Cambrios ClearOhm™ Transparent Conductors: Enabling

Cambrios ClearOhm™ Transparent
Conductors: Enabling Innovation in
Touch, Displays, OLEDs and Solar
Cells
Rahul Gupta
Senior Director Business Development
March 20, 2013
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Bay Area SID March 2013
Agenda
• Applications of Transparent Conductors
• ClearOhm™ silver nanowire based Transparent
conductors
– Optical/Electrical Performance
– Flexibility
• Working with ClearOhm material: Coating/patterning
• Commercially available Touch Panels using
ClearOhm materials
• OLED/OPV Performance using ClearOhm electrodes
• Conclusions
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Touch Becoming Ubiquitous
• SmartPhones & Tablets are everywhere
• Windows 8 is driving a touch interface into
Ultrabooks and All-in-Ones
JOHN
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Touch in New Form Factors and
New Applications
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New Applications, New
Requirements
• New applications and innovations require:
– Low Resistance (High Conductivity)
– Flexibility: either for process or end product
– Lower Cost
• Difficult to Achieve with ITO
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ITO The Incumbent Technology
• Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) is the most commonly
used transparent conductor
• ITO has many limitations
– Expensive vacuum deposition
– Limited throughput for low resistance
• Many systems/huge investment
– High temperature to get to good conductivity
• Poor performance on low cost plastic substrates
– Brittle so difficult to handle on flexible substrates
– Rare volatile and politically sensitive
• New transparent conductor required
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Cambrios Technologies Corp.
Leader in Nanotechnology Solutions for Transparent Conductors
• Founded in 2002 by scientists at MIT and University of
California, Santa Barbara
– Focus on developing solution processable transparent conducting
materials
• Design and manufacturing in Sunnyvale, CA with offices in
Japan and Korea
• Venture-backed startup with Key Strategic Partners
– ARCH Venture Partners, Alloy Ventures, Oxford Bioscience Partners, Harris &
Harris Group
– Many strategic investors including Samsung, TPK
• Strong IP Portfolio: >175 pending patent applications, >22
issued or allowed patents
• Commercially used in Touch Sensors
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Company Video
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TM
ClearOhm by Cambrios
Next Generation Transparent Conductor
• Silver Nanowires
– Single crystal silver  High conductivity
– Large spaces
 High transparency
– Inexpensive and easy to use
70 degree tilt
Plan View
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Core Product Strengths
High
Conductivity
& High
Transmission
Low Cost and
Scalable
Production
Extremely
Ductile and
Flexible
High
Performance
and Low Cost
Independent
of Substrate:
Plastic or
glass
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Low Cost
Solution
Processing
ClearOhm™ Transmission: Better than ITO
• >98% transmission down to 30 Ω per square
• Low sheet resistance (not available with ITO Film) enables many
applications
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Low Sheet Resistance with High
Transmission for OLED/OPV
Spin coating on glass, air as
reference; glass transmission
93.3%
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• High transmission
even at low sheet
resistance
• Great for large area
OLED displays (TV)
and lighting
applications
• OPV top and/or
bottom electrodes
Bay Area SID March 2013
Density of Silver Nanowires
Determines Sheet Resistance
70 Ω/☐
9 Ω/☐
• Higher nanowire density = Higher Conductivity
• Coating Throughput Independent of conductivity
- Change ink concentration or wet film thickness
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Optical – Electrical Performance: Haze
1.00
5.0
0.95
ClearOhm
ClearOhm
G1 G3
0.90
4.5
ClearOhm G4
0.85
% Haze
4.0
3.5
0.80
ClearOhm G3
0.75
0.70
ClearOhm G4
0.65
3.0
% Haze
ClearOhm G2
0.60
2.5
0.55
0.50
2.0
50
60
1.5
70
80
90
100
110
Sheet Resistance, ohms/square
1.0
0.5
0.0
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
Sheet Resistance, ohms/square
Haze Now Meets Requirements for Commercial Displays and Touch panels
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240
Competing Technologies
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ClearOhm Electrodes Enable Flexible
Displays and 2.5D/3D Shapes
AUO Flexible Epaper Display at FPD 2011
ClearOhm used as Pixel electrode
SID Digest 2012
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ClearOhm™ Coating Materials
• ClearOhm Inks can be spin
coated or slit coated
• Solution Coating for
– Low Cost Process
– High Throughput
• 15-20 m/min R2R coating
• 1.5m web  >1 M m2/month
• Compatible with Plastic
substrates like PET
– Baking temperature can be
100C or less
• Compatible with sheet
process on glass or plastic
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Patterning ClearOhm Layers
• ClearOhm can be
patterned using
– Photolithography and wet
etching
• Similar to ITO
– Laser patterning
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Conduc ve
Conduc ve
Printable ClearOhmTM Inks
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Inkjet Printing
Screen Printing
Gravure Printing
Reverse Offset Printing
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Bay Area SID March 2013
Direct Printed ClearOhm Inks: Gravure
Haze, transmission, and sheet resistance of printed gravure
formulation match values for spin coated formulation
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Printing on Rigid Glass Using
Accupress (Western Michigan)
Idle speed is 100 rpm
Cylinder is 150 mm in diameter
Print speed is 1.2 meters/second
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Applications and Target Markets
Touch Sensors
OLED Lighting
Displays
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Solar Cells
Bay Area SID March 2013
Cambrios Products
• Solution processable transparent conductive
coating material
• Transparent conductive film produced by valueadded coating companies
ClearOhm™ Ink
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March 13, 2013
ClearOhm™ Film
Sold by Cambrios Partners
Bay Area SID March 2013
ClearOhmTM Enabled Films
AWF Capacity
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Bay Area SID March 2013
Touch Panel Supply Chain
Using ClearOhm™ Material
ClearOhm
™ Inks
Value
Added Film
& Glass
Makers
Touch
Sensor
Makers
ODM
OEM
Touch
Controller
Makers
Windows 8 Certified Touch
Panels in Production Q4 2012
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Bay Area SID March 2013
Touch Panel Supply Chain Using
ClearOhm™ Material is ready for Production
ClearOhm™
Inks
Value Added
Film Makers
Touch Sensor
Makers
LGE
Okura, Toray, DIC,
HCC, ShinEtsu
eTurboTouch
CNi
Cambrios
LGE and other
Korean suppliers
Nissha Printing
Shin-Etsu
China and US
based suppliers
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Others
ODMs & OEMs
TM
RecentPhones
ClearOhm
Products
Recent
using ClearOhm™
Huawei Ascend on
Sprint
NEC MEDIAS X N-07D on
NTT DoCoMo Network
• Proof of cost structure and commercial quality
• Products span low end to high end
• Excellent pattern visibility and glass-like appearance
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Cambrios Confidential Information
March 13, 2013
Bay Area SID March 2013
LG Announces World’s First
TM
ClearOhm Film-based AiO PC
• Fast response enabled by
low resistance ClearOhm film
• Windows 8 Certified
• Thin and light sensor
unachievable with ITO
• Validates performance and
value proposition for largearea touch panels
LG V325 23” AiO PC
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Some more new Products
L15AX 15” Point Of Sale Touch Monitor
Enables Full Touch Experience Even With
Non Touch Enabled Laptops And Desktops
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Coming Soon : LG ET63
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Ecosystem Partners Announced
at CES 2013
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Large New Markets for
Transparent Electrodes
OLED Displays
Thin Film Solar
OLED Lighting
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Emerging Markets:
OLED Value Proposition
•
•
•
•
Higher Efficiency vs.ITO
Same or better efficiency
No angle dependence of color
Lifetimes similar to ITO
R2R manufacturing for lighting
Small Change in color with angle
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42 Lm/W 5cm x 5cm Lighting Tile
3 Layer stack
Anode Sheet Resistance: 10 ohms/sq
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~8.5% Efficiency OPV Cell Using
ClearOhm™ Bottom Electrode
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Summary
• ClearOhm Material is replacing ITO: already
used in commercial Touch Panels, enabling
large area touch panels
– Large Supply Chain is coming online
• ClearOhm material can be used as an
effective transparent electrode for OLEDs,
OPV and other Applications
• Printable ClearOhm™ electrodes show
promise, needs further development
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BACKUP
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Emerging Markets:
Heliatek Flexible and Transparent OPV
• World record for
organic
photovoltaic
– 10.7% efficiency
• Production facility
under construction
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Cambrios Ag-NWs + Clevios HILs
for OLED-Anodes
Seite 39
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Cambrios ClearOhm™ + Heraeus
F-CE based ITO Free OLED’s
ClearOhm™
Low
Resistance
Transparent
Electrode
Efficient
and Stable
ITO Free
OLEDs
Clevios FCE
planarizing
HIL
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ClearOhm + Clevios F-CE
UV-Vis Spectra
6 ohms/sq
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ClearOhm + 200nm F-CE
• SEM: Conformal coating, no spikes
• AFM 25mm scan:
– Rz = 85.3nm, Rq = 8.6nm
– Conductive AFM: uniform conductivity
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0
10
6
10
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10
5
10
-2
10
4
10
-3
10
3
-4
10
2
10
-5
10
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-6
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0
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-7
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-1
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10
-3
Labor Dr.A.Elschner
HPM-CPD
Clevios,B202,LEV
43
-4
-2
0
Bias (V)
March 13, 2013
2
4
6
Luminance (cd/m²)
10
-6
3
4x10
Device Preparation:
OLEDs are prepared in
comparison on ITO and on AgNWs.
3
0.1
2x10
0
0.0
3
4
4
Efficacy (Cd/A)
10
Current Density (A/cm²)
0.2
L(cd/m²)
Current , EL-Intensity vs. Bias
Device # : 12-043, -044
Anode//HIL1.3N//NPB//ALQ//LiF//Al
I (A/cm²)
ITO//F-CE vs. Ag-NWs//F-CE:
Similar IVL Performance
5
Bias (V)
6
3
A = 0.049 scm
K = 145000000 cd/A
4
5
Bias (V)
6
ITO//Clevios F-CE(200nm)
ClearOhm//Clevios F-CE(200nm)
3
A 200nm thick Clevios F-CE layer
is deposited for surface
planarization first followed by a
50nm thick layer of Clevios
HIL1.3N to improve device lifetime.
2
1
0
2
3
4
5
Bias (V)
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Bay Area SID March 2013
IVLs:
Total device current and leakage
current are almost the same for
both anodes
ITO//F-CE vs. Ag-NWs//F-CE:
Similar Lifetime
Device Lifetimes:
Anode //HIL1.3N//NPB//ALQ//LiF//Al
The lifetime tests are conducted at
constant current conditions
(j = 24 mA/cm²)
Bias , EL-Intensity vs. Time
Device # : 12-043,-044
I = 24mA/cm² , A=4.9mm²
Anode //HIL1.3N//NPB//ALQ//LiF//Al
6
1000
5
800
U (Volt)
600
3
400
2
0
0
500
n12_043044_2.opj
0
50
100
150
Labor Dr.A.Elschner
HPM-CPD
Clevios,B202,LEV
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200
ITO//Clevios F-CE (200nm)
ClearOhm//Clevios F-CE (200nm)
1
Luminance (nits)
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March 13, 2013
200
250
300
350
400
450
time (h)
Bay Area SID March 2013
Devices were kept during the test
in a N2-Glovebox w/o any further
encapsulation
 No significant difference in
lifetimes for ITO//F-CE - and
ClearOhm//F-CE - anodes within
the accuracy of experiment
OLED’s with ClearOhm and
Small Molecule HIL’s
Work done in collaboration with NOVALED
2 Color fluorescent tandem stack
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Lum Cd/m2
Similar Operating Voltage as ITO
Operating Voltage: 5.6 – 5.7 V for 1000 Cd/m2
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Similar Power and Current
Efficiency as ITO
• ~ 10% higher power efficiency for the same stack as ITO
• >20% improvement with thinner HTL: no data for ITO with thinner HTL
• Need to optimize stack to maximize scattering of light from nanowires
• Cambrios developing internal light extraction layers in combination with
nanowires
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Small Color Change with
thickness of stack
• Device color within DOE Energy Star quadrangle CCT 4000K
• Small color change with thickness  Weak microcavity
• Tolerance to process variations  No binning in production
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Smaller Color Shift with Angle than ITO
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Similar Lifetime as ITO
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>30 Lm/W 10cm x 10cm Lighting Tile
3 Unit Tandem stack
1000 Cd/m2 at 8.6V
>30 Lm/W , >40 Cd/A
CIEx/CIEy: 0,477/0,416@1000 Cd/m2
Anode Sheet Resistance: 15 ohms/sq
Uniformity: Lmax/Lmin =2 with single sides contact
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Improving Uniformity of Light Emission
• Reduce ClearOhm Layer (Anode) sheet
resistance: 15Ω/sq  5Ω/sq
• Anode Contact on two sides or 3 sides
• Move from square to rectangular geometry:
– 10cm x10 cm =100 cm2  12.5cmx8cm= 100cm2
Single sided anode contact
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Double sided anode contact
Simulation: Emission Uniformity for
10cm x10cm Tile single contact
3 Unit
Tandem Stack
Measured Uniformity of 10x10cm tile with 15 /sq:
Lmax/Lmin ~ 2 at 1000Cd/m2
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Simulation for 10cmx10cm Tile:
Expected Lmax/Lmin < 1.2
5Ω/sq, Double Sided Contact
3 Unit
Tandem Stack
Uniform 10x10 cm OLED Lighting Tiles can be made with ClearOhm Anodes
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Gravure Printed OLED
• OLEDs with 3 gravure printed layers
processed at VTT: Anode, HIL and LEP
ClearOhm™ Ink
printing direction
evaporated cathode
gravure printed LEP
HIL, LEP printing
direction
gravure printed HIL
gravure printed anode
(ClearOhm™)
PEN
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Thank You
www.cambrios.com
[email protected]
+1 408 239 9772
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