dido highbury

the Woman Ceacber
The Organ of the National Union of Women Teachers.
Editor : EMILY PHIPPS, B.A.
FRIDAY, JUNE 23, 1922.
VoL. III. No. 35.
LEGAL AID FUND.
Open to members of the N.U.W.T. only.
Annual subscription, 5s.
All particulars from the Hon. Secretary, Miss V. HUNT, to
whom application forms and first subscription should be sent.
Renewed subscriptions should be paid to the Hon. Treasurer,
MISS WAKEHAM, 86 Doyle Gardens, N.W.io.
MUTUAL AID FUND.
Financial assistance is given to subscribers and their
dependants, hospital treatment (in a private ward) may be
obtained and specialists may be consulted at a reduced fee.
Annual minimum subscription, 6s.
Particulars from the Hon. Secretary, MISS HUGHES,
II Elgin Road, Seven Kings, Essex. The Hon. Treasurer is
MISS BUTCHER, 6 Chelmsford Road, Leytonstone,
London Unit Collector : Miss INMAN.
PROVIDENT SICK FUND.
Only members of the N.U.W.T. are eligible for membership. Annual subscription, 14s. to 56s., according to amount
of benefit desired. Full particulars may be obtained from the
Hon. Treasurer, MRS. TIDSWELL, 21 Crockerton Road, S.W.17.
Hon. P.S.F. Secretary, 39 Gordon Square, W.C.i.
" OLD GUARD" FUND.
This Fund disburses hundreds of pounds annually to
retired teachers who, having either a very small pension or
none at all, are ineligible for help from any other professional
fund.
Hon. Sec. and Treasurer, Miss PRINGLE, 5 Lansdowne
Road, Handsworth, Birmingham.
SUBSCRIPTION 4s. 4d. PER ANNUM
(plus postage).
‘111111111111161=111111.91111111111611110111111V
NATIONAL UNION of WOMEN TEACHERS.
OBJECTS.
1. The National Union of Women Teachers, believing
that the true ends of Education cannot be fully and
completely served until Women Teachers have right
conditions of work and adequate means of expression
in educational matters, declares the following to be its
objects :(a) To collect and express the opinions and wishes
of women teachers and to secure their combined
action.
(b) To secure better pensions and earlier optional
retirement.
(c) To secure equal pay and equal increments for
men and women teachers of the same professional
status.
(d) To secure the maintenance of each girls' and
infants' department under its own headmistress.
(e) To secure that the headships of all mixed schools
shall be open to women equally with men.
(f) To secure representation of women on all education authorities.
(g) To secure direct effective representation of women
teachers' interests in Parliament.
(h) To secure that all the higher educational posts
shall be open equally to men and women and
with equal remuneration.
(1) To convene conferences on educational subjects
and to promote such questions as have for their
object the well being of women and children.
If you approve of the above objects and are not a
member of the N.U.W.T. write to the Secretary for full
particulars and the name and address of the nearest local
Secretary.
CLOUGH'S
CORRESPONDENCE
COLLEGE.
trig Ottitst anb /Nast *turtssitti Torrtsponbtna CoUtp.
PREL. CERTIFICATE
CERTIFICATE.
P.T. ADMISSION EXAMS.
OXFORD LOCALS (Just?)
CAMBRIDGE LOCALS
(junior & Senior.)
MATRICULATION.
A.C.P., L.C.P., L.L.A.,
HIGHER FROEBEL.
Full particulars of any of the above Classes sent at once on application to the Secretary-
CLOUGH'S CORRESPONDENCE COLLEGE,
TEMPLE CHAMBERS, LONDON, E.C.4.
I
THE WOMAN TEACHER,
282
London Unit Notes.
The American Sale.
The N.U.W.T. American Sale is to be held in the
Aulumn,andLondon is to be responsible for the household
stall. All kinds _ of household material, commodities
or utensils will therefore be needed to furnish the London
stall. Early notice is given so that preparations may
be duly made, e.g., members who are now making jam
may wish to make a little extra as a gift to the London
__ It is also proposed to have on show a number of
photographs or press pictures likely to be of particular
interest to N.U.W.T. members, such as snaps of speakers
at -N.U.W.T. meetings, &c. If names and addresses
are written on the backs these photographs will be
returned duly. Will all N.U.W.T. photographers please
look through their albums and send on :those snaps or
photographs likely to be interesting ?
Trip to Switzerland.
The London Unit 15-day trip to Switzerland will
commence on July 28. It will visit at least two Swiss
Lakes and the Rhone Valley. The tickets will be
available altogether for 25 days so that members joining
the party need not return at the end of the 15 days,
though this is the period for which the party will be
conducted. Those desiring to join the party should
notify the London office as soon as possible.
Subscriptions.
All completions of subscriptions are now due and
collectors are asked to send them in by the end of
June in order that there may be no delay in the drawing
up of the annual balance sheet.
Student Teachers.
•
L.U. members are asked to send names and addresses
of -student teachers to the L.U. offices in order that
invitations • to a meeting may be despatched to these
girls ,and their parents or guardians. It is unthinkable
thatthe girls should be permitted to enter the teaching
profession as supplementary teachers (to this end
inspectors are persuading them) without warning from
other women teachers as to the real position and the
attitude of organised women teachers on this matter.
The Young Teachers' Movement.
This is a movement within the N.U.T. It is early
days to prophesy regarding this movement, but the
following points will be of interest to N.U.W.T. members.
The Y.T.M. announces that it stands for equality of
treatment for men and women teachers. The Y.T.M.
, was formed before the N.U.T. threw the Equal " Pay "
-Referendum on to the scrap-heap. If the Y.T.M. did
not oppose the scrapping of the " Equal Pay " Referendum we find it difficult to believe that its members are
sincere believers in Equal Pay. If the Y.T.M. did
oppose the passing of the Referendum how is it that no
breath of this opposition has been allowed to reach the
world outside the N.U.T. ? We are faced with two
conclusions :—
1. either the Y.T.M. is not sincerely in agreement with
Equal Pay, or
2. it is powerless to make its voice heard within the
N.U.T. on this question.
It may be that the Y.T.M. is the nucleous of a new
schoolmasters' movement.
An amusing account of his experiences as a would-be
unionist is given by one schoolmaster. He_ withdrew
from the N.U.T. soon after the women's exodus in 1918,
and for the same reason, viz., the attitude of the N.U.T.
towards its- women members. He joined the National
Association of Schoolmasters in the hope that the bitter
prejudice towards women teachers manifested by that
Union was merely a passing phase. He found that this
prejudice was deep-rooted and unlikely to be eradicated
and retired to the General Workers' Union, there to
await the formation of a union -of teachers which will
embody his ideals of unionism. Some of us are hoping
that the time is not far distant when a men teachers'
union run on similar lines to the N.U.W.T. will be formed.
Thpf_itnindependent women's organisation will be necessary for many years is perfectly obvious since women
have to establish their status and destroy such anomalies
its unequal pay, to establish their right to fair and,
June 23, 1922
open competition in appointments to headships of mixed
schools, posts in the inspectorate and administratim
posts. Inside the N.U.W.T. women are learning lessons
in administration. They would not have the opportunity of learning these lessons in a mixed organisation.
The time is coming when teachers will have attained
self-government in their profession;- and women teachers
will need to have learnt all there is to learn about how to
administer and how not to administer. They are learning
these lessons in the N.U.W.T. by contact with those
who are responsible for the present administration.
Distriet Notices.
Meetings of Camberwell and Shoreditch Collectors
have been held at 39 Gordon Square. St. Pancras
district also held a dinner-hoar meeting which was
well attended.
Deptford.
A meeting of members and non-members (women)
will be held on July 6, at 5.15 p.m. Subject for discussion : How to meet the present reaction.' Further
particulars will be given later. Members are asked to
keep this date free.
Fulham.
A meeting of school collectors will be held in Fulham
Palace Road School on Monday, July 3, at 5 p.m.
It is hoped every collector will make a point of attending.
All members are asked to be present and to bring a
Fulham non-member to a meeting at 39 Gordon Square
on July 10, at 6 p.m.
Lewisham local committee was invited to tea at the
offices on June 16. Miss M. R. • Smith; who- was
formerly the Lewisham organiser before she gave up
teaching to become the N.U.W.T. Organiser, attended
this meeting as a guest. Miss Palmer, who succeeded
Miss Smith in Lewisham, is now giving up the post on
account of her marriage. London members will join
in thanking Miss Palmer for her work in Lewisham and
in allgood wishes for her future.
North Lambeth.
A very successful meeting. of North Lambeth women
teachers was held in the Rose Lamartine Yates Clinic
(Cutten Memorial) on Tuesday, June 13. Miss Agnes
Dawson occupied the chair. The speakers were Miss
E. Froud (General Secretary), Miss M. R. Smith
(N.U.W.T. Organiser) and Miss C. M. A. Coombs (L.U.
President). Miss Dawson spoke on the necessity for a
strong women's organisation for the purpose of opposing
cuts in education and in safeguarding women's- status
and salary.
Miss Froud contrasted the action taken by the N.U.T.
to prevent the admission of supplementary men teachers
into the ranks of the teaching profession with this body's
action with regard to women supplementary teachers,
of whom there are already more than 13,000 in the
country.
Miss Smith spoke on- the need for organisation and
enthusiasm to combat reaction. Miss C. M. A. Coombs
spoke on the great danger of the " supplementary "
teacher and the work of the N.U.W.T. in opposing the
retrograde action of the authorities in attempting to
augment the number of the teachers employed. A
local committee meeting followed.
Paddington School Collectors are invited to tea at
39 Gordon Square, on Tuesday, June 27, 5.30 P.M.
Wandsworth committees have been holding meetings
and several further meetings are being arranged, details
M. L. O'D.
of which will be sent to the schools.
London and District Joint
Committee.
A meeting was held at Gordon Square on Wednesday,
June 14, Miss Hewitt, L.L.A., in the chair. Interesting
items in the Branch Reports were the raising by East
Ham of £153 for the local hospital and £12 2s. 6d. by means
of a Jumble Sale ; and an enjoyable outing to Cambridge
by Leyton. London reported having met a Sub-Committee
of the L.C.C. on the question of the under-sixes and the
sending of a memorandum on this subject, and also on
the Special Schools to every member of the L.C.C. Many
sympathetic letters had been received in reply. Several
%tune 23,
i9/2
WOMAN tkikeligil
meetings had been held on these and other urgent problems and had been exceedingly well attended. The
meeting warmly congratulated the London -Unit on the
splendid stand it had made on the question of unqualified
teachers.
Miss Proud spoke on the League of Nations Meeting to
be held on June 24 and the N.U.W.T. American Sale on
.September 30. Miss Grinter reported on the special
appeal that is being made for the London Hospitals.
At the conclusion of the business Miss Helena Normanton,
B.A., gave an address on the Law of Property. She first
dealt with wills and the necessity for making them. The
property of persons dying intestate is administered by an
administrator under the Statute of Distribution of James 1.
by which every male relative of the father benefits before
anything can be received by the mother. In making one's
own will it is best to use the simplest possible language
and avoid legal terms : the will must be witnessed but
witnesses must not benefit by it : someone must be named
to execute the will, but to the executors something may
be left. Miss Normanton advised mentioning specific
legacies first and then to whom that which remained
was to go. Much litigation is caused by the whole estate
not being included in the items stated in the will. A will
is revoked on marriage. Much trouble is often caused by
ignorance of where a person's will is deposited, so it is
advisable to inform one or two people of this. Miss
Normanton also dealt with the buying of house property
and the raising of mortgages.
A very cordial vote of thanks to the speaker for her
interesting and instructive address concluded the meeting.
Important Notice.
are again reminded that the reduced letter
irate of 11d. is available for Y oz. only.
The Editor has several times had to pay excess postage
CM communications sent in by members.
MEMBERS
Bar Examination.
TRINITY TERM RESULTS.
AT the Trinity Examinations the names of the
'following women appear in the list of passes :—
Roman Law.
Class 3. Emily Phipps (Middle Temple).
Venetia Stephenson (Gray's Inn).
((These were the only two women who took this paper.)
Constitutional Law and Legal History.
Class 3. Margaret Wailes (M.).
Criminal Law and Procedure.
Class 1. Edith Price (Inner Temple).
Cornelia Sorabj i (Lincoln's Inn
Class 2. Violet Hume (L.).
Cicely Leadly-Brown (L.).
Fanny Taylor (M.).
Class 3. Ida Duncan (M.).
Anne Smith (M.).
Real Property and Conveyancing.
Class 1. Evelyn Hope (M.).
Mary Stevens (G.).
Class 2. Makry Jones (G.).
Final Examination.
Class 2. Charlotte Young (M.).
Class 3. Winifred Cocks (M.).
Newcastle=upon-Tyne Dramatic
Club.
'DIE Dramatic Club of the Newcastle-on-Tyne Branch
(of the 1T.U.W.T. gave an entertainment on Thursday
(evening, May 26 in the Unitarian Church Hall. The
use of the hall was kindly offered by the minister, the
Rev. lleibert Barnes, who is so keenly interested in
Education that he devoted one Sunday morning sermon
to a splendid protest against false economy in Education,
which was highly appreciated among a certain section
in Newcastle.
The programme consisted of three sketches, Our
Aunt from California, Mistress Runaway,' Footprints,' and monologues, and were given to a very
appreciative audience.
The members of the club will be delighted to give
their services to any of the neighbouring branches who
desire them.
'2t3
M.A.F. Guest House..
Weavers' Down, Liphook, has
been rented as an experiment by the M.A.F.
The Board of Management is anxious that the Quest
House should be—as the N.U.W.Ts' activities evek
are—a social and financial success.
The House is splendidly situated and contains ' every
comfort. The M.A.F. is greatly indebted to the owner,
Miss Christiansen, late Inspectress of Needlework for
the L.C.C., who has spared nothing in making the House
a beautiful, refined home.
The House is already booked for Midsummer and
Mid-term vacations, but there are several week-ends
vacant which could be booked.
Apply, enclosing stamped addressed envelope for
further particulars, to E. Somers, House Secretary,
43 Churston Avenue, Upton Manor, E.13.
E. S.
BOREAS CHRISTIANSEN,
Library List.
Dangerous Ages, by Rose Macaulay, will be read
with interest by all who made her acquaintance in
Potterism.' The book is a study of four generations,
chiefly women. Perhaps the chief character is Neville,
aged 43, who is happily married, with a grown-up son
and daughter. But since she is no longer necessary to
them, she begins to feel that she is not doing her proper
share of the world's work, and she tries to resume her
medical studies, in which, over twenty years previously,
she had been a brilliant success. This is one " dangerous
age."
Neville's mother, Mrs. Hilary, also has her problem
to solve, but in her case there are no brains with which
to solve it. She is 63 ; she never cared for reading,
never had any outside interests ; having a passionate
love for her two elder children, she is consumed with
jealousy when they show affection for anybody else,
yet she has no qualities by which she can hold their
love. Later, she finds solace for a time in being psychoanalysed, merely because while the analysis is proceeding she is the centre of interest.
Grandmamma, on the other hand, at 84, has plenty
of interests, while Neville's sister Pamela is entirely
happy living in a London slum with her friend Frances.
The other characters, Nan, Gerda, Kay, are well drawn.
Miss Macaulay has an almost uncanny insight into
motive and is a keen judge of character. The book is
certainly worth while. (Collins, 7s. 6d.)
Mary Wollaston.—Everyone who knows Henry
Kitchell Webster's The Real Adventure ' will want to
read his latest book. It is a study of a girl of exceedingly
complex character, and of her reactions to her family
and two or three other people. These include a young
and beautiful stepmother, who is an operatic singer ;
a father, like his daughter in temperament but making
life rather hard for her in some respects ; a sentimental
brother ; and a man who is a musical genius, but finds
his outlet chiefly in tuning pianos, until he finds he
(can compose.
There is much very interesting talk about music.
" You can't tune a piano like this," he said. " A
mincing sickly thing like this. It's all wrong. The
scale is all wrong. The man who designed it ought to
be hung. But he called it a piano and sold it for a
piano, and I'm expected to come in and tune it. Slick
and smear it over and leave it sounding sicklier and
tubbier and more generally disgusting than ever . . . .
I won't tune it. It's better left as it is. In its shame."
But he did tune it, with this result : " It isn't going
to be so bad. Moskowski, Chaminade—quite a little
of Chopin for that matter—will go very well on it."
The cardinal sin, in Mr. Webster's eyes, is to be
sentimental. " Have you, too, discovered that sentimentality is the cruelest thing in the world ? It is.
It is perfectly ruthless. It makes more tragedies than
malice. Ludicrous tragedies—which are less endurable
than the other sort."
What he means by being sentimental is shown by
this : " Damn all the sentimentalists in the world.
Dressing up their desires in altruistic clothes. Loving
themselves in a lot of crooked mirrors." [Nash &
Grayson.]
THE WOMAN TEACF/Eg
Che Woman Ceacber.
The Official Organ of the National Union of Women
Teachers.
Offiee8 :-39 Gordon Square, London, W.C.1.
Telephone :— Museum 2768.
Information on matters of interest to women teachers
will be welcome.
Letters should be addressed as follows :—
To the Editor—on all editorial matters.
To the Financial Secretary—on advertising and subscriptions.
To the General Secretary—on N.U.W.T. business.
SUBSCRIPTION RATE:
45. 4d. per annum, plus postage.
Unqualified Teachers.
THOUGH the possible requirement of a 5 per cent
contribution towards pensions is a blow to the Profession, being practically the same thing as a cut in
salary, and that at a time when salaries are actually in
many areas being reduced, it is not such a menace either
to individual teachers or to the art of teaching as is the
threatened introduction of unqualified persons as
teachers into the infants' schools.
A few months ago the danger was that children under
6 would be compulsorily excluded from school. This
peril was averted by the action of the National Union
of Women Teachers, an action which took the threefold form of a deputation to the President of the Board
of Education, a mass meeting in Trafalgar Square, and
a canvass of London districts previous to the L.C.C.
Election.
But no sooner had we won this point, than a new
danger confronted us—that of the projected employment of " suitable women " instead of certificated and
uncertificated teachers, for these little children.
The word", suitable," of course, begs the question.
The women will not have to prove their suitability,
either 'by ,an -examination, or by a period of training in
the schools, or by,a course of training in a college. They
will probably be mesidered " suitable " if they are
apparently kind-hearted, of respectable appearance,
and cheap.
Some years ago, during a shortage of teachers, the
London service was recruited from the ranks of unqualified women, known as " guinea-girls " ; these
were employed chiefly in infants' schools. The London
Unit of the N.U.W.T., while realising that a scarcity of
teachers did exist, realised also the danger of this
movement to the schools and to the profession, and they
organised a deputation to the London Authority to
request that such a course should be temporary only,
and that when the shortage was over no more unqualified
women should be engaged. This request was granted.
But unqualified teachers have been engaged all over
the country, as well as in London. The number of
Supplementary teachers still stands at several thousands,
and while we do not for a moment suggest that these
women, who have spent years in the schools, should be
dismissed, we do suggest that such large numbers should
never have been appointed ; moreover, they never
would have been appointed if it had been a question of
unqualified men teachers.
It is instructive to note the precautions with which
the engagement of ex-service men as teachers was
surrounded. We learn from the evidence of Mr. C. W.
Crook before the Select Committee on Teachers' Pensions
that " The Ministry of Labour set up a small Committee
to discuss the point, and we discussed the method by
which ex-‘Service men should be admitted into the
profession." A course of training, followed by an
examination, was prescribed, and the following is an
extract from one of the documents relating to the
matter :—
" Ministry of • Labour—Training Department : Those
who pass this examination will be recognised by the
lune
z3, i9
Board of Education as trained certificated schoolmasters
eligible for employment and pension as such.' "
Thus was the position of men teachers safe-guarded
by the Ministry of Labour, the Board of Education, and
the N.U.T. The latter body, quite rightly, felt very
strongly on the matter ; so much so that one remembers
a prominent Executive member at one Conference
declaring that he would be ready himself to " strike "
if the attempt were made to introduce unskilled men
into the profest:ion.
But it is just as important that unskilled women
should not be admitted, and we are glad to see that
other Associations of teachers now understand this
danger, to a certain extent.
This is not a time of shortage of teachers ; there is
no longer that excuse. Every unqualified woman teacher
who is appointed now will displace a qualified teacher,
or will take the place that would have been occupied
by a teacher just leaving College. The N.U.W.T.,
as will be seen in another column, has drawn up a memorandum on the subject, which has been forwarded to
Mr. Fisher. This is a much more serious menace than
the previous one, because in the latter there was no
question of the dismissal of existing teachers.
But there is another way in which unskilled women
teachers have for many years been allowed to enter the
profession, and undercut qualified teachers ; we refer
to the engagement of Supplementary teachers. For
a long time, it has been an occasion of dissatisfaction
that The Schoolmaster, the official organ of the N.U.T.,
has helped Local Education Authorities to employ
cheap labour (women's), by inserting advertisements
for Supplementary teachers. Those advertisements
still appear ; there are several in the issue of June 1.
As The Schoolmaster is now the property of the N.U.T.,
and the N.U.T. has for one of its objects the promotion
of teachers' interests, it would appear to be rather
contradictory to resist the introduction of unqualified
men and at the same time to allow advertisements to
appear for unqualified women, and that at the very
time when qualified women have a difficulty in obtaining
posts. It almost looks as if women's interests were
less carefully watched in the N.U.T. than men's, and
if that is so, women have a right to complain.
There never was a time of greater danger to women
teachers, and it behoves every Association of teachers
to be up and doing, using every ounce of influence they
possess to safeguard the interests of the schools and of
the teachers, of women as well as of men.
Pension Points.
A NAVAL officer who obtained his commission in
1917 and is 35 years of age retires on £250 a year.
[Hansard, No. 68.]
All lieutenants of 35 are to be retired as if they were
lieutenant-commanders on the pensions of lieutenantcommanders (i.e., on the next higher grade). [Hansard,
No. 68.]
Admirals of the Fleet are in receipt of £1,800 a year
(as unemployed pay), and unemployed captains get
£2 8s. a day. [Hansard, No. 681
In these times, when we are told to be patriotic and
to put our hands in our pockets, when the Government
have no scruples in taking off the bonus of civil servants,
no scruples in proposing that teachers' salaries of £200
should be reduced to MO, and no scruples in reducing
the pensions of war heroes under the Royal Warrant,
and when we may expect that the pensions of old age
pensioners may be reduced, it seems to me that there
is no reason at all why we should not press the Government to consider a reduction in the case of those whose
pay or pension amounts to between £1,000 and £2,000
a year. Surely it might be proposed that in future
cases some arrangement might be made whereby these
very highly paid officers might have their pay reduced
as the cost of living falls.
Women. Inspectors of schools are now to be attacked.
It appears that the Select Committee on Estimates has
suggested cutting down the salaries of women inspectors.
June 23, 1922
THE WOMAN TEACHER
Unqualified Teachers For
Infants' Schools.
THE Minister for Education stated in the House of
Commons recently that : " It is not necessary. . . . that
every assistant in an infants' department should be a
trained teacher or a certificated teacher or even an uncertificated teacher."
The National Union of Women Teachers declares this
to be a retrograde policy.
The proposal examined from the point of view of :—
I. The Unskilled Teacher.
Educationists and serious students of social problems
have always condemned unskilled, " blind alley " employment in the Labour World and exposed its consequent
evils. We are amazed to think that this very thing is
now proposed for the teaching profession, and to know
that the Minister for Education considers unqualified
teachers might be employed for children under 6 years of
age in the Infants' Schools.
The report of a prominent Education Officer contains
these significant words : " My main difficulty about such
a proposal is the continued employment of such persons
as teachers of these young children. One cannot contemplate with equanimity persons of such limited education
and training going on until they are 65 teaching little
children. If the proposal is proceeded with, I think
arrangements ought to be made by which these women are
either (1) employed only for a definite number of years or
(2) provided with facilities by which they may become
qualified for a wider field of work." Of these alternatives
(1) offers a " blind alley" occupation at cheap rates of pay
for service which is not pensionable, and (2) is illusory
since scores of fully-qualified teachers are now being replaced
by unqualified persons.
It is neither fair to the teacher nor to the child to introduce unskilled teachers into the schools where only
fully qualified persons should be employed.
II. The Qualified Teacher.
This new class of unskilled work is only intended for
women. We would point out, however, that the admission
of unskilled labour into Infants' Schools means in time
the lowering of the general status of the whole profession,
which in the long run means a corresponding decrease in
the value and thoroughness of the education given and in
the national estimation of the education service. Yet
the Education Minister has repeatedly stated that the
status of the profession must be raised.
The gap between the adult and the infant mind is so
wide that it is more difficult to find good Infants' teachers
than those for any other age. If, in addition to the difficulty of the work, lower status with consequent lower
pay is inflicted on Infants' teachers, the result will be to
divert from that work the intelligent and ambitious young
girl with the result that this vital part of the educational
system will gradually be left to less capable people, to
the irremediable injury of the children.
The introduction of the unskilled teacher constitutes a
great injustice to the Head Teacher who, in addition to
her manifold duties will be called upon to train her teachers,
which is the business of the training colleges. In those
schools where the Head Teacher is to teach a class it will
be quite impossible for her to supervise and direct the
unqualified teachers because she will have 50 to 60 young
children unable to be left and needing all her attention.
The inevitable consequences of the whole policy can only
be contemplated with dismay.
III. Changes in Educational Methods.
The suggestion that unqualified people are sufficient for
young children in the schools of our great country is opposed
to the conclusion arrived at after long years of experimental
and research work in infants' teaching.
Most of the reforms in educational method during the
last quarter of a century have originated in the Infants'
Schools and are now happily making their way into the
Upper Departments. These reforms are the result of
bringing trained minds to bear on the problems of the
young child. They were never effected in the " Dame's
School " nor by the " baby-minder."
The psychology of the little child is only now beginning
to be understood and the mind of the untrained person
cannot be expected to understand it. Psychologists think
that the main tendencies of character are all formed before
the age of seven and that the impressions the child gets
before that age are those that remain as the foundations
of its character. Therefore those all-important years
should be jealously guarded and provided for by trained
people. Mere goodwill is not enough, nor even sympathy
unless it is instructed also.
In the past, great stress has been laid on certain extra
qualifications for Infants' Teachers. To-day it is more
than ever realised that young children should be taught by
285
trained teachers who understand the psychology of children.
The damage done in early years may never be eradicated.
IV. The Child.
In some areas the earlier the child comes under school
influences the more chance there is of rescue from evil
associations. The Infants' teacher does more than teach.
The school is the home centre, often more than the child's
home can ever be.
Yet if young children are now to be left in the charge
of people who do not understand how to direct their energy
into the right channels incalculable harm may be done to
the children, who, as the nation's greatest asset, should
have all their potentialities fully developed.
The years before seven are admittedly the most impressionable of a child's life. It is most necessary therefore
that children have the best teachers to make the first
impression on their young minds.
The vocabulary of young children increases very rapidly.
It is in the early and most imitative period of life that
language is most easily acquired, and correct speech and
accent readily assimilated. Hence the necessity for teachers
who not only speak pure English with correct enunciation
but also who understand how to increase the child's vocabulary by copious recitations, story-telling, dramatic exercises and the early stages of spoken and written composition.
A wide acquaintance with literature and a cultivated taste
in the right use of it are among the most essential qualifications of an infants' teacher.
The questions of the little child need careful answering,
rebuffs have to be avoided and encouragement given.
How can an untrained mind deal with the situation ?
On the other hand there are many children who do not talk
much, yet it is necessary to judge if the impressions being
formed are good ones. The person with an untrained
mind cannot satisfactorily deal with such cases.
Children require skilled training in observation.
Moral lessons need to be given with the greatest comprehension of the dangers of unwise suggestion.
The mind of the very young child is the most subtle and
delicate thing in the world and should be touched only
by the most highly-trained mind that can be produced.
V. General Education.
One aim of education is to prepare the child to take its
place In the world and to become an intelligent and upright
citizen.
At present the provision for the higher education of the
vast majority of our population is quite inadequate. It is
therefore most essential that the standard of elementary
education be raised, not lowered. To ensure this the work
of the Infants' Schools must not be hampered by the
introduction of unskilled labour and it must be recognised
that young life needs just as skilled and well qualified
instructors as do older children.
While the amount of formal learning acquired before the
age of seven is not great yet the formation of mind, character
and habits during that stage is of supreme importance
and is the foundation on which the work of the senior
schools is based. It is clear therefore that the Infants'
School is the last place in which to economise by employing
unskilled labour. If the foundations are not on right
lines a large part of the later expenditure in the Upper
Departments and in Continued Education will be wasted.
The architect is required at the foundations as well as at
the superstructure for if the foundations be not well and
truly laid no lasting edifice can be erected.
The above Statement issued by the Central Council of
the National Uinon of Women Teachers on May 20 was
recently forwarded to the President of the Board of
Education.
DISCRIMINATION AGAINST WOMEN TEACHERS.
The lVomen's Leader reports that 45 per cent of the
first-class professorships in American colleges for women
only are filled by men, while in the colleges for men
only all the first-class posts are filled by men.
Of professorships of all ranks (not only of the first
class) in colleges for women only men hold 32 per cent,
while in colleges for men only the women hold •1 per
cent. " In the co-educational colleges and universities
of the country, where 31 per cent of the students are
women, women hold exactly 4 per cent of the full
professorships, 7.9 per cent of all professorships, and
23.5 per cent of the instructorships. Of these women
73 per cent in the women's colleges and 53 per cent in the
co-educational institutions receive equal pay with men
professors. Those who are given less salary and lower
rank than men have a difference in salary ranging from
10 to 50 per cent, with an average of 18 per cent. The
Committee is demanding equal pay for equal work,
and for an improvement in the opportuniti -'s for women."
286
THE WOMAN TEACHER
dune 23, I921
Searchlight.
Correspondence.
The Daily Herald, Mr. Cove, in an
interview, apropos of a statement made at the Conference • of the National Association of Schoolmasters,
said that at Liverpool he expressly and clearly stated
that there was no possibility of a differential scale for
men and women being adopted at Southampton.
This phraseology is misleading. The Burnham scales
are differ ential scales. What the N.A.S. meant is
probably a higher Burnham scale for men than for
women, e.g., Scale 3 for men and Scale 1 for women.
We teachers understand this, but the general public,
reading the words referred to, would not understand.
THE following letter was sent to a London daily paper,
but not inserted :THE " CUT " IN EDUCATION.
SIR,—It cannot have failed to strike your readers that
the so-called " economies " in education are all directed
against the poor man's child who gets least now and therefore can least afford to dispense with his already meagre
share. The people who consider education a " luxury "
(vide Lord Midleton), do not propose to deny it to their
own children. There has been no suggestion of a cut at
the expense of Eton, Harrow, Rugby, Marlborough, Winchester or any other of the great public schools (so-called
because they are not schools for the public)—no suggestion
either of restoring to the poor the educational benefactions
which have been filched from them and appropriated by the
well-to-do.
I would remind your readers that a tremendous Cut
has already been made at the people's schools by the
holding up of the 1918 Act.
Further the distinction you drew on Saturday between
a cut at salaries and a cut at education is not a real one.
To cut salaries means to reduce staffs, pack children into
larger classes, and worst of all confront them day by day
with discontented irritated people who will have lost faith
in the reliability of the government—the last people in
the world to inculcate those lessons of patience, order and
discipline on which the conduct of the State depends.
Our rulers should ponder these things. Is there, for
example, any relation between the treatment of popular
education in Russia and Ireland and subsequent events ?
Yours, &c.,
A. S. BYETT,
(Central Council, N.U.W.T.).
ACCORDING to
*
*
*
*
The National Association of Schoolmasters, on the
subject of union with " those older professional bodies "
which so vigorously oppose it, has declared that : " There
can be no unity on separate and differing principles."
.
*
*
*
*
" I DECLINE to be one to bring any pressure to bear
on the teachers to alter in any way the solemn bargain
we have made with them.' [Lieut.-Col. W. Raley,
President of the Association of Education Committees.]
*
*
*
*
is not for us to pledge ourselves to bring about
the repudiation of an agreement which was entered
into in faith and in honour." [Dr. J. Oldershaw,
Association of Education Committees.]
" IT
*
*
*
ANOTHER UNSCIENTIFIC GENERALISATION.—" Ladies
generally are always saying things which ought not to
be taken seriously. ' (Mr. Page, K.C., at the Norfolk
Assizes.) Virgil made just such an unwarranted
generalisation when he wrote " Varium et mutabile
semper femina," and the fact that Dido, the woman to
whom he referred, was steadfast in wishing to hold to
her alliance with iEneas, while it was YEneas who had
changed, did not affect the Latin poet's argument at
all. Facts do not trouble people who want to make
sweeping assertions about women ; they just feel they
must so they do.
*
*
*
*
THE number
of children under 11 years of age in grantearning Secondary Schools on August 1 last was
49,500. (Hansard.)
The average cost of secondary education per pupil is
£27, and of elementary education £12. The above
children, though in secondary schools, must be receiving
an elementary education.
*
MR. C. W. CROOK
*
*
*
(N.U.T. Executive) on the Burnham
Scales :—
" In my own area at Wood Green we had a scale
better than any of the Burnham Scales, which was
adopted on January 1, 1920, and that scale has had to
be reduced, so that the Burnham scales have not done
good to all the teachers."
*
*
*
*
teachers should note the declaration of Mr.
Lumby (N.U.T. Executive) that at the next election
he was going to sink party and " vote education."
This is a sound policy, but when it was initiated by
the women suffragists in 1908, when they decided to
" sink party " and support candidates who would themselves support woman's suffrage, party politicians
could not understand it, and nothing called down
greater indignation on our heads than our adherence
to this principle.
That it was occasioned by woman's suffrage then,
and by education now, makes no difference. It is our
principle, and time has proved its worth.
WOMEN
*
*
*
*
application of the Burnham Scales to this
district has been most hurtful in its effect."
" National Scale : With the provision of an adequate
national scale, the differences between men teachers
and their women colleagues will disappear as they have
in other professions." (From the Election Address of
" THE
a candidate for the N.U.T. Executive.)
*
*
*
*
May 4, 1922.
To the Editor of THE WOMAN TEACHER.
DEAR MADAM,—In your issue of April 14, the writer of
a " Searchlight " paragraph, commenting on a statement
of The Morning Post, says, " What we need is somebody
with enough education and brains to devise a method
which, while stimulating production, shall use the wealth
produced to better purpose."
This method has already been devised and embodied in
the Douglas-New-Age. scheme. Put in a nutshell, it aims
by establishing Producers' Banks to place the National
Credit at the use of the community. A simultaneous
regulation of prices would obviate the evils of inflation
resulting from a free flow of credit.
The financial mechanism of each country is controlled
by a few men in their own interests, and by their manipulation of Credit, the lives and happiness of the people
are at their mercy. What strangles production is the
grip of Finance on Credit. Production is fairly efficient.
It is possible for us to produce rapidly and in large quantities.
The goods are needed, and there is the capacity for making
them. But the purchasing power of the people has been
whittled away, and they have no money to buy. Is it
not a Gargantuan joke that with 'factories, plant and
a numerous population—all the elements that make wealth
we should wring our hands over our poverty ?
Once again production is not lacking. It is in distribution
—faulty distribution, through lack of purchasing power.
The country is not poor, but rich. During the war the
potential capacity for wealth in the shape of plant and
labour-saving processes was more than doubled. At
present civilised humanity possesses the scientific knowledge and the means to abolish all hunger and need from
the earth. The demand for goods is ever present ; the
power to satisfy that demand only asks to be allowed to
be exercised. Only an antiquated financial system stands
between men and the satisfaction of their needs and desires.
Men and women will endure this Gethsemane of hardship
and privation imposed upon them by the financiers only
until their eyes are opened. And that cannot be long.
Yours faithfully,
•
FRANCES PREWETT.
A " RETROGRADE STEP."
London Unit of the National Union of Women
Teachers has sent a memorandum to the Education
Committee of the L.C.C. and the Board of Education,
denouncing as a " retrograde policy " the proposal of
the L.C.C. that unqualified teachers be employed for
children under 5 in infant schools.
In the memorandum the teachers point out that
it is more difficult to find good teachers for infants than
for any other age. (The Evening News.)
THE
June 23, 1922
THE WOMAN TEACHER
Branch Reports.
Altrincham.
A Meeting was held in the British Schools, Altrincham,
when Lady Haworth, who presided, moved the following
resolution from the Chair :" That this Meeting affirms that any reduction of
educational expenditure which would (a) increase the
number of children in a class ; (b) deprive children of
capable and efficient teachers ; (c) shorten the child's
school life ; (d) limit the child's opportunities for higher
education, would be legislation of the worst kind, since
it would be detrimental to the child as an individual, to
the nation as a whole, and would particularly penalise the
children of the workers. This meeting insists that only
through education generously and wisely administered
can we expect to make good in intelligence, in health and
in moral growth and in commerce the ravages that war
has left behind."
In her opening address Lady Haworth said England
was the only country which thought it necessary to economise on education, so the outlook was black, unless
those with vision could make those with power see where
a short-sighted economy would lead them. Let them
economise on the administrative side if need be.
Miss Freud in a speech, which won golden opinions from
all present for its vividness, lucidity and evidence of clearsighted vision, put the case for more education, not less,
irresistibly. She showed where we stood in 1914 and now,
and how we must inevitably sink lower and lower, in spite
of the enthusiastic teachers and splendid material to hand,
unless we, who knew and eared, impressed upon the
parents the loss which threatened their children. Children,
not coins, constituted the real wealth of the nation, and
it rested with the adults, how those children were prepared to meet the ever increasingly difficult problem of
how to live. All these economies struck vitally at the
child's future development—the enlarging of the classes,
for instance, meant so much less chance educationally
for each member. Miss Freud urged us to work for
education at the next General Election.
Mr. Robert Alstead, the prospective Liberal Candidate,
asserted that the masses were interested in education and
were only waiting for the teachers to give them a lead.
Dr. Walter Carroll, musical adviser to the Manchester
Education Committee emphasised the facts that the child
was the nation, that an underfed mind was worse than an
underfed body. He suggested that the whole nation
should become an N.S.P.C.C. to prevent the cruelty of
turning children out into the world with no understanding
of the true meaning of life, that people should be roused
to care for the mental and spiritual development of a child
as much as for the physical, till Johnny's lack of mental
application caused as much anxiety as his lack of appetite.
Miss Steedman, President of the Altrincham Branch,
suggested that a Parents' Union should be formed in
Altrincham. This was well received.
The Meeting then closed with votes of thanks to Lady
Haworth and the speakers.
Dartford.
A well attended and most successful meeting was held
at the _Technical Institute, Dartford, when Miss C. M. A.
Coombs, L.L.A., gave an interesting lecture on Individual
Methods of Teaching,' with illustrations used in her own
school at Finlay Street, Fulham. Miss Hall, a Town
Councillor and a very busy member, kindly occupied the
chair.
Miss Coombs assured us that the individual method is
not a new fad but is one that has certainly come to stay.
At the close of the lecture many questions were asked and
ably answered and the apparatus was carefully inspected.
Miss Coombs invited all who were interested to visit her
school and see the results of the method.
The President, Miss Dean, gave notice that a class to
study Individual Teaching would be opened in Dartford
in October if a sufficient number of students came forward.
It was a great pleasure to have with us some members of
the Maidstone Branch who were entertained to tea in the
Devona Café, and who cordially invited all members to a
Garden Fete to be held on June 24 in Maidstone.
The Annual Outing this year is to Eastbourne by motor
coach.
East Derbyshire.
A meeting will be held in Holywell Cross Schoolroom on
Saturday, June 24, at 3 P.M., when an Address will be given
by Miss Mary Coombs, L.L.A. (London) on Individual Work
and Vertical Classification. The chair will be taken by
Mr. Northrop, H.M.I., Admission : Non-members, ls. ;
Members, whose cards of membership are produced, 6d.
Maidstone.
A Garden Party and American Sale will be held in the
All Saints' Vicarage Garden, Knightrider Street, on
June 24, at 3 P.M., in aid of the charitable funds of the
287
HAVE A CYCLE THIS YEAR
Leading makes on approval and convenient terms—from 10/6 monthly.
If you are thinking of a
Cycle, let us send you
our Cycle Catalogue.
It illustrates the leading makes — B.S.A.,
Humber, Raleigh, Saltley, Swift, &c.—and the
model you select will be
supplied on approval
and on our convenient
terms to teachers.
Simply write a postcard
for Cycle Catalogue.
(Distance no barrier.)
A new MORTON PIANO at 49 fins. or 32/10 monthly.
We will send it (or any other model in our Catalogue), carriage paid, for
MONTH'S HOME TRIAL FREE, with option of return if unsuitable.
This new model
—" The Hare!! PIP
JIIN Q IN IPA Ilft1111
wood "—has an
IP
MITI 1111' '
All-Over Iron
Ili
11
Frame, HighGrade Tape
Check Action,
!M AI
.11
111111 I
Metal Bridges,
411 1111 N11111111' 11,11111_:
Left Pedal Celeste, &c. The
case is of neat
design in RoseMIIII1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 wood, 4 ft. 2 in.
high, with new
3 - compartment
Plain Panel
Front, Plain
Under - Panel,
Effective Pillar
Trusses, Folding Top and
Turnover Music
Desk. It has
a
responsive
touch and splendid tone and its
price is only
49 Guineas Cash, or 36 monthly payments of 32/to.
We will send it, carriage paid, for a Month's Home Trial—ENTIRELY
FREE — with option of return at our expense if then considered unsuitable. Write us to-day or send for Catalogue.
Other Depts.: LADIES', WEAR, JEWELLERY, FUR NITURE,
,
n
Morto
.
.
MORTON BROS & co
S
Desk WR, Highbury Place, London, N.5.
Open 9-6.3o ; Saturdays 9—I.
Letter Box ALWAYS open.
THE POETIC PLAYERS SCHOOL OF
ELOCUTION.
A Special Voice Production and Acting Class
for Teachers, &c.
Wednesday evenings, 7. 3o to 9. 3o, Voice Production, one
hour, MISS CLARA REED.
Acting and Gesture, one hour, Miss MALE HOEY,
Inclusive fee 2 I s. per term of 3 months.
WRITE
MISS REED,
12
St. John's Road, Putney Hill, S.W. i 5.
N.U.W.T. If wet the entertainment will be given in All
Saints' Girls' School.
The programme includes Folk Dances, Songs and an
Operetta. Admission will be by programme—Children, 3c1.,
Adults 6d.
South Northumberland.
A meeting was held on June 13 in the North Council Girls'
School, Whitley Bay. The proposed economies in Education were discussed, the combination of Infants' and Senior
Departments being specially dealt with.
After the business meeting the Dramatic Club of the
Newcastle Branch gave three Sketches in a most " finished "
manner for which they were heartily applauded.
Then followed Misses Bickerton, Crisp, and Spears who
entertained the audience with delightful music, while
light refreshments were served.
A sale of books resulted in a very welcome addition to
the local funds.
Mischievous Imps, by Miss Alice Chesterton, is a
little story of how five children spent their summer
holidays. Their Aunt Ethel coming to take charge of
them while their mother was away, they at first tried
how far they could go, coming back late to dinner,
pretending to be poisoned, and so on. But Aunt Ethel
very cleverly circumvents them, and is so kind that
they are really sorry for their pranks.
Children of nine or ten will enjoy this book, which is
well printed and has three full-page illustrations. [The
" Paternoster " Series of Story Readers ; published by
A. Wheaton & Co., Exeter. Price 7d. in thick paper
cover.]
June
THE WOMAN TEACHER
288
rznr.rdr.,,,,scHNEVICJIMININSUEIMEM•1111•11111.
Dalcroze Eurhythmics.
ESTABLISHED OVER 40 YEARS.
A VACATION COURSE
Under the direction of Miss ETHEL DRIVER, Pro. Dip., I.S.M.,
L.R.A.M., Diplomee in Eurhythmics, assisted by a staff of
teachers trained in the Dalcroze Method, will be held in
OXFORD, JULY 31st to AUGUST 12th inclusive, comprising
Daily Lessons in Rhythmic Movement, Solfege (Ear-training)
and Improvization.
The Opening Address will be given on MONDAY, JULY 31st,
at 5 3o p.m., by Sir HUGH ALLEN, Principal of the Royal
College of Music and Professor of Music in the University of
Oxford.
FIRST
FIRST
IN
TO-
1878.
DAY.
THE OLDEST AND BIGGEST TEACHERS
HOUSE. CUSTOMERS EVERYWHERE.
I SELL ::
EVERYTHING
Inquiries and afiPlications for Prosjiectuses should be addressed to—
•
0
.
5
THE DALCROZE SCHOOL OF EURHYTHMICS, Ltd.,
23 Store Street, London, W.C.1.
AMINia.CageMINIM
ED-SITTING-ROOM, with partial board ; gas stove.—
Miss TOTTENHAM, Sutton House, Endsleigh Street,
W.C.I.
B
YOU are invited to open a Charge
Account with this Firm.
Family Pension, Avenue de la Toison
BRUGES.—Select
d'or, 27. Pleasant situation in Highest Part of the Town.
SEND FOR SUMMER
FASHION GUIDE.
Excellent cooking. Terms moderate. Arrangements for
families.
ORNWALL.—FURNISHED MODERN HOUSE, good
holiday centre. Suitable three or four teachers. Any
date August 5 to September 3.—B., THE WOMAN TEACHER.
IDDLE - AGED LADY, alone, wishes company and
lvi share cottage expenses with another or couple. Buses.
Porthcawl. Beautiful country. los. weekly.—Reply (enclosing
stamp) F. M. THOMAS, Head Teacher, Pontycymmer.
STEND.—Select Family Pension, " Costabel," 59 Rue
Royale. Close to sea and Kursaal. Terms moderate.
Excellent cooking.—Manageress, IRMA BOSSAERT.
EACHER offers COMFORTABLE HOME or BEDSITTING-ROOM to lady teacher. Convenient City
and West. Bath ; piano. Reasonable terms.-15 Lothair Road,
Harringay.
'"1-0 LET.—CHARMING FLAT, two rooms and kitchen
facilities, Southsea Common, month of August. Moderate
rent.—Apply A. C., N.U.W.T. Office.
C
Showlngjlverything for Ladles'
Showing
Wear.
Departmental Catalogues may be
had on request.
O
14ENTS.
2,D2.61.
11._
1. Jew.11ery, Watches,
Kilver and Plated
Goods, Rust Less and
Other Cutlery.
T
17013
17013 Smartly tailored Costume
in Gabardine, bound braid,
trimmed with bone buttons.
Coat lined rich satin. In all
£9 12s. ed.
shades.
TO
LET.—FURNISHED BUNGALOW, four weeks from
July 29 ; three bedrooms, living room, kitchen, bathroom.
Modern conveniences. Three miles from Chester.—BARRY,
Away-Out, Guilden Sutton, Chester.
S. Furs, Costumes and
Everything for
Ladies Wear.
5. Men's Tailoring and
Overeml s.
4 Bags, Trunks, Cases
are.
5. FAotwear.
C. Furniture, Household Linen and
Bieycles.
Write for Catalogue. Name
Parcels on
Department.
approval at my expense.
335e HIGH HOLBORN, LONDON, W,C.1.
A
r-F0 LET.—Teacher's WELL-FURNISHED FLAT, three
rooms and scullery, gas cooker, bath (geyser), garden.
Suitable two or three sharing. Moderate for long let. Apply
after 4 or Saturdays.—Owner, 4 Melrose Gardens, Hammersmith.
O LET. — TWO BRIGHT WELL - FURNISHED
ROOMS ; everything found ; gas-cooker, fire, electric ;
suitable 2 or 3 sharing.—Letter first, L. C., 16 Woburn Buildings, W.C.I.
23. 1922
MR. BARRIER'S PRIVATE TOURING PARTIES
SUMMER COMPREHENSIVE TOURS.
311 ALPS, ITALIAN LAKES, VENICE, THE DOLOMITES,
1-11 ■
PYRENEES, SCOTLAND, NORTH WALES, &c.
T
1922 Complete List sent with pleasure.
Mr. BARRIER, 31 Lime Grove, Shepherd's Bush, W.12.
place for Busy Women requiring ComBRIGHTON.—The
fortable Board-Residence ; early dinner.—" Sea View,"
LET, UNFURNISHED, THREE ROOMS (one as
T- Okitchen).
weekly. Pleasant road off Crouch End Victoria Road. Tel. : BRIGHTON 1702. Hostess, Miss
1
21S.
Broadway.—E. A. T., THE WOMAN TEACHER.
TURNER.
Renewal or Order Form.
The Official Organ of the National Union of Women Teachers.
PUBLISHED EVERY FRIDAY.
Please supply
copies of
THE WOMAN TEACHER
for which I enclose
plus
year,
each week for { "e
one term,
postage.
Name.
Address
Branch
Per Annum.
Per Term.
Subscription to THE WOMAN TEACHER
I copy
plus Postage,
•••
•• •
•••
2 Copies
••.
3, 4, 5
,,
6, 7, 8 ,,
9, 10, II ,,
,,
12, 1 3, 14, 15
All Orders by
•••
•••
•••
•••
•••
Is. id.
•••
Os. 514
•••
•••
•••
os. lid.
Is. 411.
Is. Ia.
25. 34d.
Subscription to THE WOMAN TEACHER
plus postage,
1 copy
•••
•• •
• ..
2 copies
•••
•••
• ••
•••
•••
•••
•••
3, 4, 5
6, 7, 8
,,
,,
•••
•••
.••
9, 10, II ,,
•••
..
•••
•••
•••
•••
2$. 9d.
•••
•••
•••
12, 13, 14, 15
•••
•••
,,
post should be sent direct to the Financial Secretary, 39 Gordon Square, London, W.C.I.
4S. 44
Is. I0d.
35. 8d.
55. 6d.
7s. 4d.
95. 2d.
rIs. od
Published by the NATIONAL UNION of WOMEN TEACHERS, 39 Gordon Square, London, W.C.I, and printed by
I. E. FRANCIS & Co., The Atheneum Press, II and 13 Bream's Buildings, London, E.C.4.