 * 10 m/s
I= 1.6 * 10-27 * 2 * 107 * 0.5 * 107 / 1.6 * 10-19 * O.5 * 4π * 10-7 * 106 * 104
I = 159.2 A
The calculated amperage is possible to generate. The electromagnetic field created by the system of coils
will function very efficiently but there will be points found in less intense electromagnetic field between the
coils. However, they will not raise any problems because of their symmetric repartition.
Active shielding has many advantages over its passive counterpart. Active shielding is more predictable
and it can be controlled accurately. In addition, it costs less than passive shielding. Thus, active shielding
does not pose any threat to the sensitive electrical circuitry prevalent around it, and to human health
because the intensity of the magnetic field is not very high.
B. Passive Shielding:
A bit of passive shielding will also be required to protect against the deadly Galactic Cosmic Rays (GCR).
The following will be used to ensure that the residents of Aresam would be protected against the harmful
radiations:
An organic polymer, Zylon will provide the majority of the strength. Zylon is a new high
performance fibre, which has superior tensile strength and modulus compared to other fibres like
Vectran and Kevlar. It also has outstanding flame resistance and thermal stability. The carbon
required for it, can easily be mined from Phobos and Deimos
Aluminium and titanium alloys will also be used as they are highly effective in shielding against
the deadly cosmic radiation and debris penetration, they also offer tremendous strength and
support to the overall structure
Sonex polyurethane is a low weight open cell foam , the foam support is hollowed out with cores
spread out to reduce the shielding mass by 50% .The foam slows down the shattered particles
and decreases the overall weight.
-Page 6-
2.2 INTERNAL ARRANGEMENT
Purpose
Residential
Shops
Offices
Schools
Hospital
Assembly (Church/Halls)
Recreation and
Entertainment
Public/Open Space
Service Industry
Storage*
Transportation
Misc. Infrastructure
Plant Growing Areas
Animal Areas
Food Processing,
Collecting, Storage, etc.
Agriculture Drying Area
TOTAL
Area Per Person (m2)
49
2.3
1
1
0.3
1.5
1
Height Per Person (m)
3
4
4
3.8
5
10
3
Area For 15,000
735,000
3,450
15,000
15,000
4,500
22,500
15,000
10
4
5
12
7.1
44
5
4
50
6
3.2
6
4
15
15
15
150,000
60,000
75,000
180,000
106,500
660,000
75,000
60,000
8
155.2
15
120,000
2,310,450
*The area per person has been multiplied by 15,000 as Aresam has to provide provision for visiting
ships as well. All others were multiplied by 15,000 (14000 for the residents and 1000 Extra).
2.3 CONSTRUCTION SEQUENCE
Phase 1
Initially, payload consisting of parts to assemble a MagBeam propulsion Station (see Section 3.3.1) will
be sent to Mars using the Tether System. It will be set up in orbit at about an altitude of 11,000 Km from
the surface of Mars. At the same time, a MagBeam Station will be setup at High Earth Orbit.
Simultaneously, mining will start at the Moon through the Alaskol and Balderol bases. The construction
robots (see Section 5.0) will then be transported to the Martian Orbit using the newly installed MagBeam.
Meanwhile, scientists will be posted on Bellevistat and Alexandriat from where they will constantly monitor
the activities of the Robots working in the Martian orbit.
The work of mining will be done by Robots on places including:
Phobos and Deimos (Martian Moons)
Mars
Moon (Earth Moon).
The construction materials will be stored in a network of inflatable structures with solar arrays (for power)
that will be transported through the Tether System.
Phase 2
The construction of Aresam will actually begin in this phase. The Central Shaft and the structures
attached to it will be built before all other structures. Construction will start with the docking system and
proceed upwards through the Cylinders to the Communications Sphere. The mirror will also be
constructed during this phase.
Phase 3
This phase will be the longest, as it involves the simultaneous construction of the two torii. It will start with
the construction of the spokes from the two cylinders reaching out to the two torii modules. After the
spokes of both torii are constructed, the modules will be built. Due to the massive size of the torii, this
-Page 7-
phase will involve extensive construction (most of which will be automated) and some human
involvement.
Phase 4
This phase involves setting up the internal systems and construction of inner structures and buildings.
After completion of construction, this phase will also involve testing and inspection of all systems and
subsystems. Finally, the made-to-order structures and interior designs will be made. This phase will
probably have the maximum human involvement out of all four.
2.4 MARS ORBIT INFRASTRUCTURE EXPANSION
Aresam will have adequate infrastructure to meet
needs for increased cargo and passenger traffic
when major settlement are established on mars .It
will be equipped with the state of the art
technologies to set up
heavy manufacturing
centers for space infrastructure like interplanetary
transport
Some of the various transportation
systems apt for these are as follows:
MAGBEAM:
MagBeam station can be set up at different
areas in the solar system, which can
provide transport of cargo and mined
minerals from other planets to Mars.
Figure 2.6 – Reusable Launch Vehicle (RLV)
REUSABLE LAUNCH VEHICLE (RLV):
The RLV used on Mars will be X-33 Venture
Star. This RLV has Aero-Spike engines
which will increase efficiency and reduce the
launch cost. Venture Star is ideal for
transport of payload of minerals from
surface to orbit.
UNMANNED SPACE VEHICLES:
For atmospheric resonance, small sized
robotic planes will be launched from the
ground which will monitor the atmosphere
Figure 2.7 – Unmanned Robotic Plane
and can come back when required with the
required information. It is considered apt for
mineral mapping, weather forecasting etc.
Aresam can serve as a commercial
manufacturing centre which will help the
foundation company to earn profits.
MARS RECON:
This vehicle is considered ideal to facilitate
passenger transport in the harsh conditions
of Mars.
Figure 2.8 – Mars Recon
-Page 8-
Operations and
Infrastructure
3.0 OPERATIONS AND INFRASTRUCTURE
3.1 CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL SOURCES
3.1.1 LOCATION
Aresam will be placed in a polar orbit around Mars having an altitude of 11000 km; this location will help
us in easy access to both the natural satellites of Mars and the planet itself.
Statistics are:
Time Period of Revolution = 52321.90795 s.
Orbital Inclination = 25.19 º (With Respect to the axis of Mars and towards the Sun).
Aresam requires continuous sunlight onto it so as to facilitate power generation, crop Production etc. It is
for this reason that such an orbital inclination has been chosen, so as to receive sunlight without any
interruption. In case of any transit or non-availability of sunlight we will use artificial light to produce crops.
Materials and substances can be easily transported within the Mars-Phobos-Aresam-Diemos System and
of course, to Earth. Hence we believe that this location will be perfect to assist us in both economical and
Technological benefits.
Figure 3.1 - Orbital Parameters
For More Images Visit Our Website: http://amityaresam.bravehost.com
3.1.2 CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
Materials
Aluminium
Titanium
Zylon
Carbon Nanotubes
Iron-Nickel Alloys(ColdDrawn)
Silicon Compounds
Lunar Glass, Lead Glass
Function
Shielding/Support
Shielding/Support
Shielding/Support
Structural Support
Support for Central Shaft
Source
Mars
Mars, Moon
Earth
Phobos, Deimos, Earth
Mars
Inner Structures
Windows
Mylar and Kynar
Mirrors
Abundant on Mars
Earth’s Moon (Manufactured at
Bellevistat/Moon)
Earth
-Page 9-
3.2 COMMUNITY INFRASTRUCTURE
3.2.1 FOOD PRODUCTION
Aresam will provide a self-sufficient environment for people living there with the use of hydroponics--soil
less agriculture. Most commonly, hydroponics cultivate plants in nutrient-rich solution. It is an
advantageous method of growing crops both for domestic and commercial use.
We will take into account all the nutritional requirement of the people living on Aresam.
The following table illustrates the annual requirement of 15,000 people:
S. No
Crops
Annual requirement
Annual yield (per m. sq.)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Rice
Wheat
Vegetables
Fruits
Potatoes
Tomatoes
Corn
Soybeans
6,84,375
12,31,875
37,61,325
25,73,250
9,47,175
9,05,565
3,04,167
8,34,850
255.52
226.3
684.375
561.38
912.5
985.5
273.5
283.0
Land requirement
(m. sq.)
2678.36
5443.54
5496.00
4583.79
1038.00
918.88
1111.11
2950.00
Light is very essential for the growth of a plant. In case of indoor agriculture, artificial light is used, through
“gro-lights”, metal halide lamps etc. At least half a day long direct sunlight is essential for the growth.
Nutrient solution is very important for crops. Its pH will be maintained between 5 to 6.5 and all the basic
minerals like, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, nitrogen source, iron, zinc, copper, magnesium, chlorine,
sulphur, etc., will be present in it and all the utilized nutrient solution will be recycled for its reuse.
Plants will be utilizing CO2 to produce food by photosynthesis. They will exhale oxygen in this process,
which is essential for life support on Aresam. Temperature and humidity will be maintained by condensing
heat exchanger (see Section 3.2.5D). Another consideration for hydroponics agriculture is air circulation.
This prevents fungal diseases and allows the plants to draw out the necessary carbon dioxide they
require (see Section 3.2.5E).
Aggregate systems use some form of inert material to support and surround plant roots. The most
common materials used are rockwool, clay pebbles and gravel, perlite, vermiculite, sand, or foam chips.
The media provides plant support, allows good air penetration to the roots, and yet retains a thin layer of
nutrients and water around the roots. One of the most common systems using an aggregate media is the
Flood and Drain Method. A water-holding container is filled with the aggregates. The container is flooded
periodically with the nutrient solution. The solution is drained back into the nutrient reservoir through a
valve at the bottom of the container.
Total area required for poultry will be 1, 57,890 m2. Taking into account the requirement of nonvegetarians living on Aresam, the following animals will be kept in poultry:
A. Animal Products:
ANIMAL
Fish
Chickens
Rabbit
Cattle
-Page 10-
NO. /person
2.6
6.2
2.8
1.5
AREA/ANIMAL(m2)
0.1
0.13
0.4
4
Total area (m2)
39000
12090
16800
90000
After harvesting of crops and slaughtering of livestock, it will be sent to the Hygienic Food Processing Unit
(HFPU) for packaging and canning (see section 3.2.1C).
B. Storage System on Aresam:
In case of any crop failure or low availability Aresam will be providing a backup of 3 months, so that we
have enough amount of food till it can be imported from Earth. It will be installed within the agricultural
torus. The storage area of Aresam will be equipped with temperature and humidity control devices. This
device will force warm stale air out and CO2 rich air will be drawn in through the vents. This device will be
cycled by a timer or will be connected with a thermostat or environment control device. Ideally, the
storage system should have humidity around 15% or less, otherwise there will be chances of microbial
growth. The stores will also be installed with pest control devices. Sunlight also has to be adequate in the
storage area. There will be separate compartments for dairy product and grain to be kept for farm
animals.
Ships reaching Aresam will require provision for food and water. Aresam will provide all the facilities
sufficient for year-long voyages for one cargo ship per week with a 20-person crew and one 500passeger ship every three months.
C. Processing, Packaging and Supply of Food Items:
All the food items must be processed before they are supplied to different modules on Aresam. They will
be sent to the Hygienic Food Processing Unit where packaging of food will be done in following steps:
Drying: In this step all the water content from the food item will be drawn out, which will make its
storage much easier and minimize the chances of bacterial growth
Refrigeration: The food will be kept in vacuum packets in the refrigerator to reduce the chances of
contamination
Pasteurization: It will be done to make the milk and milk products safe for human consumption by
destroying all the bacteria that may be harmful to health (pathogens) and also to increase their
life. It includes heating the products at specific temperatures (around 336 K)
Packaging: Its packaging has to be done hygienically keeping in mind the psychological concerns
of the people. It will be packed in reusable containers (hydrated food container)
Supply: After processing and packaging, the food will be supplied to the super markets to reach
its consumer.
3.2.2 ELECTRICAL POWER GENERATION AND DISTRIBUTION
Electricity on Aresam as well as the Surface Research Facility (SRF) will be generated from Photovoltaic
(PV) systems Photovoltaic Systems which produce zero emissions, are modular, and can produce energy
anywhere the sun shines. Such systems will be the main source of electric energy on Aresam. The Power
Generation System (nicknamed “Helios”) will have enough backup power storage to allow smooth
functioning of the entire settlement without any compromise.
The amounts of electricity that can be produced depend on the following:
The incident solar irradiation or the Solar Constant (Amount of solar energy incident per unit area
and time)
Efficiency of the solar cell used
Surface area of the solar array or number of solar cells used.
The solar constant is about 622 Wm-2 on the Mars orbit compared to 1400 Wm-2 of Earth.
A. Power Sources:
Basic Working of Photovoltaic Systems
Photovoltaic (PV) cells are made of special materials called semiconductors such as silicon. Basically,
when light strikes the cell, a certain portion of it is absorbed within the semiconductor material. This
means that the energy of the absorbed light is transferred to the semiconductor. The energy energizes
electrons loose, allowing them to flow freely. PV cells also all have one or more electric fields that act to
force electrons freed by light absorption to flow in a certain direction. This flow of electrons is a current,
-Page 11-
and by placing metal contacts on the top and bottom of the PV cell, we can draw that current off to use
externally. There are many technologies and designs of PV cells. We have decided to use the most viable
option, i.e. GALLIUM ARSENIDE (GaAs).
Gallium Arsenide (GaAs) is a compound semiconductor: a mixture of two elements, gallium (Ga) and
arsenic (As). GaAs is especially suitable for use in multi-junction and high-efficiency solar cells for several
reasons:
The GaAs band gap is 1.43 eV, nearly ideal for single-junction solar cells
GaAs has absorptivity so high that it requires a cell only a few microns thick to absorb sunlight.
(Crystalline silicon requires a layer 100 microns or more in thickness)
Unlike silicon cells, GaAs cells are relatively insensitive to heat. (Cell temperatures can often be
quite high, especially in concentrator applications)
Alloys made from GaAs using aluminium, phosphorus, or indium Characteristics complementary
to those of gallium arsenide, allowing great flexibility in cell design
GaAs is very resistant to radiation damage. This, along with its high efficiency, makes GaAs very
desirable for space applications.
One of the greatest advantages of gallium arsenide and its alloys as PV cell materials is the wide range of
design options possible. A cell with a GaAs base can have several layers of slightly different compositions
that allow a cell designer to precisely control the
Name
Gallium Arsenide
generation
and collection of electrons and holes
Chemical Formula
GaAs
(To
accomplish
the same thing, silicon cells
Melting Point at SP
1516K
2
have
been
limited
to variations in the level of
Electron Mobility at 300K
0.92m /V·s
2
doping).
The
largest
barrier to the success of
Hole Mobility at 300K
0.04m /V·s
GaAs
cells
for
terrestrial
use has been the
Efficiency
25%-30%
purportedly high cost of a single-crystal GaAs
substrate. But GaAs cells are used primarily in concentrator systems. The typical concentrator cell is
approximately 0.25 cm2 in area and can produce ample power under high concentrations. Thus using
GaAs solar cells in concentrator systems would make the cost low enough to make them cells
competitive, assuming that module efficiencies can reach between 25% and 30% and that the cost of the
rest of the system can be reduced.
B. Energy Storage:
Figure 3.2 - Schematic Diagram of the Working of a Lithium Ion Polymer Type Battery
-Page 12-
On Aresam we will be using Lithium-Ion Polymer Battery (Super lithium polymer) for power storage.
NiCad (Nickel Cadmium) type of batteries is not an option because of the expensive raw materials and
the environmentally risky Cadmium.
Cathodes in solid-polymer Li-ion cells use an inexpensive metal oxide. More significantly every
component of a solid-polymer Li-ion cell can be fabricated in rolled-sheet form to support exceptionally
cost-effective, high-speed, high-volume battery production. Electrodes, electrolyte, and foil packaging are
sandwiched together on continuous-feed rolls into finished batteries in one smooth process.
Some of its advantages are:
The estimated cost of Solid-polymer Li-ion batteries is about $1 to $2/WH (Once mass produced.
As a point of reference, NiCad batteries, with five decades of manufacturing improvements, cost
slightly less than $1/WH). The basic internal structure of a solid-polymer cell can be configured to
virtually any size
Solid-polymer Li-ion cells offer cost-effective materials and construction, which have been
demonstrated safety under abuse conditions, environmental acceptability, and virtually limitless
flexibility. Every component of the solid-polymer Li-ion system is, as the name suggests, solid,
including the electrolyte. There is no liquid that has to be contained by hermetically sealed cell
packaging. An ultra-thin laminated foil material, instead of a rigid metal can, can be thus used to
house each cell
The width and length of solid-polymer Li-ion cells are as flexible as their thickness. Cells can be
configured in virtually any size, making solid-polymer Li-ion a strong candidate for electric
vehicles and other large-cell applications like ours. This size flexibility of solid-polymer batteries
supports maximum energy efficiency within a particular battery cavity. In terms of cost, the solidpolymer Li-ion system also promises advantages
This technology is very promising and we believe that by the time the construction of Aresam
begins this technology will be much cheaper and we may even have better options.
C. Requirement of Inverters:
The energy produced from solar energy using Photovoltaic cells is DC (direct current). DC can’t be used
for all types of appliances and applications. Thus an inverter is essential for converting DC to AC
(Alternate Current).
Inverter efficiency is a very important part of the system. The efficiency of an inverter has to do with how
well it converts the DC voltage into AC. This usually ranges from 85% to 95%, with 90% being about
average. Thus we will be using a high capacity inverter working on “True Sine” wave form.
D. Estimated Power Generated:
Solar constant on Earth’s orbit = 1400 W/m2 approx.
Solar Constant on Mars (S) = 622 W/m2 approx.
Calculations:
Sun-Mars distance =
d MS = 225 × 10 6 km
Sun-Earth distance=
d MS = 149.4 x 106 km
Total power received on a sphere with radius
d ES = 4πd ES × 1400 W .
2
At the distance of Mars, the same power is received on a sphere with radius
area =
4πd MS
d MS = 225 × 10 6 km and
2
Let PM be the power received per square metre at the distance of Mars, then
-Page 13-
4πd ES × 1400 = 4πd MS × PM
2
2
and finally:
⎛d
PM = 1400 × ⎜⎜ ES
⎝ d MS
2
⎞
⎟⎟ = 622 Wm − 2
⎠
Area of Solar Cell (N) = 1,130,140 m2
Efficiency of Solar Panel = 30%
Solar Energy Incident = S x N =603,108,800 W (603.1MW)
Power Produced = 30% of (S x N) = 210,932,640 W (210.9MW)
Approximate Efficiency of Inverter = 90%
Power after Conversion from DC to AC by the Inverter = 90% of 210,932,640 W = 200,386,008 W (200.3
MW)
3.2.3 COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
A. Internal Communication:
Internal communication is a pre-condition for the smooth functioning of any space settlement. Aresam
requires a fast, reliable and high-bandwidth communication infrastructure to facilitate the various
operations taking place within its torii. Keeping these factors in mind, the communications infrastructure of
Aresam will include both wired and wireless communication systems:
Fiber Optic Backbone (FOB):
The core of the wired communication network will be supported by Fiber Optic Cables. These are efficient
and fast, and no data loss occurs at any stage. The Fiber Optic Network will provide an overall 50 tbps of
bandwidth. The Main Server and Sub-Terminals will all communicate with the Fibres Optic Network, and
any other operations, whether business or otherwise, that require extra bandwidth will be provided with an
exclusive Fibres Optic Connection.
Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) based on WiMAX Technology:
WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) is the IEEE 802.16 standards-based wireless
technology that provides wireless communication facilities at ranges up to 50 km. Aresam will be entirely
WiMAX enabled, and any device with WiMAX capability will be able to connect to the WLAN. The
residents of Aresam will all be given Wireless Client Adapters on arrival to allow wireless connectivity.
The advantage of WiMAX is that it covers a couple of different frequency ranges, namely 10GHz to
60GHz and 2GHz to 11 GHz. WiMAX offers the flexibility to support a variety of data transmitting rates on
a single channel that can support thousands of users. Using multiple-point access systems (i.e.
connecting more than one terminal is supported by a single network termination), the total bandwidth will
amount to about 360 mbps. A Central WiMAX Tower will be installed in the Communications Sphere, and
it will provide coverage to the station, along with WiMAX routers. “Hotspots” will be generated through
access points on the ceilings of the settlement at regular intervals to create an uninterrupted
communication net about Aresam. These access points will be connected to each other using the FOB.
Both FOB and WLAN will be based on IPv6 (Internet Protocol Version 6) Technology.
B. External Communication:
Communication between our planet Earth and Mars, 75 million kilometres away, is a gruelling challenge;
even light takes 4 minutes to reach from Earth to Mars. In other words, communication between Earth
and Mars will take a minimum of 8 minutes, as nothing is capable of travelling faster than that.
Aresam will communicate with Earth using the latest in Laser technology, which would travel at the same
speed as light. The entire communication system is called “Twilight”. Advantages include higher data
rates, low probability of intercept, lower power requirements, smaller packaging, and lower frequency
allocation requirements.
All communications will take place through two laser communications equipped satellites, Twilight I and
Twilight II designed specifically for use on Aresam. The satellites will be installed with Laser transmitters
-Page 14-
and receivers, as well as radio communication capabilities and an emergency transmission device, in
case of emergency. The device will turn itself on and start sending signals to Earth and Aresam
simultaneously, if no communication is made between it and Aresam for a period of 8 hours. The
satellites will be put in orbit around the sun, between the orbits of Mars and Earth. They will have small
thrusters installed on them, in case a direction change is necessary. They will maintain a constant
connection with both Earth and Aresam. The main power source will be the Solar Panels installed on both
of them.
The Communications Sphere at the head of Aresam will be installed with two Laser transmitters and
receivers, and each pair will communicate with either Twilight I or Twilight II. The incoming Laser signals
will be received via Telescope and signals will be sent through specially designed Laser Transmitters with
Location Tracking Technology, so that the signals that are sent always reach the satellites directly.
Twilight I and Twilight II will both have the same specifications, albeit a few size modifications.
Once Twilight I and Twilight II receive
signals from Aresam, they will further
transmit the signals to the Tracking and
Data Relay Satellite System (TDRSS).
This system will include a number of relay
satellites placed at strategic points in the
Earth-Moon
system
including
the
Lagrangian points and the orbits of Moon
and Earth.
There will not be a continuous connection
with Earth, as it is prevented by many
factors including power and orbital
velocities. Therefore, there will be
transmissions after every hour after the
last transmission. The duration of the
transmission will be twice the time
required for the first transmission, i.e. the
signal sent and received. During this
Transmission Period, all necessary
communication with Earth will be made.
For example, if an e-mail is to be sent to
Figure 3.3 – Laser Motor for Laser Communication
Earth, it will be stored on the Aresam
computers until Transmission Period,
during which time it will be transmitted to Earth.
Communication through radio frequency will also be possible through the above-mentioned satellites.
3.2.4 INTERNAL TRANSPORTATION
The Internal Transport System of Aresam (nicknamed “Mercury”), consists of the following:
An efficient Mass Transit System consisting of the Monorail System
A Personal Transport System
An Elevator System.
A. Monorail:
Aresam’s mass transit system consists primarily of a Monorail System which runs throughout the
residential torus and to the storage facility in the agricultural torus. The Monorail consists of a dedicated
line which runs parallel to the Central road that covers the entire circumference and is thus called “the
Halo”. The Halo is connected to all roads in the residential torus. The Monorail will typically be deployed
adjacent to the sidewalk, and be computer controlled with an option of manual override.
-Page 15-
There will be 7 Elevated Stations on Aresam with access points for the handicapped as well. There will be
8 trams running around the settlement at one time during the peak hours. The number of trams required
will be judged by the number of people entering the Monorail Station and the closest SCU will inform the
SCU on Module 4 (the SCU that controls the Monorail System; see Section 5.3.1) to increase or
decrease the number of Trams running accordingly.
The average speed will be around 30 Km/hr, i.e., around 8.3 m/s
The number of stations is 7
The circumference of the Torus = 2 π r = 2 x 3.14 x 894.5 = 5617.5 m
This Implies the Average Distance between Two Stations = 802.5 m
This Implies that the Time Taken to Traverse the Distance between Two Stations = 802.5 / 8.3 = 96.7 s
Rounding it off, we get 1 ½ minutes.
B. Standard Personal Transport:
For providing efficient means of providing personal transport to people Aresam will offer the following
options:
1. Segways to provide assistance to pedestrians with their enhanced stability
2. A range of “Drive clean” cars to choose from:
A four seater running on fuel cells which will not require charging and have a refuelling
time of approximately 3 to 5 minutes

A two seater running only on electricity having an optional 6 to12 Volt Lead Acid Battery
with a recharge time of 6 to 8 hours
A single seater running on a 84V battery having a recharge time of 3 to 4 hours and a
driving range of 50 miles per charge. It will be able to switch between hi-speed and lowspeed modes.
These vehicles have virtually zero emission levels and will be able to go from 50 to 100 miles on a single
charge.
1. They will be based on the Honda FCX Concept Car and Toyota PM which use a hydrogen fuel
cell and have already been introduced
2. ZEV or Zero Emission Vehicles, as defined by California State Law, emit 0% CO, Hydrocarbons
and NO2.
C. Elevator System:
As the elevators will be required to move both horizontally and vertically through the various G-Levels, the
standard elevators found in many building today were not considered practical. As such, magnetic
levitation has been chosen as it has several advantages over conventional roped elevators. The spokes
have a diameter of 10 m wherein:
2m – Human Elevator Shaft
4.5m – Cargo Elevator Shaft
0.5m – Radial Spokes Walls
0.3m – Internal Separation Wall
1. Cargo Elevators:
Cargo elevators will mainly cater to the demands of transporting cargo for the agricultural cum
storage torus to the residential torus to meet storage needs and other purposes. These will be
2.95 m wide, with a length of the 5m and a separation of 2.5 cm from each end for the functioning
of magnetic levitating tracks
2. Human Elevators:
Human Elevators, as the name suggests, will mainly be used for transportation of people
between torii. Having a length of 2.5m and a width of 1.9m, they will have a separation of 5cm
from each end for the functioning of the magnetic levitation tracks. In case of an emergency
-Page 16-
involving the failure of the magnetic levitation track, the callipers attached to the elevators will
immediately hook to the walls, thereby preventing a fall.
3.2.5 ATMOSPHERE, CLIMATE AND WEATHER CONTROL
A. Atmosphere on Aresam:
A sustainable atmosphere has to be created on Aresam which will be similar to that of Earth, comprising
of 78% Nitrogen, 21% Oxygen and 1% other gases. NASA studies demonstrate that the optimum
temperature for good life development is 298K (25 degree Celsius) and adequate relative humidity would
be 40-70%.
B. Carbon Dioxide Elimination and Oxygen Generation:
Chemical gases, which can also be produced by humans, must be carefully filtered from the air. The
climatic control system of Aresam (nicknamed “Blizzard”) will be equipped with a monitor to check the
levels of carbon dioxide and oxygen. Plants will be taking all the CO2 exhaled by humans, for the process
of photosynthesis. Excess of CO2 can be used to produce carbon or methane by reacting it with hydrogen
at high temperature, which can be used elsewhere.
2CO2 + 4H2
Or
CO2 + 4H2
→
→
2C +
CH4
+
4H2O
(Bosch reaction)
2H2O + Energy
Artificial means of generating O2 mostly involve the electrolysis of water, electrolysis of water-vapour, or
electrolysis of CO2.
C. Climatic Features:
For psychological concerns etc., our environment should be similar to that of Earth. In that case we will be
creating artificial rain. Basically two structural parts will be requisite for generating artificial rain. The first
part is the spraying tube located on ceiling of Aresam. The second structural part is the water tank which
will be supplying water under pressure. On the surface, the rainwater will be recycled and used after it
seeps to the drains with special filters to prevent any contamination.
Temperature Control
40
35
Temperature
30
25
20
15
10
5
be
r
D
ec
em
be
r
N
ov
em
ob
e
O
ct
m
be
pt
e
Se
r
r
t
gu
s
Au
Ju
ly
Ju
ne
ay
M
ril
Ap
h
ar
c
M
ry
br
ua
Fe
Ja
nu
ar
y
0
Month
-Page 17-
D. Temperature and Humidity Control:
Blizzard will also prevent overheating of Aresam. Condensing Heat Exchangers (CHX) will be widely used
to remove moisture and heat at the same time from the atmosphere of Aresam. When air will be passed
through it, all the unwanted particles will get filtered off. Then the air will be cooled below its dew point
and thus resulting in forming water-vapours. Water-vapours then condense and will be carried by the
airflow to the outlet where it will leave the main stream of air. The heated coolant will then dump its heat
into space via the radiators. All the condensed water will be purified and then used as tap water or will be
fed into the agricultural torus. Aresam will also be equipped with sensors to sense any kind of sudden
change in temperature and humidity.
E. Ventilation:
A good ventilation system will have to be maintained on Aresam so that all the oxygen present on it gets
replenished constantly and the heat escapes. This will help in creating the isolated and closed cycle that
we are trying to maintain. It will also help in generating a minimum wind velocity on the settlement. All the
exhausted air will be replaced by fresh air. A good ventilation system is also important for cultivation as it
prevents fungal growth and helps the plants to draw out CO2. The wind velocity is expected to be of the
order of 0.08 m/s.
Due to generation of pseudo-gravity via the spinning of the colony, a natural convection current will result,
driven by the temperature differential between the different areas of the torus. Computational Fluid
Dynamics (CFD) will be used to determine requisite air flow.
3.2.6 WASTE MANAGEMENT ON ARESAM
There has to be a closed cycle on Aresam where all the organic and inorganic waste will be collected
from each module by the action of gravity. It will be taken to the Advanced Waste Recycle System
(AWRS) because storing large amounts of waste on Aresam would use up a large amount of space and
also increase weight. Everything must be extremely clean in space, because the risk of diseases
increases as a result of confinement and exposure to microbes in microgravity. The cargo space of
Aresam is limited; therefore waste products must be recycled as much as possible. Proper hygiene in
space serves not only as a psychological comfort but as a safety precaution as well.
A. Solid Waste Recovery:
To some extent, chemicals, metals, glass can also be recovered, recycled, or reused safely and there is
obvious economic incentive to do so. Materials that are recovered, recycled, or reused do not become a
liability problem or a problem for the environment. Human waste primarily consists of faeces and urine,
and the first step will be segregation and filtration of waste which can be achieved through sedimentation
or centrifugation. The following processes will be used for minimizing the amount waste present on
Aresam:
Electrochemical Incineration
Anaerobic or Aerobic Bioreactors.
B. Composting of Organic Waste:
The organic wastes of plants can be decomposed by micro-organisms, by sending them for composting
in cylindrical vessels to convert them into humus. This way the humus can again be used as fertilizer for
crops.
C. Waste Treatment:
To prevent microbial growth in waste, all the water present in the waste will be extracted by converting it
into steam at very high temperature. At high temperature, this steam results in thermal killing of the
microbes present in the waste. The water obtained will then be sent to the PWPU (see Section 3.2.7A).
This way not only the volume of the waste is reduced, but the residue is also left in the dry state to
promote long term stability. Fiber Absorbents (highly absorbent cellulose) product will be used to stabilize
sludge for transportation and disposal (including incineration).
-Page 18-
3.2.7 WATER MANAGEMENT
Water is an indispensable part of life so both the torii will have an integrated water cycle. Initially, we will
have to carry water with us as we won’t be able to find water supply in space. The recycling of water will
be carried out at the earliest so as to ensure availability of water thereafter. Even the water recovered
from the sludge process for waste water purification can be used as tap water, or it can be fed into the
agricultural torus.
A. Water Recovery:
To recover the waste water, Sludge Process for Waste Water Recovery (SPWWR) is used, involving
acidic coagulation process by effectively removing high polymer organic compounds that are not
biologically decomposable. Then all the water is mixed with bacteria that digest all the degradable
material present in it and in the final stage it is sent to disinfectant tank, where it is mixed with iodine.
Thus, the water is fit to be used for domestic purposes. The waste water contains small silicon particles.
This filtering separator will remove silicon particles in colloidal suspension and collect pure water. Further
which, reverse osmosis will be done to make it fit for drinking.
B. Water Storage:
All the required water will be stored in the Central Storage Unit (CSU) of Aresam, where it will be kept
until it is needed. This CSU will comprise of 30 storage tanks each having a capacity of 22355.4 litres
(fulfilling the requirement of every five days). In case of fire or any other emergency, the water will be
supplied from the CSU.
C. Water Cycle:
All the water gathered from perspiration (of humans or plants), humidity, urine, condensation etc. will be
sent for processing in the pure water production unit of Aresam. All the water will be purified using
equipments like de-aerators and evaporator. The water used in artificial rain will be collected from the
drains and will be recovered in PWPU and will be transferred again in the spraying tube located at the
ceiling.
All the contaminated water will be sent to Sludge Process of Waste Water Recovery (SPWWR), so that all
the unwanted pathogens can be removed from it. Comets and asteroids are mainly composed of water in
the form of ice; they can also be a source of extracting water (For example, the asteroid “Ceres” in the
Asteroid Belt). These celestial objects are very rare but even then we must not exclude them.
D. Water Requirement:
Water required per person per day = 50 litres
Water required for 14,500 people per day = 725,000 litres.
With 85-90% efficiency in water recovery by SPWWR (sludge process for waste water recovery), the
amount water recovered is 652,500 litres and it will be supplied to the CSU again.
3.2.8 DAY AND NIGHT CYCLE
Aresam will be located in the polar orbit so that the settlement does not transit under the shadow of mars.
It will be receiving constant sunlight and will be covered by electrochromatic glass to maximize the light
absorption. This process involves trapping of sunlight using ions in between the two layers of glasses.
This provides light to the whole settlement for the desired time. A dark period is also required so that
plants can initiate Dark Reaction.
The following materials will be required for electro-chromatic glass cover:
Glass panels
Conducting electrochromatic layer (Tungsten Oxide)
Electrolyte
Ion storage.
-Page 19-
3.3 SPACE INFRASTRUCTURE
3.3.1 EXTERNAL TRANSPORT SYSTEM
A. Transportation from Earth to MagBeam Station:
We will be using a combined cycle engine for propelling our space ship. A combined cycle engine is an all
in one engine that combines a jet engine, a ramjet, a scramjet and a rocket engine on a single spacecraft.
After reaching a height of 300000 feet, the spacecraft will deploy its payload which can be transported to
the MagBeam station via the tether system. The spacecraft will dock with the MagBeam station. All the
cargo will be stored at the MagBeam station and will be transported to Mars using the MagBeam. The
Tether system will be used to transfer vehicle from Low Earth Orbit (LEO) to High Earth Orbit (HEO).
B. Working of MagBeam Propulsion System:
The NASA-tested system requires a separate power source at each end of the journey: one to accelerate
the spacecraft at the start (in orbit around Earth) and another at the destination, to decelerate it (in orbit
around Mars). The spacecraft simply coasts during the journey from planet to planet but can control its
movement using small reaction thrusters onboard.
The High Power Helicon (HPH) is a state-of-the-art electrode less plasma thrusters, which allows high
power levels to be generated over long periods of time with little erosion of the system. The plasma is
generated by high power radio frequency waves. As a result, HPH is substantially smaller than other
plasma thrusters.
The system can charge its batteries using solar power only. The spacecraft will need to have a deflector
system to accept the energy from the HPH. This can be achieved by plasma magnet systems; plasma
effects are used to make an initially large magnetic deflector. The system is self-focusing. The HPH,
would fire a plasma beam at the target spacecraft for about four hours, giving it a boost of about 20
km/sec (12.4 miles/sec.) toward Mars. The spacecraft coasts to Mars, and when it reaches there another
HPH in orbit around Mars fires a plasma beam at the spacecraft to slow it down. The spacecraft will dock
with the space settlement and can store all its cargo at the cargo bay.
C. Advantages of MagBeam Propulsion:
The MagBeam transportation can only take place when Earth and Mars are close to each other. One
power source will be used to power multiple craft (serially, not at the same time) when this period comes.
The power source will use solar energy, resulting in additional cost savings
-Page 20-
Plasma propellants are accelerated to speeds an order of magnitude greater than those achieved
by chemical rocket propellants, resulting in higher spacecraft velocities - at least 26,000 miles per
hour
As the trip time is shortened, many difficulties (like the quantity of consumables and the
psychological effects on the astronauts) will be greatly eased.
To boost a 10,000 kilogram spacecraft to Mars with MagBeam consumes about 7,000 kg of propellant
(CO2). The savings with the more efficient MagBeam system are significant. When our payload has
docked with the settlement it will transfer all its cargo to the cargo bay where it will be stored. For
research, scientists may travel to the surface of mars using Reusable Launch Vehicle (RLV). The fuel
used to drive the RLV’s will be hydrogen.
The hydrogen brought to Mars can be recycled many times. Alternatively, the feedstock to the RWGS can
be run with an excess of hydrogen, in which case the effluent from the RWGS will contain both CO and
H2. Such a mixture is known as synthesis gas and is the ideal feedstock for making methanol, dimethyl
ether, or higher hydrocarbons.
3.3.2 VEHICLE REQUIREMENTS
Space
Vehicle
Purpose of
Vehicle
Flight of
the
Vehicle
Vehicle
Specifications
Payload
Flight
per Year
Cost ($/kg)
Panzer
Transport of
payload
Earth to
LEO
880Kg
150
2,200
Beamer
Transport of
humans and
essentials
For travelling
*HEO to
Mars orbit
Geared engine,
Carries less of
Oxygen
Works on CO2, Top
speed 20Km/s
1,723Kg
26
2,200
It can be reused;
can carry max of 8
people.
Weight of
people and
800Kg extra
200
1,760
RLV
(Reusable
Launch
Vehicles)
From
settlement
to Mars
and viceversa
3.3.3 NEEDS OF VISITING SHIPS
In order to fulfil the needs of visiting ship especially food for crew and passengers, Aresam will have
surplus agriculture produce that will be separately packaged and loaded into spacecrafts with the help of
the cargo handling system (see Section 5.0).
Crop*
Rice
Wheat
Vegetables
Fruits
Potatoes
Tomatoes
Corn
Annual
Requirement per
Person*
45.625
82.125
250.755
171.55
63.145
60.371
20.28
Annual
Requirement per
Ship of 20 People*
912.5
1,642.5
5,015.1
3,431
1,262.9
1,207.42
405.6
Annual Requirement
per Ship of 500
People*
22,812.5
41,062.5
125,377.5
85,775
31,572.5
30,185.5
10,140
Total Annual
Requirement for
Visiting Ships*
138,700
24,966
762,295.2
521,512
191,960.8
183,527.84
61,651.2
*All figures in Kilogram (Kg.)
-Page 21-
3.4 MARSUV
The MARSUV (MARS AREOLOGICAL RESEARCH SURFACE UTILITY VEHICLE) will be 25m long
and 15m broad. It will have a Radar Unit for communication. A pair of robotic hands will be used for
sample collection. A solar cell lined hull will provide us with the requisite electricity and power for mobility.
A cockpit will be placed at the front of the UV which will act as a hub for communication, navigation and
sensory functions, and will monitor all activities. Sensors will be placed all over the UV and will provide
information on the surroundings to the central computer and its researcher’s. The living room and
sleeping area will be placed just behind the cockpit.
Figure 3.5 - MARSUV Design
-Page 22-
All rooms will be phonically
insulated for providing privacy to the
researchers. The MARSUV will also
be equipped with a mini laboratory.
There will be a storage area for
food, water and clothing. The urine
can be processed in the water filter
unit placed at the rear of the UV.
Four units of caterpillar wheels will
be placed on the two units of UV
which will be connected together
using flexible connectors.
The
MARSUV will run on 500 HP electric
motors. The motors will run on
electric current which will be stored
in Metal hydride batteries. The
batteries will be charged using solar
cells. Communication can be done
by using radio waves at a frequency
of 100 GHz.
For cooling and
heating, advanced AC’s will be
used.
Figure 3.6 – MARSUV Interior
-Page 23-
Human Factors
4.0 HUMAN FACTORS
Aresam is designed to offer the best quality of life in the entire solar system. Hence, NH has planned to
maintain traditional comforts of Earth on our settlement. All possible efforts have been made to ensure
that the residents of Aresam enjoy quality standard of living, fine food and access to world class
entertainment even in the dull environment of space.
The residents of Aresam can feast their eyes on the spectacular views of Mars below through the
communication sphere. Aresam would provide facilities for services that residents could expect in a
comfortable sub-urban environment (e.g. education, housing, entertainment, medical, parks and
recreational etc.), variety and quantity of consumable and other supplies, and public areas with open
space and consideration of psychological factors.
4.1 URBAN ENVIRONMENT
Several factors have to be considered before designing a good urban environment. The facilities provided
would be education institution, kindergarten, primary and secondary schools, city hall, services, cinema,
shopping malls, open public plaza, spa and resort, sports club and etc are provided.
Besides, public amenities such as public toilets, playgrounds and sports centre will also be provided.
Playgrounds would be located in the elementary schools for the convenience and exercise of the children.
The area of the community central is deemed spacious for the comfort of the public. Lastly, there will be
community markets and super markets as the means of distributing consumables to the residents.
4.1.2 EDUCATION
In Aresam, the education of children will be of prime importance. All levels of education will be covered
from the elementary school to professional institutions offered in a single university. There would be one
school in our university having a lyceum, a gymnasium, library, extra-curricular activities, research centres
and all other modern facilities. The university would offer graduation degree in all the upcoming fields.
There would be regular workshops and interactive sessions for both students and teachers. Core classes
on various subjects would be regularly conducted. The students will also be exposed to Zero-Gravity
study and research.
4.1.3 ENTERTAINMENT
On the space settlement, we will try to create living conditions similar to those on Earth; this includes
forms of recreation and entertainment which will be provided in every module. We will build theatres,
concert rooms, multiple theme parks, extreme sports etc. We can build a transport wall in the connector
tubes specially designed for walking and admiring the space. Other motivating entertainment activities will
be those placed in the zero gravity zone i.e. at the centre of the station, where colonists can swim in the
zero gravity pool, sleep restful nights in a zero gravity hotel and partying in zero gravity discos.
Organizing excursions in outer space has never been so energy efficient, thus making it cheaper, and so
a very attractive way of relaxation.
4.1.4 HOSPITALS
There will be one major hospital in Module 2 and minor medical facilities are available in every Module.
The main Hospital named Aresam Medical Centre (ACM) will be able to accommodate 1000 patients at a
time and a team of 150 very efficient doctors (the other 25 doctors will work in clinics affiliated directly to
the AMC). Hospitals would be equipped with state of art technology to handle any kind of emergency.
A few technologies for diagnosis of diseases during space travel and space settlements will be as follows:
-Page 24-
Blood Analyzer a toaster-sized centrifugal analyzing device can perform 80 to 100 chemical
blood tests using a single drop of whole blood
Cutting-edge pacemaker can change the heart rate in response to body activity.
4.1.5 Recreation
Each module will be having one recreation centre like an amusement park, artificial lake, a multiplex,
sports complex etc. Supermarkets and retail shops will be there for the distribution of consumables and
other items.
Hotels with casinos and spas will also be made for accommodating the visitors. Shopping complexes and
multiplexes will be accessible to all. Aresam offers 270,000 m2 of open space, i.e., 10 m2 per person. An
18-hole golf course, swimming pool, tennis courts, basketball courts, multipurpose playgrounds and
stadium will be there for the colonists.
4.1.6 PSYCHOLOGICAL CONCERNS
The reason behind our concern for providing fit surrounding to cater human psychology is that the
psychological effects of people living in an enclosed off-world habitat cannot be underestimated. Two of
the most common syndromes are “Solipsism Syndrome” and “Shimanagashi Syndrome”.
A. Solipsism Syndrome
Some environments are conducive to the state of mind in which a person feels that everything is a dream
and nothing is real. As a psychological state this is highly unpleasant. The sufferer becomes lonely and
detached from reality. This eventually leads to chronic apathy and indifference.
B. Shimanagashi Syndrome
If a person from the mainland spends a few years on an isolated island, even though it may have large
cities and modern conveniences, he/she feels a strange sense of isolation. They begin to feel left out and
intellectually ostracized even though life on the island may be very comfortable. To alleviate such
syndromes and stress the settlement will have many parks, sidewalks and some large artificial lakes with
some special houseboats.
4.2 COMMUNITY DESIGN
A community has character of ‘home’ and ‘sense of place’, local identity, respect for natural and artistic
heritage, an understanding of the ‘urban grain’ or ‘townscape’, pedestrians and other modes of traffic, and
utilities. Aresam will be designed to provide the inhabitants with an Earth like ambience. The residential
tour will be divided into six modules each with an area of 401,400 m2.
Each module has a central administrative unit, which serves as a terminal for the elevator shaft. It will also
have police station, a judiciary, warehouses, a pharmacy and a passenger terminal.
4.2.1 RESIDENTIAL DESIGN
Types of Houses
Level 1 (Deluxe Houses)
Level 2 (Medium Family Houses)
Level 3 (Bachelors’ Houses)
Population: 15,000
No. of houses: 10,920
Total residential area: 735,000 m2
Bachelor area: 367,500 m2
Family area: 183,750 m2
Deluxe area: 183,750 m2
-Page 25-
Number of Houses
5,460
2,730
2,730
There will be three types of residential
design, which are bungalows for the
important
visiting
Dignitaries,
residential apartments for the residing
work force and one room apartments
for bachelors. The bungalows consist
of a master suite, three bedroom, two
bathrooms, kitchen, balcony, and
garage (these are only for CEO’s of
the leading companies). The family
homes consist of two bedrooms, a
living room, kitchen, and bathroom. The one room apartment
consists of one bedroom, kitchen and a bathroom (these are
designed for single women and men).
4.2.2 OFFICES
Aresam would have 15,000 m2 reserved for commercial
offices. This area will be provided to companies to establish
their branches in the settlement. The concerned companies
may design and build their own offices using Northdonning
Heedwell’s construction robots. The companies will receive a
direct fibre optic link to the SCU (see 5.2.1) if they need
dedicated bandwidth for their usage.
Figure 4.1 – Work Force and One Room
Apartments for Bachelors
4.3 WORK ENVIRONMENT
4.3.1 CAREER AND TOOLS
Careers
Maintenance
and Services
Constructions
Management
Engineering
Security
Computer
and Robotics
Tourism
Tools
Multi-purpose tool, accessory belt, communication device,
interactive maintenance tablet
Accessory belt, multi function tool, protective gloves and
suits, portable bag pack welding kit
Interactive personal communication device, high level
securities pass for access to critical data
Personal data assistant with blueprints, calculators, design
computer device
Neutralizing spray, stun baton, instant personal data access
watch
System analyzer, portable hydrogen fuel cell pump, multi
purpose tool
Portable ticketing services
4.3.2 GOVERNING SYSTEM
The governing system will be a democratic system as prevalent in an Indian Metro having a harmonious
multi-cultural society. The suggested organization of the Aresam Governing Council is shown below:
Governor
Administration and Security
(Selected Members / Bureaucrats)
Policy Making and Regulation
(Elected Members)
Judicial System for
Law and Order
(Nominated Members)
The governing council is formed through general elections every 5 years. The judicial system performs an
advisory role towards legal and judicial aspects. The Aresam Court of Justice (ACJ) is the highest judicial
authority functioning as the final court of appeal. There are Subordinate Courts to cater for law and order
-Page 26-
at the lower levels. In order to maintain peace and harmony manual and robotic police shall be deployed
in the settlement. Use of weapons like laser guns, neutralizing sprays etc shall only be permitted in
extreme cases.
Any person accused of committing a crime at Aresam will be tried by the Aresam Court of Justice. During
the trial and investigation, he/she shall remain under house arrest. If found guilty, the accused will be
awarded suitable punishment by the Judicial System.
4.3.3 OCCUPATIONS
Maintenance
Construction
Management
Engineering
Professional
Services
Robotics
Commercial
Business
Entertainment
Tourism
Miscellaneous

4.3.4 BIOSUIT
The BioSuit system provides enhanced astronaut Extra Vehicular Activity
(EVA) locomotion and performance based on the concepts of a ‘second skin’
capability and can augment, bio mechanically and cybernetically, human
performance. Bio-Suit relies on advances in fabrication and application of
open cell foam, smart materials like advanced "muscle wire" technologies, and
electro spin-lacing.
The BioSuit uses smart materials that change their properties when electrically
or thermally stimulated, like shape metal alloys, such as the nickel-titanium
alloy, nitinol, used in cardiac stents. These alloys contract with great force
when current is run through them and could, for example, be placed along a
seam to pull the suit tight or along a limb to boost strength. Polymers, which
can change from rubber-band-like material to stiff plastic in response to heat,
could shrink to fit as they are warmed by the body.
-Page 27-
Figure 4.2 - BioSuit
4.4 ARCHITECTURAL THEME OF ARESAM
Since Aresam will be one of Foundation Society’s latest settlements, it’s important that it too has its own
architectural theme, which will be reflected in the buildings on Aresam and on the terrestrial base on
Mars. It will constitute of a fusion of modern and ancient, Eastern and Western architectural features to
complement its heterogeneous population.
Some of the major structures like office buildings, city hall etc.
will have these distinct features:
Spiral cylindrical pillars
Plano-concave roofs (Only specific area)
Large archways with intricate carving or paintings
(Only Specific Area)
Wide foyers and Courtyards (Public building such as
Government buildings)
Geometrical Structures such as Cylindrical buildings
Fusion of various facilities such as a mall and an
aquarium.
Abstract open-air stadium Designs
Thus Aresam will make its mark as a new human frontier
Figure 4.3 – Residential Apartments
Figure 4.4 – Shopping Mall
Figure 4.5 – Open-air Stadium
-Page 28-
Automation Design and
Services
5. AUTOMATION DESIGN AND SERVICES
Aresam is designed to require minimum human involvement in all its activities. To achieve such a status,
the Automation Department of NH has developed what is called the Cargo Handling and Automation
Operations System (CHAOS). The CHAOS works using the enormous computing Power of the Super
Computers on Aresam and Separate Computers on individual Robots. The Robots will be wired with Real
Time OS. Each robot will be programmed so that they could summon help from similar robots when a
certain task proves too much for a single robot. All outer space robots will be coated with Polyethylene to
protect them during solar flare activity to ensure continuous service.
5.1 CARGO HANDLING AND CONSTRUCTION AUTOMATION
5.1.1 CONSTRUCTION AUTOMATION
Specification
Height
Weight
Structural
Materials
Processor
Operating
System
Robonaut
1.9m
182Kgs
Mostly Aluminium with
Zylon and Teflon padding
to protect
BAE Systems RAD900
(Radiation Hardened)133 MHz, 2.8 MIPS
VxWorks (Real time OS)
SCOUT
3m
200Kgs
Mostly Nickel Titanium
Alloy with Zylon and small
amount of Lead for radiation
protection.
BAE Systems RAD900
(Radiation Hardened)- 266 MHz,
2.8 MIPS
Kronos
4m
325Kgs
Mostly Nickel Titanium
Alloy, while the clamps of
another Titanium Alloy.
BAE Systems RAD900
(Radiation Hardened)266 MHz, 2.8 MIPS
The construction will be carried out by three very efficient robots viz. the Robonaut and the SCOUT for
external construction and the Kronos for internal construction.
The humanoid Robonaut will function as a multipurpose robot its bottom tip can be attached to various
devices, thus giving it wider range of usage. The one shown in the figure is a free fling one that will be used
for construction in space. Robonaut conceivably will anchor itself with all of the
appropriate equipment required to perform an outer-space operation. It can
open doors, use a drill, climb ladders and perform other manual tasks with its
two arms and two hands. Its head comes with stereoscopic cameras and a
light-emitting diode, or LED. Its hands will be powered by brushless motors and
will be equipped with 150 sensors each. Post construction the Robonaut will
be used for maintenance purposes after being fit into another “body”.
The SCOUT construction and assembly robot can be tele-operated or
manually operated by a construction worker. The SCOUT robots have a
sufficient degree of freedom so as to allow them to carry out operations
independently and also to sustain them during the time of construction of the
settlement when no central computer is available to monitor their activities.
Post construction its Vx Works operating system will ensure that SCOUT is
used in the manufacturing and research Department.
Figure 5.1 - Robonaut
The Kronos, Aresam’s primary internal construction robot stands 3 meters tall,
with adaptable hands which are outfitted with clamps. Its will be able to wire,
use tools from its utility belt and be able to lift extreme loads with mechanical
ease, true to its name. It will be modified post-construction for Maintenance
purposes. The Kronos will move on its motor run wheels with cameras and
sensors attached to its base for easy navigation.
All References are to the Website: http://amityaresam.bravehost.com
-Page 29-
5.1.2 CARGO HANDLING
The CHAOS, as mentioned above, is the system that controls all automation devices on Aresam. Its main
processing power comes from the “Evermind” computer located in the Central Computing Unit in the Core
(Central Cylinder). The CHAOS consists of an Extensive Cargo Handling System which a hybrid of the
Conveyor Belt System and the RFID system.
The various steps that a metallic cargo container goes through once its offloaded from its ship are:
Carried off the Ship by the CH1 and put onto the electromagnetic
conveyor belt with the help of the CH2 which carries it off to the
temporary storage area in the docking facility
The container is “tagged” at the temporary storage facility from
where it is transported to the Agricultural cum Storage Torus
through the elevator shafts and sent to the designated storage
areas(Freezer, Reefer, bulk storage) with the help of the RFID
tagging and a second robot CH 2
When required the “tagged” cargo is redistributed to its
respective areas with the help of the Monorail system.
5.2 MAINTENANCE AND SECURITY AUTOMATION
Figure 5.2 – Cargo Handling Robot I
5.2.1 CENTRAL COMPUTING UNIT (CCU):
The Central Computing Unit (CCU) of Aresam will be located in the Core (i.e., the Central Cylinder). It will
supervise the Sub-Computing Units (SCU), present in all six modules. The station’s central computer,
(nicknamed “Evermind”) will control the Dynamic Positioning Systems as well. The Evermind will control
the Climate Systems (Blizzard), Agriculture System (Incubus), Communications System (Twilight),
Transport System (Mercury), Cargo-Handling and Automation Operation System (CHAOS), Power
Generation System (Helios) etc.
All the CCU computers and the SCUs will be installed with VxWorks Operating Systems, which is the preeminent real-time operating system available. It provides the ability to update the entire computing system
in real-time with the information from the various subsystems. For data storage, conventional magnetic
and optical storage devices such as hard drives will be used. The core computing systems will use RAID
7 (Redundant Array of Independent Disks Level 7) hard drives for data storage. RAID 7 is the most stable
storage system, which allows for enhanced backup functionality. The details of the RAIDs are as follows:
Data Storage Specification:
Number of Disks - 2200 (including 200 spares)
Capacity (Per Disk) - 400 TB @ 50,000 rpm
Total Raw Capacity - 800 PetaBytes
Bandwidth - 10 THz.
The CCU will be installed with off-the-shelf equipment, and it will communicate with all the SubComputers via the Fiber-Optic Backbone (FOB). The Sub-System Units will only be accessible by the
maintenance crew (or anyone else with authorization), and will be guarded by high level security
consisting of the Iris scan. The SCUs will allow the maintenance crew to keep an eye on all the Life
Support Systems and ease out any errors immediately.
The processing Power required for each system on the settlement will be as follows:
Climate Control (Blizzard) - 10 THz
Power Generation (Helios)– 7 THz
Communications (Twilight) – 7 THz
Transportation (External and Internal) (Mercury) – 10 THz
-Page 30-
Cargo Handling and Automation Operating System (CHAOS) – 10 THz
Agriculture (Incubus) – 6 THz.
5.2.2 SECURITY AUTOMATION
The entire station will be surveyed continuously via Wi-MAX outfitted Wireless Closed Circuit Cameras
(WCCC). The cameras will be portable, and will be attached to the street and traffic lights, corridors etc. at
regular intervals. They will be completely mobile as their attaching mechanism will be magnetic. The
cameras will have High-Resolution Pixel Recognition Technology, which can identify the face of each and
every resident of Aresam.
All residents of Aresam will be implanted with a subcutaneous chip will include the following details:
Personal Details
Bank Account Details (Credit/Debit)
Tracking Device.
The Subcutaneous chips will act as ID tags for the residents on Aresam. These will also act as what we call
“Credit/Debit Cards” today. They will also act as access IDs to a limited no. of services and places like
homes, schools, offices, ticketing for the Monorail Mass Transit System (MMTS), any commercial areas,
recreational areas, personal vehicle activation, etc.
For high security areas like the Communication Sphere,
the Control Room, the maintenance nodes, the Docking
Area, the Manufacturing unit, etc. the Iris Scan System
(ISS) will be used along with subcutaneous chips as an
extra precaution. The dual security provides more
protection at the High Risk Areas and protection of privacy
and personal data. Car securities include the
subcutaneous identification and thumb gel imprinting for
initiating ignition.
Figure 5.3 – A Surveillance Robot
Incase of a crime, the suspect will be tracked down by the
Department of Justice on Aresam with the help of the
implanted sub-cutaneous chip. If the suspect is to be
pursued in a car, the WiMAX network will be put to use to
stop the car wirelessly.
Aresam will have a small team of security personnel and police officers. They will be assisted by the latest
available technologies and robots. All security personnel will be armed with Taser Stun guns and sticks
which will be used in the most extreme cases and at the discretion of the personnel. They will have
surveillance and bomb disposal robots at their disposal in their operations.
5.2.3 MAINTENANCE AND REPAIR
For a structure so large it is bound to get damaged every now and then. To prevent or repair this damage
Aresam has an array of robots built to pin point precision, for their various functions. The modules of the
torii are littered with maintenance nodes situated at regular intervals of 100 meters. These Nodes control all
maintenance activities from Hull repair to sealing up pipeline leaks. These nodes have direct access to the
outside of the settlement to facilitate Hull repair The nodes are in turn controlled by the CHAOS’s Central
Computing Unit (CCU).The nodes initiate regular maintenance checks just as a safety precaution and
makes sure all systems are in order.
Internal repair has been assigned to three different robots:
SnakeBots and Spider drones
Modified Kronos (See Section 5.1.1) and Entomopters.
-Page 31-
The Kronos will be modified and used for internal maintenance. The Kronos will constitute of two
prehensile, yet powerful limbs to facilitate repair of any kind. For special situations such as fires or an
explosion or a structural collapse, the Kronos can be further modified. The Kronos will be assisted by its
own wing of highly mobile flying insects call the Entomopters with inbuilt WiMAX to send the data its
extremely sensitive environmental sensors acquire, to the Maintenance node and simultaneously to its
parent Kronos.
Pipeline maintenance has been assigned to the SnakeBots
and Spider drones. Both will be deployed underground, from
beneath the maintenance node and will detect leaks and
other minor internal structural defects. The SnakeBot and
Drones are composed of Electro active polymers, chips, a
small power source and the required equipment, specific to
the situation.
Hull repair will consist of teams of 2 types of robots:
The PSA ll
Modified Robonaut (See Section 5.1.1).
The PSA ll will be used mainly for reconnaissance and
damage evaluation (if any).It will work in free space in a zeroG environment so for mobility it will use micro-propulsion
devices. For reconnaissance purposes it will use a camera,
Range finder wireless connection to its maintenance node
Figure 5.4 – The Roomba
and few Modified Robonauts, a solar cell as a power source
and additional lithium ion batteries for prolonged usage. It will be coated with polyethylene. So it may be
capable of working during solar flares and in presence of other solar radiation.
Name
Use
Roomba
Specification
Voice activated cleaning robot, mainly Roomba can clean carpets, linoleum,
utilized for household purposes.
and tiled and Hardwood floors. It also
has three air filters which keep dust and debris
from getting out of its system
Robomower Mowing gardens with great
It can mow a lawn of 5500-6000
RL 1000
Efficiency, reducing human labour.
sq. ft. depending on the number of obstacles
slopes height of grass etc.
CH 1
Cargo and Freight handling
A simple zero g robot with a front
load grabber adjusted to grab cargo
up to 9m2
CH 2
Cargo and Freight handling
Heavy duty cargo handling robot, main chassis
handle of 2000 kg, simple automated forklifts
that are programmed to load/unload/ segregate
and carry specially marked cargo
PSA
Exterior hull maintenance and
Designed to work in a zero g environment, it is
Monitoring
spherical in shape and it monitors external hull
damage
Entomopter Internal surveying and Maintenance
Highly mobile flying insects
having integrated environment
sensors based on principle of RCM*
SnakeBots Internal Pipeline maintenance and
Small mobile robots, perfect for pipeline repair
Spider
repair
and maintenance.
Drones
No. of
Units
1 for
each
house
350
Units
15
units
65
units
125
units
100
units
280
units
*The Reciprocating Chemical Muscle (or the RCM) is a mechanism that takes advantage of the energy released in
chemical reactions. RCM converts chemical energy into kinetic energy through direct non-combustive chemical
reactions. Particular benefits of the RCM are that it requires no ignition source, is anaerobic, and generates
electrical energy thermoelectrically.
-Page 32-
The Robonaut which too like the Kronos was a construction robot will be modified to take up a job as
maintenance robot. It will be specifically outfitted for repairing the damage if any. Since it is already outfitted
with Zero-G propulsion systems it will not require any modification in that sector but instead will be outfitted
with a camera and its clamps will be replaced with the required equipment. The vehicles entering the
settlement will be cleaned in the docking system through electrostatic cleaners. These vehicles include
those coming from Mars and those coming from long space travels for use on the settlement. There will
also be decontamination chambers for further removing alien matter.
5.3 DOMESTIC AUTOMATION
On Aresam, the typical house will also be automated like the rest of the settlement. A smart home
controlled by a residential computer subsystem will monitor all the household tasks thereby reducing human
intervention. Small wireless sensors imbedded in the wall will record the Occupants’ movement inside the
residence and hence tailor to their environment. Speech recognition and synthesis system will allow the
users to interact easily with the house by simply talking naturally. A software package and central computer
(The Virtual Butler) will use information from speech, feedback from the appliances and the user location
information to make intelligent decisions.
In this house everyday appliances will be fully integrated to work in unison to respond to the (preprogrammed) tastes of anyone. Equipped with such innovations such as a toilet that monitors weight, sugar
levels and emails its results to the user’s doctor, the smart home is one tailored especially for Aresam.
5.3.1 NETWORK PLAN
All six SCUs will have a little less processing power than the Evermind, but will have the capacity to work
individually without the supervision of the CCU. In case of failure of one or more Sub-Computers or the
CCU computers, the other Sub-Computers will continue to function as normal. Cyber Kiosks will be
provided at every Module to allow the residents to access the internet and use the Aresam Intranet.
Commercial computers will obtain access to the internet through the Sub-Computers.
All the Sub-Computers will be directly connected to the Evermind through the FOB. The Cyber Kiosks
and commercial computers will use the Sub-Computers as Hubs to connect to the network. Such an
indirect connection will prevent unnecessary data traffic congestion, thereby speeding up the network on
the whole.
In addition to their basic tasks, each SCU will be assigned the task of controlling a Life Support System.
The Transport System, Communication System, Agriculture System, Climate Control System, Cargo
Handling and Automated System and Power Generation System each will be controlled by one of the six
SCUs. The Transport SCU will control external and internal traffic, the Monorail and the general traffic
signals, etc. The Climate Control SCU will regulate temperature and all the associated mechanisms.
Similarly, all the other Life Support Systems will be operated by an SCU. Like the CCU computers, the
SCUs will also be equipped with VxWorks Operating Systems to allow more efficient control over their
tasks.
5.4 INTERNET THROUGH “PERIODIC UPDATES”
Imagine having to wait 8 minutes for Google to open on your browser. To solve this problem, we will be
using “Periodic Updates” for using Internet2. It is not possible to use the internet in real-time when
distances are so large. Therefore, Internet on Aresam will be saved on the computers of the Station itself.
The copy at the Station will only be a partial version; only those parts deemed necessary will be saved. A
copy of Internet2 will be taken along when setting up the station, and afterwards, it will be updated
periodically (about once a week during low-usage hours) using the communication systems. This is done so
that no bandwidth is wasted during Earth-Mars transmissions. This process will also eliminate the delays
that would otherwise be inevitable in real-time Internet-access. For access to information that is unavailable
at the Station’s Internet database, requests can be made to the Central Computing Unit so that the required
data can be downloaded from Earth.
-Page 33-
Schedule and Cost
6.0 SCHEDULE AND COST
6.1 SCHEDULE
-Page 34-
6.2 COSTS
6.2.2 ANNUAL OPERATION COSTS
Agriculture
Food Production ($ 18000/Head)
Storage And Distribution
Total
Cost (In Dollars)
0.27 Billion
0.65 Billion
0.92 Billion p.a.
Other Annual Costs
Repair And Maintenance
Life Support
Crew
Robots
Total
Cost (In Dollars)
1.5 Billion
1.2 Billion
0.9 Billion
1.1 Billion
4.7 Billion
6.2.3 ANNUAL REVENUES
Initial Revenue
Revenue From Homes And Apartments
Revenue From Local Shops/Apartments
Revenue From Offices
Other Sources Of Revenue
Total
Revenue($)
1.8 Billion
6.1 Billion
0.2 Billion
0.1 Billion
8.2 Billion
Annual Revenue
Entry
Tax
Real Estate
Docking Port And Storage
Advertising Rights
Tourism
Export
Sale Of Food
External Transport(RLV)
Total
Revenue($)
160 Million
500 Million
4.0 Billion
1.6 Billion
500 Million
600 Million
500 Million
1.4 Billion
2.0 Billion
11.26 Billion
6.2.4 MANUFACTURING COSTS AND REVENUES
Field
Revenue (In
Dollars per 2
years**)
*Initial Costs
(In Dollars)
Total Revenue
(In dollars
p.a.)
Semi-Conductors
Micro Electro Mechanical System
Pharmaceuticals
MARSUV (Per Annum)
Total
20 Billion
5
Billion
5
Billion
0.5 Billion
30.5 Billion
8 Billion
2 Billion
2 Billion
.1 Billion
12.1 Billion
6 Billion
0.2 Billion
0.2 Billion
0.4 Billion
6.8 Billion
*The Initial Costs include the Maintenance Costs.
**Considering that the Manufactured Goods will be sent to Earth using the tether system every 28th month,
the revenue generated has been considered for 2 years.
-Page 35-
Total Annual Revenue: 18.06 Billion
Total Annual Cost: 5.62 Billion
Annual Profit: 12.44 Billion
6.2.5 INVESTMENTS
A. Construction
Materials For Constructions And Maintenance
Residential And Commercial Torus
Agricultural Torus
Docking System
Tourism and Research Cylinders
Communication Cylinder
Shafts
Spokes
Total
Costs(In Dollars)
55.2 Billion
44.6 Billion
2.14 Billion
6.7
Billion
0.38 Billion
0.89 Billion
0.45 Billion
110.22 Billion
B. Construction Crew
Phase
Salary
($)
Crew
Total
Salary($)
Phase1(8 yrs)
Phase2(5 yrs)
Phase3(10yrs)
Total
75,000
75,000
75,000
100
300
500
8 Million
23 Million
38 Million
Lodging &
Provisions
(Dollars p.a)
100 Million
200 Million
300 Million
Cost/Year
(In Dollars)
108 Million
223 Million
338 Million
Total
(Billion
$)
2.48
5.12
7.77
15.37
C. Infrastructure and Utilities
Internal And External Infrastructure
Internal Transportation Total
Monorail System
Traffic Signal Coordination
Segways($4,000/unit for 3,000 units)
Toyota PM Concept Car($5000/unit for 1000
units)
Honda FCX($40000/unit for 550 units)
External Transportation Total
Initial Magbeam, Tether Installation Cost
Combined Cycle Engine
Communication Total
Internal Communication
External Communication
Total
-Page 36-
Cost (In Dollars)
548.5 Million
500 Million
9.5
Million
12
Million
5
Million
22
Million
1550 Million
300 Million
50
Million
1200 Million
500 Million
700 Million
3298.5 Million
D. Automation and Design Services
Infrastructure
Robonaut
SCOUT
Kronos
Main Computer Processing Cost
Iris Scan System
Sub Cutaneous chips
Maintenance & Cargo handling
robots
Repair Modifications
Residential and Commercial
Automation Systems
Total
Units
1,000
100
50
40
Teraflops
500
14,000
925
Cost/Unit
$ 1 Million
$ 5 Million
$ 3 Million
$ 1 Million /10
Teraflops
$ 2,000
$ 100
$ 30,000
Cost
$1000
$500
$150
$4
1,200
10,920
$1000
$3000
$1.2 Million
$32.76 Million
Million
Million
Million
Million
$1
Million
$1.4 Million
$27.75 Million
$2.0106 Billion
Total Costs = $130.908 Billion
Total Annual revenue = $12.44 Billion
Time to Recover Costs = 10 Years 6 Months
-Page 37-
Business Requirements
7.0 BUSINESS REQUIREMENTS
Aresam would have 15000m2 reserved for commercial offices this area will be provided to companies to
establish their branches on the settlement. The concerned companies may design and build their own
offices within the norms of Aresam using NH’s construction robots or may ask us to design a office for
them. The companies will receive high speed internet and communication options. The offices will be
spread out across the residential cum commercial torus so as to not overload a single SCU.
The cost of building the settlement will be enormous and therefore our sources of finance will include
loans from various countries and international banks, the sale of bonds to the residents of Aresam and
also to residents of Earth. Once the settlement is established and functioning it‘ll be able to levy taxes and
raise finance from the sale or lease of land to the private industry. Real estate will also be auctioned.
The various industries on Aresam will be:
Semiconductors manufactured in the Central Sphere of Aresam will be 1000 times faster than the
conventional ones generating estimated revenue of about $35 to $40 Billion Dollars
The Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS), which can only be manufactured in Low/zero-G
condition, will also fetch around $10 to $20 Billion
The use of Low-G on manufacturing of Pharmaceuticals has been considered an asset for
humanity for a long time. The variable-G environment in the Mobile Sphere on the Spokes will
facilitate the process, generating around $10 to $12 Billion
There will be a separate industry for heavy manufacturing of Reusable Launch Vehicles and
MARSUVs which will serve as a gateway to Mars.
The various industries (excluding the Pharmaceutical one) will be setup inside the central capsule.
Other business opportunities include exporting material mined on Mars and its moons, Phobos and
Diemos. Most of the mined material will be used in construction of the structure but the surplus will be
sent to Earth using the tether system right from the time mining begins.
Tourism is another asset which will be exploited to earn profits on Aresam. A space tourist has to pay at
least $10 Million as per today. Aresam will host at least a 1000 tourist annually and by reducing the cost
to just $1 Million for a trip to mars, we get the figure of $1 Billion.
Since Aresam is to be a portal for the rest of the solar system, the ships docked in its docking bay will rent
their space here paying some amount for it. The cargo ships will also pay some excise duty.
All commercial activities on Aresam will be taxed with Value Added Tax (VAT). The amount will be 20%
since we are not taxing the residents on their other possessions and income. As Aresam will serve as
gateway to Mars, we have the advantage of levying taxes such as Octroi etc., on the mined materials
which would be exported through Aresam.
Thus we can see that, in the long run, Aresam is an extremely profitable venture.
-Page 38-
Compliance Matrix
Description
Page No.
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
1
STRUCTURAL DESIGN
2
External Configuration
Shape and Design - Section describing overall exterior layout of the settlement
Docking System and Fuel Storage - Section describing docking mechanism and
fuel storage measures
Shielding - Materials used along with their purpose in shielding of the settlement
along with calculations
Internal Arrangement - Chart illustrating requirement of space in settlement for
different purposes
Construction Sequence - Details of construction phases and sequence of
Aresam
Mars Orbit Infrastructure Expansion - Description of future expansion plans
2
2
OPERATIONS AND INFRASTRUCTURE
9
Construction Material Sources
Location - Section describing location of settlement
Construction Materials - Chart/table illustrating the list of materials used in the
construction of settlement
Community Infrastructure
Food Production - Section outlining agricultural production, storage and other
aspects
Electrical Power Generation and Distribution - Methods of power generation
and description of contingency and backup plans
Internal Communication - Measure for insuring internal communication of data
and voice
External Communication - Description of infrastructure facilitating
communication between Mars, the settlement and other planets
Internal Transport - Section outlining different methods of internal transport and
a list of vehicles used aboard the settlement
Atmosphere, Climate and Weather Control - Co2 and O2 Cycle, Temperature
and humidity control, climatic features, ventilation
Waste Management - Management and treatment of wastes
Water Management - Section outlining water storage, purification and distribution
methods
Day and Night Cycle - Description of day night cycle provisions
Space Infrastructure
External Transport System - Section describing list of external transport vehicles
and methods of propulsion
Vehicle Requirements - Vehicles to be used for transportation
Needs of Visiting Ships - Table illustrating crops and their required amounts to
fulfill needs of visiting ships
MARSUV - Vehicle used for exploration of Martian surface
9
9
HUMAN FACTORS
5
5
7
7
8
9
10
10
11
14
14
15
17
18
19
19
20
20
21
21
22
HUMAN FACTORS
24
Urban Environment
Education - Description of educational institutions and type of education offered
at the settlement
Entertainment - Section describing methods of entertainment onboard
Hospitals - Section describing hospitals on Aresam
Recreation - Section describing recreational activities on Aresam
Psychological Concerns - Description of psychological syndromes likely to be
faced by settlement residents
Community Design
Residential Design - Illustrations of typical residential homes onboard the
settlement
Offices - Design of commercial buildings
Work Environment
Career and Tools - Section describing tools required for a particular field
Governing System - Administration of Aresam
Occupations - Chart identifying major categories of work that people will do in
and around the settlement and listing tools they will need
BioSuit – Describing the usage and design of BioSuits
Architectural Theme of Aresam
24
24
24
24
25
25
25
25
26
26
26
26
27
27
28
AUTOMATION DESIGN AND SERVICES
29
Cargo Handling and Construction Automation
Construction Automation - Section outlining different types of robots used in
construction along with their dimensions
Cargo Handling - Description of cargo handling mechanics including tagging and
role of automated measures
Maintenance and Security Automation
Central Computing Unit (CCU) - Description of the main computer and
computing requirements of the entire settlement
Security Automation - Section identifying different technologies used aboard the
settlement for security purposes
Maintenance and Repair – Section identifying robots and systems used for
maintenance and repair
Domestic Automation
Network Plan - Table illustrating the computers used aboard the settlement and
describing plan of the entire settlement network
Internet Through “Periodic Updates”
29
SCHEDULE AND COST
34
Schedule
Cost
Annual Operation Costs
Annual Revenue
Manufacturing Cost and Revenues
Investments
34
35
35
35
35
36
BUSINESS REQUIREMENTS
38
29
30
30
30
31
31
33
33
33
Bibliography
8.0 BIBLIOGRAPHY
Structure and Design:
www.wikipedia.org
www.daviddarling.info
www.aerojet.com
lifesci3.arc.nasa.gov
www.aero-space.nasa.gov
www.solarsystem.com
voyager.jpl.nasa.gov
www.biopoint.com
www.psrd.hawaii.edu
www.nas.nasa.gov
patsy.hunter.cuny.edu
rredc.nrel.gov
www.inspacepropulsion.com
www.aleph.se/Trans/Tech/Space/mars.html
www.corrosion-doctors.org
permanent.com
cs.space.eads.net
www.lns.cornell.edu
www.answers.com
Operations and Infrastructure:
www.wikipedia.org
www.tethers.com
space.jpl.nasa.gov
www.abo.fi
www.aerojet.com
www.aero-space.nasa.gov
astrogeology.usgs.gov
www.solarsystem.com
www.kidscosmos.org
www.nas.nasa.gov
patsy.hunter.cuny.edu
rredc.nrel.gov
www.corrosion-doctors.org
www.ultralifebatteries.com
permanent.com
www.kurasc.kyoto-u.ac.jp
www.windsun.com

www.lns.cornell.edu
www.answers.com
www.wm.com
nett21.gep.jp
www.beckart.com
www.drchronicshydroponics.com
Human Factors:
www.wikipedia.org
library.thinkquest.org/03oct/01581/SpaceTravelEnglish/main.html
www.solarsystem.com
www.kidscosmos.org
www.biopoint.com
www.psrd.hawaii.edu
www.saint-gobain-recherche.com
www.permanent.com
www.drtomorrow.com
www.krysstal.com
www.spacefuture.com
www.answers.com
Automation Design and Services:
www.wikipedia.org
www.psrd.hawaii.edu
www.saint-gobain-recherche.com
permanent.com
www.drtomorrow.com
cs.space.eads.net
www.kurasc.kyoto-u.ac.jp
www.xgtechnology.com/
www.spacefuture.com
www.answers.com
News Sites:
www.astronews.com
www.wired.com
www.newscientists.com
Expert Opinions By:
Prof. GK Mehta: IIT Kanpur
Prof. HR Singh: IIT Delhi
Prof. Robert Winglee: Washington University
Prof. AR Biswas: Arkansas University
Prof. Ayodhya Nath Tiwari: Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH)
Zurich
Prof. Tarnacha, Amity Institute, Noida