rrrf,or,uAu - Trung Hoc Thu Duc

rrrf,o r,uAu
rucuYEru
oiun-toe
xou pm,{pmgc vnry,lN.aM
LGT: NhAn dip Gi4o6r.tNgryqn Dlnh HoAm& hoen thenh b.i, ti6ng
cudn ngX phdp ti€ng Viet cia 6ng do nhl xu{t bin loht Beniamins ben He
cho ra lb vao mtu d'ng 1996-97, HOI tr'dnh?c Neh€ thuft l/iet Mi (UAIJA) t?r
Garden Grote, Califonia de mdj Gieo sd n6i chuyen vd nhtng cdi mdl nh{t
ngt phdp hoc WetNam. Saudey le bei thuy€t trJnh d6, td chtc vto chibu ham
bdy mbng I thdngXI ndm 1996.
Tap chf VdnHod WEtNam in ddrv lai dd gidi thieu ddn qoy b4n dqc
chia se mrdc nhirlg ddng g6p qui bdu me c6 gido su Nguyqn Dlnh-Hoe de
cd ddi mlnh veosd nghiCp vdnhod - gido duc Vet Nam, Nhen ngey g16deu, ct
t6i thdp nen fim htdng ttdng nhd cd gi{o 6U m6t ngrdl de denh nhibu c6ng
i xey dlng qui bdu va tnh cdm seu dem lic cdn sinh fEn ddi vA nh6m
trtdng tap cM VdnHoe WetNam.
. nst vAN HoA vrATNAM
1. TOixin trinh bay khongphrii nhfng c6i mdi nhdt, mi lir mQr
3dtri thlic trJong ddi rrong linh v{c ng0 ph6p h9c Va€dlrlom, nhu
tOi c6 dip theo d6i ve gln day da c6 gdng ldoc rhu4r qua mot tap s6ch
nh6 rong loqi sdchngf ph6p cdn dai ggi la "Ti sdchA-phi cta Vicn Dai
hgc Luan-don" duqc cdngti xudt bin Iohn Benjaminsd Amsrerdam,Ha_
lan dbng bio tro.
Qui vi s€ th{y li vE citn bdn, ta c6 v{n db danh ph6p, tric la mot
sd thuat ngt trlc danh tri chuy€n m6n cln dudc bicn bict dC aung ctro
chinh xdc.
Trddc hdt, ch(ng ta chn phdn biet tu le "chfi vi5t" (thl du Hdn rrr
.
"chfi Edn") vdi ti la "tidng" (tht du ti ddn "simple word', ti gh6p
"compoundword").
Ch(ng ta crlng chn phan biet vdn phqm le ,'ph€pvidt vdn.vdi
VANHoA VIFINAM I6
ngrl ph6p le "mqo ti6ng n6i".
2. Nhitng c6n9 trinh ti6n phong. Ch(ng ta phdi kC cdnglao
cia nhi?nghgc giri trddc day da chiu kh6 nghi€nc*u vb meo ti6ngviet.
A. Bandhu thi c6;
Tntdng v-mh Ki 1883;Nguy6nHiet chi & Lc Thudc 1935;Trhn
Trgng Kim, B i Ki & Phqm Duy Khi6m 1940;vi 1943(bin tiSng Phtp);
Tri Ngan LO Ngoc Vtl-d;ng1943;Bti Dric Tinh 1952,1972:ld cdc nha
nghiCncfu ngddi vict mtnh.
Ngudi nudc ngoei thi c6: Vallot 1897;Diguet 1904;Grammont&
L0 QuangTrinh 1912;Bulteau1932;Francastel1948;Martini 1950,1952,
1959;CadiCre1958.
B. Sau 1954; C6 nh0ng sdch cria Nguy€nBqt Tuy 1959:Tnidng
VAn Chlnh & Nguy6nHidn Ii 1963;Trddng Ven Chlnh 1970;Doin Qudc
sy & Doan vidt Biu 1963,Nguy6n Qui Htmg 1965;Biri Dric Tinh t9?2;
Trhn NgocNinh 19?l-?4.
C. Ngrl phep ti6ng ViQt cflng nhd ngfr hgc Viqt-nam cdn duqc
gidngdqy chlnh th c tai vion D4i hqc sai gbn va vion Dai hgc Hu6.
T4i D4i hoc Vdn khoa sai gdn, bdt deu tri 1957-58nhrlng chrlng
chi ngt hgc vict nam dddc td chric mQt cdchho th6ng ben cqnh chddng
trlnh vin chddngViqt nam, vin minh Viet nam. Nhan viCngiing hudn li
cdc gi6o sd LCVan Ly, Nguy6nKhdc Kham, L€ Ngoc Trg, Nguy6n Dlnh
Hoa.
Nhibu bdi tren bdo Khuydnhgc, Brch khoa,Van hod Nguyetsan,
db c{p ddn chuyon.lb ngfi phdp. Tap san van'ho6 Nguyetsan, do Nha
Ven hod Bd Gieodgc phg trdch,cing c6 phq trudng ti€ng Anh, deng mot
s6 bdi cria nhing nhe ngi hgc thuoc vien chuyen khrio Ngtl hoc
(summer Institute of Linguistics,SIL. ngoai Bdc dich sai le "Vian Ngon
ngi hgc MUaHe") vidt vb ti6ngvict vi cdcngdn ngfl thiCus6.
sinh viCnviet nam tai nrl6c ngoai c6 so+nnhing sdch dqy ti6ng
gido trlnh tidng Bdc cria Nguy6n DInh Hoi (SPEAK
viet, nhd:
ti6ng Nam cda Huynh
VIETNAMESEve COLLOQTIALVIETNAMESE),
Sanh Thdng (so4n chung vdi R.B l6nes) IINTRODUCTIONTO SPOKEN
VIETNAMESEI,rbi mot to4t cdc ludn vin tidn si hay ph6 tidn si cia
DrJdngDfc Nhd, Dddng Thanh Blnh, Dao Thi Hqi, Huylnh Dlnh Td,
NguyanDangLiCm,L€ Thio, Btiu Khdi,Phqmven Hai, v.v...
Nem 1969,ngoei Bdc ldp ViQnNg6n ngrl hoc (vrji qul san Ngon
qui
tg cdc gieo sd deo t4o trong nddc hoec t6t nghiep tqi cec dqi
llgtl),
hgc LiCnXd, Ba Lan, Tiep Khic, Ddng Drlc. NAm 1992,lai c6 th€m Hoi
Ngdn ngt hgc Vi6t nam, ra mot tb b6ot6n le NgOnngd vi Dii sdng
3. Vili huybn thogi. Trddc khi di sau th€m vio de tei hom
VAN HOA VIFI NAM 16
nay, chungta cing chn dri phd m6t vtri huybnthoqi. ViCtla "mOtthd ngf
cia ti6ng Trung Hoa". Hg qu€n ring tidngVi€t (viet ngt), ri6ng Nhet Bin
(Hoe ng!), tidng Cao Li (Han ngi) chi li nhrlng ng6n ngi ttbng vdn vrii
Hoa ngr?,vl cd bdn dbu si dung chfr Hdn cila Trung eu6c. Chri b6n ngdn
ngl1d6 kh6ng c6 quan he rhantdc tfc ho hanggi vdi nhau ci.
Ngay nay, cec nhe chuyCnmon d6 dbng f ring tidng Viet (vd
tiSng Mrrdng, ll ngdn ngrl chi em) thuQcdbng M6n Khome t orr! Oui,rgrl
tdc Nam A (Austroasiatic).
B. Ngudi ngoai, khi mdi tidp xllc vdi tiSng Viet-- va ci nguai n6i
ti6ng ViCt ldm tidng brin ngrl (trlc tidng me d6)-- thrrlng tuy€n bd ring
tiSngvi€t li tidng don am. Tlnh rrl "monosyllabic',chfnh ra phei n6i la
"ddn am ti6t" hay'ddn ridt,',vi rhat ra chi c6 nhing ttd.ngnht €, d, a, t,
?, u,6, 4 i, ti uu. m6i th8.tle "ddn am,' (c6 m6i mot em thdi).
Neu ta chi nhln vdo nhdng tidng mot nh1l nhe, cta, cdm, gao,
ngA khoai, c61t,c6, cam, qult, dn, u6ng; di ding hoc, n4u, t6t x{u, b6o,
ehy, deL ngin, kh6, d5, v.v.. thl qui nhien cdc tri uia kd gbm drlng mot
am ddt (sy[able)rhdi. NgaytidngAnh afrngc6 nhfrngctt rrhrtf sawa big
black cat on the hot tin rool out there, gbm toan nhfrng ti mot am tidt.
Nhrtngc6 ai bio ring Anh ngo ld m6t thf tidng ddn am ddt dau!
That ra k6t quri thdng ke de cho rhdy la: m6t cau tidng Viet td
nlien, dddc th6t ra trong chuSildi n6i, gbm ddn 80 phen ram |a nhing
ttl hai am ti6t (two syllabte words) nhu cdm nob, b6nh mt, xe dap, nhA
gach, mdi ngdi, dn mi4c,en n6i, An hec, dn d, ddng l€n, ngbi xudng) di t?i,
cdm dn, xin l6i, d ildi, bdp nrtc, hoa qwi, hay dd, thenh c6ng, hidu hos
U en, nhen nghia, phdt nq6n, chi phidu, bttu diCn, vdn hoc, nghC thuet,
bi€u tr&)ng, gidn hqc, gi6m th!, gidm d6c, dqi sd dqi biCu, zu.
Ngoai ra, trl didn cdn ghi ci nhrlng ti gbm ba em ridt trd len:
bei thlnh llnh, ba ldng nhdng, Id td m4 tung tung beng, Ukg nyCn ci,
quan sft vien, hep tdc xe, cdnh sdt mtdng chlnh tri gia, uu, hodc b6n
:em d{t: bi tu bit loa, vQi v,i veng uen9;h{p a h{p tafu,Am
Uy &m b?,
hdng khdng miu ham, b{t dic h ti v.u
4. Tiairg viat c6 mrrii mQ,t(1 nguy6n Om (hoy mdu dml
ld, a, d, 6, e, E, i(y), o, A, 4 u, tt Khong phrii 12 nguyCn dm, nht_tnhibu
ngdai thddng n6i vt cen cf leo chfr vi6t.
Ti6ng viCrcing c6 ba nguyCnam k6p ld ia 60, ta (td), ua (u6).
HQth6ng phu am (hay ti am) thl gbm 6, c (ke, ch, d, d,
e @hl,
gi, h, kh, l, m, n, ng (ngh), nh ph, r, s t, th, tr, u x.
'
Riongphudngngi mibn Trung vd mibn Nam cdn c6 them ba phu
am sau nay: tu, 6-{5},L{Z}.
5. C6c binh di6n phin tich
VANHoA VIFT
NAMI6
z3
Am q hoc (phonemics,phonologf),khio vb cdc ddn vi em thanh
trong ting ngon ng0 mot, khricvrii Ngi am hgc (phonetics),khio vb cdc
am thanh dilng ftong ngdn ngil n6i chung. Cd hai ngdnh dbu c6 li€n h6
vciichrl vi6t.
Ngt thei hoc = ti phdp (morphology),kheo vb hlnh rhdi ctia ti:
x€t ddn cectt td hay "hlnh td" (morpheme),ld nhringy6u td t4o nCnmot
tt; cdc bidn thdi cria mot tri t6; cdcldi tqo ti nhd I'p l6y, gh6p,vay mddn,
C{u tnic crja mot am ti6t (syltabledudc phan tich thanh: (CL) +
(phu
Van
am dhu + vdn). Cl c6 thii vdngmit.
v{n thi gbm (Am dem) + V + (C2),thOmthanh dieu
Thi d,qi /k + am/trcng c-am. /h + w + e + n/ trcng h-oen.
Van -am khdngc6 am dem, nhdng van -odn c6 am dem /w/ ghi
'thinh"l
bing chrl -o- vA thanh di€u (hay
huybn.
Ndm dddc cdu trlc criamot am ti6t thl hidu ngayldi n6i l6i trong
vict ngfl (da dddc ch6on vd Nguy6nVdn Td nghi€ncfu): giao hodn phg
dm dhu v6i van, thi du 'con chy" th\ ddi thlnh "cey cdn " do hai ch0 Hdn
mQc tbn. Cing m6n thit ch6 bdt ht d6 cdn ddqc goi ld "cd 6y", di yJl6i
phii n6i "con cey tu'. L6i ndy hdi gidng l6i "spoonerism"trong ti6ng
Anh; n6i queer old dean "cq khoa trttdng ki cgc" thay \,i dear old queen
"mu6n tau dfc Th6i hhu kinh mdn" (W.ASpooner,1844-1930,
ld mot mqc
su ngddi Anh). cdc ba me Viet thridng n6i 'd{m dii" Wti mu6n n6i ring
em bE "ddi dhm",vd thay vi n6i "chia hoang" tlilai n6i "hodngchda".
Mdt truyOncdbi dan gian ki ring c6 dng kia mua dLlgc chdt
phdm hnm, ngdai ta ming la "quan ldn L4i". (quanto thuOcBOLqi, h dd
nhic kh6o d6n lai lich cia dng, trtldc kia chi la anh "ldi ldn". ching ta
cing chua qu€n bfc hoenh phi c6 b6n chrl H6n Dai Diim Qu)n Thbn
(nghiale "cdi chdm to uong ddm tribu thhn"), mring mot ong quan ldn
thdi thrrc ddn. Chi ric li cdi qu'dn thhn c6 ngtfi.a "bhy tdi", md ndu n6i l6i
sith nh "bbi fiy" (=lambbi cho Phdp).
Thud nhd, chay lo4n vb lang Kho hbi, ph0 Thudng tln, He d6ng,
toi da dddc mdy anh em gidosrl Ti NggcTinh dqy mot kidu n6i ldi dung
vhn l"{: d, thi n6i thdnh Ldn-a, pllldttt n6i thanh b-ph.i. ndu bi ngtlil,i
ldn phd mat ma, thl l4i dung vhn CHIM: chdn-im, chd-phim.
C( phdp hqc (syntax)thl kheo cAccdch tqo cri dat cau ddn, cau
ch€p.
Thinh td trqc tidp tqo thanh mot cau (sentence)le nhing cqm
irr, md siichchuy€nmon gqi li ngri = dodn ngri = t1i 1ij 1p6u."1.
Ba cau ddn, Nam/ dn cdm.
Nam/ d.; rti di.
z4
VAN HOA VIFTNAM I6
Nam/ y€u Lien.
c6 hai thenh phhn: phhn db (hay chri ngfi) li Nam, vi phhn
thuy6t (hay vi ngfr) ld en cdn, d6 td ai, yeu Lien,.v.v.
Danh ngl (noun phase) Nam chi c6 d6c mor danh tr] rieng, le
Nam. Danh ngr Nam cdz, thl c6 th€m dinh ngt cdn le m6t rjnh ti dinh
nghia cho Nam, Nam ld phhn chlnh, cdrz li phhn phg. Cfing nhd c6c
danh ngd DOng b6o, Blch giAy tring Minh phd Eeng Dea dbu c6 phhn
phq (b6o,gihy trin& phd Eeng Ded di sauphhn chinh dCtnm dinh ngri.
Mot danh ngfi c6 thC c6 hdn mdt dlnh ngt, cdi dfng tnrdc danh
ti hat nhan,cdi drlng sau danh ti hat nhan:
tdt cri/nhhtg/ ng'i/ NIIA/ gach/ mdi tomh/ me cu Che.nHung
wla fiu nilm ngodi....
cdi/ 6ng/ BICE gihy ting/ cd con trai hoc tntdng mi d Ten sdn
nh{t/ {y/ me..
Nhing ddng ngtl (verb phase) dr, cdm, dd tt hL yeu Lidn ddn
tr€n kia dbu gbm ddng tit dn, d6, teu. M6i d6ng rri dy c6 kdm th€o mor
bd ngit cdm, td Ai, Lien G6 sdchgoi la "tan ngf').
Mdt cau hdi nhd
Bao gid Nam 6y vd?
hoec Nam cddi vd bao gid?
hoec cau tle ldi Nan cddi vd ndm ngDdi
thl lai c6 thCm m6t tr4ng ng! (bao gie nem ngo6i).
C6 tang ngfi chi thdi gian, c6 trqng ngfi chi noi ch6n, dibu ki€n,
nhudngbd, trudng hgp, v.v.
Ngudi nddc ngoei hoc tiSng ViCt thridng ldn l6n hai cdu h6i ddn
tICn:
Bao gid Nam ldy vo?le n6i vb tddng lai,
cdn Nam ctdi vd baoC?ii"thl lai h6i vb que khi.
Ngd nghia hqc (semantics)bdt dlu vdi nhrlng thf du tddng td,
trong d6 ngudi phdt ngon chi chn aldi m6t tri, thCm hay b& m6t tri, hoec
thay ddi trat t\i ti, ho4c lCn giong, xu6ng giong, cfrng c6 thd di6n dat f
nghia khdc hin. Ta phin biet nghia den, nghia b6ng, ngtfa triu tudng,
nghia tu tri, v.v. Ta cfrng xet ddn cec ti dbng nghia, trl phrin nghia, vA
cdchdUngcria ch(ng.
Ngt dung hgc (pragrnatics),
la nganhhoc tudng d6i mdi m6, x6t
d6n trr.tinghgp cu thCcia tring phdt ng6n, theo khio hrtdng ',cbrlcneng,'
(funtional). Ong khdch mdi vdo nhi mA n6i ,Eai h6m nay tdi oi bic que
'n,r'.z"tht
chri nhi hiCu f vn m6 cria sii hoac ven quqr tli€n l€n ngay, khdng
chn phei ddi 6ng khdch n6i "Anh lnm on md cti,a sd ra m6t ti, afifdc
khong?"
VANHOAVIFTNAN,Ii6
6. Tif Ioqi (porb of spsech): viec phan loqi cdc td trong mgl
ngOn ngfr c6 th6 lem tnldc ho{c sau khi phan tich c6c cdu tr(c cll phdp,
tric cdc kidu cdu.
Ngn phrip hoc truybn thdng phan biot hai kh6i: thqrctt ('full
words, "contendwords")va hd trl ("emtywords",funtion words").
Thqc ti gbm ba nh6m:
gbm c6
A. Thd ti (substantives)
Danh ti-- nht tay, chen, deu, fic, cdm, chdo,hoa, quti, bdn, ghe.
Loqi tr)-- nhd cdi, con, tdm, cdy, td, cudn, quydn, bic...,thudc,
c4n, sdo,miu; thing: con, ten...
Phrldng vi td-- nht tron& ngoei, tcn, dtdi, tn/dc, sau, trdng,
Den.
s6 ti-- mat hai, ba, bdn, mtdi bdy, bem ldm (thi) nh{t, nhi-..
gbm c6
B. vi tri (predicatives)
Dong ti-- nhtl dn, ngi, dtng, ngbi, hoc, 4p, hoan h6, bidu tinh...
Tinh ti-- nhu tdt, xdu, cao, thdp, dgp, ngon, ldnh, thOngminh...
C. Dqi td (substitutes)gbm c6
D?i danh tlJ (pro-nouns)--nhdtbi, tao, mey, n6;6n9, chdu,mg,
con, cha, anh, em, chi; ai...
Dqi vl tfi (proverbs)-- nhn thd, vf5abey gid, b{y gid, be'yleu,...
Hrl tri gbm ba nh6m:
D. Ph6 ti (adverbs)--nhd de, dang; si, cing rd't, gud, lim, h€7
sic, v6 cdng, tuyet, ddo dd,...
gbm c6
E. Quan he ti (connectives)
cidi tfi (preposition nhrl cda, bdng wii, tl, cho, ddn, tdi,...
LiCnti (conjintions)\l.ti ve,hay hoac,r.t1a...m1a...,...
F. Tidu tri dnh th6i (madals)gbm c6
Tinh thdi tr) (inirial and final particles) nhu chinh, cd, ddn; chdn!
a! e!, u!, nhi!, nh4!, chi!, nghe!, v1y!,
cem thdn trt (inrerjections)nhd e, di, di, che,6i, di,6i, veng,dq,.
Phrrdng phdp dddc db nghi g'dn dny khdng chn chia ra nhing
mddi rn{y loai ti, nhd trong ciic sdchtrdric day, da m6 phdng ngt ph6p
cria tiSng Ph6p hay tidng La tinh me nhdt ti6ng viet veo cdi khuon cfng
nhdc cia mQt ngdn ngi thudc h9 An Au, rbi kdt luan ring ViQt ngfr c6
nhfing mudi m{y ti toqi.
7. T6i xin nhdc lai m6t n5t dlc thir ciro ti6-ng ViQt, ld hicn
tddng "mdt thi ba ngdi", nghia la
-- mot am tidt (sillable)cia binh dien am rhanh nhu "nam"(gdm
cticam vi /n, a, mL dbngthdi cing ld
-- mot hlnh vi = trr t6 (mo6c phim, morpheme)cia binh di€n
z5
vAN HOAVteTNAr\,4
16
hinh thdi nhd "nam " xudt hien tong ,,Vietnam, nam deh ", vd c6 li€n h€
vdi "ndm" llrong "chr7nbm'clng',nbm"trong "gi6nbm., md,cing cbnld
-- m6t tri (word) nhu "nam" tro\g,'vao Nam',;tidng Nam; grgng
Nam, tinh Bdcduy€nNam".
8. Kh6i ni€m vb cgm tar. tar td . do&n ng0 (phrorel rdt
cbn trong rhao tdc phan tich crl ph6p dd ta phrii lrru f d6n nhing cdu tflic
ldn hdn mot t .
9. Bdn cd'u tr6c cri phrip co 16li:
a) Danh ngi (nominal pharse)lA m6t ngi gbm hai phbn chinh
phu (danh ti trung tam theo sau c6 dinh ngt): nhe tanh, vdch d{t, sen
rQn& nhe b.p ng6i, sdn phdi thdc, cey dn que, giay da tdag, thuyhn d6c
mAc, teu hd mbm, Btch giiy tring; Xuen t6c dd,...
So sdnh vdi MODIFICATION (c6 MODIFIER d6n rddc
MODIFIED) trong tidng Anh brick house, frujt ttee, a hdite house, The
Vl4Tite
Eouse.
b) DOngngi (verbalphares)(dongtt hay tlnh ti theo sau c6 bd
ngit): udng dn cdm, dn wng, dn bdt, irn cudp, te nd.,cey ru6.n& cdy Ma,
b6n rudng, b6n phen, tdi cey, k6o xe, ldi xe, ra sen, ra th| viCn,ra Wdn,
v.io nhe irin. ten gdc, len 86, ru khdi, ra He nAi, vdoDa ning...
mit, kheo tu!4 mdt taJato gan, nhanh ti, sang da, tdn met,
,
.Idc
udng en,phi cang,...
So sdnh vdi COMPLEMENTATION(gbm VERBkCm theo OBIECT
hay CoMPLEMENT) trong tidng Anh ate.. rice, droue my car, went
south,v.v...
c) chri \4 (subject+ predicate= topic + comment),(chri ngrl ddn
trddc tuy€n ngt hodcvi ngt) lam thenh mQtc6u hodn chinh nhu:
Nam/dn cdm
Me tdi/trd nd fit
Be fii/mit k6m.
Ong cu/nlng rung cd rbi.
GAd6/A1ng h ftn sd khanhAnh Cheu/mudi voi khdng d.tdc b6t nltdc xdo.
So senh PREDICATIONuong tidng Anh Nam had some ce. The
old man has lost all his teeth. Nam loves Lien.
d) Ding l4p = song song (coordination): vq chbng, ndm thfung,
_
mam mudi, bd sia, anh td t6i, hodc tAm holc nghi, cho uayhay cho hdnl
Thdi cdm, xdo rau, nl'u canh...
.
Trdi mua, gi6 thdi, ld rung v.v.
trdi mta, nCn bi kh6ng di.
nCA tdi me mua thl t6i kh6ng di deuf
VAN HOA V TNAM 16
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