Part I - Young Chinese: The students

Transcription

Part I - Young Chinese: The students
Project China 2008 is a non-profit student project that takes place during the course of one year, involving twelve students from the Royal Institute of Technology and Stockholm School of Economics. Since the
beginning in 2003, it has now grown to become Sweden’s largest international student project.
The aim of the project is to provide meeting opportunities for Chinese and Swedish companies and students. This is done through a series of events in Sweden as well as in China throughout the year.
As a vast country with the world’s largest population, it is not possible for us to delve into all aspects of
China. This Project Book aims to explore one of the most important aspects to both Swedish students and
companies – the young Chinese. In a globalizing world, they will interact with us sooner or later, whether as
fellow students and colleagues, or as future employees and competitors on the global job market. Thus,
the purpose of this book is to provide an introduction to the Chinese education system and its students
today, as well as an insight to the young employees in various Swedish firms in China. We hope it will be of
interest not only to our fellow Swedish students and our Partner companies, but to everyone curious about
the modern young Chinese today.
Enjoy!
© Project China 2008
Stockholm, August 2008
Text: Project China 2008
Layout: Vincent Vennberg
Cover image: Zhang Kan
Photos: Yu Lei, Zhang Kan, Wong, Kang Le, Yuan Fang, Mao Yu from the
Communication University of China and Project China 2008
Print: Brommatryck&Brolins AB, Sweden
Preface
Preface
China is a country too vast to comprehend, too diverse to completely grasp, too interesting to let go and today, too
important to ignore. It is far beyond our reach to give a full description and analysis of all aspects of this country, and the
aim of this book is to simply shed some light on a few of the issues facing China today and in the future.
2008 is both domestically and globally a year of great importance to China. China will not only host the Olympic Games
for the first time in history, the country has also faced its biggest earthquake in 30 years. The economy is still growing
at remarkable speed, but the country has already overtaken the US as the world’s largest producer of carbon dioxide
emissions and sustainable development is a critical problem.
In the midst of all these aspects are the young Chinese, those born after the Reform and Open up-policy was established
30 years ago. They are already now changing the cultural, social and economical landscape, and they will shape this
country in the years to come.
In our opinion, understanding their present situation and future development will contribute to understanding future
and present China in a different context. We have strived to make the book an interesting, current introduction to young
Chinese people, focusing on their role as students today and as employees, managers and entrepreneurs tomorrow. The
book is based partly on recent literature, but mostly on interviews in China and Sweden, in order to provide as complete
and multi-faceted a picture as possible.
We hope everyone with an interest in China will enjoy reading this book, with special regard to the students at the Royal
Institute of Technology and Stockholm School of Economics. We also hope all our partner companies will enjoy the
reading, because without you all this would not have been possible.
Finally, we would like to thank everyone who has contributed to this book in any way, whether it be with time, knowledge,
material or opinions. This book is a collective result with the help from all of you.
www.projectchina.se
3
Table of contents
Part I - Young Chinese: The students
1.1 Little Emperors
9
10
The Chinese one-child-policy generation is criticized for being spoiled and too
dependent on their parents, but the society places enormous pressure on them as well.
1.2 The road to university
14
“China is a crazy country, but craziest of everything in China is without doubt Gaokao;
the Chinese entrance examination for higher education!”
– Le Kang, student at the Communication University of China
1.3 Education systems in the face of globalization
24
Who will be assigned to design your new mobile phone? A comparative view on
the differences between the Chinese and Swedish education systems, as well as its
students.
1.4 Meet the young Chinese
44
Young Chinese men and women share their opinions on both personal and social
issues.
Part II - Young Chinese: The employees
2.1 Introduction and background
57
58
The Chinese universities churn out huge numbers of university graduates, and yet, there is
a severe shortage of qualified labor force on the Chinese employment market.
4
Table of contents
64
2.2 Case studies
Insights through real-life examples from Swedish companies in China.
64
Stora Enso
65
Sandvik
66
Ericsson
68
IKEA
69
Atlas Copco
70
Vinge
72
2.3 Conclusion
74
References
76
About Project China 2008
82
Kinabloggen
Selected blog posts from the China Blog on Svenska Dagbladet’s website.
102
Acknowledgements
5
Introduction
Introduction
Year 2008 is China’s year. For the first time in history, China will host an Olympics, and the capital has gone through a
rapid, transformation in preparation for this event. The country’s economic development is still continuing in a remarkable
pace, and China now has the largest number of Internet users in the world, after having surpassed the US. Internationally,
it is now an increasingly important actor on the global political and economical arena, with all the rights and responsibilities this entails.
But outside of the Olympics, China has also had to deal with many problems. Some of these have come in form of natural
disasters, of which there has been no shortage. The snow storm during Chinese New Years, the flooding in southern
China and above all, the devastating earthquake in Sichuan, have had enormous consequences that China needs to
resolve in several years to come. The country also faces increasing social and economical problems, with the steep price
inflation directly affecting millions of people’s daily lives and the social gaps widening day by day.
All these aspects of China, and many more, are issues that need to be discussed and dealt with. But at the core of everything, these things need to be done by people.
This year is the 30th anniversary of the beginning of Deng Xiaoping’s Reform and Open up-policy. During this relatively
short time, China has gone from a tightly controlled planned economy to a flourishing market economy, whose growth
rate outpaces most countries. China has developed a relatively well-functioning legal system in these 30 years, and a
financial market in the last 10-15 years. China is one of the largest Foreign Direct Investment recipients in the world,
and has the largest foreign reserve in the world. Even though large social gaps persist, around 300 million people have
been lifted out of poverty, and in large cities like Beijing and Shanghai, many people enjoy a Western living standard or
better.
But now China is facing both a generational and a demographic shift. The people that have brought about China’s development these past decades will soon leave room for the new generation, the ones born and raised in a burgeoning
market economy. Because of the one-child policy, which begun in 1979, the family constellation in China today has
changed drastically from one generation to the next. 4-2-1 is an apt description of the situation today, where the first
one-child policy generation is starting to build their own family. One child has to support both parents, as well as the
two pairs of grandparents, which can lead to over-indulging the single child, as well as placing an enormous amount of
pressure on him or her.
And these young men and women are not only the future political leaders in this country, they are also the driving force
in China’s future economic development. They are China’s future employees, employers, managers, entrepreneurs and
global leaders, and to everyone with an interest in China, it is essential to know what influences and drives them. In this
6
Introduction
globalized world, there are a variety of factors, such as friends, family, social values, international influences and so on.
However, we have chosen to focus on the education system.
Education plays a large role in all young people’s lives, but it’s of significant importance in China especially. Because of
the life-determining exam results and the amount of time spent on studying, education is one of the most defining parts
of the lives of young Chinese. And in a globalizing world, a national education system with over 323 million students1 is
something whose influence stretches beyond national borders. Today’s Chinese students will enter the global job market
in the future, together with today’s students from Sweden and the rest of the world. From Swedish students’ point of
view, these Chinese students are not only our future colleagues but also, directly or indirectly, our future competitors.
Thus, the first part of the book discusses the changing demands on modern education today, and explores the faults
and merits of the exam-centered, highly competitive Chinese education system. In a comparative perspective, our own
Swedish education system is discussed as well, in order to provide a more nuanced view. Bluntly put, how do we compare
to our Chinese counterparts?
When these young Chinese students enter employment, most of them will enter a rapidly changing, paradoxical Chinese
job market. On one hand, the deluge of university graduates has led to an intense competition for qualified jobs, and
employment is an increasing concern even amongst students at top school. On the other hand, China is facing severe
employment shortages in several industry areas, which in a long-term perspective risks stunting the country’s economic
development. This is something all foreign companies in China have to factor in and adapt to, whether recruiting
managers, qualified employees or skilled laborers. At the same time, all these young Chinese employees are, in a sense,
results of the Chinese education system. Naturally, there are many more aspects of the human resources issue in China,
but for Swedish students and companies alike with an interest in China, this is an introduction to the topic. Thus, the
second part of the book focuses on case studies of a few Swedish companies in China, in order to provide further insight
into the Chinese job market and the young Chinese employees.
7
Part I - Young Chinese: The students
8
Part I - Young Chinese: The students
Part I - Young Chinese: The students
1.1 Little Emperors
10
The Chinese one-child-policy generation is criticized for being spoiled and too dependent on
their parents, but the society places enormous pressure on them as well.
1.2 The road to university
14
“China is a crazy country, but craziest of everything in China is without doubt Gaokao; the
Chinese entrance examination for higher education!”
– Le Kang, student at the Communication University of China
1.3 Education systems in the face of globalization
24
Who will be assigned to design your new mobile phone? A comparative view on the differences between the Chinese and Swedish education systems, as well as its students.
1.4 Meet the young Chinese
44
Young Chinese men and women share their opinions on both personal and social issues.
9
Little Emperors
1.1 Little Emperors
One world, one dream, one child
The one-child policy is a unique but controversial measure, launched
by the Chinese government as a part of the Reform and Open upprogram in 1978. Its effects and consequences have been subject
to heated debate in both China and abroad. On one hand, it has
been praised as one of the factors facilitating the rapid economical development in China. According to government demographic
experts, the policy has prevented some 300 million births2 lowering
the number of children per woman from 2,75 in 1979 to 1,7 today.3
Even if China still has a large population in both relative and absolute
numbers, many of the consequences of severe overpopulation have
been reduced or avoided. On the other hand, the one-child policy
has been heavily criticized for making Chinese people resort to selective abortion of female fetuses, skewing the ratio of
men and women in rural areas especially. In a relatively short time, it has also altered China’s demographic distribution,
where a shrinking number of people of working age will support an increasing number of retired and elderly people. It
has also caused great individual pain through forced abortions and heavy fines on families giving birth to more than one
child.
Families with two or more children are still fairly common in the rural areas, but the rigid enforcement of the one-child
policy in urban areas has resulted in a whole generation of young Chinese being raised without siblings.
Approximately a 100 million Chinese are estimated to
have grown up as only children in a standard family constellation of 4-2-1, with four grandparents, two parents
and one child. The only child shoulders the hopes and
dreams of two generations, and in a time of increasing
living standards and a skyrocketing economy, parents
and grandparents lavish attention and resources on
this one person. Thus, the young Chinese generation,
spoiled by overprotecting parents, is often ridiculed as
“Little Emperors”, an epithet that refers to their selfcentered attitude and alleged inability to compromise
and socially interact.
10
Little Emperors
Culture clash
The young Chinese generation grew up in a world entirely different to their parent’s generation. They do not know the
pre-1978 hardships of political and social turmoil, international isolation and famine. They are shaped in an atmosphere
of greater individualism, with international influences and increasing material standards. The new Chinese generation
does not belong to the same culture as any generation before it, and this has resulted in some intergenerational friction.
Young Chinese are often accused of being spoiled and too dependent on their parents. Stories about parents following
their child into the room at job interviews are not rare, and even after employment, the parents often buy an apartment
for their child or continue to pay for their living expenses. “Kids these days are self-centered dreamers incapable of
handling conflicts”, a middle-aged policeman in Beijing mutters.
The little emperors may be fortunate in many aspects, but they have to endure a lot to please their enthusiastic supporters. From a young age, their lives become a struggle to achieve the academic results and acquire the skills needed
to boost their chances in the future. Parents carefully design the lives of their only child, and the obsession for investing
in children’s capabilities has made education one of the fastest growing markets in urban areas of China. According to
research by the China Academy of Social Sciences in 2004, Chinese parents spend up to 50% of their total household
income on their child.4 Delegations of Chinese middle-class mothers can be seen at American Ivy League university
campuses, showing their children where to study in twenty years. It is not easy being a little emperor.
And the criticism against the little emperors may not be entirely fair. “We may be spoiled and we do not like to endure
hardships as our parent generation did. But we are more internationally oriented, we are more open to new things and
we have dreams and visions.” Wang Fang, a student at Beijing Art Academy says. “Don’t judge us by the standards of
yesterday!”
11
Little Emperors
Creating a prodigy
“When I grow up”, Chen, a seven-year old boy living in Shanghai says, “I want to be a driver.” His father laughs and replies
quickly. “If you are going to be a driver, you must be a Formula One driver!”
Despite his young age, Chen has already finished the curriculum of the
fifth grade in compulsory school. In the private school he attends, he is
the youngest child in his grade and yet one of the top students. After the
final examinations each year, the children are divided into different classes
depending on their test score. As Chen’s next goal in life is to enroll into
one of the top private junior high schools in Shanghai, he has to work hard
in order to defend his position in the elite class. Every morning, his grandmother picks him up and takes him to school, where he studies Chinese,
Mathematics, Classical Chinese and English. School starts 7.45 a.m. and
he does not return home until 6.30 p.m. After dinner he starts his tightly
scheduled evening session of homework assignments.
Chen’s skills are not confined to academic performance. In his spare time, which is essentially limited to weekends, he
attends courses in oral English, Olympic Mathematics, badminton and piano. “You need other skills than just performing
well on standardized tests”, Chen’s mother says as Chen’s fingers dance across the piano keyboard. He used to take
courses in salsa dancing as well, but his ambitions in this field were abandoned when his private Olympic Mathematics
teacher asked him the rhetorical question: “Are you going to dance yourself through the entrance examination for junior
high school?” The salsa course was replaced by an additional hour of mathematics and a Saturday in Chen’s life is now
scheduled as below:
09.30 – 12.00 Olympic Mathematics course
13.00 – 15.00 Essay writing course
15.00 – 16.00 Piano lesson
17.00 – 19.00 Dinner
19.00 – 21.00 Badminton class
Asking his parents, the final goal for Chen is to enter a good university in Shanghai to become a valuable resource to
the society. “The competition is fierce and you don’t want your child to be left behind from the start. We know he has
to endure a lot of pressure but we have no choice”, his mother says. “We want to provide him with the possibilities to
choose his own course of life, but in order to do that, you need to be competitive.”
Chen is a top achieving young boy, but he is far from exceptional in Shanghai. For a middle class family, spending a
12
Little Emperors
significant part of the family income on the child is rather common. “One of our neighbors is a girl, who at the age of
five already has cleared the fifth level proficiency test in piano”, Chen’s mother admiringly says. She then tells us about
another neighbor’s efforts to optimize her chances of giving birth to a talented baby. “She is in her sixth month of
pregnancy, and has quit her job to stay at home and let the fetus listen to recordings of advanced English conversation
and classical music, while she eats lots of fish oil to enhance the brain development of her future baby.”
Finishing the primary school curriculum several grades in advance is necessary for enrollment into a renowned private
primary school. Studying at a good primary school increases chances of enrollment into a good junior high school which
in turn is necessary to get accepted into a good high school. A good high school provides optimal environment for passing
the university entrance examination and a university degree is the best guarantee for good employment. The race starts
from early pregnancy and getting onto the right track from start is essential to surviving the competition.
Chen does not seem to be noticeably affected by the pressure and expectations. He laughs, plays and chatters happily,
and as soon as he gets some time over – which is not very often – he amuses himself with his portable Playstation, playing
didactic games with episodes from the curriculum of Chinese history. When asked about his favorite university – is it
Harvard, Oxford or Tsinghua? – Chen seems somewhat upset. “I haven’t even passed the entrance examination to junior
high school yet. Do you think I have time to think about university?!”
13
The road to university
1.2 The road to university
Make it or break it
“We are used to this, we can handle stress. Our entire education is
focused on high performance on examinations; this is not the first
time.”
The high school student looks surprisingly calm, but determined, as
she heads for lunch break during the first day of Gaokao - the Chinese
Entrance Examination for Higher Education - at the Renmin University
Affiliated High School. Hundreds of restless parents are nervously
waiting outside the school while their children leave the building in
pajama-like school uniforms. The air is thick with expectation and
anxiety.
Gaokao is one of the most pressure-filled entrance examinations in the world. The performance during these two days of
frenetic writing and calculating more or less determines a student’s entire future. In China’s booming economy, the competition for attractive employment is fierce. Since a degree from a prestigious university is still the best job guarantee,
Gaokao has become an intense battleground for striving young men and women.
Public examinations have a long history in China. The imperial examinations determined admission to the state bureaucracy, and they were used for 1300 years until their abolishment
in the beginning of the 20th century.5 Academic performance is,
in other words, something deeply ingrained in Chinese society,
and these meritocratic values contribute to the massive pressure
put on the children facing Gaokao. That the one-child policy has
created a family situation, where the hopes and dreams of two
generations are placed on one child, is another source of pressure
related to the test. Since many parents invest the largest part of
their time and income on their only child, Gaokao is a critical
event that determines the future of the entire family.
Students with outstanding Gaokao results can expect admission
to one of China’s top universities; the rest find places in provincial
universities or shorter educational programs in colleges. Only about 28 % of the examinees are enrolled into four-year
14
The road to university
university educations, while another 28 % enroll into vocational schools or technical educations. In other words, over 40
% of the examinees, or more than 4 million hard-working high school students, are not admitted to any institution for
higher education beyond high school. As Gaokao is held only once a year, giving the exam a second try means one more
year of stressful preparations. Usually, about one third of the exam takers are Gaokao repeaters.6
For those who cannot afford another year of preparations, Gaokao is definitely a make-it-or-break-it event; failure means
failing their parents’ expectations, and facing an uncertain and harsh future as a blue-collar worker. For students from less
affluent Chinese families, a university degree is one of their few chances to a better life.
“Had I failed Gaokao”, Wei Xiao, a student at the Beijing University of Foreign Languages says, “I would have ended up as
a factory worker or a housewife. Preparing for the test, I knew Gaokao was my only chance to a good and interesting life
and I also knew my parents’ future would depend on my test score. It made the pressure unbearable. I was depressed
and paranoid and I even avoided drinking too much water as I didn’t want to waste any time going to the toilet. Without
the mental support from my teachers and parents I don’t know what would have happened.
My Gaokao story had a happy ending, but for me, Gaokao is still not a positive memory”.
15
The road to university
Birth control pills, diverted flights and endless cramming
Preparing for Gaokao requires rigid self-discipline, perseverance and all the support possible from family and teachers.
Due to its central role in Chinese society, there is a growing industry emerging around Gaokao, with everything from
expensive prep schools with high-qualified teachers to nutritionists designing optimal meals for the best possible performance. According to students in Beijing, it’s not uncommon for examinees to use birth control pills in order to delay
the period, during which time academic performance risks being reduced. In some cases, desperate parents are said to
have provided their children with ADHD medication or other cognitive enhancers, in order to improve their concentration
and focus on studying.
During the Gaokao period, there tends to be a show of sympathy and support in the entire society for the examinees.
The night before Gaokao a lot of construction work around the country is suspended, in order not to disturb sleeping
students. In Anhui province, a group of parents managed to make local politicians divert flights from an airport near the
test site, because the noise might disturb the students.7 Other reports include police running red lights in order to send
an examinee to the exam site in time, and even authorizing breaking into an optometrist’s office to fit a pair of glasses
for an examinee.8
For most high school students about to take the exam, the year before Gaokao is a year of rigorously planned days,
usually with 12 to 16 hours of studying each day. Preparing for Gaokao leaves little room for entertainment or hobbies.
“I studied until midnight and woke up 6 a.m. every day the year before Gaokao. I promised myself not to sleep more than
six hours a day and through diligence, I made it”, says Beth Zhao who took the test in 2005.
16
The road to university
A social stabilizer
“In teaching, there should be no distinction of classes.” This Confucius quote implies
the important role of Gaokao as a social stabilizer. The national entrance exams are,
at least theoretically, an equal chance for all students to measure their pre-academic skills against each other. The best-prepared are selected to enter the prestigious
universities, an achievement that will increase their chances to reach a privileged
position in society. During examination it is your cognitive skills and accumulated
knowledge from years of preparations that will determine the outcome; your class
or background is irrelevant. This sense of justice is one of the reasons why the Chinese, especially the poor, so broadly embraces Gaokao, since they regard it as the
only way out of their situation. The stress and psychological suffering of the young
competitors is considered outweighed by the symbolic value of a fair race.
“In modern China, Gaokao is the fairest way to measure a student’s talent. It is a
safeguard for children from poor families and an opportunity of great symbolic value
to them. This in turn stabilizes society by conveying a sense of justice to these people”,
Peng Wei, a student at Peking University says.
Unfair Gaokao
However, admission to renowned universities through Gaokao is not a fair process.
The public universities operating directly under the Ministry of Education are the most
prestigious. When recruiting students these universities are allowed to reserve up to
30 % of their places to candidates from the region in which the university is located.
Consequently, to be accepted to top universities such as Tsinghua, Fudan or Peking
University, you need significantly higher Gaokao scores if you come from rural areas
or underdeveloped regions, since the key universities often are located in developed
urban areas. The fierce competition in some provinces mean only the very best and
brightest are accepted to top schools in e.g. Beijing, whereas their local classmates
have much lower Gaokao results, and thus sometimes less academic talent.
“The regional discrimination is undermining the sense of fairness. I think it is some
kind of regional protectionism but I cannot understand what it is good for”, says
a student in Beijing who wants to be anonymous, as this issue seems to be very
sensitive.
Another problem with Gaokao are the limitations on parallel applications.
“The scores come back two weeks after the exam, but you still don’t know if it will
17
The road to university
be enough for admission to your primary choice. You can apply to one school as your first choice, but if your scores are
insufficient you may not be able to apply to your second choice because the application period has expired. Then you
have to enroll in your third or fourth choice instead. You have to examine the scores required for enrollment the previous
year, and then carefully consider your choice”, Shi Ying, a student at the Beijing Foreign Studies University, explains. “It’s
a gamble. It’s like switching lines when queuing, but then your new line turns out to be longer than the last one. You have
to calculate the risks.”
Rote-learning and regurgitation
The inevitable consequence of Gaokao is an exam-oriented education system. Since only the Gaokao score determines
university admission, any activity outside the Gaokao curriculum is often considered worthless. A commonly held view
is that the test teaches the children merely to rote learn and regurgitate. In addition, Gaokao-preparations keep children
away from extracurricular activities and hobbies.
“In high school I was obsessed with preparing for Gaokao, I spent all day trying to solve problems faster and more
accurately. My parents had to force me to participate in sporting activities at school and I joined them only reluctantly”,
Andy Wang, a student at the Beijing Foreign Studies University says.
The Gaokao system may be successful at finding children with the best capacity to rote learn and to reproduce information, but it is merciless to those who cannot. Michael Pettis, an American professor of Finance at Peking University
denounces the test, as it screens out students with other intellectual abilities than rote learning. Thus, it reduces a
18
The road to university
diversity that is so badly needed on the Chinese university campuses.
”Doing any research on your own is a complete waste of time, trying to think differently is a complete waste of time.
The only thing that matters is what is on the exam and what is considered right answer on that exam. The rigidity of the
Gaokao-centered education kills the creativity of the Chinese students. It is a terrible waste.”
Shi Ying agrees,
“I think students should thrive in an environment where they can cultivate their own talents and abilities. Unfortunately,
preparing for Gaokao leaves no room for that.”
The disadvantage of the exam–oriented education system induced by Gaokao is a concern for the Chinese government,
and in recent years, alternative ways of admission to top universities have been encouraged. Small numbers of students
with outstanding national achievements in science, technology, liberal arts, languages or sports can be hand-picked by
the universities without going through the Gaokao process.
Test yourself! Gaokao Mathematics
The mathematic test of Gaokao consists of two parts; multiple choice questions and questions of the problem solving
type. These are the multiple choice questions from the 2007 Gaokao. Depending on the time limit on the problem solving
part, the time limit for this part is approximately 30 to 40 minutes.
Gaokao Mathematics 2007
1.Determinesin(a)inthefourthquadrantiftan(a)=Ͳ5/12?
A.
1
5
B. 1
5
C.
5
13 D. C.
3
2
D.2
a 1 i
=realnumber.Determinea.
2.
1 i
a
A.
1
2
B.1
3.Whatisthecorrelationbetweenthetwovectorsa=(Ͳ5,6)andb=(6,5)?
A.Theyareperpendiculartoeachother
B.Neitherperpendicularnorparallel
C.Parallelandpointinthesamedirection
D.Parallelbutpointinoppositedirections
19
4.Determinetheequationforthehyperbolicfunctionwiththefocalpoints(Ͳ4,0)and(4,0)?
5
13
C.Parallelandpointinthesamedirection
D.Parallelbutpointinoppositedirections
The road to university
4.Determinetheequationforthehyperbolicfunctionwiththefocalpoints(Ͳ4,0)and(4,0)?
x2 y2
4 12
A.
1
B.
x2 y2
12 4
1
C.
x2 y2
10 6
1
D.
x2 y2
6 10
1
5.If a, b  R ,and ^1, a b, a`
A.1
­ b ½
®0, , b ¾ then (b a ) ?
¯ a ¿
B.Ͳ1
C.0
D.Ͳ2
­ x y 1 % 0,
2
withthedistance
tothelinexͲy+1=0
x
y
1
0
2
¯
6.Determinethepoint,locatedwithin ®
A.㸦1㸪1㸧
B.㸦Ͳ1㸪1㸧 C.㸦Ͳ1㸪Ͳ1㸧 D.㸦1㸪Ͳ1㸧
7. AA1
2 AB intherectangularparallelpipe ABCD A1 B1C1 D1 .
Determinecos(a)ifaistheanglebetween A1B and AD1 ?
A.
1
5
B.
2
5
3
5
C.2 2 D.4
C.5
D.6
C.
D.
4
5
1
log x andf(2a)–f(a)= ,thendeterminea?
2
1 , f ( x)
8.If a
A. 2 B.2
n
§
©
2
9. ¨ x 1·
¸ Forwhichnistheexpressionaconstant=15?
x¹
A.3
B.4
10.Thefunction y
1
tan ( a )
2
4 x hasitsfocalpointinFanda”quasiͲline”inl.TheanglebetweenthexͲaxisandalinethroughFis
3 .
ThepointinwhichthelineintersectswiththefunctioniscalledA,thepointonlinelwiththesamexcoordinateaspointBis
calledK.( AK
A l , )CalculatetheareaofƸ AKF .
A.4
B.3 3 C.4 3 20
D.8
tan 1 ( a )
3 .
ThepointinwhichthelineintersectswiththefunctioniscalledA,thepointonlinelwiththesamexcoordinateaspointBis
calledK.( AK
The road to university
A l , )CalculatetheareaofƸ AKF .
A.4
B.3 3 C.4 3 D.8
11.
f ( x)
cos 2 x 2 cos 2
x
.Inwhichintervalhasthefunctionapositiveslope?
2
A.㸦
ʌ ʌ
, 㸧
3 3
B.㸦
ʌ S
, 㸧 6 2
C.㸦 0,
ʌ
㸧 3
D.㸦Ͳ
ʌ ʌ
, 㸧
6 6
Source:www.hengoian.com
Hopefully right-handed - In order to avoid injuries, many high schools suspend sporting activities for
Gaokao-students. Nevertheless, accidents happen.
21
The road to university
The Essay Question
At the end of the Chinese exam is an essay question, which has to be answered in 800 characters or less. In a very limited
time, an average of 40 minutes according to a Chinese student, you have to write a text in which you frequently cite
old poets, make historical parallels and use beautiful language. The topics are diverse and unspecified, challenging the
imagination of the student. Here are some examples from recent years from different provinces:
Liaoning 2005: “This year’s flowers are redder than last year’s.”
Jiangsu 2005: “In ancient times, an essay was described as having “the head of a phoenix, the body of a hog, and the tail
of a leopard”.”
Shandong 2005: Win-win wisdom. Students were presented with a fable about a carpenter having his life saved by the
stonemason he was competing with.9
Shanghai 2007: “This ditch must be crossed”10
These pictures, dealing with mistakenly amputated body parts are from the
essay question of the 1996 Gaokao. The student was asked to choose one of the
pictures and start writing. Below is an example of an essay.
“Operation of hand with six fingers and Wrong amputation”
The two pictures are different but share the same message. They are both caricatures of irresponsible doctors who amputate the wrong parts of their patients.
I prefer “operations of hand with six fingers”. Using something small, namely a
finger, it presents a number of important issues. It gives you a comfortable feeling
because it does not deal with the problem directly. In contrast to “Wrong amputation” which deals with the problem in an uncomfortable and straightforward
way, leaving no room for your own interpretation.
The writings of Lie Zi from the Chunqiu Dynasty are of tremendous beauty as they handle
the art of negotiation with sharp subtleness. The writings’ beauty stem from that subtlety,
they’re never loud, nor do they ever shout or scream to get the point across, instead they
use quick language to ridicule the opponent by insinuating the message.
A lotus flower about to bloom is beautiful because of its subtlety. It’s beautiful because it
does not show its full magnificence but hides it within, like a beautiful woman covered by
a thin cloth.
Subtlety is beautiful. ZhuZiQing’s “Lotus in the moonlight”, proves this. The novel by Lusun proves this and so does the
sculpture “thinking man”.
Just like the lotus and the Lie Zi writings “operation of a hand with six fingers” is simple and precise. Without any unnecessary information it conveys its message accurately. The incident preceding the amputation is left to the imagination of
22
The road to university
the viewer. Conversely, “Wrong amputation”, leaves no such room for such free interpretation and due to this, it has lost
its “touch”; it lacks finesse.
Watching the picture “operation for hand with six fingers” is like sipping fine tea or sampling a delicate liqueur. The beauty
lies in the taste, the memory of the taste and the memory itself.
Gaokao: Loved and hated
Gaokao embodies China’s pre-academic education system during those two
stressful days in June. It embodies the masses of diligent students in a fierce
competition, the individual rote-learning and non-interactive teaching, the
stress, pressure and expectations but also the care and support from loving
parents. Due to its traumatic and demanding character, Gaokao is often
criticized for being an obstacle for improvement of the Chinese education
system. On the other hand, Gaokao symbolizes fairness and equal chances
for everyone. Perhaps, Gaokao could be considered a necessity in modern
China, or as Andy Wang, the Beijing Foreign Studies University student puts
it:
“Despite all its defects, Gaokao is necessary in order to rank the millions
of students who want to cross the narrow bridge to higher education. It is
the best we can do in the present situation. In China, there are always more
people than chances.”
23
Education systems in the face of globalization
1.3 Education systems in the face of globalization
Although globalization can be defined in a variety of ways, it is widely
agreed that it concerns the increasing flow of products, money, people
and information across national borders, and the consequences of this
development. In terms of education, globalization is gradually shaping
a growing, globally integrated market for knowledge and learning,
where competition and adaptation are increasingly important
aspects.
On an individual level, this is the situation faced by the Chinese and
Swedish students entering the global human resources market today.
The world is not only getting flatter, but also smaller, and the lives of
young people in modern societies will increasingly affect that of their global peers. In order to better understand China
and Sweden’s competitive conditions in the global job market, this section discusses the role of each country’s education
system and the skills and knowledge needed to succeed in a globalizing world.
Education in the globalizing economy
In a rapidly changing world, driven by technological innovation and globalization, the requirements on education are
changing. New kinds of skills and knowledge are required, and the role of education is being redefined.
An expert on the issue of new educational demands is Andreas Schleiser, Head of the Directorate for Education at OECD.
OECD outlines the characteristics of four types of jobs, based on required skills: Routine manual, non-routine manual,
routine cognitive and non-routine cognitive jobs. According to Schleiser, in the West, the demand for manual skills is
declining in a globalized economy, but the sharpest decline is in routine cognitive jobs. The cognitive skills that these
jobs require can easily be computerized or outsourced to regions with lower labor costs, e.g. customer support for
American companies in India. Conversely, the future belongs to those with interactive and social skills as well as nonroutine cognitive skills, because both are necessary. The latter is required for work in unstructured fields, where new,
complex problems without obvious solutions need to be solved.
The somewhat abstract issue is nevertheless of importance to students today, since they are to face technology not yet
developed and work with problems not yet defined. Adaptation and the ability to process new information is becoming
increasingly important in the immense complexity of the globalizing world, or as Schleiser concludes: “Success will go to
those individuals and countries which are swift to adapt, slow to complain and open to change”.
24
Education systems in the face of globalization
Long-term aspects of education
OECD is an organization that strongly emphasizes economical development. Keeping this in mind Per Thullberg, Director
of the Swedish National Agency for Education, discusses another essential aspect of education. He underlines the role of
education as a tool for the personal development of the individual. “The objectives of education should not be confined
to the supplying of the skills being demanded in the society and economy at the time. It should provide the individual
with the ability to pose the right questions, commit to society and understand different cultures and contexts. Through
education we have to form a conscious society where people think independently, in a responsible long term perspective.” Thullberg certainly has a point. Making yourself and your company successful in financial aspects is one thing,
putting your actions into a wider ethical perspective seeing how these impact other people and the environment is
another. As business school students, it is sometimes easy to forget the balance between short-term and long-term
education impacts and needs. When taking this aspect into consideration, the concept of education expands from a
matter of international competition for individual countries to a global matter, crucial to the future of humanity.
Knowledge as a commodity, creativity as a scarcity
According to OECD, in 2015 the supply of university graduates in China alone will exceed the number of graduates from
the European Union and the US together. In recent years there has been a worldwide explosion of institutions for higher
education, churning out millions of graduates ready to enter the global employment market.
In his book “A Whole New Mind” from 2005,
American writer Daniel Pink repeats the
arguments posed throughout the 20th century,
ascertaining the end of the information age
and the advent of the conceptual age, where
creativity is becoming increasingly important.
Historically, society has developed in a progression from a society of farmers to a society
of factory workers to a society of knowledge
workers and now, “we are progressing yet again
– to a society of creators and empathizers, of
pattern-recognizers and meaning-makers”. The
main driving forces behind this progression are,
according to Pink, the abundance of commodities and services, including automation as well as
Asian mass-production of university graduates.
25
Education systems in the face of globalization
Can a computer do it faster? Can someone do it cheaper? Is what I am offering in demand in an age of abundance?
These are questions both companies and individuals need to consider today. For Western students considering routine
cognitive jobs, at least the two first answers are “yes”. In other words, the abilities required for meeting the demands of
the conceptual ages are creativity and outside-the-box-thinking rather than the ability to retain knowledge.
Fredrik Härén is a Swedish entrepreneur working with stimulating
creativity, who has lived in both China and India. He points out
the importance of being curious about the world, and optimistic
about the future.
“I asked a group of Swedish students in Jönköping if they thought
Sweden in the future was going to be a better place to live in
than today and their answers startled me. 70 % of the students
answered negatively to this question. It is this lack of optimism
and visions that scares me the most. Not only does this negative
attitude impede creativity, we need to have dreams to keep developing our country. Once we lose our ability to dream
our society will stagnate and, inevitably, fall behind.”
26
Education systems in the face of globalization
Not merely buzzwords
To summarize, the skills required in the globalizing economy are the abilities to process and adapt to new information.
An education system should provide the tools necessary, but also provide the student with a framework for being a
responsible member of the global society. Additionally, creativity, curiosity and optimism are features crucial to retaining
and stimulating development, in order to be a successful individual in a globalizing world.
Politicians and opinion makers often use these hackneyed buzzwords to embellish their slogans. When turning to literature and the innumerable philosophers who have devoted lifetimes to profoundly study
these subjects, a more nuanced and complex picture of intellect, creativity and education
emerges. However, this section should be regarded as a humble attempt to summarize
a representative spectrum of opinions in the current debate on the role of education in
the globalizing world.
Who would be assigned to design your new mobile phone?
After a remarkable expansion of its higher education system, China has the largest
university student population in the world today. Every year, Chinese universities churn
out 5 million graduates, further increasing China’s global share of highly educated work
force. Concurrently, the Chinese government invests strategically in education, innovative industries and research. According to OECD, the absolute figures of Chinese investments in R&D was ranked number four in the world after the US, EU and Japan. If this
investment is related to GDP, China’s figure of 1,3 % is low compared to Sweden’s 4 %,
but it is rapidly increasing.12
When we look at China and Chinese students, it tends to be with awed trepidation. The
notion of the hard working, disciplined and determined young Chinese going through
rigorous academic training from early childhood is daunting. Will we Swedish students
be able to compete with them in the global job market?
The question was posed to Lars Leijonborg, the Swedish Minister for Higher Education
and Research. He does not seem to worry about the Swedish students’ competitive
advantage.
“China is 10 to 20 years behind us when it comes to creativity. Competition is not about
sheer rote-learning, our students are better at critical thinking and dare to do more”, he
says, emphasizing the paramount importance of investments in education and research.
27
Education systems in the face of globalization
Rote-learning Chinese students firmly inside the box versus creative Swedish students able to take initiatives – Lars
Leijonborg’s firm opinion should come as a relief for Swedish students. But not all Swedes are as optimistic as the minister.
According to Fredrik Härén, the creativity guru, Swedish students should be more concerned about their future. He sees
the danger of a nonchalant, arrogant attitude towards the developing world, and his arguments loom large for Swedish
students.
Split opinions? Fredrik Härén (to the left) and Lars Leijonborg (to the right) seem to disagree.
“There is not a single reason for a large international company to hire a Swedish student, when there are hundreds
of thousands of students in China and other developing countries who have read the same books and have the same
knowledge as the Swedes. Thanks to their curiosity and their strive for knowledge about the world, they know both their
own culture and the Western culture while Swedish students are totally devoid of knowledge about Asian culture. On top
of this, they work for 18 SEK per hour. Tell me, who would be assigned to develop your new mobile phone?”
This somewhat disturbing question for Swedish students was brought to China for evaluation. “Designing a mobile
phone” is an apt metaphor for research, development and value-creating innovations. Fredrik Härén’s question can thus
be rephrased: Will the young Chinese be able to transform China into a superpower in terms of education, research and
innovation, and how can Swedish students compete with their Chinese counterparts?
The education system of a country is one of the most important factors in fostering a new generation of industrial
leaders, entrepreneurs and innovators. It has to provide the economy with human resources equipped with the adequate
skills, knowledge and mindset for retaining a global competitive advantage. The future of all countries, including China
and Sweden, is to a large extent formed in the schools and universities. Thus, analyzing the education systems and the
debates on educational reforms in China and Sweden could give us a clue to an answer to Fredrik Härén’s question.
28
Education systems in the face of globalization
The shift in Swedish compulsory education
In the 1960s, Sweden was one of the leading nations in the field of education. Swedish 15-year olds performed among
the best in the world on the OECD tests in mathematics and reading. But since then, Swedish ninth-graders have consistently scored relatively lower compared to other countries, and today, Sweden has completely lost its position as a
top-performing educated nation. Professor Inger Enkvist, one of the most prominent voices in the debate on the Swedish
education reforms, is deeply disappointed with the Swedish education policy makers. According to her, Swedish education
policies have been pervaded with ideology rather than scientific and empirical knowledge. The reforms have been based
on an anti-authoritarian conviction and a romanticized perception of children’s innate ability to learn independently. As
a result, the authority of teachers has been dismantled, and knowledge and self-discipline have been set aside. Personal
development has been prioritized at the cost of knowledge. School has lost its role as an institution that teaches children
the rules of society, and “the focus is on the process, not the product”. These are harsh words, but Inger Enkvist is far
from alone in pointing out the insufficiencies of Swedish education in these respects.
Rote learning and creativity – not a dichotomy
The critics of Swedish education system gained support from a recent OECD study, the Program for International Student
Assessment (PISA). PISA is an internationally standardized assessment jointly developed by the participating countries
and administered to 15-year-olds in the schools of these countries.13 The study from 2006 showed that the widely held
notion of rote learning and creativity as incompatible abilities could be a fallacy. The tests were designed to gauge
scientific knowledge, as well as problem solving abilities through applying a scientific approach of reasoning. The results
showed that the countries scoring highest in scientific knowledge also turned out to be the best at problem solving.
The Swedish Minister of Education Jan Björklund expresses his view on rote learning and
creativity.
”There is no mutual incompatibility between creativity, critical and independent thinking on one
hand and deep knowledge on the other. Critical thinking is not about constantly disagreeing. It is
to challenge and question other people’s theories on the basis of your own knowledge.”
“We thought we were world leaders in the field of creativity, but the OECD studies showed we
Jan Björklund
were wrong.”
Declining interest for Natural Sciences
Another burning Swedish education issue is the declining interest for Natural Sciences amongst young students. Jan
Björklund is concerned about Sweden lagging behind China and India, countries with a yearly increase in numbers of
29
Education systems in the face of globalization
graduated engineers. ”Sweden is going in the opposite direction. Natural
Sciences and Mathematics skills are declining, together with Foreign
Languages studies.”
Henry Stenson, Head of Group Function Communications at Ericsson
agrees, arguing that this problem eventually forces Ericsson to outsource
research and development to China: “We want to stay in Sweden and
attract different nationalities but there is a severe shortage of engineers.
In China, 50 % of the students choose the Natural Sciences Program in
High School, whereas in Sweden, the rate is 8 %. We would like to see
an increased competition for the engineering courses at university level
as well. There are 18 000 engineers working for Ericsson; it is the same
number as the number of engineers graduating every year in Beijing
only.”
Education is a controversial topic, and the definition of a successful
outcome is very much a question of ideology. However, countries can no
longer afford to be completely independent of global influences today. A comparison with the Chinese education system
may not only provide a more multifaceted view on the Swedish education system debate, but also, together with the
opinions voiced above, result in a more nuanced Swedish education reform in the future.
Chinese education: A fierce competition
With its 282 million primary and secondary school students, and nearly 20 million university students enrolled at more
than 2200 Institutions for Higher Education, the Chinese student population is the world’s largest.14
Due to its vast size and unevenly distributed resources, the Chinese education system includes the whole spectrum of
educational issues, from insufficient access to basic education for the rural children in underdeveloped areas, to huge
investments in advanced scientific research at the top-notch universities.
But one feature all parts of the diverse Chinese education system have in common is the fierce competition. The huge
population, the competition for attractive employment in the booming economy and the larger-than-life importance of
a university degree from a highly ranked university force students to live for their studies.
“Heilongjiang province has a population of 40 million, and every year around 300 000 of them take the Gaokao exam.
How many can go to a prestigious university such as Peking University?”, Huo De Ming, a Professor at the China Center
for Economic Research (CCER) at Peking University, asks rhetorically. “30 or 40 a year at the best. You have to work hard;
you have to bend your mind. Otherwise, you will not survive in the Chinese education system.”
30
Education systems in the face of globalization
Prepare to fight! Otherwise you will not survive in the Chinese education system.
31
Education systems in the face of globalization
Educational inequities
Over 95 % of the primary, middle and secondary schools in China are public, but it does not mean they are publicly
funded. Financing compulsory education has increasingly become parents’ responsibility, and the World Bank reports
that 25 – 50 % of the operational expenses are raised at school level. The budgeted funding for education as a percentage
of GDP was 3, 2 % in 2001.15 The inadequate public spending on compulsory education results in vast disparities in terms
of quality and access to education. Urban schools can charge fees from parents and attract skilled teachers with higher
salaries, while rural schools are witnessing a severe lack of resources and teachers. According to a recent survey by one
of China’s leading polling groups, urban spending on education exceeds 20 % of a household’s income.16 Money and
geographical region decide the chances of accessing high-quality education in China, and this lack of equal opportunities
is one of the most essential challenges to the Chinese education system.
The Chinese education system: An impediment for innovation?
China is the world’s manufacturing workshop today, supplying everything from toys to textiles. To further underpin
economic growth in China, the Chinese government has launched educational policies with the aim of fostering entrepreneurship and stimulating the people’s innovation abilities. China aims to outgrow its reputation for copying things,
moving towards industrial self-sufficiency and showing that Chinese engineers can compete with their counterparts in
the U.S., Japan and Europe in the art of innovation.
32
Education systems in the face of globalization
Traditionally, Chinese education has been entirely based on one-way communication. Students read the textbook or
note down the teacher’s words. In the Chinese education system, with its conservative social values and strict focus on
standardized examinations, activities such as problem solving, critical analysis, independent fact-gathering and experimentation are rare. This style of teaching fails in turn to stimulate the students’ creativity and their ability to take initiatives. The Chinese education system also heavily emphasizes individual learning, which means the students are rarely
trained in teamwork. Another concern is that the rapid expansion of the Chinese institutions for higher education has
been made at the cost of quality. Thus, there is a frequently expressed concern that the Chinese education system, with
its non-interactive teaching and uncertain quality, could halt the economic progress of the country.
Copying the Master
The Confucian values of filial piety, humaneness and ritual are, despite last century’s dramatic changes, still deeply
ingrained into the Chinese society. These values have both positive and negative aspects: education has become the prime
mover enhancing the national economic development in
East Asian countries, but the two core concepts of the
Confucian hierarchical system, authority and obedience,
have exerted negative effects on these countries’ higher
education, according to Dr. Jeong-Kyu Lee, a Professor
whose research topics include globalization and higher
education.17
A philosophy of authority and obedience is not particularly conducive to independent, critical thinking in
the education system, and the modern Chinese history of
social and political turmoil has discouraged freely expressing one’s opinion, further enforcing the Confucian norms
of hierarchy. As Johan Björkstén, the Vice Chairman of the Swedish Chamber of Commerce in Beijing explains, “The
political turmoil of the Chinese history is closely linked to the Confucian tradition. Expressing your own ideas or opinions
during periods such as the Cultural Revolution could be very dangerous. As a consequence of this, Chinese people tend
to be reluctant to think in their own ways and express their own opinions.”
Despite the Chinese government’s eagerness to stir the innovative thinking of its population, the Chinese universities are
still strictly controlled. This is an inherent contradiction in the Chinese education system, since state-controlled academic
institutions are one of the factors decreasing the intellectual dynamism the Chinese government is trying to promote. As
Johan Lagerkvist, a researcher on China at the Swedish Institute of International Affairs points out, “The individuals who
thinks differently, who stands up against social norms and thinks outside the box, it is this type of determined people
China needs to further develop the country. Unfortunately, the current authoritarian Chinese education policy spoils the
33
Education systems in the face of globalization
innovative atmosphere while simultaneously trying to promote it.”
Although learning was an important part of Confucian education philosophy, the main purpose of education was to
obtain a privileged position in the bureaucratic system. Chinese education has thus traditionally emphasized memorizing
the teacher’s words and replicating that knowledge, and this is still the conventional concept of education in China.
The first priority is to avoid mistakes, rather than trying new ideas and failing. One example of this general inability to
generate original ideas is the attitude towards plagiarism in Chinese universities.
“When going through the papers of the Chinese students, I see a lot of plagiarized material”, Michael Pettis, the Peking
University professor says. “Once, a Chinese student handed in a paper in which he had copied three pages of text from a
book that I had written! At first, I was astonished, but then I realized that this was something symptomatic for the Chinese
view education. The master is considered omniscient and therefore, replicating the master’s knowledge is the best thing
you can do.”
Having taught at Columbia University in New York in the 1990s, Michael Pettis sees significant differences between
American and Chinese education philosophies.
“In America, you will not get the highest grade if you agree with your professor; you have to use your own arguments to
approach the subject. In China it is the opposite, disagreeing with your professor is a certain way to fail the course.”
A test-oriented education system
As mentioned, the fierce competition pervades every part of the Chinese education system. Standardized tests are the
main yardstick of a student’s academic performance, and to pass the examinations, Chinese students at all education
levels devote their adolescence to rigorous rote learning. An education system completely focused on examinations with
standardized answers has some major drawbacks.
“If the textbook says something is right, students are used to believing it without considering alternative ways of thinking
or approaching the problem. Having tests with standardized answers kills the creativity, the independent thinking and the
problem solving abilities of the students”, Qun Gu, a senior lawyer at Vinge’s Shanghai office says.
“A boy in the class once came to me to discuss a problem in the textbook from his point of view. But I had to tell him not
to question what was in the textbook. The textbook is the right answer on the examination and that is actually the only
thing that matters. I know what we are doing to the children is terrible, but what else can we do?” a high school teacher in
Beijing explains. “It is true that through this system, even the average student acquires a solid foundation of knowledge;
an advantage that should not be overlooked. On the other hand, high school students study for 12 to 16 hours a day
seven days a week to prepare for the Gaokao exam. There is no time for personal interests or your own research”, she
continues, reflecting on public concern over examinations leaving no time for personal development.
The examination-oriented education system of China is the ultimate consequence of the underlying factors forming
34
Education systems in the face of globalization
the Chinese education system: fierce competition, lack of resources and the tradition of non-interactive teaching and
learning. The life-determining consequence of the Gaokao exams forces schools to resort to rigid, inflexible ways of
teaching. If one high school moves towards a more open and interactive way of teaching, it will certainly decrease its
numbers of top university admissions. This in turn will result in less funding for the school. Abolishing the examinations,
on the other hand, would be equal to dismantling the most cost-effective and objective way of ranking the millions of
students eager to enter prestigious universities.
600 000 “Engineers”
From a Western point of view, the large numbers of Chinese graduates are often a source of fearful fascination. In
2004 the U.S. National Academies released a report, where the annual number of Chinese engineering graduates was
estimated to 600 000. In the report - named “Rising Above the Gathering Storm” - the large number of Chinese engineers
was put in contrast to the annual output of 70 000 American engineers. These figures caused great concern among
American politicians and were widely used to point out insufficiencies in the American education system, as well as being
cited as yet another example of China gaining on the U.S.
The stunning number of 600 000 engineers was later replaced by the more modest number of 350 000. Researchers at
Duke University questioned the definitions of “engineer” and in an exhaustive study in 2005, they reported that many of
the “engineers” in the Chinese Statistical Yearbook would have been called “technicians” at the best in the U.S., with the
equivalent of a vocational certificate or associate degree. Using the latter number, the quantity of fresh engineers with
a Bachelor’s degree per million residents is still larger in the U.S. Thus, extensive definitions and inadequate translations
could cause a hyped image of China as the leading producer of highly educated work force; an image often cherished by
media with predilections for sensational news. Another aspect that needs to be considered when marveling about the
recent years’ deluge of Chinese university graduates is the actual quality of their education.
35
Education systems in the face of globalization
Graduation at Tsinghua University in Beijing.
36
Education systems in the face of globalization
What about the quality?
The expansion of higher education in China has been carried out in a remarkable speed. Between 1998 and 2007 the
number of students graduating from Chinese colleges increased from 1,08 million to nearly 5 million18. Despite the
five-fold increase in number of enrollments, public spending on higher education has only doubled. As a consequence
of the deficient public spending on higher education, lacking resources, large classes and negligible interaction between
teachers and students is the reality students at many Chinese universities face.
Dachen Cheng, project leader at the pharmaceutical company AstraZeneca in Shanghai, is concerned about the declining
quality of the Chinese universities.
“Chinese universities fail to provide opportunities for students to gain practical experience from internships and project
work. The excessive expansion of the universities has also resulted in fewer resources per student, which has been devastating for the quality of the students. When I studied chemistry at the university I spent my whole last year in the lab,
learning basic lab techniques. The chemistry students today
merely have a month’s lab experience before graduation.
When we hire them, we have to teach them everything from
the start, and their lack of practical knowledge and skills is a
big problem for pharmaceutical companies trying to establish
R&D centers in China.”
The Chinese university education’s inclination towards
theory is another problem for companies recruiting in China.
Andrew Grant at McKinsey analyzes the quality problems of
Chinese education.
“A lot of learning is very individual in the Chinese system.
There’s not a lot of learning in teams, which again is much
more akin to real life and what we particularly see in business
where you’re solving problems in teams”. Grant says the
universities churn out millions of graduates every year, but
only a tiny fraction has the skills to work for international
companies.19
Michael Pettis adds a critical and controversial observation.
“It is easier to teach a foreigner Chinese culture than it is to teach a Chinese university graduate business culture. Both
Chinese and foreign companies in China prefer to hire foreigners instead of Chinese graduates for manager positions.
Although they cost five times more, they’re also five times more productive, and therefore still considered more costeffective.”
37
Education systems in the face of globalization
Wanted: More innovation in the education system
Hu Jintao, the Chinese Prime Minister, mentioned the word “innovation” 46 times in his opening speech at the 17th
National Congress held in October 2007.20 The drawbacks of rote-learning and test-oriented teaching are serious concerns
on a national level in China, and the government is eager to unleash the creativity of its population and improve the
quality of the graduates.
New educational approaches, placing the student in the center of classroom activities
to increase the interaction between teachers and students, have been encouraged in
recent years. Quality education is a new buzzword in Chinese education debates now. In
2001, the Chinese Ministry of Education issued the Compendium for Curriculum Reform
of Basic Education. A transition towards a more integrative and active way of learning
was emphasized, by “shifting from students learning passively to students developing
capacities to process information, obtain new knowledge, analyze and solve problems,
and communicate as well as cooperate with others.”21
The Beijing Foreign Studies University student Chen Li has observed the efforts to
improve the quality of education at her university.
“Both the university and the government are trying very hard. We have increasing
numbers of group assignments where we practice teamwork, and we are constantly
told to “think outside the box”. Funny situations often occur though, since the old
teachers are not used to the new style of teaching”, she says laughing.
Frederic Cho, Head of Asia at the HQ Bank in Stockholm, observes the concern of the
Chinese government.
“A central challenge for China is to maintain economic growth of a higher quality with
the help of innovations. But the Chinese feel they are not as good in this field as they
should be. India has its IT but China still cannot compete with the Western world when
it comes to innovations and this is a matter of concern for the Chinese government.”
Christer Ljungwall, a Swedish guest researcher at the China Center for Economic Research at Peking University does
not wholly agree on this point. He sees the governmental efforts of promoting innovative thinking and capital-intensive
industries in China as a matter of political prestige, rather than a necessity for the economy.
“The comparative advantage of the Chinese economy – now and in the near future – is labor-intensive production. The
central challenge for the Chinese economy is how to create jobs for the huge numbers of workers. China is still a developing country and needs investments in human capital corresponding to its level of development. The question is rather,
is there a real need for the millions of engineers produced at the universities all over China? The investments in higher
education and high tech industry are to a large extent a matter of political prestige. One symptom of this unbalance is
38
Education systems in the face of globalization
the fact that it is very difficult to get an employment corresponding to your level of education in China. Even with a Ph.D.
from a top university such as Peking University, you are not guaranteed anything.”
Huo De Ming agrees, emphasizing the education system as a result of the level of economical development and not vice
versa.
“China is not yet at that stage where they have enough resources to afford more creative and innovative education. An
examination is the minimal resource spent on education and that is what China can afford in its current stage of development. Creativity is a judging criterion only if the society can afford it.”
Is the lid going to blow off?
Chinese education is facing numerous challenges and problems. Will the story of China rising end with labor-intensive
production or will China be able to realize its ambitions of becoming an innovative superpower, despite the insufficiencies of its education system?
Talking to Fredrik Härén the Chinese leaders can be calm and confident. The Chinese
education system has its drawbacks, but it will not affect the development of creative
thinking in young Chinese minds. Fredrik Härén predicts a burst in Chinese creativity.
“My prediction is that China will become the most creative nation ever in history 20
years from now, becoming the most prominent exporter of popular culture, design and
trends. Internet and international influences have provided the Chinese youngsters
with new opportunities and possibilities to express their creativity. Those younger
than 27 years are very creative, given the right environment to flourish in. In addition,
international companies in China are investing huge amounts in educating the Chinese
employees in creativity. The society is changing, or as a director of an art academy I
interviewed expressed, “the lid is going to blow off”.”
Fredrik Härén thinks the role of education is being
exaggerated.
“Most creative people cultivated their creativity outside
school. Family and friends are just as important, and those
environments have changed most drastically in China.”
Another optimist is Frederic Cho. He does not regard the
education system or the authoritarian rule of China as
major impediments for innovation and creative thinking.
“Japan, Korea and Hong Kong are very innovative regions
39
Education systems in the face of globalization
with similar education systems. If you look at the new Chinese companies, they also show impressive innovative abilities.
It is true that it takes more time to learn thousands of Chinese characters than 28 letters, but the role of education should
not be exaggerated. China has a tradition of endurance and innovations, an ability to survive. Throughout history, the
Chinese regime has been more or less totalitarian but innovations have occurred anyway.”
Michael Pettis agrees with Fredrik Härén in his prediction of China as a future exporter of music, arts and fashion trends.
“To be a great musician you don’t have to study music…” he says, before completely rejecting the idea of China as a rising
superpower in terms of innovation and science. “…but, in order to be a skilled chemist you need to study chemistry.
The education system in China is incapable of producing creative scientists. Without addressing the education system, I
don’t think China will even be close to catching up with the U.S. in the fields of research and innovation. Just look at the
statistics, although China has the largest population in the world, it is not even top ten when it comes to scientific articles
in important international journals. China is being hyped and overvalued in the same way as the Soviet Union was in the
1950s, Germany in the 1960s and Japan in the 1980s.”
Converging education systems
Comparing the education systems of Sweden and China, it is
striking how diametrically opposite they are to each other. The
Swedish education is said to lack authority and self-discipline. It
is criticized for rejecting memorization as an educational tool,
instead excessively focusing on the student’s personal freedom
and development. The education system is accused of failing to
instill basic social and scientific framework into the students.
Listening to the Swedish Minister for Education, Jan Björklund,
who is responsible for the pending reforms of Swedish compulsory education, the picture of a transition to a more “Chinese”
school system emerges. More discipline, more tests, less independent work. Swedish children are going to be more
diligent and the goal is to climb the PISA-ladder.
Chinese education, on the other hand, is denounced for being too authoritarian and focused on memorization and
examinations in a way that suffocates critical thinking and creativity. The challenges largely center on how to encourage
innovative thinking and active learning, thus improving the quality of each year’s millions of university graduates.
Despite education’s quintessential role in shaping the minds of young individuals in Sweden and China, as well as elsewhere,
the influence of each society’s intrinsic characteristics and values should not be overlooked. Media and teenage culture
are significant factors in both countries, but the relative freedom enjoyed by young Swedes may lead to extra-curricular
activities and interests being more influential than school education. Conversely, the lives of young Chinese are to a much
40
Education systems in the face of globalization
larger extent devoted to educational activities, establishing the paramount role of education. Add thereto the prevalent
difference between the Asian holistic worldview and its Western individualistic counterpart, including everything from
the concept of “losing face” to the view of kinship as a social support system, and it is clear that the role of education
needs to be placed in a larger context.
Stereotypes confirmed?
Keeping these differences in education systems and social values in mind, we will now return
to our initial questions of this section. How can Swedish students compete with their Chinese
counterparts, and what are the general differences between Swedish and Chinese students?
These questions were posed to the China office of Ericsson – the Sweden-based supplier of
telecommunications – and its Executive Vice President and General Manager of 3G Strategies,
Erik Feng. Erik Feng has lived and worked in Sweden for several years, and sees the general
differences between Swedish and Chinese young employees from a research and development perspective.
“There are considerable differences between Chinese and Swedish employees. Due to the
rigidity of the Chinese education system, the Chinese students tend to be less skilled than
Swedish students when it comes to taking initiatives and acting independently. They are also
less flexible and less eager to shoulder responsibility. On the other hand, Chinese employees
are better at keeping deadlines and working within the budget compared to the Swedes, and
you can be confident that they will deliver what you expect from them.”
Christer Ljungwall confirms these stereotypes; the Swedish students should not fear the
competition from the East.
“I don’t think there is a single student at the Stockholm School of Economics who can
compete with a student from Peking University when it comes to mathematics and theoretical knowledge. But allowing for generalization, the average Swedish student tends to be
far more competent in terms of problem solving and implementing acquired knowledge.”
Zhang Xiao, a Chinese Masters student at the Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm,
agrees with Christer Ljungwall when comparing his Chinese and Swedish fellow students.
“If I were in the position to choose between a Chinese and a Swedish engineering student
for programming tasks, I would definitely choose the Chinese student. They have more
technical knowledge and they work harder. But if I were to select a project leader or a
marketing director, I would opt for a Swedish student. They are better at interaction and
communication.”
41
Education systems in the face of globalization
The stereotypical images of the hardworking Chinese student with vast amounts of theoretical knowledge and the independently thinking and interactive Swedish student are frequent recurring characters in discussions about Swedish and
Chinese students. On an individual level, there will always be significant exceptions, but by and large, these stereotypes
seem to have a certain basis of truth.
Who will design the future mobile phones?
To draw a conclusion from this comparative analysis of the Chinese and Swedish education systems is by no means an
easy feat, and this should be seen as a modest attempt to highlight part of a complex picture.
Concerns about competitive advantage and benchmarking are necessary for both companies and individuals in a globalizing world, in order to create apt incentives and strategies for professional as well as personal improvement. Viewing
the Chinese education system and its growing numbers of university graduates from this perspective only, may however
not be the most constructive approach. The difference between Swedish and Chinese students is not only a result of
different education systems, but very much also a result of two cultures and values at both ends of the spectrum. To apply
a slightly quotidian phrase: the Swedish and Chinese education systems may be different, but one doesn’t necessarily
have to be better than the other.
China has changed tremendously the last few decades, and is today in the midst of a rapid development that shows no
signs of slowing down. The combination of the largest population in the world, an impressive economic boom and a
deeply ingrained culture of meritocracy, hard work and a struggle for excellence, does provide both companies and the
Chinese government with great possibilities for investment in education, research and development.
But, as Cecilia Lindqvist, a Swedish sinologist with more than 40 years experience of China says, “everything about China
is true and false.” The Chinese education system faces massive challenges and hard-solved long-term problems, and could
act as both the engine and the stumbling block for China’s future economic development. The Chinese students educated
today are the future driving force of the country, but the same education system also casts doubt on the predictions of
China becoming a leading power in innovation, research and development in the coming years.
Who will design the future mobile phones then? In a world where the human resources market is increasingly integrating and becoming global, comparing qualified individuals on the basis of nationality may be a somewhat old-fashioned
approach. Skilled individuals in global, dynamic job markets increasingly compete on an individual, rather than a national
level, and this gradual shift will only increase in the future. Although cultural ethnicity still to a large extent shapes
us as individuals, the answer might be neither Chinese nor Swedes. Instead, the future global leaders and innovators
may simply be international, skilled and creative young individuals, whether they are from China, Sweden or any other
country.
42
Meet the young Chinese
1.4 Meet the young Chinese
The university students
At universities all over China a generation of young Chinese are
enjoying their campus lives. The competition in China remains
fierce throughout the whole life, but students enrolled at renowned
universities can relax for the first time in their lives as one hurdle
on the way to an attractive employment has been cleared.
-This is probably the time of my life. I have never enjoyed such
freedom until I started university and I will probably never do it
again as I start working. Pressure is everywhere, a student at Peking
University says.
Nearly 20 million students are currently enrolled at Chinese universities. What are their dreams and values, and how do
they spend these years in life? Meet the Chinese university students.
Choosing a profession
Materialistic values are prevalent in the Chinese middle class. Salary is considered to be the most important factor when
choosing a job even though this group of Chinese has benefited from the economic development and enjoys satisfactory
living standards.
Considerations when choosing a profession
Salary
Stability
Stimulating work tasks
Freedom
Altruism, to help other people
Social status
Social insurances
0
44
5
10
15
20
Meet the young Chinese
“It doesn’t matter if the cat is black or white”
Yingying Ma, Peking University
”The economy of China is developing rapidly and increasing numbers of people benefit from a rising
standard of living. If you see how the rich people are living, you want to be rich too. You want more
and more. This is a symptom of the huge disparities within the Chinese
society.
If you get better paid somewhere else, you’d better change your job, no
matter what the job tasks are. Self-fulfillment is the ultimate goal, but the
society has to develop step by step. Today, you either work hard and earn lots
of money, or you lose in the competition. As Deng Xiaoping said, it doesn’t
matter if the cat is black or white as long as it catches mice.”
Black or White?
Yingying Ma
Entrepreneurship
The interest for entrepreneurship seems to be strong in China. According to Novus Opinion more than two out of three
Chinese answered positively on the question if they wanted to set up a business of their own. The main reason for this
enthusiasm for entrepreneurship is to earn larger amounts of money, but there is also a desire for being free from the
hierarchy in a company.22
I would like to set up my own business
0%
20%
1. Totally disagree
40%
2
60%
3
4
5
80%
6
7 Totally agree
45
100%
Meet the young Chinese
An entrepreneur to be?
Jiang Hong. Beijing Foreign Studies University
“As I am the second child in my family I have caused a lot of trouble to my parents. Due to the
one-child policy I went to school using my elder brother’s name and throughout my childhood
I have been outside the system in one way or another. I think this background can explain my
ambitions of becoming an entrepreneur. I want to be independent, free and I don’t want to
work for somebody else. I have set a deadline for my accomplishments; in ten years from now
I want to have established my own business and made it successful.
My motivation also comes from my feelings of gratitude towards my parents. My parents are
not rich and I know their expectations are high. I want to let them spend their remaining years
in a peaceful and comfortable environment. To make this possible, I want to earn as much
money as I can.
Jiang Hong
Government censorship on media is a good thing
Gender roles
0%
40%of girls equal
60%
100%
Despite the one child policy which has made investments
in20%
the educations
to those of 80%
boys, the traditional
notion of women being responsible for the household and family while men should focus on work is still common.23
1. Totally disagree
2
3
4
5. Totally agree
Men should earn money and women
should take care of the household
Men
Women
All
0%
20%
Disagree
40%
Neutral
60%
80%
100%
Agree
“In Shanghai, boys carry their girlfriends’ handbags”
Xiaojie Li, Beijing University of Foreign Languages
“Unfair? What do you mean? In modern China, or at least in the urban areas, men and women are considered equal, and
work almost the same hours. However, I don’t think you should force a man to take care of the child if he doesn’t want to.
46
Meet the young Chinese
If my future husband wants to focus on his career, I would consider staying at home cooking
delicious food for him and our child.
When having a child, women tend to staying at home with it more than men do but it is
also very common that the grand-parents take care of the child as the parents are too busy
working. In Shanghai, however, where women are famous - or should I say notorious- for their
demanding attitude, it is common that the man has to come home early from his job to do
Xiaojie Li
cooking for his wife. Shanghai boys even carry their girlfriends’ handbags!“
Humanistic women and materialistic men
Motivation for working differs significantly between Chinese middle class men and women. Men tend to put money and
social status on the top when ranking what they prioritize the most when working. Women on the other hand, have more
humanistic values; they want to help others and often opt for a free profession such as doctor or lawyer when asked
which profession they would prefer if they were able to choose.
Professions preferred
Free professions (lawyer, doctor)
Education sector
Career at a big company
Businessman
0
Men
5
10
15
Women
China should move towards
democracy
47
20
25
30
Meet the young Chinese
An energy saving doctor
Kiwi, Peking University
“Studying medicine is not very popular in China. The salaries of Chinese doctors are generally lower than those of other
professions, and the work is tiresome and demanding. The social status of Chinese
doctors is also not like in the West. In some hospitals, doctors and nurses have to
wear helmets to protect themselves from angry and violent patients. I knew all of
this, but I still chose to become a doctor as I wanted to do something good for
people and I have not yet regretted my choice; medicine is very interesting and we
learn to help people. As my education is demanding I have to devote a lot of time to
studying, but in my free time I am working for Greenpeace where I am responsible
for a project which aims to inform school children about the environmental benefits
of energy-saving light bulbs. The children will hopefully make their parents choose
the right light bulb and in this way, we hope that our message will reach a large
group of people.
This summer, I will go to the earth-quake affected area in the Sichuan province together with two other students from
my university. We will walk in the mountains looking for villages that still haven’t received help from the government.
By reporting about the people there, we hope we can make the local government provide reconstruction assistance to
them.”
Changing attitudes towards foreign countries
The Chinese middle class has diverse opinions about foreign countries. In general, a negative attitude towards the
neighboring
countries,
among
Attitudes towards foreign countries
them Japan and Russia, could
be observed while the image of
Average
Europe and US is more positive.
Differences
between
genera-
Japan
tions are significant for attitudes
Russia
towards US and Japan. The
interest for US is strongest in the
2
4
Europe
generation growing up during the
5. very positive
US
1970s and 1980s. The younger
generation, which grew up during
1. very negative
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
the 1990s, shows less affinity for
24
US while their approach towards Japan is more positive.
Government censorship on media is a good thing
48
Meet the young Chinese
Why study abroad?
Li Jian Hua, University of Michigan in the United States
“As I see it, there are four main reasons for young Chinese people going abroad. Firstly, Chinese people generally consider
Western countries, such as the US, as better countries to study, work and live in. I think my education in the US will give
me more advanced knowledge than studying in China. Secondly, I want to improve my English and get communication
skills to prepare for the globalizing world. Thirdly, many students, including me, have a strong sense of calling when
studying abroad. Every day, TV programs and street-side slogans infuse in us a conception that we, as Chinese youth, have
the responsibility to contribute to the development of the country. The long-term goal of our socialistic construction is to
transform China from a poor agriculture nation into an advanced industrial one. Many Chinese students studying abroad
are very patriotic, and our dream is to gain personal success and simultaneously do something for the country. The US
has better science and technology, so I could bring them to China when I have mastered them. Chinese people also like to
migrate to other countries, preferably to developed countries. It seems that having one or more family member overseas
is a supreme pride. I know this is kind of silly, but it could count as one reason.“
Li Jian Hua going for the slam dunk!
49
Meet the young
Chinese
Attitudes towards foreign countries
Average
Democracy and government censorship: not a major concern
Japan
1. very negative
Russia their lives but when it comes to 2issues involving the
Chinese people may express various opinions about issues concerning
4
government, neutral answers dominate. The western worldEurope
frequently criticizes the Chinese government
for censoring
media, but when asking the Chinese people, this does not seem to be an issue of major concern.
5. very positive
US
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
Government censorship on media is a good thing
0%
20%
40%
1. Totally disagree
60%
2
3
4
80%
100%
5. Totally agree
“You are more upset than we are”
Zhang Fang, Fudan University
”Sure, there could be some advantages of having independently operating media but Chinese people do not consider
the governmental control of the media industry as a major problem. We are used to it and we know that the news about
controversial issues in many cases lack objectivity. On the other hand, I think you can
say the same thing about many types of Western media.
In recent years, however, journalists in China have been able to report more freely
than ever before. For example, Chinese media nowadays reports frequently about
riots and corruption issues on the countryside. This was not possible ten years ago.
In the West it seems as governmentally controlled media is a very sensitive and controversial issue, and you seem to be much more upset about this than the Chinese
who actually are the people directly affected by the censorship. I think it is a funny
situation. “
Zhang Fang
50
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Meet the young Chinese
Men
Women
China should move towards democracy
0%
20%
40%
1. Totally disagree
60%
2
3
4
80%
100%
5. Totally agree
Human rights, America and Chinese politics
Ang Li, Williams College in the United States
“Speaking of democracy I think China is being incorrectly criticized. The western democracy is too costly. India adopts
a western democracy and has serious political turbulence. China cannot follow that. I don’t want to say that China’s
democracy is best but I want to say that democracy in the US is a monopoly of the
capitalists. All candidates and their parties get money from big corporations and they
have to speak on their behalf. Because both parties in the US are capitalistic parties,
their policies are very similar and differ only in minor points. Obama supports medical
insurance to whoever can pay for it but Clinton supports medical insurance to every
citizen. Even pundits are split in opinion as to which plan is better, how could the voters
decide? Their election campaigns waste way too much money and the government
should instead have improved the lives of the poor with that money. The US system
is not more effective in terms of making proper decisions and raising people’s living
standards than the Chinese one. Although it appears more democratic, it is a waste.
Ang Li
“As for human rights, although China does
not have complete freedom of speech, it
is good for national stability and security.
When the US is drumming for their freedom,
what they forget is that they don’t provide
basic health care and education for the
poor. In my perspective, different countries
are good in certain aspects of human rights
and if very apparent human rights violation
is not happening, we shouldn’t meddle in
other countries’ domestic policies.”
51
Meet the young Chinese
Outside the rose-colored campuses
China is a country with huge disparities between the haves and the have-nots. The reality facing the young Chinese
outside the campuses is completely different to the lives of the university students.
52
Meet the young Chinese
Child left behind: “Feelings are useless”
Li Fang, Xuanhan primary school
Li Fang is 11 years old, her parents are migrant workers in the Guangdong
province and she is currently living with her grand-mother in a small mountain
village in eastern Sichuan province.
“My parents left the village to work in a factory in the Guangdong province
when I was one year old and they have only come home once in the ten years
that has passed since then. It was three years ago and they stayed only for two
weeks.”
“If I miss my parents? No, not at all. Missing my parents would mean a lot of
pain to me as I have hardly met them. Pain doesn’t help me in my daily life, pain
is not good for my studies and pain is of no use when helping my grand-mother
with the household. So I have decided not to miss them. Feelings… especially
negative feelings are useless.“
Li Fang with her grandmother.
“My parents call me once or twice a year and every time they do
that they only ask about my studies: What my scores on the tests
are and if I have studied hard. They really want me to go to university but they don’t know the reality. Going to university from a
rural school like mine is very difficult as we have no good teachers
to support us. I am trying my best but I worry a lot about going all
the way to high school and then fail to entering university. Then I
will have wasted tuition fees and years of living expenses that my
parents have to pay. I am very afraid of this scenario, as I know how
hard my parents are working. In one way, it would be easier for me
to start working in a factory straight after primary school.”
Schampoo-boy
Yangbo Huang, Wuzhou Hair salon, Guangzhou city
“I dropped out of high school as the circumstances did not allow me to continue my studies. My father is a forester and
we had no money, so I went to Guangzhou to look for a job. Two years ago I started to work as a schampoo-boy at this
hair salon. I work 12 hours per day, six days a week. My work is ok. As I have been working with this for two years now my
initial excitement has been replaced by calmness. I see this job as a way of reaching my dream to become a stylist.”
53
Meet the young Chinese
“I don’t see any point in thinking about the future. I just want to make my living for the day.
There are so many things that are out of one’s control, thinking about my future would be
nothing but tiring. I try to see it as I am working hard today to gain experience and in the
future I will hopefully benefit from it. “
“I don’t know about the future of China. I do not think it is my responsibility to think about
that. I should focus on doing my job and make sure I am not causing any trouble for my
country. The political questions I leave to those with more visions.”
Yangbo Huang
54
Part II - Young Chinese: The employees
56
Part II - Young Chinese: The employees
Part II - Young Chinese: The employees
2.1 Introduction and background
58
The Chinese universities churn out huge numbers of university graduates, and yet, there is a
severe shortage of qualified labor force on the Chinese employment market.
64
2.2 Case studies
Insights through real-life examples from Swedish companies in China.
64
65
66
68
69
70
72
Stora Enso
Sandvik
Ericsson
IKEA
Atlas Copco
Vinge
2.3 Conclusion
57
Introduction and background
2.1 Introduction and background
Introduction to young Chinese employees
“The Chinese culture used to be much more collectivist and patriarchal, but it’s different now. The young Chinese these
days are much more individualistic and focused on money and career.” - Cecilia Lindqvist
The young men and women fostered by the Chinese education system today are the future driving force of China’s economical, cultural and political development. They will become not only the decision-makers, but also the future business
partners and managers in a globalizing
economy. But, perhaps most importantly,
they are the future employees in the
world’s fastest growing economy, and
essential to the country’s development in
all areas.
Because of China’s breakneck development these last decades, both culture
and society are changing rapidly. Thus, for
foreign and domestic firms alike, many
aspects need to be taken into consideration when managing the Chinese talent
pool. Apart from the usual human resources issues of finding, recruiting and retaining qualified staff, firms in China
also need to consider things such as the cultural differences between China’s geographical areas, changes in value and
priorities, and demographical differences even between those born in the 70s and 80s. This is tricky even for domestic
companies, and harder yet for foreign ones.
This part of the book focuses on two main aspects of the young Chinese employees – how to attract and retain them, and
their characteristics. Since this book is aimed at Swedish students and companies, these aspects will be explored in both
theory and practice through case studies of selected Swedish firms.
The first part discusses China’s labor market paradox: in the world’s most populated country, with an economy long
sustained by cheap labor, a looming labor shortage in several industries risks impeding China’s continued economical
growth. As a result, the first part explores two Swedish companies’ successful strategies for attracting and retaining
qualified employees, Stora Enso and Sandvik.
58
Introduction and background
The second part focuses more broadly on the characteristics of young Chinese employees. Being the largest labor force in
a globalizing world, their future conditions and development will inexorably affect ours. With education taking up most of
their lives up until employment age, the second part explores how the Chinese education system has affected and shaped
them, and in a comparative perspective, the differences between Chinese and Swedish employees.
Background
Foreign companies have a long history in China, but in modern history, foreign companies gained entry to the Chinese
market only a few decades ago. After the economical reform in 1978, the government allowed foreign direct investment
(FDI) only in so-called Special Economic Zones (SEZs). During the 1980s, FDI was restricted to export-oriented operations
and only in joint ventures with Chinese companies, and it wasn’t until the beginning of the 1990s that wholly foreignowned enterprises were authorized. During the 1990s FDI was encouraged in various forms through tax breaks, improved
legal framework and regional policies, which offered both economical support and protection against nationalization.
This increased the amount received annually from $39 billion in 1999 to $84 billion in 2007 or around 18 % of the total
world FDI, thereby making China the largest FDI recipient in the world.25 In beginning of 2008 several new laws went into
effect, such as a labor law, a bankrupcy law and a tax law. A flat tax is now applied on virtually all industries, and there are
no longer any tax deductions for foreign establishments. China is still an emerging market, with its risks and benefits, but
it is also in many ways shifting away from its role as ”the world’s manufacturing workshop” in the last decades.
Sweden and China have a long history of
cultural and commercial exchanges. The
Swedish East-Indian Company and its trade
ship Götheborg operated in the 18th century,
Sven Hedin traveled in China at the turn of the
century and Bernhard Karlgren conducted his
studies of classical Chinese in the early 1900s.
After the founding of the People’s Republic of
China, Sweden was the first Western country
to establish diplomatic relations with the
country in 1950.
Swedish companies have been present in
China since the 1870s, when Ericsson is said
to have delivered telephones.25 In 1982, the first Sino-Swedish joint venture contract was signed, establishing the SinoSwedish Pharmaceutical Company. Over 400 Swedish companies have established subsidiaries in China, and every four
days a new Swedish company enters the Chinese market. China is Sweden’s largest trading partner in Asia today.
59
Introduction and background
“A thousand soldiers but no general” – the Chinese labor market paradox
“When I graduated in 2000, I received four job offers. Today, there are four applicants per job. And yet, it’s so hard for us
to find qualified employees.” - Cheng Dachen, Project Leader at Astrazeneca Shanghai
The employment situation in China today is complex. According to official government statistics, the urban unemployment
rate is around 4.2 %27, while independent sources put total unemployment at around 8 – 15 %28. Even considering the
low official statistics, “China is still facing a very severe unemployment problem”, Chinese Labor Minister Tian Chengping
recently stated. The job shortage is considerable, with 20 million workers entering the labor market each year competing
for just 12 million jobs.29 Many of them are young people moving from rural areas to cities looking for odd jobs, and most
of the estimated 150 million migrant workers are of age 15 – 34.30
The university system also contributes to the situation, churning out over 5 million graduates each year, of which only
around 70 % find employment in the same year.31 The old days, where a university education used to guarantee a good
job and a bright future, are long gone, and the competition for jobs is fierce today. New graduates are both settling
for salaries and jobs far below their personal target, as well as branching out to previously disregarded industries like
funeral parlors.32 According to recent surveys by the Education and Economic Research Institute of Peking University33
and job-hunting firm ChinaHR.com34, the average starting salary for a university graduate is mostly around 1000 – 2000
RMB/month. Even students at top schools like Tsinghua and Peking University are worried about future employment
opportunities, and job fairs draw more students than ever.
On the other hand, a 2007 survey by
the EIU Corporate Network show that
amongst 600 chief executives in multinational companies with businesses around
Asia, shortage of qualified staff was their
primary business concern. According to
a 2007 survey by the Chinese Academy
of Social Sciences, China’s surplus in
rural labor under 40 years old seems to
be only around 52 million, much smaller
than previous estimates of 100 – 150
million. Even though the labor force
is projected to increase until 2015, the report warns that China will face a low-cost labor shortage as early as 2009.
Meanwhile, manufacturing companies in southern China have already begun noticing signs of labor shortage, with skilled
workers frequently changing jobs and demanding higher wages. The annual average wage increases hover around 12 %
according to official statistics, whereas other sources point to a more modest 7.5 – 8.5 % actual increase.35
60
Introduction and background
The labor shortage is not limited to the manufacturing sector. Despite the deluge of Chinese university graduates in
recent years, a McKinsey Global Institute report shows that less than 10 % have the English proficiency and the qualifications needed to work in multinational companies.36 The same report estimates that with the present FDI pace and
economic development, China will need around 75 000 managers qualified for work in multinational companies over the
next 10 – 15 years, with only around 3000 – 5000 available today. Other areas of profession, such as aviation, legal and
medical, face similar problems.37
“It is truly a candidate’s market today”, says Angie Eagan, general manager at headhunting firm Hudson Shanghai.38
The talent shortage means two things: higher staff turnover and higher wages. Angie Eagan tells of an executive who
puts a job description at one level, only to hire someone one level down with a salary two levels up. Wages for senior
staff in Asia is already higher than in many parts of Europe, and Fiducia, a Hong Kong-based consultancy, estimates an
added cost of 15 % for hiring and training of each employee because of the turnover rates. Staff turnover is almost at 50
% in low-tech industries39 and the average period of employment in Shanghai is less than 2 years, with HR managers the
hardest to retain.40
The present situation is a challenge for both multinational and domestic companies striving to expand in China. Job
applicants exist in abundance, but finding the right people for the job is clearly a much harder task. The Chinese proverb
“千军易得、良将难求” – ”finding a thousand soldiers is easy, finding an able general is not” – is an apt description of
the situation today.
One of the reasons for this paradox is the Chinese education system, with its focus on theoretical knowledge and rote
learning rather than creativity and practical skills. Another reason is the Chinese graduates’ poor English skills, which
despite increased government efforts still is one of the main reasons foreign companies reject Chinese applicants. A third
is China’s current brain drain: around 120 000 Chinese students studied overseas in 2005, and despite the increasing
number of returnees in the last few years, 70 % still chose to remain abroad. A recent study by the Chinese Academy
of Social Sciences show that 1.06 million Chinese students had gone to study abroad since 1978, but only 275 000 have
returned.41
The labor market paradox is likely to become more pronounced in the future. Even with a global economic slowdown,
the growing economy and continued influx of FDI into China ensures that China will need more skilled workers than ever.
Concurrently, the one-child policy has slowed down the population increase and thus the number of future workers. If
this situation continues, it will not only impede China’s economic growth, but also its gradual shift from a manufacturingoriented to a service-oriented economy.
The McKinsey report offers several solutions to the looming talent shortage, but they are all long-term efforts. Meanwhile,
both foreign and domestic companies operating in China today must form their own strategies for hiring and retaining
qualified staff.
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2.2 Case studies
In-house training and opportunities abroad at Stora Enso
“I feel Stora Enso is a responsible company that sets a good example for local Chinese companies. I really enjoy working
here with corporate social responsibility and environmental issues, otherwise I wouldn’t have stayed in such a small
county.”
Xi Li is in her mid-20s and the Sustainability Assistant Manager at Stora Enso’s office in Beihai, Guangxi. She’s outspoken
and straightforward, and has very clear opinions. Xi Li is originally from Nanning, the province capital of Guangxi, and
graduated in 2005 with an English degree from Guangxi Teachers’ College. After working for an Asian development bank
in Guangzhou for some time, she came back to her home province to search for jobs. She has now worked for Stora Enso
in Beihai for nearly three years, and so has her colleague Gavin.
In a province and industry that has a 20 % turnover rate, that in itself is remarkable. But Jukka Kantona, Projects and
Investment Manager at Stora Enso Shanghai, confirms that Stora Enso Beihai only has a 5 % turnover rate, making Xi Li
and Gavin the rule rather than the exception.
Stora Enso is an integrated paper, packaging and forest products company that produces newsprint, magazine paper, fine
paper, consumer board, industrial packaging and wood products. The company was founded in 1998, when the Swedish
forest products and mining company Stora merged with the Finnish forest products company Enso-Gutzeit Oy. Stora
Enso’s roots go back to 1288 though, when the first share in Stora Kopparberg was issued. The company has around 38
000 employees in over 40 countries in the world today, and in 2007 its sales totaled €13 billion.
Stora Enso’s plantations in Beihai, Guangxi province, were established in 2002. Genetically engineered eucalyptus trees
are nurtured and harvested at the nursery for paper manufacture, utilizing industrial high technology in all parts of
the process. The company also has an R&D section, where tree cuttings suitable for high quality paper are developed.
According to Jukka Kantona, Stora Enso receives all the competence needed through cooperation with key universities.
Summer internships, something fairly uncommon in China, gives the university students additional prospects of learning
more about the qualities Stora Enso is looking for and the opportunities the company offers.
Chinese society, including the job market, places great emphasis on educational background due to the highly competitive education system. Although Stora Enso naturally prefers good educational background as well, it’s also a quite open
company according to Xi Li.
“If they feel you’re the right person, they will train and educate you.”
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Even though Xi Li doesn’t have an educational background in forestry, she’s both received in-house training and attended
conferences in other cities, both of which her boss is supportive. Her colleague Gavin agrees that Stora Enso provides
good training both in China and abroad.
Jukka Kantona agrees that identifying key employees and offering them in-house training is one of Stora Enso’s strategies
for retaining young, knowledgeable staff. Even though enrollment to the training programs is highly selective, it still offers
the career possibilities highly valued by young Chinese employees. Opportunities abroad is another important consideration, which Stora Enso as an international corporation also can offer.
According to the McKinsey report, investing in staff training and development is exactly what foreign companies in China
have to do for the foreseeable future. Fiducia, a Hong Kong-based management consultancy, stresses the need for HR
managers to shift from purely recruitment orientated activities to something called “retention management”, the introduction of training and coaching programs to a company’s existing human capital base. This is a win-win for employers
and employees alike, improving both work performance and personal career development.
Or as Jukka Kantona puts it:
“Promotional possibilities are very important to Chinese employees. By offering fast rising career opportunities within
such a rapidly changing company with locations across the globe, the possibilities of achieving an international career
are great.”
Fast-rising career opportunities and an attractive company culture at Sandvik
“It’s easier to communicate with the managers in Sandvik than in Chinese firms. In Chinese firms, everything is controlled,
whereas we get clear goals and objectives here. More things are delegated directly here, because the managers trust you
to do the assignment.”
Sharon Yin is in her late 20s and employed at Sandvik Tooling’s production unit in Langfang Economical and Technical
Development Zone in Hebei province. She and her colleague Sunny Wang both work as accountants and have been with
Sandvik for some time.
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Case studies
Sandvik is a high-technology engineering equipment production group, with a world-leading position in the three core
areas of high-speed tools for metalworking, rock-excavation machinery and high-alloy materials and process systems.
The company employs 47 000 people in 130 countries worldwide, and has an annual sales of approximately SEK 86
billion. Sandvik’s first China office opened in 1985, and the company now employs around 1500 people in China.
“I started as a senior accountant, and became chief accountant after only six months. For me, that’s a very big and fast
change.”
Sharon and Sunny have had different career paths within Sandvik, but both agree that the company offers many career
opportunities. This view is consistent in other parts of Sandvik’s operations as well.
“Career-wise, I want to take things step by step. I enjoy working with machines, and maybe in a few years’ time, I’ll get
the opportunity to work with more advanced technology.”
Liu Ping is 20 years old and a trainee at Sandvik’s production unit in Langfang. As a manufacturing worker without a
university degree, his career advancement opportunities are more limited than Sharon’s. Despite that, he is optimistic
about his future at Sandvik, citing the same reason as Sunny and Sharon: “I may have been able to find jobs with higher
salaries, but the career opportunities are very good here at Sandvik.”
Tool Production Manager Peder Arvidsson explains Sandvik’s human resources approach.
“Showing respect and being engaged in every employee’s career development is instrumental
to retaining them. This is essential, since Sandvik’s development is based on the development of
its employees, and if neglected, the employees will start looking around for other jobs.”
“It takes years to train our production staff, and they’re our most valuable assets by far”, Svante
Lindholm, President of Sandvik China concurs.
With a turnover rate of around 5 % in China, Sandvik’s is clearly different from other foreign
companies in China. The combination of an open, Swedish-style management, clear instructions
and goals and competitive benefit packages for all workers has created a retention management
strategy that gives Sandvik a competitive advantage in China’s fast-paced employment market today.
Innovation through open communication and adaptable Swedish management at
Ericsson China
“We want Ericsson to be a globally innovative company, where our R&D centers in different countries work together as
one unit. The R&D China division doesn’t just work on domestic projects!” Eric Feng, the Executive Vice President and
General Manager of 3G Strategies at Ericsson China explains. “Innovation is not just about new ideas, it’s also about the
ability to separate the good ideas from the bad. International experience is important in this regard, which is why we have
a systematic, globally implemented staff rotation between R&D centers in different countries.”
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Case studies
Ericsson, the telecommunication supplier with origins back to 1876, is headquartered in Stockholm and operates over
1000 networks in more than 175 countries. 40 % of all mobile calls worldwide are fielded through an Ericsson system.
With its long history of innovations, the company has today one of the industry’s most comprehensive intellectual
property portfolios, containing over 23 000 patents.
Ericsson China has 1 500 engineers working in R&D, and the number is expected to grow. One of them is Jiansong Gan, a
Ph.D. graduate in wireless communication from Tsinghua University, who’s worked at Ericsson for almost a year. During
this time, he spent three months in Ericsson Kista as a part of his in-house training, and he’s going again in September. He
appreciates the global teamwork on R&D projects, even if cultural differences sometimes can lead to misunderstandings
during the discussions.
To promote an open and creative company culture, Ericsson has defined a set of core values and company policies for
global use. “Respect, perseverance, professionalism” characterize the Swedish style of flat management and open communication between employees, and was one of the reasons Jiansong chose to work at Ericsson as well. With five patents
granted in less than a year, Jiansong feels there are no barriers to pursuing his own ideas, and to him, the encouragement
and open discussion illustrates the company’s adherence to its core values.
“The Swedes work incredibly hard on being lagom, average!” Eric Feng says,
laughing. “We call our colleagues by their first name without title, our offices
are all quite similar in size and we encourage the employees to freely communicate their opinions to their managers”, he continues and explains that the
Chinese employees quickly get used to and learn to appreciate the Swedish
management style. But when it comes to disagreeing with one’s managers, the
Chinese employees are still reluctant to adapt. “These things will not change
very fast in China. In this case, Ericsson, as a company, must adapt to the local
culture of China, within the company as well as towards the customers.”
One of the things Ericsson has had to adapt to are the general differences between Chinese and Swedish employees.
“Because of the more inflexible Chinese education system, the Chinese employees are less practical and take less initiatives. Rote learning means a lot of knowledge, but no experience in implementing it. This is not a problem relatively
speaking, since all companies in China recruit on the same base”, Erik Feng says. “On the other hand, the Chinese
engineers meet deadlines and work within the budget, which is quite an advantage,” he adds with a smile.
Jiansong Gan thinks that Ericsson in China has succeeded in encouraging innovative thinking among its Chinese employees
by realizing its strategies of an open company culture, investments in staff competence and promoting constructive
teamwork. “My university education did not assign me any tasks demanding creativity but at Ericsson, there are no
barriers for realizing and developing your ideas. You get the support you need. And in an environment like this, creativity
comes naturally, no matter your educational background.”
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Socially responsible company culture at IKEA
“I want to work in a company that emphasizes social responsibility”, Zhang Chen, a Masters student at Tsinghua University
says, standing in front of the IKEA exhibition at the Swedish career fair Sweden Day, which was held at his university
campus. “In our country’s rapidly developing economy, many Chinese have lost themselves in the materialistic, and in
many aspects old-fashioned values, of profit at any price. Therefore, I think it is very important that companies such as
IKEA show that social and environmental responsibility is compatible with economical success in China”, he says.
The first IKEA store in China was opened in Shanghai in 1998, followed by an outlet in Beijing the next year. The Chinese
customers, intrigued by the company’s “ready-to-assemble” concept, have
embraced IKEA’s Swedish-style furniture, which is available at prices afforded
by the average urban Chinese. In 2010 IKEA plans to have at least ten stores in
China. “The Chinese furniture market is only in the beginning of its development”, Ian Duffy, IKEA’s president for the Asia Pacific division, says.
One distinguishing character of IKEA’s company culture is the philosophy that
taking responsibility for people and environment is a prerequisite for doing
good business. Actively working for social and environmental improvements is
the holistic approach that IKEA’s codes of conduct originate from. Throughout
the IKEA organization these values of sustainability and social responsibility
can be recognized; from responsible foresting and decent working conditions at the factories to energy-efficient distribution and retailing. The IKEA group is also working with projects outside its business area through international cooperation with UNICEF, Save the Children and WWF.
“My career goal is to contribute to the society and environment through my individual achievements, and IKEA’s values
fits me very well”, Jen, a developer at IWAY IKEA China, The IKEA Way on Purchasing Home Furnishing Products, says.
In China, where environmental issues are of great concern, IKEA runs a project together with WWF, which aims to
develop a certification system that certifies wood as sourced from well-managed sources. Through easily recognized
labels consumers and producers will be reassured that they support sustainable forestry through their purchases and
investments.
IKEA’s values on responsibility seem to attract environmentally and ethically conscious prospective employees. “A larger
group of Chinese students consider social responsibility increasingly important. For example, there is an emerging trend
among Chinese university students to spend their vacations doing voluntary work in poor rural areas of China”, Xiao Liu,
a member of the Youth Volunteer Association at the Renmin University, says. “Many Chinese university students want
to work for a fair and environmentally sustainable Chinese society through their professional careers. IKEA will be even
more attractive as an employer as the values of the young Chinese turn more humanistic”, Xiao Liu concludes.
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Case studies
Swedish style management and gender equality at Atlas Copco
With products and services ranging from compressed air and gas equipment, generators, construction and mining
equipment to industrial tools and assembly systems, Atlas Copco is a major provider of industrial productivity solutions
in China and globally. The company is growing rapidly in China, now having almost 4,000 employees and sales and service
offices in over 110 locations on the Chinese mainland.
The Swedish style management of independent and responsible staff and flat management can easily be recognized
when talking to the employees of Atlas Copco. “As managers, we seldom give any firm orders.” Audrey Deng, the 32-year
old manager of the Asia Pacific Treasury Services department at Atlas Copco (China) Investment Company says. “Instead
we give a well-defined goal and some guidelines on how to reach the goal. Then, the employees have to work to solve
the problem, by taking their own initiatives.”
To create the most favorable circumstances for a successful outcome of the company’s management style, Atlas Copco
invests strategically in personal development and education for their employees. Together with her manager, Audrey
Deng has outlined a three-year plan for her personal career development, and there are also many courses the employees
can attend during working hours, in order to further improve their career preparations. Atlas Copco has the goal to reach
40 hours of education per employee and year. Employees also have the opportunity of working abroad in an Atlas Copco
internship program. “The company also pays the costs for taking different certificates in accounting, if this is needed for
the job. Such courses are very expensive if you pay for them on your own, so it is very appreciated among the staff in my
group”, Audrey Deng says.
Another measure by Atlas Copco, in order to increase the diversity within the company and foster a dynamic company
culture, is to encourage female employment. In 2007 the percentage of women in managerial positions in Atlas Copco in
China was 21.0 %, which is higher than the corresponding percentage for Atlas Copco female managers worldwide.“Due
to the conception of gender roles prevalent in the Chinese society, it is not easy for a woman to climb the career ladder
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Case studies
in China.” Audrey Deng says. “But in a Swedish company like Atlas Copco, equality is very much emphasized, which has
made a very strong impression on me. The company also offers help if the workload gets too heavy. I think it is one of the
biggest advantages of working in this company.”
“I think it’s hard for me to have kids and balance work and family life at the moment, because I travel too much. My goal
right now is to build an efficient treasurer team to provide the best service possible to Atlas Copco, and in the future, I
would like to be a regional treasurer. But one thing about my future that I know for sure, is that I will stay in Atlas Copco”,
she concludes.
“Brainstorming in Sweden, square problems in China” - Vinge
“It’s hard for Chinese lawyers to question authority. I try to show them there’s no prestige – after all, I don’t even speak
Chinese!” –Karin Grauers, Chief Representative Vinge Shanghai
Jie Lin is one of the young Chinese lawyers at Vinge. It seems she has taken Karin Grauer’s view on prestige to heart: “In
a Swedish law firm, there’s no real hierarchy, and you can speak out freely. It doesn’t matter so much that the boss is the
boss.” She likes the greater responsibilities, since it gives her the opportunity to work on large M&A transactions and earn
the trust of her colleagues and boss. “And afterwards, I got a vacation!” she laughs.
Having finished a Masters degree at University of London, Jie Lin agrees there are differences between Chinese and
Western students. “Chinese students are a bit shy, whereas Western students are very outspoken. This could be due to
the cultural background though, since being modest is a virtue in Chinese tradition.”
Vinge is one of the largest Swedish commercial law firms, with branches in London, Brussels, Hong Kong and Shanghai.
Vinge’s Shanghai office opened in 1999, and was the first Swedish law firm in mainland China. Today, it’s one of over 100
foreign law firms in Shanghai, and employs around ten lawyers. As a part of China’s growing service sector, human capital
is the company’s most important resource, highlighting the cultural and social differences between Chinese and Swedish
law firm employees.
“As the only foreign lawyer in the office, my role is to meet the Scandinavian clients and relay their problems to our
Chinese lawyers”, Karin Grauers explains. “We want them to work as Swedish lawyers, solving clients’ problems instead
of acting as judges. But creative problem solving is hard for the Chinese employees – you get a lot of no-answers, but if
the question is phrased differently, the answer might be yes. They’re very keen on detailed, exact instructions, and then
they follow them to the letter. Since they’ve been taught that making mistakes leads to sanctions, they’re afraid of going
beyond the concrete situation, whereas Swedes are more interested in the whole picture.”
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Qun Gu is Vinge’s Chinese Chief lawyer, who speaks Swedish after two years’ law studies at Handelshögskolan i Göteborg.
She has many years of experience from both state institutes and Scandinavian companies, and joined Vinge Shanghai in
2000. She enjoys the Swedish management style with clear goals and guidelines, which means greater responsibilities
and more room for personal and professional development. “Chinese bosses give you detailed instructions, and if you
deviate from them he’ll reprimand you. I’d rather be creative and find solutions on my own.” But having been both an
assistant judge and a provincial regulator, she understands that not all Chinese employees are used to the Scandinavian
style of flat management.
“The lack of clear instructions in Scandinavian companies is very confusing to Chinese employees. When I worked at
Norske Hydro, I was told to use my own judgment. But you can’t expect Chinese employees with different educational
backgrounds to have the same level of judgment, which sometimes frustrated the Scandinavian managers. My younger
colleagues here have a hard time adapting, and they’re afraid they’ll be critisized if they take initiatives. In Göteborg, my
teachers wouldn’t tell me their opinion, and I had to research the topic independently. In China, all tests have standard
answers, and if you deviate from them you won’t get high scores. Students are used to this system, not to creative
thinking.”
Qun Gu concurs with Karin’s observation on the no-answers, explaining further: “Because the education system emphasizes memorization rather than implementing knowledge, their theoretical skills are are good. However, they lack analytical skills, which means they often say no to assignments instead of trying to solve the problem. Even if it’s frustrating,
it’s hard for them to break this pattern, since this is the way they’ve been educated both in school and at home. With
the fierce competition in China, parents only worry about good grades, not creative thinking. This is symptomatic of the
whole Chinese education system.”
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Conclusion
2.3 Conclusion
Conclusion – a wider spectrum of paradoxes
As all aspects of China, the Chinese job market is dynamic and complex. Not only are the job opportunities both lacking
and in abundance, the young Chinese employees also display a multitude of sometimes conflicting characteristics. The
most defining characteristic is that, despite the fierce competition in school and the intensive years of studying, their
theoretical knowledge is of little use without practical experience of implementing it. As one student puts it: “We learn
a lot, but we also forget a lot! In the end, we don’t retain much knowledge useful in our professional life. Instead, everything’s new again.” A whole life of not questioning authority, memorizing the standard answers and rote learning has led
to a generation of intelligent, ambitious, driven Chinese students, utterly bewildered by the less defined, fluid problems
they must solve in their professional career in a globalizing world.
On one hand, according to a survey by human capital group Wyatt Watson, 49 % of the Chinese who switch jobs and 29 %
of those who stay do it because of the compensation packages. On the other hand, as one Project Manager at a Swedish
firm puts it: “they value money, but they don’t save it. Young Chinese employees spend their entire salary every month,
and many still depend on their parents’ financial support.”
Another paradox is in-house training, something Chinese employees highly value. In-house training has been a successful
retention and professional development strategy at several Swedish firms in China, but others have not been so lucky.
Managers at some Swedish firms have noted that even given continuous support, English training, and in one case
sponsored MBA educations, Chinese employees still don’t feel the sense of loyalty sometimes expected by the company.
In one case, a company unit lost almost half of their employees, despite their years of experience in that company, due
to a competitor offering 30 – 50 % higher salaries. This has in some instances led to a negative cycle, where employers
holding off on in-house training causes the employees to become disloyal and receptive to poaching, either by competitors or by headhunting firms.
A third one is English skills – although more than a million Chinese students have studied abroad, and returning home in
increasing numbers, their English skills are still inadequate in many cases. One Manager admits that the spoken English
is better, but adds that in turn, their professional English is much worse. “Good spoken English is of no use if you can’t
read patents!” Another is astonished by the number of interview candidates with abysmal English skills, despite claiming
to be fluent in their CVs. “But then again, maybe I’m the naïve one. I’ve been told that almost 70 % of all CVs are false to
some degree”, he adds.
And lastly, these young Chinese professionals are naturally shaped by social and cultural values, both new and old ones.
Despite the Confucian tradition of modesty and hard work, the one-child policy has led to many young Chinese growing
72
Conclusion
up with increased materialistic wealth, thus spoiling them. Some find them irresponsible, lazy and unable to compromise, or as one Swedish manager quips: “They’re kind of like little princes and princesses. If the copy machine is broken,
none of them want to fix it, because they’re skilled professionals, not laborers. So, being the Chief Manager, I end up
doing it.”
But what almost everybody agrees on, is that the Chinese students can adapt to a foreign company culture, and at a
significant pace. Naturally, there are individual differences, but given the right environment, such as in these Swedish
companies, many learn the non-routine cognitive skills needed within 6 months or a year. Considering a lifetime of rote
learning, it’s a remarkable feat, lending strength to Fredrik Härén’s conviction that China is on the brink of a creative
explosion, due to the fast, dramatic changes in society. Creativity, analytical skills, problem solving and taking initiatives
are skills that can be stimulated and developed in the right environment. Or as Erik Feng says, “In absolute terms, Sweden
is a more innovative country than China. But this is not something inherent; being a small country, it has been necessary
for Swedish companies to expand beyond their home market in order to compete and thrive.”
And above all, the young Chinese possess a seldom seen drive, enthusiasm and ambition. They have, in step with China’s
economic development, come a long way in thirty years, and their sense of aspiration and determination will continue to
drive China forward in the future. With improvements over time, their global influence will only increase, creating further
opportunities for interaction in a globalizing world, and a globalizing human resources market.
73
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40. http://www.economist.com/displaystory.cfm?story_id=9645045
41. http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2007/jun/02/internationaleducationnews.highereducation
42. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa5478/is_200703/ai_n21297642?tag=artBody;col1
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About Project China 2008
About Project China 2008
www.projectchina.se
Project China was founded in 2003, and has now grown to become the largest international student project in Sweden.
The non-profit project is a cooperation between twelve students from the Royal Institute of Technology and Stockholm
School of Economics, and takes place over the course of one year.
Project China’s purpose is striving yet simple: to
provide meeting opportunities for Swedish and Chinese
companies and students, as a means of introducing
Swedes to China and vice versa. The project traditionally spends several weeks in China during the summer
arranging Sweden Day, an event for Chinese students
interested in Sweden, as well as doing research for the
Project Book. China Week, an event for Swedish students
interested in China, usually concludes the project year
in the fall. The outline of the project is thus quite flexible, and each year’s project group has put their own unique touch
on the project features.
Project China 2008 takes place during what can only be labelled as China’s year. With the Beijing Summer Olympics, the
Sichuan earthquake and other China-related events that have attracted global attention this year, China is now fully in
the international limelight and likely to stay there. This year’s project has therefore taken this opportunity to include new
features, with the aim of reaching out to more Swedish and Chinese students and companies than ever. Below is a short
presentation of the events of Project China 2008.
Sweden Day
Sweden Day is usually one day with
Swedish culture activities and a
career fair with Swedish companies
at a top Chinese university. This
year, we decided to arrange two
Sweden Days, due to considerable
interest from both companies and students, as well as a climate workshop as a
partner of the WWF initiative GlobalFOCUS.
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About Project China 2008
Sweden Day Seminar Series – June 8th, Peking University
The seminars aimed to introduce Sweden to Chinese students from a practical viewpoint, with
topics such as “Swedish Management”, “Swedish Innovation” and “Why choose a Swedish
employer?”. The lecturers included representatives at CEO level from Project China’s partner
companies and was held at Peking University, one of China’s top two universities. With over
120 students attending, instead of the estimated 75, it was a great introduction to Sweden and
Swedish companies, as well as to Project China.
Sweden Day – June 10th, Tsinghua University
Sweden Day at Tsinghua University, the other top university in China, was an all-day career fair with our Swedish partner
companies, including three lunch lectures, a movie screening and Swedish culture activities. The event was inaugurated
by the Swedish ambassador in China and the Vice Dean of Tsinghua University. The Chinese students’ interest in Sweden,
the Swedish companies and the numerous giveaways, free lunch and quiz draw prizes led to approximately 1500 students
attending the event.
Climate workshop with GlobalFOCUS – June 20th, the Forbidden City
Thirty selected students from Peking and Tsinghua University, together with
Project China and the Swedish winners of GlobalFOCUS’ essay competition,
participated in an all-day workshop on climate change, held at a temple in the
Forbidden City. Swedish and Chinese students formed teams, discussing and
presenting different climate ideas and solutions. The whole day was filmed by
CCTV, China’s state television.
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About Project China 2008
China Week
China Week is a week of lectures, events and activities during the last week of September, held both at the Royal Institute
of Technology and Stockholm School of Economics. With
lunch lectures taking place at both schools simultaneously,
promotional events the week before, culture activities in the
evening and a career fair followed by a dinner banquet at the
end of the week, this year’s China Week will have more activities planned than ever before.
Report Book
The Report Book is distributed to companies and students at both universities, and last edition was printed in 3000
copies. This year’s theme is “Young China – Present and Future”, and centers around the young Chinese in modern China
today. The purpose of this book is to provide Swedish students with further insight into their Chinese counterparts, and
to provide both students and companies with a greater awareness of young Chinese in the employment market today.
China Blog on Svenska Dagbladet’s website
As a part of our effort to reach a greater number of Swedish people interested in China, we have a China blog in cooperation with Svenska Dagbladet, one of the largest newspapers in Sweden. This is an entirely new initiative, and the purpose
is to introduce everyday China, in the shadow of the large,
global events discussed in media. The blog runs from May
to end of October and from China all summer, including
during the Olympics. This is a unique opportunity for Swedish people to learn about China from different student perspectives, and an opportunity for us to introduce Project China.
Other promotional activities
Apart from these events, we have also held a few independent lectures during the year, including one lunch debate about
the Olympics and Human Rights.
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About Project China 2008
Pictures from Project China 2008
79
About Project China 2008
Hannes Dernehl
Corporate relations
Mikael Andersson
Sweden day
Maxwell Litton
Student- and public relations
Mikaela Kollstedt
China week
Talayeh Behfar
Vice project manager
Louise Hällje
China week
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About Project China 2008
Jenny Zeng
Project manager
Vincent Vennberg
Visual communication
Feifei Tian
Peter Ueda
Report book and blog
Valérie Pedersén
Sweden day
Makan Amini
Student- and public relations
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Kinabloggen
Kinabloggen på svd.se
ekonomi. Skenande CSN-lån, vidgade vyer och post-tenta-apati
förde honom dock åter till Sverige.
Då Peter lider av en smärre skräck för det svenska radhuslivet
lockas han av Kinas pulserande dynamik, komplexitet och oförutsägbarhet. Han är speciellt intresserad av utvecklingsfrågor på
den kinesiska landsbygden samt Kinas framtid som forskningsnation då han funderar på att doktorera där. På sin fritid uppdaterar
han sin japanska blogg, spelar hetsig innebandy och ritar pandor
som är hans absoluta favoritdjur.
Du är här: SvD.se > Opinion > Blogg
Louise Hällje
Louise är 21år och kommer från Linköping. Hon studerar
ekonomi vid Handelshögskolan i Stockholm. Tidigare har hon
läst franska vid Sorbonne i Paris och arbetat
i London och New York. Louise är intresserad
av konst och design, och älskar att åka
snowboard. Hon har tidigare spelat basket.
Louise tycker att det ska bli väldigt spännande
att tillbringa sommaren i Kina, speciellt
ett OS-år som detta. Hon tycker att Kina är
intressant för att landet är i kraftig omvälvning
med stora möjligheter. Den stora ekonomiska
tillväxten och den ökade öppenheten ger ett ökat tryck i utvecklingen mot demokrati. Bland utmaningarna finns klimathot och
att hantera en nödvändig utvecklig mot fullständiga mänskliga
rättigheter.
Vi är Project China 2008!
Mikael Andersson
Mikael är 22 år gammal, kommer från Stockholm och studerar
civilingenjörsprogrammet Industriell Ekonomi vid KTH och
Kinesiska på Stockholms Universitet. Innan
universitet har Mikael hunnit plugga japanska
och rest runt i Asien. Mikael letar alltid efter
nästa utmaning! Asien har alltid varit ett
stort intresse för honom och började med ett
brinnande intresse för Japan och efter en resa
till Kina för några år sedan är det Kina som
gäller. Det är verkligen en häftig upplevelse
att vara i ett land med så många vänliga människor i ett stadium
av dynamisk supertillväxt och stor framtidstro. Mikael är den i
gruppen som kommer pröva mest galen mat och kämpa för att
hamna i konstiga men intressanta situationer.
Maxwell Litton
Maxwell Litton studerar Design och Produktframtagning på
KTH. Han är 21 år gammal och hoppade på pluggvagnen direkt
efter gymnasiet, och kände därför efter ett
tag att lite variation var nödvändig. Därför
sökte han till Project China, vilket funkade
perfekt eftersom han är beroende av att resa
och uppleva nya kulturer. Som kanske märks
på det ovanliga namnet har Max icke-svenska
rötter, nämligen amerikanska. Han är född och
uppvuxen i Staterna, och får oftast försvara sitt
hemland (vilket är svårt oftast) eftersom han är den symboliska
“jänkaren”. “So what´s up dudes!”
Peter Ueda
Peter är 23 år och studerar till läkare vid
Karolinska Institutet samt ekonomi vid
Handelshögskolan. Innan han började sina
studier i Sverige tog han sig via ett strikt
korvstoppningsbaserat intagningsprov in
på Tokyo Universitetet där han studerade
Mikaela Kollstedt
Mikaela är 23 år gammal och uppvuxen i Uppsala, men bor nu i
Stockholm där hon studerar till civilingenjör i maskinteknik med
inriktning mot industriell ekonomi på KTH.
Eftersom ett av hennes största intressen är
att resa och upptäcka nya kulturer trivs hon
med verksamheten i Project China där hon
möjligheter till detta ges. Andra stora intressen
är musik (schlager och country), träffa nya
människor och umgås med vänner och familj.
Mikaela har tätat läckor på taket på HMS
Visborg under en övning med internationella korvettstyrkan, mitt
ute i atlanten under rådande storm.
Talayeh Behfar
Talayeh (Tallah) är 24 år och ursprungligen från Iran. Hon flyttade
till Sverige från Dubai för sex och ett halvt år sedan och pluggar
till civilingenjör på KTH. På fritiden tränar hon
samt umgås med familj och vänner. Talayeh
tycker även om att läsa och måla. Hon har
spelat basket nästan hela sitt liv och ett av
hennes bästa minnen var när hon vann en
internationell turnering. Talayeh sökte till PC
då hon ville uppleva landet som alla talar om.
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Kinabloggen
Valérie Pedersén
Valérie är 20 år gammal och är till största del
uppvuxen i Stockholm. Hon går första året på
KTH och läser Design och Produktframtagning.
Efter gymnasiet bodde hon ett halvår i
Shanghai och studerade kinesiska vid Fudan
University. Detta ledde till att hon sökte till
Project China när hon började på KTH.
landets förändring och utveckling de senaste åren och vill lära
sig mer om den kinesiska ekonomin, politiken och det kinesiska
folket.
Hannes Dernehl
Hannes är 35 år gammal, kommer från Stockholm och studerar
ekonomi vid Handelshögskolan i Stockholm. Innan han började
studera vid Handelshögskolan ägnade han
sig bland annat åt eget entreprenörskap
under ett antal år. Vid sidan av studierna är
Vincent Vennberg
Vincent är 21 år gammal och studerar ekonomi Hannes aktiv inom Excitera, den studentdrivna
entreprenörskapsföreningen på KTH, där han
vid Handelshögskolan i Stockholm. Efter
gymnasiet gjorde han sin värnplikt vid Arméns driver projektet Excitera Innovation Challenge.
jägarbataljon i Arvidsjaur, som Jägargruppbefäl. Hannes arbetar dessutom åt Stockholm School
of Entrepreneurship, åt affärsplanstävlingen
Förutom studierna är Vincent även aktiv inom
Venture Cup och åt SSE Business Lab, Handelshögskolans affärHandelshögskolan i Stockholms studentkår.
sinkubator. Hannes intresserade sig för Project China eftersom
Vincent sökte till Project China 2008 framhan vill lära sig mer om landet som inom kort kommer att vara
förallt därför att han har ett djupt rotat intresse för Asien och
världens största ekonomi. På sin lilla fritid ägnar sig Hannes bl.a.
i framtiden gärna skulle vilja få möjligheten att jobba i Asien.
åt konst, hitta på nya affärsidéer, uppfinna och att beundra alla
Vincent har även vid ett tillfälle sjungit Celine Dions ”My heart
sina par snygga skor.
will go on” inför ett antal hundra lyriska åhörare.
Feifei Tian
Feifei är 23 år gammal och kommer från Stockholm. Feifei heter
egentligen Yufei Tian, men har kallats för Feifei ända sen hon var
liten. Hon har tappat räkningen på hur många gånger hon har fått
bokstavera sitt namn, och har hört minst 13 varianter på uttalet.
Feifei är född i Harbin, Kina och kom till Sverige när hon var
fem år gammal. Efter gymnasiet började hon studera juridik
vid Uppsala universitet. Under våren termin 6 utförde hon ett
häftigt snowboardhopp med en ännu häftigare
landning, vilket ledde till en nackskada och
avbrutna studier. Detta hindrade inte henne
från att åka till Beijing samma höst och studera
kinesiska vid Beijing University i ett år. Hon
kom hem i höstas och började studera vid
Handelshögskolan i Stockholm, och springer
nu mellan de återupptagna juridikstudierna i
Uppsala och ekonomistudierna i Stockholm.
Det som fascinerar Feifei med Kina är komplexiteten, kontrasterna och den halsbrytande utvecklingstakten. Ingen dag är
den andra lik och ingenting är svart eller vitt; allting handlar om
perspektiv.
Jenny Zeng
Jenny Zeng är 20 år gammal och flyttade förra
året från Linköping till Stockholm för att börja
på Handelshögskolan i Stockholm. Innan
studierna spenderade hon ett halvår som au
pair i Frankrikes gangsterstad, Marseille. På
fritiden tycker Jenny om att spela racketsporter
av alla dess slag och har en stor svaghet för att
laga god mat, dock är hennes absolut största
passion är att resa.
Jenny kom som treåring från Guangzhou i södra Kina till Sverige. Hon pratar därför flytande mandarin och kantonesiska. För
henne var det ett naturligt val att söka till Project China, eftersom
hon brinner för att visa upp det vardagliga Kina för de svenska
studenterna. Under denna resa har hon som mål att få lära sig
mer om hur den vanliga kinesen lever och tänker.
Jenny har tidigare även jobbat som tolk i en polsk cykelfabrik och
varit pianoackompanjatör för balettgrupper. Hon har även i egenskap av chaufför kört vilse med pristagaren av Nobels fredpris år
2007.
Makan Amini
Makan är 20 år gammal, kommer ursprungligen från Göteborg och studerar ekonomi
vid Handelshögskolan i Stockholm. Förutom
studierna är Makan även aktiv inom ett
politiskt ungdomsförbund. Makan sökte till
Project China därför att han fascinerad av
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Kinabloggen
Ångest på Silk Market
Lugnet före stormen
Vi sitter på trottoarkanten på Tsinghua University, framför de
vita tälten som håller på att byggas upp inför morgondagens
Sweden Day. Kvällsbrisen är fortfarande ljummen, smogen har
förvandlats till dis och det är ett lugn i luften. Studenter spelar
basket och fotboll runt omkring, och flera par promenerar förbi
oss hand i hand. Det glädjer oss att flera av de pekar mot tälten
och kommenterar att ”just det, det är ju den där Sweden Day”.
Det betyder att de 10 000 flyers vi tolv har delat ut under den
senaste veckan har haft en viss effekt ändå, eller att de åtminstone har sett någon av de 200 posters vi har satt upp runt om i
skolan.
Silk Market är en framstående marknadsplats i Beijing med
allehanda märkeskopior; väskor, skjortor, skor, alla prydda med
välkända västerländska loggor. Stämningen är hetsig och rå när
de övertaliga säljarna på skrikig engelska lockar och drar i de
förvirrade turisterna.
I denna smältdegel av globalisering möts några av dess aktörer
i ett virrvarr av brinnande säljiver och snikenhet. Där finns
de kända västerländska märkena vars slogans inpräntats i
våra hjärnor så att blotta skymten av dess loggor utlöser ett
reflexmässigt begär. Där finns varorna som de underbetalda
fabriksarbetarna producerat under sina maratonarbetsdagar och
de opportunistiska fabriksägarna som insett vidden av en liten
logga i ena hörnet av en tröja. Där finns vi, västerländska turister
som plötsligt tycker att en tias prissänkning är värd att köpslå
ytterligare en halvtimme för och där finns framför allt säljarna
som har som jobb att mjölka oss på så mycket som möjligt av
våra överflödiga resekassor.
Det är med en något olustig känsla jag lämnar marknaden, en
kopia av en välkänd ryggsäck rikare. Svårt att sätta ord på den
diffusa ångesten men genom att ge sig in i detta skådespel
fyller man väl ut kriterierna för den stereotypiska västerländska
turisten: Rik, snål men ändå lättlurad.
På Silk market blottas dessutom ens oförnuftiga beteende på ett
explicit sätt.
För att köpa något man egentligen inte behöver låter man sig
luras av de påsydda loggornas fiktiva värde och de sluga kinesiska
försäljarnas skickliga förhandlande. Samtidigt maler man sin
stolthet och prutar med sällsynt snikenhet om lite småpengar,
väl medveten om de tveksamma förhållandena i fabriken som
möjliggjort det låga priset.
Det är säkerligen detta man gör även hemma i Sverige om än på
ett mindre uppenbart sätt. På Silk market blir dock ens tunnelseende konsumtionshets obehagligt tydlig.
Peter Ueda 2008-06-05 17:11
Imorgon är dagen vi har förberett oss ett halvår på. Tälten är
uppe, 400 luncher från Subway (snäppet lyxigare än den vanliga
studentlunchen i Kina) är beställda och alla tillstånd är klara.
700 goodie bags har fyllts med Sweden Day-broschyrer och
Sverigebroschyrer från svenska ambassaden. Godis, snacks
och dryck är klart. Midsommarstången har införskaffats och
monterats på en byggmarknadsplats, och fraktats på cykelkärra
med medföljande projektmedlemmar bakpå. Sedan har den
klätts med blommor och står sig förhoppningsvis hela dagen
imorgon, trots den 30-gradiga värmen. Fem otroligt duktiga och
engagerade Tsinghua-elever har hjälpt oss på plats, trots sina
egna hektiska scheman, och vi ser jättemycket fram emot deras
besök i Sverige i september.
Vi är fullständigt utmattade. Vi har sedan en vecka tillbaka
arbetat varje vaken minut inför detta, från åtta på morgonen
till tre på kvällen. I ett land med så rik matkultur som Kina har
vissa inte hunnit äta middag på tre dagar, utan mat är något man
slänger i sig on the go. Samtliga har ont i halsen inte bara på
grund av luftkvalitén, utan även på grund av alla ”Små grodorna”
som sjungits och alla samtal med studenter om Sweden Day.
Det har gjorts sista-minutenresor till IKEA för proviantering av
fläderbärssaft, Ballerinakex och Daimgodis.
Vi ska upp om 4 timmar och ro den här dagen i hamn. Svenska
ambassadören Mikael Lindström ska inviga eventet, och
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Kinabloggen
Ericsson, Stora Enso och Sandvik har medarbetare från Sverige
på plats, som är otroligt peppade inför mötet med de kinesiska
studenterna. Vi lottar ut fyra iPods från Scania, Stora Enso,
Sandvik och Atlas Copco, och ett särskilt pris från Ericsson, och vi
delar dessutom ut 60 böcker om svensk innovation från svenska
ambassaden. Vi kommer bjuda på tre lunchföreläsningar, och
dansa runt midsommarstången varje timme hela dagen.
Bakom allt detta ligger det övergripande målet med eventet: att
de kinesiska studenterna kommer att gå ifrån Sweden Day med
ett positivt intryck och ett ökat intresse för Sverige och svenskar.
Nu kör vi!
Feifei Tian 2008-06-09 20:10
Det är väldigt lätt att beställa flygbiljetter i Kina. Två stora
resebyråer på Internet, Ctrip och E-long, har hotell- och flygbokning på internet och telefon, och de lämnar biljetterna i dörren
mot kontant betalning. I praktiken kan jag boka flygbiljetter på
morgonen, få de levererade till dörren runt lunch, och sedan
flyga ut samma kväll. Det är gott om flygbiljetter, och jag har nog
aldrig beställt inrikes biljetter mer än en vecka i förväg. Oftast går
det även att hitta flygbiljetter till kraftigt rabatterat pris.
Sweden Day avklarad
Fullsatta föreläsningar, bejublad groddans runt midsommarstången och över 1500 besökare. Vår Sverigemässa på Tsinghua
universitetet blev en succé. De kinesiska studenterna visade
stort intresse för de blågula utställningarna och företagen
och arrangemangen flöt på friktionsfritt. Kroppen är mör och
sömnbristen överhängande efter de senaste veckornas intensiva
förberedelser. Nu kan vi slappna av och konstatera att det gick
vägen.
Peter Ueda 2008-06-11 12:36
Hong Kong: en del av Kina, fast ändå inte
Som bekant så återlämnades Hong Kong till Kina år 1997, även
om det som Special Administrative Region i stort sett förblev en
autonomi. Att åka till Hong Kong räknas som att åka utomlands
från Kina, och fastlandskineser behöver fortfarande visum för
att komma in i Hong Kong. Hong Kong har sin egen valuta, sitt
eget mobilnät (så alla våra kinesiska mobiler slutade fungera
i gränszonen) och har i likhet med Taiwan behållit traditionell
kinesiska som skrivspråk. Staden är dock fortfarande tvåspråkig,
med alla gatunamn på både kantonesiska och engelska. Andra
arv från den brittiska kolonialtiden är vänstertrafiken och de
prydliga, snörräta köerna överallt. De enda klara kopplingarna
med fastlands-Kina som jag har märkt av är alla Beijing Olympicssouvenirer, och att alla meddelanden i tunnelbanan läses upp
på kantonesiska, engelska och mandarin. Annars är Hong Kong
en otroligt multikulturell stad, med folk från hela världen och
där ingen höjer på ögonbrynen över att höra tyska, svenska,
eller ryska på gatan. Men det är först när vi har försökt beställa
flygbiljetter hem till Beijing, som vi blev varse just hur mycket av
ett eget land Hong Kong verkligen är.
Lika lätt som det går att ordna i Kina, lika svårt är det att ordna
från Hong Kong. För det första kan de inte leverera hit, eftersom
det skulle innebära en utrikesresa för budet. För det andra är det
otroligt krångligt att betala med VISA-kort (eller allt som inte är
Union Pay, ett inhemskt kontokortssystem), och skulle omfatta
allt från undertecknad fullmakt till scanner och ett par dagars
väntetid. För det tredje kan de bara garantera biljettpriset mot
betalning, inte reservation, vilket gjorde att vår ursprungliga plan
om att hämta upp biljetterna på flygplatsen skulle innebära en
risk för höjda biljettpriser (det var 60 % rabatt på reservationspriset, vilket skulle ge oss en nästan tre timmar lång flygresa
för 850 kr). För det fjärde tog det nästan två timmar att beställa
åtta flygbiljetter till utländska namn och pass (”A for Apple, E
for England..” osv för åtta personers namn och efternamn två
gånger, för att bekräfta uppgifterna), men det är inte lika relevant
i sammanhanget. Vi kände ingen i Shenzhen som kunde ta emot
biljetterna och lägga ut nästan 8 000 kr åt oss. Om biljetterna
skulle hämtas i Guangzhou skulle de kosta 1550 kr istället.
Hämtade vi de på flygplatsen riskerade de att kosta 1900 kr.
Det fanns bara ett alternativ: Mikael (som har multiple-entry
visum till Kina) skulle få åka över gränsen till Shenzhen för
att plocka upp biljetterna, och sedan tillbaks till Hong Kong
igen. Problemet? Mikaels kinesiska har förbättringspotential,
biljettbudets engelska är obefintlig, och platsen ”Shenzhens
tågstation, gränsen mot Hong Kong” är inte den mest exakta
beskrivningen någonsin. Jag fick därför förklara på telefon för
resebyråns kundservice i Beijing, hur Mikael såg ut (”jättelång
och jättestor västerlänning, antagligen den största du någonsin
sett”), hur platsen såg ut (”tänk dig att du går mot Hong Kong
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Kinabloggen
från Shenzhen. Stanna när du inte kommer längre utan visum”)
och ge de kontaktuppgifter till Mikael (”men han kan ingen
kinesiska”).
Sagt och gjort. Snälla Mikael gav sig ut på äventyr mot fastlandet
5. Skriv namnet på ett svenskt företag________
(precis under denna fråga fanns logotyperna för våra partnerföretag: Stora Enso, Sandvik, IKEA och Ericsson)
Då en Ipod är värd en smärre förmögenhet i Kina samlades
hundratals suktande studenter och svarsblanketterna vällde in i
en strid ström. Fyra C var förstås de rätta svaren i tävlingen som
enbart hade till syfte att locka folk. Meningen var att de lyckliga
vinnarna skulle dras från poolen av inkomna svar då vi antog
att alla svar skulle vara rätta. Dock var det uppseendeväckande
många gånger som vi tvingades dra en ny lapp då den första
innehållit felaktiga svar när Ipods och flertalet tröstpriser skulle
delas ut.
i spöregnet i morse. Han kom tillbaka till Hong Kong för ett tag
sedan, välbehållen och med biljetterna i hand. Tydligen hade det
varit många kineser vid gränsen, men en av de hade lyst upp som
en sol över att se honom. Det var det stackars biljettbudet, som
hade blivit överlycklig över att hitta den stora västerlänningen. Så
Mikael fick biljetterna, åt lunch i Shenzhen och tog sedan tåget
tillbaka till Hong Kong.
Feifei Tian 2008-06-17 17:10
Oväntad svår frågesport
De frågor som vållade mest problem var nr 2 och 5. De övriga
svaren kunde studenterna dra fram ur minnet och fylla i. Men
färgen på flaggan var inte lika självklar. En grupp av studenter
stod i flera minuter och diskuterade huruvida den svenska
flaggan var röd och vit eller gul och blå, de verkade även ha svårt
att erinra sig namnet på ett svenskt företag. Detta trots att hela
området var rikligt utsmyckat med svenska flaggor, alla svenskar
gick runt med svenska fotbollströjor och ett flertal företag med
Sverigeanknytning var på plats med stora montrar bara några
meter ifrån dem.
Nu var det bara en liten klick av de insamlade svaren som inte
var korrekta, men det bör ändå tas i beaktande att detta är Kinas
absoluta elitstudenter. Kanske är det västerländsk arrogans som
gör att jag feltolkar det hela, men en del (observera minoritet)
av studenterna verkade ha problem att finna den information
som behövdes från den omgivande miljön. Istället för att titta
sig omkring efter en av de otaliga svenska flaggorna stod de och
grävde i minnet. Skulle utfallet ha varit detsamma i Sverige, om vi
frågat om något litet land i fjärran? Eller är detta ett tecken på att
det finns fog för en del av fördomarna kring kinesisk utbildning?
Inte vet jag.
En vecka efter vår Sverigemässa på Tsinghua University i Beijing
börjar reflektionerna att ta form. Som ansvarig för den uppmärksammade Ipod-tävlingen var det en del saker som förvånade mig.
Tävlingen gick ut på att de kinesiska studenterna skulle besvara
fem ytterst enkla frågor:
1. Vad heter Sveriges huvudstad?
A. Paris B. Moskva C. Stockholm D. Bagdad
2. Vilka färger har den svenska flaggan?
A. Röd och vit B. Vit och blå C. Gul och blå D. Turkos och lila
3. Var ligger Sverige?
A. Sydamerika B. Östra Asien C. Norra Europa D. Sydpolen
4. I vilket land delas Nobelpriset ut?
A. Frankrike B. Ryssland C. Sverige D. Brasilien
Peter Ueda 2008-06-20 14:41
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Genom Beijing på fem hjul
Sweden Day har som sagt redan varit och lite tid har funnits
innan för att skriva om förberedelserna. En av mina största
utmaningar inför mässan var att hitta en midsommarstång i
Beijing, vilket är lättare sagt än gjort. Efter lite efterforskningar
bar det av till en lokal kinesisk bygg-outlet för professionella
byggarbetare, som alla tycktes tänka: ”vad sjutton gör hon här?!”
när jag spatserade runt i jakt efter brädor. Nästa gång följde Max
med i egenskap av midsommarstångsdesigner och vi lyckades
specialbeställa trästången med tillhörade fot. Snickaren lovade
även fixa transporten för 30 RMB vilket vi gladeligen accepterade. Skåpbilen vi väntade oss visade sig dock vara en skranglig
elmotorcykel med ett flak där midsommarstången spändes fast.
Max och jag var inte sena att hoppa på; låt äventyret börja!
I efterhand var det nog allt annat än klokt att åka i Beijings
rusningstrafik på ett motorcykelflak med en förare som aldrig
verkat ha hört talas om signalljus. Utan varken säkerhetsbälten
eller hjälm klamrade vi oss fast i midsommarstången medan
vi bytte från ena filen till den andra. Ingen av de morgontrötta
kineserna på cykel verkade tro sina ögon när vi brummade förbi.
Trettio minuter sena var vi framme vid Tsinghua University med
ett skyhöga adrenalinnivåer, en välförtjänt segerkänsla och en
oerhörd tacksamhet över att fortfarande vara i liv.
blandning av svenskar och kineser i varje grupp. Workshopen
hölls i ett tempel nära Förbjudna Staden, och behandlade
ekonomiskt lönsamma innovationer för att lösa klimatfrågan. Det
hela filmades även av CCTV, Kinas statliga TV-bolag.
Efter ett föredrag av en framgångsrik klimatentreprenör var
det dags för hjärnstormande gruppdiskussioner och kulturellt
dynamiska sådana, med inslag av både svenskt och kinesiskt
diskussionsklimat och arbetsgång. De kinesiska studenterna var
pålästa och energiska, och deras brinnande intresse för miljöoch klimatfrågor var påtagligt. På kort tid hade flera intressanta
förslag lagts fram, och efter lunch delade alla upp sig i grupper
utifrån det förslag de ville jobba med. I slutet på dagen hade
alla grupper lagt fram en preliminär business plan, och idéerna
omfattade allt från en internetplattform för klimatentreprenörer,
till kvalitetsmärkning av klimatvänliga produkter och en NGO
med syfte att minska utsläppen från fraktfartyg.
Det som slog mig var inte bara engagemanget hos de deltagande,
utan även deras varierande och spännande bakgrunder. En
kille läste Masters i Environmental Sciences, samtidigt som han
extraknäckte som globetrotter med erfarenhet från i princip
alla världsdelar, inklusive Antarktis. En annan hade arbetat
som jurist i åtta år innan han blev antagen till en prestigefylld
Mastersutbildning i International Law, och en tredje hade varit
rocksångerska och fått skivkontrakt, innan hon bestämde sig för
att arbeta med miljöfrågor.
Kina står inför en mängd miljöproblem, som landet måste ta itu
med för att utvecklingen skall fortsätta. Även om det inte lades
fram några självklara lösningar denna dag, känns det mer som en
tidsfråga bland dessa entusiastiska, kunniga och mångfacetterade
unga kineser.
Feifei Tian 2008-06-26 17:30
Kontroversiell kinesisk genterapi
”McDonald’s – läkare är lätt att vara, det är bara att leverera en
meny. Jag däremot, är en cocktail-läkare.” säger Dr. Dinggang Li
Jenny Zeng 2008-06-21 17:10
och klickar upp en ny powerpoint-slide med leende patienter.
Dr. Li är en cancerläkare på Haidian Hospital i Beijing som har
fått stort utrymme i utländsk media för sina tumörbekämpande
”cocktails” av konventionella cancerbehandlingar som strålning
och cytostatika i kombination med alternativa behandlingar som
Klimatworkshop med WWF
ännu inte vunnit gehör i väst. Den ingrediens i Dr. Lis behandlingar som genererat mest uppmärksamhet är Gendicine; världens
I fredags var det dags för en workshop anordnat av GlobalFOCUS,
första genterapeutiska läkemedel mot cancer som tagits i kliniskt
ett projekt om klimatfrågor startat av WWF. Project China hade
bruk.
blivit inbjudna att samarbeta på workshopen, och deltog tillsamGendicine består av ett virus med en gen som stoppar den
mans med trettio utvalda kinesiska studenter från Beijing och
skenande celldelningen i en cancertumör. Läkemedlet som
Qinghua University. Från GlobalFOCUS sida deltog deras svenska
injiceras direkt i tumören utvecklades av ett läkemedelsföretag i
uppsatsvinnare på besök i Kina, vilket gjorde att det blev en bra
Shenzhen vars grundare var en före detta kollega till Dr. Li.
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De kinesiska myndigheterna verkar dock tro starkt på Dr. Lis
behandlingar. På löpande band dirigerar de utländska delegationer till Haidian Hospital för att visa upp kinesisk sjukvård i
forskningens framkant.
Mark Key, genterapiforskare på Stanford som citeras i den vetenskapliga tidskriften Nature menar att de kinesiska resultaten
ska tas på allvar och att den intuitiva skepsisen mot kinesisk
forskning bör hållas tillbaka. ” Gendicine är en väckarklocka för
amerikanska forskare. Läkemedlet är av intresse för genterapiforskningen och så länge data går att reproducera spelar det ingen
någon roll varifrån resultaten kommer. ”
Peter Ueda 2008-07-03 11:16
Sedan ett dödsfall i en klinisk studie 1999, då en amerikansk
pojke avled till följd av en häftig immunoreaktion mot ett
injicerat läkemedel samt två fall i Frankrike 2003 där patienterna
utvecklade leukemi, har utvecklingen av genterapeutiska
behandlingar gått långsamt i väst.
Svensk sommarhimmel i Beijing
Kina har därför i genterapin sett en öppning till att leda den
kliniska utvecklingen inom ett medicinskt område. Gendicine
godkändes av de kinesiska myndigheterna 2003 och sedan
dess har över 400 patienter från närmare 40 länder sökt vård
på Haidian Hospital med förhoppningar om den världsunika
behandlingens effekter. Enligt Dr. Li har flera av hans utländska
patienter åtnjutit remarkabla resultat.
Huruvida Dr. Lis behandlingar är effektivare än de konventionella
metoderna återstå att se. Den enda studie som publicerats på
engelska saknar tillräckligt statistiskt underlag. Dr. Li är däremot
tämligen säker på sin sak. ”Om några år kommer genterapi
att vara lika självklart som antibiotika” menar han och visar
än en gång upp reportaget i BusinessWeek där han poserar
bland provrör och sprutnålar. På väggarna i sjukhusen där han
arbetar sitter planscher med bilder på honom tillsammans med
utländska delegationer, patienter och reportage i internationella
tidskrifter.
På ett av denna omtalade doktors filialsjukhus behandlas en
dansk patient. Efter att ha hört talas om Haidian Hospital via
internet sökte hon sig till den kinesiska kliniken i hopp om att få
sin bröstcancer botad. ”Min norska rumsgranne åkte hem för en
månad sedan och hon påstår sig vara helt frisk från sin levercancer nu medan en tysk på våningen under avled trots upprepade
behandlingar här. Jag vet inte om det fungerar på mig men jag vill
verkligen prova allt som går” berättar hon med ängslan i rösten.
En åtta veckor lång behandling på Haidian Hospital kostar enligt
danskan ca 400 000 SEK inklusive boende. På internet pågår en
intensiv diskussion om behandlingen och dess resultat på olika
former av cancer och de utländska experterna vädrar både häftig
skepsis och uttrycker försiktig optimism.
Vädret i Beijing är HELT FANTASTISKT idag. H.e.l.t.
f.a.n.t.a.s.t.i.s.k.t. Under hela mitt år i Beijing, har jag aldrig sett
en himmel så blå som denna. Och de få dagar himlen var blå
förra året, var för att det var att kraftiga höstvindar tillfälligt
blåste bort smogen.
Nu är det vindstilla. Och solen tar på huden, för första gången i
den här staden i sommar. Luften är fortfarande frisk och sikten
lika klar som igår.
Hoppas det blir fler regnstormar snart!
Feifei Tian 2008-07-06 09:03
De små förändringarna
Trots alla förändringar som har skett i Beijing på grund av OS, så
är mycket ändå sig likt. Knappt tre veckor innan OS-invigningen
är smogen så massiv att det sticker i ögonen, och även om
OS-arenorna är klara så pågår fortfarande konstruktionsarbete
för fullt runt om i staden. Trafiken står fortfarande oftast stilla,
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och det går snabbare att gå till jobbet än att ta en taxi.
Men det är de små, nästan omärkliga sakerna som visar hur
mycket Beijing har ändrats på grund av OS. De gulmarkerade
strecken vid busshållsplatser och i tunnelbanan som visar var
man ska köa (och kontrollanter som ser till att det efterlevs).
Skyltarna på kinesiska toaletter som visar, hm, hur man ska göra
är mer och mer försedda med engelsk text. Att bushållsplatser
och tunnelbanestop nu ropas ut med oklanderligt engelskt uttal.
Och framförallt är det avsaknaden av vissa saker. Imorse hajade
jag till när jag hörde någon ropa utanför fönstret, och det tog en
sekund innan jag insåg att det var en ambulerande ölförsäljare.
Hon cyklar runt i området, samlar in tomma ölflaskor på cykelkärran och tar samtidigt nya beställningar, som levereras någon dag
senare. Tidigare var det även vanligt med ambulerande sax- och
knivslipare, skrotsamlare, reparatörer av olika slag och matförsäljare. Alla hade sin distinkta slogan, som ofta ropades på en
speciell, sjungande kinesiska som jag knappt förstår. De stannade
lite i varje område och väntade på att folk skulle komma ner
med det de behövde hjälp med. Lite som Hemglassbilen, fast ett
större urval av varor och tjänster. Och först idag insåg jag att det
var första gången jag hörde det den här sommaren i Beijing.
Himmelska Fridens torg, barområdena Sanlitun och Houhai,
större turistställen – alla dessa ställen hade tidigare sin beskärda
del av försäljare som sålde krimskrams, tiggarbarn som inte drog
sig för att ta tag om ditt ben och inte släppa taget, och diverse
andra ”entreprenörer” som tjänade sitt levebröd på dumma
turister och fulla utlänningar. DVD-försäljare, hallickar, vykortsförsäljare, knarklangare, ”art students”, alltid kom det upp någon
och frågade förstulet om man behövde en viss vara eller tjänst på
vissa platser. (som kines får man sällan höra något sådant, såvida
man inte har sällskap med västerlänningar). Dessa ”oönskade
element” är numera borta.
skett de senaste åren i Kina har varit otrolig på många sätt, och
många har verkligen fått det bättre. Kineser tycker om att kunna
köpa sin frukost i supermarkets istället för ute på gatan, och de
tycker om att bo i nya, fina lägenhetsområden med eget grönområde och bevakade ingångar. Jag vet att det är dumnostalgiskt av
mig att vilja ha kvar det ”vanliga” kinesiska vardagslivet, eftersom
det förändras så snabbt det också. Jag hade bara hellre sett en
mer naturlig förändring än en regelrätt utrensning innan OS.
Feifei Tian 2008-07-17 05:39
The Great Firewall of China
Efter drygt en månad i Kina kan man inte undgå att göra vissa
observationer angående Internet här.
För det första är det oftast långsammare än i Sverige, i alla fall
om man vill ladda upp större filer och så. Det mest tillförlitliga
nätet finns, förutom i privata hem, uteslutande på caféer. Under
de mest hektiska dagarna i projektet var det en smått komisk syn
att se upp emot tio personer på Starbucks, där varenda en satt
med koncentrerad uppsyn på laptopen framför sig.
För det andra lär det knappast komma som en nyhet att Internet
censureras i Kina, vilket både utlänningarna och kineserna själva
vet om.”Censur” är ett vitt begrepp i detta land, och för mig
omfattar Internetcensuren allt från extremt långsam hastighet
på vissa sidor till sidor som ibland inte ens är åtkomliga via
proxyservrar.
Det är ganska tråkigt att promenera i Beijing. Det är varmt, torrt,
och dammigt, men framförallt kantas de sterila vägarna bara
av stora maffiga byggnader, en efter en i all oändlighet. I både
Shanghai och Guangzhou kantas vägarna av små affärer och
restauranger, vilket gör promenaden mycket mer varierande och
intressant. I Shanghai är det även vanligt med gatuförsäljare,
med all världens krimskrams på utspridda dukar på marken, som
närsomhelst kan vika ihop sina små stånd och springa iväg om
polisen kommer. Beijing hade ont om sådant redan sen tidigare,
men med ett undantag i Wudaokou är de nu obefintliga. De små
ambulerande matstånden har också försvunnit från gatorna,
och likaså alla cykelreparatörer, skomakare, och diverse andra
allfixare. Det här är fattiga människor från landsbygden som inte
vill mycket mer än att tjäna ett tiotals kronor om dagen genom
hederligt arbete, men som inte har tillstånd eller mycket till
rättslig ställning i Beijing. De är också ”oönskade element”, men
andra sidan av myntet. Alla migrantarbetare, förutom de som
fortfarande är anställda på konstruktionsområden, är borta nu.
Städer förändras hela tiden, och speciellt i världens snabbast
växande ekonomi går det väldigt snabbt. Utvecklingen som har
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Kinabloggen
Och ändå tycker jag att det har blivit mycket bättre. Under mitt
år i Beijing var Wikipedia i stort sett nere halva året, trots otaliga
proxyservrar. När det väl öppnades upp kunde man inte komma
in på kinesiska Wikipedia, bara sporadiskt på engelska och utan
problem på svenska. BBC var totalcensurerat hela året, Youtube
censurerades från och till och blogspot.com var halvcensurerat
– man kunde logga in och blogga, men inte se själva bloggen.
Engelskspråkiga nyhetssajter fungerade generellt sett sporadiskt,
medan det gick bra med svenska sajter som svd.se och dn.se.
(man ska inte underskatta vikten av att kunna ett litet obskyrt
språk som bara talas av 9 miljoner människor. Om jag söker på
”Tiananmen Square” på engelska Wikipedia, dör mitt internet.
”Massakern på Himmelska Fridens Torg” visas dock utan
problem.)
Alla dessa sajter fungerar fortfarande inte felfritt, men mycket
bättre. The Great Firewall of China är dock i högsta grad
fortfarande aktivt. Jag blir t.ex. inte förvånad över att Google
slutar fungera när jag skriver ”Lhasa”, eller att jag bara kan få
fram sökresultat på svenska Wikipedia och inte engelska. Taiwan,
Falungong, demokrati och mänskliga rättigheter är andra heta
potatisar som tillfälligt stänger ner ens Internet. Ibland blir det
nästan som en sport, så ofrivilligt fascinerande är det: vart går
gränsen? Hur lång tid tar det innan de upptäcker något (i regel
några sekunder)?
sajter som resolut stängs ner om något konstigt påträffas.) Man
blir inte förvånad när vissa nyheter plötsligt försvinner från en
dag till en annan. Man vet att vissa sajter är så långsamma just
för att de kontrolleras. Man vet att det inte går att läsa nyhetssajter från Taiwan.
De som vill komma runt censuren använder sig av proxyservrarna, och det finns till och med mjukvara som fungerar
som proxyn, som kan installeras på datorn. Facebook används
av en del kineser också, främst sådana som ofta har kontakt
med utlänningar. På det hela taget verkar censuren inte störa
nämnvärt i det dagliga livet. Unga moderna kineser är väldigt
allmänbildade, och vi kan ofta mycket mindre om Kina än vad de
kan om Sverige. Det är först när man stöter på unga kineser som
har läst hela sin universitetsutbildning utomlands, men aldrig
hört talas om Wikipedia eller Amnesty, som man inser att ”the
Great Firewall” fortfarande är skrämmande effektiv ibland.
Feifei Tian 2008-07-14 18:36
Reflektioner kring stämningen inför OS
Stämningen i Beijing just nu är svår att greppa. Det verkar råda
febril aktivitet från officiellt håll, men samtidigt känns det som
Men sen undrar man hur de tänker när även sajter som Facebook
lugnet före stormen. Beijing verkar vara konstant på språng,
och Myspace blockas. Att gå in på Facebook är numera en studie
samtidigt som den håller andan. Det är kanske inte så konstigt i
i övergången från tålamod till frustration, eftersom jag kan
sig, eftersom det alltid finns minst två kontrasterande versioner
komma in på sidan efter ett tag, men inte skriva något.
av Kina, denna gång är off-känslan påtaglig.
För kineserna är Internetcensur bara en utveckling av den statliga
Å ena sidan har man kollegor som på lunchrasterna debatterar
censuren, och något som har funnits i samhället väldigt länge.
vilken fuwa, OS-maskot, de gillar bäst och varför. (Ja, Youtube
Alla känner till det och tar med det i beräkningen – stundtals
är fortfarande halvcensurerat.) Radion är fylld av OS-program,
ett irritationsmoment i vardagen, men knappast något att bli
det finns tiotals OS-körfiler på ringvägarna, det finns gigantiska
upprörd över. Man vet t.ex. att sina.com.cn bara publicerar
fuwa-robotar på nya Terminal 3 på flygplatsen, överallt sitter
”rätt” nyheter, medan sajter som Tianya har ett bredare urval av
posters med vett- och etikettuppmaningar för ett lyckat OS,
information. (förklaringen jag fick var att det är fler nätpoliser
OS-volontärer, en särskild OS-tunnelbanelinje, och så vidare. Allt
som bevakar den senare sajten, vilket låter fullständigt ologiskt.
OS-relaterat du någonsin kan föreställa dig finns, och antagligen
Fler nätpoliser innebär dock att den trots sina kontroversiella
lite till. Av allt att döma verkar det som om hela Beijing och hela
ämnen fortsätter att vara uppe, till skillnad från mer obevakade
kinesiska folket knappt kan vänta tills den stora dagen.
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Många som jag har pratat med vill bara att OS ska vara över, så
att reglerna lättas upp igen och kunderna, och därmed deras
inkomst, återvänder.
Sen läser man även artiklar som denna och denna, som visar hur
Kina i det tysta, trots alla löften, inte verkar ha ändrats nämnvärt.
Och trots alla uppoffringar som faktiskt har gjort inför OS, och de
förbättringar som har skett, så är det väldigt svårt att känna sig
entusiastisk.
Feifei Tian 2008-07-23 10:04
Men skrapar man på ytan, är det underligt lugnt. Politikernas
strävan att visa upp ett “perfekt OS” har lett till att lokala tillstånd
numera måste efterlevas till punkt och pricka, och implementeringen har varit rigorös. Bar-, restaurang- och butiksägare har
drabbats särskilt hårt, och flera har fått stänga i nästan två
månader på grund av OS. Visst känns Beijing städat, men det
är samtidigt mycket, mycket tråkigare. Samtidigt har det gått
rykten om att barägare har fått arbiträra förhållningsorder om att
inte servera svarta (ett flertal bloggar och nyhetssidor har tagit
upp South China Morning Posts originalartikel, bara att googla),
så mycket att det har dementerats från officiellt håll både i
radio och dagstidningar (har tyvärr inte kunnat hitta en länk på
engelska). Bekanta på Silk Market vittnar om att många av deras
ryska affärskontakter inte längre får komma in i Beijing, annat
än i turistgrupper. Även kinesers rörlighet har begränsats, att ta
sig in och ut i Beijing har blivit allt svårare senaste månaden, och
många är rädda för att varutransporter och dylikt kommer att att
stoppas helt under OS.
Och kanske värst av allt, de rigida visumreglerna har lett till att
många utlänningar har fått åka hem i förtid, eller inte kunnat
komma in i landet alls. Det började i april, då det blev svårare
att få business-visum, multiple-entry visum och så vidare, och
fortsatte sedan med striktare och striktare regler. Det senaste jag
hörde var att utlänningar numera inte tillåts visum om de inte
kan uppvisa en OS-biljett, och det är bara single-entry 30-dagarsvisum som tillåts numera. Och effekten har verkligen varit
märkbar: på ställen som Silk Market, där det vanligtvis kryllar av
utlänningar, är det numera alltid halvtomt. Många restauranger
i CBD-området har sett en stadig minskning av kunder, och de
husägare som hade hoppats kunna hyra ut bostäder dyrt till
utlänningar under OS ser plötsligt en rejält minskad efterfrågan.
Och det är alltid de små entreprenörerna och de vanliga
kineserna som drabbas, alla de som hade hoppats på och räknat
med en tillströmning av penningstinna turister denna sommar,
men som nu ser kunderna utebli. Detta, tillsammans med alla
de extra hårda regler som måste efterlevas på grund av OS, gör
att alla de här människorna är måttligt förtjusta i den kommande
folkfesten.
Kinesiskt studentprojekt för ”kvarlämnade
barn”
Nu när våra åtaganden för det svenska studentprojektet är
avklarade passar jag på att medverka i ett kinesiskt studentinitiativ med studenter från Communication University of China. I Kina
har över 150 miljoner landsbygdsbor migrerat till storstäderna
för att söka jobb inom arbetskraftsintensiva industrier. I många
fall lämnar de kvar sina barn i byarna och barnen växer därför
upp utan sina föräldrar som på grund av de undermåliga
arbetsvillkoren i fabrikerna ytterst sällan kan återvända hem.
Projektgruppen som består av tio kinesiska studenter (och
en svensk) tar sig ner till Sichuan provinsen för att undervisa,
underhålla och undersöka situationen för de föräldralösa barnen.
Verksamheten presenteras genom en dokumentärfilm, planerade
inslag i lokal media samt en omfattande rapport.
Som alltid när man medverkar i ett projekt som detta bör man
reflektera över sina motiv. Är det för att få uppmärksamhet, göra
något spännande (anekdotvärde) eller för att vi verkligen vill
hjälpa de utelämnade barnen? Antagligen är det en kombination
av alla tre, men gruppens altruistiska patos och rädda-världenambitioner, ganska karakteristiskt för kinesiska studenter, går ej
att ta miste på.
Peter Ueda 2008-07-21 04:14
92
Kinabloggen
25 timmar i kinesiskt tåg
25 timmar tog den billigaste tågvägen från Beijing till Dazhou
City i östra Sichuan. I dessa lov-tider är tågen så överfulla att folk
bokstavligen staplas på varandra för att få plats. Utöver biljetter
till sittplatser säljs ett stort antal onumrerade biljetter vars
innehavare tar plats på de minimala golvytorna i vagngångarna.
Stämningen ombord är, trots svetten, värmen och trängseln ändå
ganska upplupen.
Peter Ueda 2008-07-21 12:38
Lyckligare uppväxt än väntat
Vid planeringsstadiet av detta projekt för de kvarlämnade
migrantarbetarbarnen på den kinesiska landsbygden förväntade
vi oss att möta olyckliga barn, präglade av föräldrarnas frånvaro
och armod. Vi som lyckligt lottade universitetsstudenter skulle
jobba för att uppmuntra, undervisa och dokumentera. Dock var
verkligheten, som vanligt när den jämförs med teorin, mindre
svart och vit.
Uppväxtmiljön som dessa barn åtnjuter kan deras urbana
motsvarigheter bara drömma om. Barnen, åtminstone de
yngre, sjuder av energi och skratt när de i stora grupper driver
omkring i den vackra naturen; bland risfält, vattenfall och branta
berg. Detta att jämföra med de kinesiska stadsbarnens individuella pluggande, strikta schemabeläggning och smogtyngda
stadsmiljö.
”De här barnen är lyckligare än jag någonsin var under min
uppväxt.” muttrar universitetsstudenten Wong, själv uppvuxen
i Beijing. ” Visst är deras tillvaro inte optimal men det är heller
inte stadsbarnens. Jag hade behövt en volontärarbetare som
underhållit och muntrat upp mig under rasterna mellan pluggpassen.” fortsätter han.
Föräldrarnas frånvaro är förvisso ett betydande problem för
dessa barn. Man märker hur ivriga de är att få kontakt med
oss unga vuxna då vår åldersgrupp utgör ett tomt hål i byns
demografi. Enligt enkätsvaren vi samlar in är det framför allt
en saknad av någon att diskutera sina problem med som plågar
vissa av barnen. ”När jag är rädd eller ledsen har jag ingen att
vända mig till ” är en då och då förekommande kommentar.
Men far- och morföräldrarna är i de flesta fall närvarande och
i de fall föräldrarna skaffat barn tidigt i sina liv är dessa faktiskt
inte mycket äldre än stora delar av den svenska föräldrakåren.
Många av barnen får därmed den uppmärksamhet och kärlek
de behöver från hälso- och åldersmässigt inte alltför besvärade
far- och morföräldrar. (Självklart är de individuella fallen mycket
varierande)
Den materiella nivån i denna by är förvisso inte hög men långt
ifrån katastrofal. TV, rinnande vatten och ordentliga hus är
standard. Enligt byborna vi talar med är det till följd av att
utländska fabrikerna tillåtits etablera sig i Kina och den inkomst
som föräldrarna där genererar som detta lyft kunnat åstadkommas. Det ska förvisso has i åtanke att denna by är relativt
välmående jämfört med andra kinesiska landsbygdsområden.
De som lider mest i dessa migrantarbetarfamiljer är nog inte
barnen. Just i denna by verkar de ha de har en relativt lycklig
uppväxt, miljömässigt och materiellt, och trots avsaknaden av
kontakt med föräldrarna har de stöd från mor och farföräldrar.
De största uppoffringarna gör nog föräldrarna själva. De jobbar
i kopiösa mängder för att familjen hemma i byn ska leva bättre
och för den hägrande drömmen om barnens universitetsstudier.
Sinnestämningen hos barnen går dock från mycket gladlynt i
låga årskurser mot en accelererande grad av ångest i takt med
stigande ålder. Ju närmare den mindre tilltalande verkligheten
barnen inser att de kommer, desto mer oro kan vi observera. De
vet att det liv som väntar dem som vuxna inte är lika sorglöst
som deras tidiga barndom.
Men än så länge ljuder skratten genom Sichuans berglandskap.
Peter Ueda 2008-07-24 18:00
93
Kinabloggen
Tomt ekande universitetshets
Vad vill du bli när du blir stor? Är en klassisk fråga att ställa till
ett barn. När vi frågar de kvarlämnade barnen på landsbygden är
standardsvaret givet.
”Gå på universitet”.
Det är alltså inget yrke eller familjebildning som barnen drömmer
om utan en ospecificerad tillvaro som universitetsstudent.
Antagligen svarar de så för att de vet att det är svaret som alla vill
höra. De meritokratiska värderingarna genomsyrar det kinesiska
samhället och måttstocken för ens barns framgång är i stor
utsträckning rankingen på det universitet som barnet tar sig in
på. Att få en plats på ett bra universitet är dock så pass svårt att
det inte finns utrymme att fundera över livet efter universitetet.
Slutmålet, i både barnens och föräldrarnas ögon, blir därför just
universitet och det bästa möjliga universitetet utifrån barnets
kapacitet.
Även på landsbygden är dessa värderingar de vanligast förekommande. När föräldrarna ringer hem är det framför allt studieresultat de frågar sina barn om och när vi undrar vad som är de
arbetande föräldrarnas största oro svarar mor- och farföräldrarna
att det är att barnet ska komma in på universitet men att de inte
ska ha råd med terminsavgifterna.
Barnen vet om detta, men många av dem har på känn att det inte
riktigt räcker med hårt jobb från deras sida.
”Våra lärare är inte alls entusiastiska när de undervisar. De bara
står och läser innantill hela lektionen. Sen går de och spelar
Mahjong.” säger en flicka vi talar med. ”När jag inte förstår
någonting i boken, har jag ingen att fråga.” fortsätter hon.
Även med den bästa möjliga support från erfarna lärare och
omhändertagande föräldrar är konkurrensen om universitetsplatserna knivskarp i Kina. Att från denna skola ta sig till attraktivt
universitetet i Beijing eller Shanghai är nästintill omöjligt.
Med rigorös självdisciplin och stor talang kan några av barnen
dock möjligen nå yrkesutbildningar eller högre utbildningar av
lägre prestigegrad lokalt. För övriga är vägen till fabriksgolven
utstakad.
Ett uttalat mål för vårt projekt är att uppmuntra barnens studier
för att få dem att kämpa sig uppför den sociala stegen, men alla
håller inte med.
”Föreställ dig hur dessa barn mår när deras föräldrar ringer
hem och undrar hur det går med studierna. De vet hur hårt
föräldrarna arbetar, och de tror att de inte kommer att kunna
uppfylla sina föräldrars drömmar.” säger Wong, en gruppmedlem. ”Självklart är det viktigt för oss att hitta de talanger som
kan förverkliga klassresan och uppmuntra dem, men för övriga
kanske vi bara spär på ångesten. Det är lätt för oss naiva medelklassbarn att säga att de ska kämpa hårdare men verkligheten är
inte så enkel.”
Peter Ueda 2008-07-27 19:10
Kinesisk spritkultur
”Jag gör det för lagets skull, döm mig inte”
Mr. Sun, har ända sedan resans start uttryckt en stressad oro
över den stundande middagen med de lokala politikerna i
Xuanhan. Varje möte sedan avresan har haft en punkt på dagordningen som behandlat denna middag och hur vi ska förhålla sig
till hans oundvikliga etanolintoxikation samt hans därav följande
beteende. Som ledare för vår projektgrupp är det han som får
ta alla skålarna med de olika politikerna - viktiga kontakter för
genomförandet av vårt projekt - och att tacka nej är förstås inte
aktuellt enligt kinesisk spritkultur. Hans öde är därmed beseglat.
Mr. Sun ler sammanbitet när vi går in på restaurangen. Till
mig ber han om ursäkt i förväg. ”Förlåt att jag kommer att bli
odrägligt full, det här är kinesisk spritkultur och nödvändigt för
att underhålla kontakterna. Vill du göra affärer i Kina måste du
supa med dina affärspartners. Annars går det inte.” Han placerar
de yngsta studenterna vid något han kallar ett ”säkerhetsbord”
beläget längst ifrån de skålivriga politikerna och lovar att försöka
skydda oss alla så gott det går.
Sedan sätter skålandet igång. Och han går in med levern som
insats. Mr. Sun tömmer glas efter glas med kinesisk starksprit
tillsammans med de välmående politikerna och blir följaktligen
redlöst full. Han hinner krossa två ölflaskor, ramla över bordet så
att porslin krasas och mat spills och spy storslaget över sin stol
innan han blir så pass medgörlig att vi enligt i förväg utarbetat
flödesschema kan släpa hem honom till hotellet.
Vid det laget hade politikerna redan gått hem.
Peter Ueda 2008-07-23 23:30
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Kinabloggen
Wong vill rädda världen
Det mest bestående intrycket från denna resa är, förutom de
kvarlämnade barnens problematiska situation och ett grumligt
samvete som konsument, de kinesiska studenternas väl uttalade
idealism. De vill förändra och förbättra och är angelägna om
att Kina ska utvecklas till ett rättvist och hållbart samhälle.
Debatterna duggar tätt om vad som bör göras för barnen ur ett
långsiktigt perspektiv. Bättre utbildning? Stöd till jordbrukarna?
Möjligheter för barnen att följa med sina föräldrar till städerna?
Och framför allt, vilka är de psykologiska konsekvenserna på
samhällsnivå av att en hel generation landsbygdsbarn växer upp
utan föräldrar?
på omvärlden genom satsningar på militär, rymdutflykter och
OS men skulle vi lyckas med detta skulle jag bli oerhört mycket
stoltare över mitt land” säger han och tillägger. ”Men kanske är
jag bara en naiv student i periferin utan koll på makroekonomi…”
Möjligen är de kinesiska studenternas idealism en motreaktion
som tas ut i förskott mot den materialistiska och individualistiska
cynism som väntar dem i arbetslivet. Men Wongs åsikter finns
definitivt i deras tankespektrum. Förhoppningsvis kan han och
de andra projektmedlemmarna konservera sin ”rädda-världendrive” tills det är dags för dem att ta över rodret och navigera
Kina genom nya tider.
Peter Ueda 2008-07-29 13:41
Reflektioner och Fuwa-förbannelser
Wong, en projektmedlem, resonerar såhär:
”Det är de arbetskraftintensiva industriernas framväxt i Kina som
gjort att förhållandena i denna by förbättrats avsevärt. Bönderna
har migrerat för att arbeta och ger med inkomsten den i byn
kvarvarande familjen ett bättre liv. Det är positivt och fabrikernas
roll ska därför även betraktas utifrån detta perspektiv. Å andra
sidan är det de undermåliga livsmiljöerna och låga lönerna
i fabrikerna som berövar föräldrar och barn en gemensam
uppväxt. Arbetarna och barnen betalar genom sitt lidande priset
för att konsumenterna i väst och i Kina ska kunna köpa billiga
varor. Det är egentligen etiskt förkastligt att vi inte kan hoppa
över steget med exploaterade arbetare. Men jag tror knappast
att de flesta företagen, utan påtryckningar från konsumenternas
sida, självmant kommer att göra något åt situationen och konsumenter tenderar ju inte att reflektera över etik som de inte tycker
sig ha direkt koppling till. I slutändan är det bara regeringen som
kan göra något åt arbetarnas situation i Kina. Tänk om hela Kina
successivt och försiktigt skulle implementera drägliga förutsättningar i alla fabriker som möjliggör att barnen lever tillsammans
med sina föräldrar. Visst skulle den ekonomiska utvecklingen
gå långsammare, produkterna bli dyrare över hela världen och
en del produktion skulle förloras till andra länder. Men ingen
kan konkurrera med Kina när det gäller skalproduktion. Det är
vi, om något land, som kan sätta en ny internationell standard
för en socialt och miljömässigt hållbar samhällsmodell vilket är
något västvärlden inte har lyckats med. Vi försöker imponera
Jag har hela tiden sett positivt på OS i Beijing. Liksom många
andra har jag sett det här som en chans till ökad utveckling
och öppenhet, där press och kritik från omvärlden skulle leda
till förbättringar. Och även om det argumentet kan tyckas vara
väl naivt, så har jag åtminstone sett det som ett event med det
kinesiska folkets fulla stöd. Kina är ett jätteland har jag sagt, alla
förändringar sker långsamt, men OS kommer att vara ett steg i
rätt riktning.
Men nu växer känslan av obehag inför OS sig allt starkare. Det
hade varit så mycket lättare om jag hade kunnat peka på ett
enda, avgörande moment, som har fått mig att ändra inställning.
Istället är det otaliga små saker, som tillsammans samlar sig till
ett olycksbådande faktum: OS är världens största folkfest, men
för Kina är festen det viktiga, inte folket.
Att ta upp alla saker är i princip omöjligt, även om många
nyhetsartiklar gör ett försök. Men i vilken ände ska man börja?
De rigorösa säkerhetsåtgärderna kanske, med allt från spårhundar, luftvärnsmissiler, säkerhetskontroller på tunnelbanor
(ska de börja på bussar också efter explosionerna i Yunnan?)
till restriktioner på varutransporter in till och ut från Beijing,
inklusive privat post (USB-stickor får tydligen inte skickas ut
förrän efter OS, fråga Peter). Att ta sig in och ut från Beijing blir
allt svårare, och utlänningars visumproblem ska vi bara inte tala
om. Långsamt innesluts invånarna i Beijing i en liten bubbla –
som om det skulle vara en garanti för ökad säkerhet. Samtidigt
kommer till och med kinesiska turistbyrån med statistik om att
bara 77 % av alla femstjärniga hotell är bokade, och bara 44 %
av alla fyrstjärniga. Anstormningen av turister, vare sig inhemska
eller utländska, fortsätter att lysa med sin frånvaro.
Samtidigt så rensas Beijing upp med en fanatisk nit och rigiditet
som ibland leder till bisarra resultat. Nu pratar vi inte ens om min
nostalgi efter det kinesiska vardagslivet, vi pratar om att restauranger inte får servera sallad för att deras serveringstillstånd bara
omfattar nudlar.
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Kinabloggen
Även om Kina i allra högsta grad är en polisstat, finns det tillfällen
då utökad säkerhet kan vara befogat. USA gjorde det efter 9/11
t.ex. Men säkerhetsåtgärderna i Beijing är så arbiträra, så svårtolkade, så vitt omfattande och så nyckfullt implementerade att
de har förvandlats från behövliga till klassisk kinesisk byråkrati:
en skiftande labyrint, där information aldrig är tillförlitlig och
loopholes hela tiden öppnas och stängs. Istället för att inge en
känsla av säkerhet, känner man bara förvirring och oro. Vilka
regler gäller, och kommer de att ändras imorgon? Känner jag
någon som kan hjälpa mig att få det här fixat?
Och stämningen bland kineserna själva har också ändrats. Den
genuina stoltheten finns kvar, men inte så mycket glädjen. Sägs
det något positivt, så är det med ett sammanbitet leende och
uttryck som “härda ut”, “anpassa sig”, “det här är viktigt för Kina”
förekommer allt oftare.
Och sägs det något negativt, så är det t.ex. i form av 福娃灾难
论, eller ”The Five Fuwa of the Apocalypse”, som har spritts på
kinesiska hemsidor och sedan censurerats. (Fuwa kan översättas som lyckodockor) Istället för att representera lycka och
välgång, har de blivit föremål för vidskeplighet. Beibei, den blåa
fisken, har fått symbolisera alla översvämningar i södra Kina i
sommar. Jingjing, pandan, symboliserar jordbävningen i Sichuan,
pandaprovinsen. Huanhuan, den olympiska elden, symboliserar
alla kontroverser kring OS-facklan. Yingying, den tibetanska
antilopen, symboliserar protesterna i Tibet. Svalan Nini har
inspirerats av motiven på de drakar som barn ofta leker med,
och representerar antingen tågkraschen nära Weifang, känd som
”City of Kites”, eller den skenande prisinflationen.
OS börjar om två veckor. Hur kommer stämningen i staden att
vara då?
ilska över hyckleriet och censuren är förståeligt, men reaktionerna går utanför det. Det känns som om många tar tillfället i akt
att befästa sin rädsla och avsky för hela Kina, ofta utan att ha
någon större kunskap om landet eller intresse för att reducera
denna okunskap.
Jag påstår inte heller att jag har någon större kunskap om Kina,
men jag har kommit fram till ett fåtal väsentliga slutsatser. En av
dessa är att allt jag har hört om Kina är både sant och falskt, rätt
och fel, där det alltid finns flera sidor av samma mynt.
En annan är att efter ett år i landet, insåg jag verkligen hur
obetydliga mina kunskaper om landet var.
En tredje är att ingen någonsin kommer att kunna tillräckligt
mycket för att ge en helhetsbild av alla aspekter.
Visst kan samma slutsatser tillämpas på livet i allmänhet. Men
just ifråga om Kina är förmågan att se saker ur flera perspektiv
nödvändig för att få en djupare förståelse av landet. Och den
rädsla, okunskap och fientlighet som har riktats mot Kina de
senaste dagarna gör mig mörkrädd. Man kan inte bara ta till sig
den information som passar ens åsikter, utesluta resten och tro
att man därmed har ökat sin förståelse för landet.
Kina är större än man kan begripa, mer mångfacetterat än man
kan greppa, och idag i allra högsta grad för betydelsefull för att
ignorera.
Min mening med de senaste inläggen var att uttrycka min
besvikelse inför den kinesiska regeringens handlande i frågan om
Internetcensurering. Det har jag gjort med all önskvärd tydlighet.
Men jag vill även uttrycka att en hel del också har förbättrats tack
vare OS – trafiken rullar på för första gången på flera år, de nya
tunnelbanorna är fantastiska, och Beijingborna kommer att ha
stor nytta av både utbyggnaden av flygplatsen och sportanläggningarna efteråt. Och framför allt har den kinesiska regeringen de
senaste trettio åren åstadkommit väsentligt fler förbättringar än
försämringar för kineserna själva, vilket den här internationella
rapporten kanske säger någonting om.
Feifei Tian 2008-07-25 11:33
Eftertanke
Jag är fortfarande besviken på kinesiska regeringen och IOK:s
handlande (även om de delvis verkar ha ändrat sig), men de
senaste dagarnas reaktioner på nyheten om Internetcensuren
har varit både beklämmande och skrämmande. Besvikelse och
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Kinabloggen
ledare och kritik mot folket. Om västerländsk media kritiserar
Kinas regering tar vi kritiken som anklagelser mot folket,
kulturen, ja hela Kina, och blir följaktligen upprörda. Vi har ett
mer nationellt och kollektivistiskt mind-set. Jag förstår om ni blir
förvånade när er regeringskritik svaras med kinesisk folkstorm
men det är en kulturell skillnad.
86 % av alla kineser är nöjda med riktningen för landets
utveckling och 84 % är nöjda med ekonomin. Båda siffrorna är
högst i världen. (och den som tror att över 1,1 miljard kineser är
hjärntvättade får gärna försöka argumentera för det.)
Väldigt, väldigt få kineser tycker att det var bättre förr.
Nej, allt är inte bra i Kina. Men allt är inte dåligt heller.
En vecka innan invigningen av OS, är förmågan att se saker ur
flera perspektiv ifråga om Kina viktigare än någonsin.
Feifei Tian 2008-08-01 20:45
Demo…krati?
Detta är en intervju med Wei som studerar juridik i Beijing.
Hallå där Wei! Vad vet och tycker du om incidenten på
Himmelska fridens torg 1989?
- I Kina är regeringen inte öppen om vad som egentligen hände.
I våra historieböcker står det att det var ett antal studenter som
protesterade på Himmelska fridens torg men inga detaljer är
angivna. Men det är så det fungerar i Kina. Alla, åtminstone
de runt omkring mig, vet att informationen vi förses med om
kontroversiella frågor inte är tillförlitlig. Vi universitetsstudenter
införskaffar och delar ofta filmer och rapporter om Kina från
utlandet och är därför ganska väl uppdaterade. Vi vet att det var
studentprotester som resulterade i att regeringen satte in militär
och ett stort antal studenter dödades. Det är ett oacceptabelt
beteende av en regering. Studenterna hade fel i sakfrågorna
tycker jag, men en regering får aldrig göra på det sättet. Men nu
har det gått lång tid sedan dess och jag tycker det är onödigt att
spendera energi på att uppröras över det som hände då. Vi har
viktigare utmaningar framför oss.
Vad tycker du om att media är statligt kontrollerad i Kina?
Det är synd. Jag tycker media ska rapportera fritt. I väst verkar
det vara en mycket känslig fråga, det där med statlig inblandning
i media men för oss är det inget större problem, vi är vana vid
att ha det på detta sätt och vi vet om att det är vinklade nyheter
som sänds. Det är lite löjligt av regeringen att vara så orolig över
kritiska nyheter, de borde ha större självförtroende än så, men
jag tror att alla nyheter, även de i väst, är vinklade på ett eller
annat sätt. På internet råder ett friare debattklimat och tillgången
till information är större där.
Vad tycker du om västerländsk medias kritiska attityd gentemot
Kina inför OS?
Egentligen tror jag inte att den underliggande konflikten är
särskilt stor. Tror det handlar mer om misslyckad kommunikation
från båda sidor. I väst verkar ni skilja väldigt tydligt på regering
och folk. Att kritisera regeringar verkar vara någon sorts kultur
hos er. I Kina däremot har vi svårare att skilja på kritik mot våra
Kina är en stormakt nu och stormakter väcker känslor. Är det inte
dags att vänjas sig vid internationell kritik?
I skolan får vi lära oss om Kinas storslagna historia och kulturella
arv. Samtidigt ser vi att vi idag ligger efter västvärlden i rikedom,
teknik och samhällsutveckling. Detta ger upphov till en motsägelsefull självkänsla hos oss kineser. Å ena sidan har vi ett stort
självförtroende för vår stolta kultur och historia. Å andra sidan
lider vi av ett mindervärdeskomplex då vi uppenbarligen inte lika
bra som väst inom många områden. Detta gör kanske att kineser
är känsliga för kritik från väst.
Vi känner att vi borde vara bättre än er men vet att vi inte är det
och tar därför lätt åt oss och känner oss förolämpade. Vi har inte
hittat en stabil självkänsla i internationella sammanhang i vilken
vi kan buffra negativa känslor som uppstår till följd av kritik. Men
det är som du säger, det är dags att vänja sig.
I väst tycker man att det är viktigt med demokratiska val, vad
tycker du om dina ledares legitimitet att regera landet?
Låt oss säga att vi skulle ha val som de har i USA. Vi skulle t.ex. få
välja mellan två kandidater till premiärministerposten. Det kan
tyckas mer rättvist, men egentligen, de hypotetiska kandidaterna
till posten har ju gått samma väg till sina höga positioner som
premiärministern idag har gått. Dessutom tror jag inte kineser
bryr sig mycket om sådant. Så länge partiets ungdomsförbund
är öppet för alla är det egentliga problemet inte bristen på
allmänna val, utan snarare bristen på tolerans mot avvikande
åsikter. Det är toleransen som ska förbättras för att skapa en
mer dynamisk miljö där den initiativkraft som gynnar landets
utveckling kan släppas lös. Valen ser jag mer som ett symboliskt
och mycket kostsamt event i ära för er övertygelse, vad heter det
nu igen? Demo… demo…demo… krati?
Peter Ueda 2008-07-29 19:14
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Kinabloggen
Besviken volontär
Vill du inte ha OS överhuvudtaget?
När jag ser vilka ofantliga och överflödiga resurser som läggs
på OS blir jag lite ledsen. Kina är fortfarande ett fattigt land på
landsbygden, tänk hur mycket nytta dessa pengar skulle kunna
göra där. Å andra sidan skulle man kunna säga det om alla
resurser som inte spenderas optimalt. Lyxvaror, rymdforskning,
militär etc.
Detta är en intervju med Ling som är universitetsstudent och
volontär under OS i Beijing. Hon jobbar med att serva journalisterna på en av de olympiska arenorna.
Hej Ling! Hur är stämningen bland er volontärer drygt en vecka
innan OS?
Stämningsmässigt kan man dela in volontärerna i tre grupper.
Först är det de som fortfarande tycker att det är en stor ära att
få vara delaktig i arrangerandet av OS i Beijing, de jobbar hårt
och följer reglerna till punkt och pricka. Sedan är det de som
egentligen inte är så engagerade, som ser volontärarbetet som
en bra merit och en möjlighet att lära känna nytt folk. Själva OS
är inte längre något som upphetsar dem.
Tror du att OS blir lyckat?
Ja, organisatoriskt och logistiskt kommer det att bli mycket lyckat.
Regeringen har spenderat så mycket tid och pengar på förberedelser och eliminerat allt som kan tänkas störa flödet att något
annat vore konstigt. T.ex. har min handledare spenderat ett år i
pressrummet där jag arbetar för att förbereda allt i minsta detalj.
Vi vet exakt i vilka vinklar stolarna ska stå nu. (skratt)
Den tredje gruppen är de som är upprörda och besvikna över
alla godtyckliga regler och restriktioner som regeringen infört
i samband med OS. De är även missnöjda med att vissa av
volontärerna som arbetar för BOB (Beijing Olympic Broadcasting)
får en lön på 459 RMB per dag. Detta är en mycket hög lön i Kina
och denna orättvisa har väckt irritation inom volontärstyrkan.
Vissa har redan hoppat av.
Vilken grupp tillhör du?
Jag tillhör de som förut var entusiastiska men som nu är
uppgivna och besvikna. Alla dessa godtyckliga regler och
restriktioner ställer till så mycket problem för befolkningen i
Beijing, regeringen har gått för långt. Ytan ska vara så perfekt och
det verkar vara det enda som spelar någon roll. Det är ett stort
skådespel alltihopa, vi ska försöka förmedla en bild som inte är
sann. Det har gått till överdrift. Nu vill jag bara att allt ska ta slut
så fort som möjligt. Jag ogillar starkt hela detta OS-spektakel.
Peter Ueda 2008-07-31 10:45
08 08 08
Öppningsceremonin är om mindre än åtta timmar. Ett fåtal
lyckligt lottade får se den live inne i Bird’s Nest, men många
fler kan se de 33866 fyrverkeripjäser som med hjälp av ca 600
personer kommer att anta formen av en bl.a. en drake, en pion,
de olympiska ringarna och 2008 leende ansikten. Av genrepen att
döma, kommer det bli spektakulärt.
Vägen fram till OS har inte direkt varit lätt för Kina. Kritik, debatt
och dialog är viktiga för att föra utvecklingen framåt. Men idag,
ikväll, är inte den rätta stunden. Jag har sett hur min spännande,
nedsmutsade, innehållsrika stad sakta har förvandlats till en ren,
steril, vänlig och säker plats, som på vägen förlorat en del av sin
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Kinabloggen
karaktär och inneburit stora inskränkningar i invånarnas dagliga
liv. Men de som är här för första gången har inte sett förändringen, och saknar inte heller gatumaten eller alla krimskrams- och
DVD-försäljare. Och vi andra vänjer oss också, både vid de otaliga
volontärerna, poliserna, säkerhetsåtgärderna, en trafik som flyter
på och alla stängda smårestauranger.
För vi vet att mycket av det här kommer att försvinna efter OS, att
det här är en tillfällig fasad.
att västerländsk media skall göra detsamma. Det är en ganska
befogad känsla tycker jag, i och med att det är svårt för västerländsk media att sätta sig in i alla de nyanser och aspekter som
krävs för en objektiv diskussion, och det är ett tydligt tecken på
att de förändringar som bör ske i Kina, kommer att ske inifrån.
Men bara det faktum att sådan här kritik förekommer ser jag
som ett gott tecken på de förändringar som faktiskt sker just nu,
både i samhället och i kulturen.
Men om man frågar en äldre generation kineser, tror jag inte
upprördheten skulle vara lika stor. Där är konceptet nationell
stolthet, nationellt ”face” mycket mer accepterat, och som en
liten kugge i ett stort hjul uthärdar man för nationens bästa.
Och eftersom de har vuxit upp i en stat där propaganda och
censur är norm, är sådana här små missledande saker inte så
förvånande, och inte heller så allvarliga. Detta, kopplat med
kinesers mer rättframma förhållande till saker som urvalskriterier
Man behöver inte förstå den fullt ut. Jag vet bara att jag verkligen och utseende (kommentarer som ”vad tjock du är!” är ju bara
objektiva observationer, och därför inte speciellt opassande. Krav
berörs av kinesernas enorma vilja att göra sitt bästa, även om
på längd, inkomst och materiell status är heller inte ovanligt när
det innebär begränsningar i deras dagliga liv. Och idag är deras
man söker en lämplig partner. Ibland kan det tyckas väl mycket,
dag, idag är dagen de har sett fram emot ända sedan 2001. Idag
men då ska man komma ihåg att kineser oftast helt enkelt säger
vill jag bara glädjas med dem, idag hoppas jag bara att allt går
det som svenskar bara tänker.) gör att de nog inte skulle se det
bra och att Beijing får den fantastiska öppningsceremoni de har
här som någon större grej.
planerat och arbetat för så länge. För skulle någonting hända
ikväll, så skulle det inte ses som en attack mot den kinesiska
Även fyrverkerierna har visat sig vara något modifierade.
regeringen, det skulle ses som en attack och en skymf mot det
Sekvensen med fotstegen från Tiananmen Square till Bird’s Nest
kinesiska folket. Och alla de vanliga människor som har jobbat
har visat sig vara en datoranimerad film, som har arbetats fram
så hårt för det här förtjänar inte det. De förtjänar att få den här
under ett års tid. Fyrverkerierna fyrades dock fortfarande av,
stunden i rampljuset.
men ur säkerhetssynpunkt var det omöjligt att låta en helikopter
följa fotstegen hela vägen. Eftersom det som syntes på marken
Feifei Tian 2008-08-08 06:11
överensstämde ganska väl med animeringen, har detta inte lett
till någon större uppståndelse. Meningen tycks vara att eftersom
fyrverkerierna trots allt fyrades av, så gjorde det inte så mycket
att man såg till att visa de från sin bästa möjliga sida.
Fejkade fyrverkerier och barnröster
Jag tycker att det är hemskt beklagligt att de bytte ut Yang Peiyi
mot Lin Miaoke. Det är dock inte speciellt förvånande, eftersom
Nu så här några dagar efter det första bländande intrycket från
det hade varit naivt att tro att myndigheterna plötsligt skulle få
öppningsceremonin, börjar nyanserna framträda.
för sig att låta individen stå i centrum under det event som skulle
Lin Miaoke, den lilla flickan som sjöng när Kinas flagga bars in,
visa upp Kina från sin bästa sida. Reaktionerna från kineserna
var väldigt söt och betagande. Rösten och sången tillhörde dock
själva har dock varit upplyftande att se, och det är snarare det
i själva verket en annan liten flicka, Yang Peiyi, som dock inte
man bör ta fasta på.
ansågs vara söt nog för att synas på scen och TV.
Västerländsk media har självklart varit snabba att snappa upp
När det gäller fyrverkerierna måste jag säga att datoranimahistorien, och även på kinesiska bloggar och forum har kritiken
tionen inte gör någonting för min del. Fyrverkerierna fyrades
varit hård. Även om viss censur har förekommit, har historien
verkligen av, det var vackert, alla blev imponerade. Det är trots
ändå spridit sig bland kineserna.
allt en show, en föreställning, och meningen är att ge en illusion
av något storslaget. Det är därför vi tittar på dem, och det är
De kinesiska nätanvändarna kanske inte är representativa för
även därför vi tittar på TV, film och teater. Vi vill att det ska vara
hela den kinesiska befolkningen, med tanke på att några av
underhållande och vi vill låta oss fascineras av föreställningen.
tweetsen var på engelska. Det tyder det på en kritik som de
vill ska uppmärksammas även utanför Kina, vilket inte är helt
I slutändan, hur mycket bryr vi oss om vad som var specialeffekvanligt. Snarare är det så att kinesiska nätanvändare har många
ter och vad som var verklighet om filmen var bra?
varierande åsikter, vilda diskussioner och är inte rädda för att
kritisera staten, men det betyder inte nödvändigtvis att de vill
Feifei Tian 2008-08-13 12:02
Och även om den kinesiska regeringens huvudsakliga drivkraft är
en kombination av prestige, perfektionism och stolthet, så drivs
kineserna till största delen av en genuin stolthet över sitt land
och sin stad, och en genuin glädje över att få visa upp den från
sin bästa sida för hela världen. Denna kollektiva känsla av ansvar,
av att göra sitt bästa för sitt land, kan vara svårförståelig för folk
som inte är uppväxta i en holistisk kultur.
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Kinabloggen
Ett universitet, en bubbla
Igår var jag på en nostalgitripp till mitt gamla universitet Peking
University. Jag skulle delta i en liten English Corner, vilket är en
slags halvspontan klubb där studenter träffas för att träna sin
engelska. Det hålls vanligtvis utomhus på någon gräsmatta, och
alla som vill får dyka upp på den bestämda tiden. Varje universitet har ett eget, men i Beijing är speciellt Renmin University’s
English Corner berömt, där flera hundra studenter kan samlas för
att prata engelska några timmar.
I verkligheten blir det nog si och så med engelskan, i och med
att alla deltagare är kineser i behov av att träna engelska. Det
blir ofta snarare en träffpunkt för singelstudenter, där de har
fullt godtagbar anledning att gå fram och prata med okända
studenter. Anledningen till att Renmin University’s är så stort
t.ex., sägs vara de söta tjejerna på det universitetet.
Det som jag skulle delta i var endast en liten sammankomst med
ett gäng vänner, och några av dem mötte upp oss vid portarna.
I princip alla universitet i Kina består av ett campus med murar
runt om och endast ett fåtal portar, oftast placerade rakt
nord-syd eller öst-väst. Vid dessa står det oftast ordningsvakter,
och ibland stängs portarna efter en viss tid. Under OS hålls
ett flertal sporter inne på universitetsområden, och dessa har
därmed stängts för allmänheten. Bordtennistävlingarna kommer
att hållas på Peking University, vilket innebär att förutom
OS-deltagarna och åskådarna, får endast skolans studenter
komma in. De får endast ta med sig tre gäster in, och endast
genom vissa portar. På grund av legitimationskrångel, registrering
och annat tog det därför nästan tjugo minuter innan vi tre ickeBeida-studenter kom in på campus. Väl inne kunde vi dock röra
oss obehindrat.
De kinesiska myndigheterna har varit väldigt smarta med det
här ”bubbel-tänket”. Inne i de isolerade bubblorna, vare sig det
är OS-byn, universiteten, OS-tunnelbanelinjen eller arenorna,
är allting fritt, smidigt och välorganiserat. Att komma igenom
bubblorna är däremot både svårt, arbiträrt (reglerna på Beida
hade ändrats i förrgår) och präglat av en dos klassiskt drakonisk
byråkrati, som redan har lett till en del upprördhet. (en Tsinghuastudent nekades t.ex. inträde på Beida med en brysk motivering,
och hans post om händelsen på skolnätet hade fått hundratals
kommentarer)
Inne på Beida var allt sig likt. Universitetets campus liknar mest
en stor park, med byggnader i traditionell kinesisk stil och en
vacker sjö. Att promenera runt en sval sommarkväll, när luften
ljuder av cikador och kväkande grodor, är själva sinnesbilden
för det ljuva livet som kinesisk student, deras mest obekymrade
period i livet. Och jag tror att det är så med alla bubblorna i
Beijing – de ger den bästa bilden av staden och gör upplevelsen
av OS så behaglig som möjligt, innanför avspärrningarna.
Precis innanför den västra porten.
Feifei Tian 2008-08-12 09:30
Smått och gott: kinesisk nyfikenhet
Kineser är i allmänhet inte rädda för att visa nyfikenhet. Så fort
något händer på gatan, vare sig det är ett bråk, en trafikolycka,
eller en utlänning (inte i Beijing, men i andra delar av Kina), så
är många kinesers första reaktion att ställa sig i en ring runt om
och titta. De åskådare som kommer senare får ofta en sammanfattande kommentar av dem som varit med från början, som
t.ex. ”Hon gråter och slår på honom för att han har varit otrogen
med hennes kompis”.
Att mätta sin nyfikenhet på detta öppna, tydliga sätt står i stark
kontrast till svenskars skynda-förbi-och-låtsas-om-ingentingreaktion, vilket som mycket annat har sin grund i olika förhållningssätt till privat och offentligt liv i båda kulturerna. Visst kan
man som svensk tycka att det är oartigt, opassande och ett
intrång i privatlivet, men då måste man komma ihåg att sådant
spelar roll först när man har en dräglig levnadsstandard där stort
privat utrymme är norm, vilket inte är alldeles självklart i Kina.
Det är ett så vedertaget beteende i Kina att det finns ett
särskilt uttryck för det: 看热闹, eller ”titta på livliga händelser”
(om någon annan kan en bättre översättning vore jag väldigt
tacksam).
Som med ”De åtta saker man inte ska fråga utlänningar om”,
har de kinesiska myndigheterna strävat efter att inskränka
förekomsten av detta kinesiska vardagsnöje inför OS, även om
det redan är på nedgång i och med den moderna utvecklingen i
storstäderna. Men ibland är händelsen alldeles för intressant för
att inte stanna och titta.
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Kinabloggen
samhället och politiken. Och för de som tycker att kommunismen
i Kina enbart är av ondo, så var ett av deras uttalade mål att
frigöra kvinnorna och få de att delta i revolutionen. Efter 1949,
när Folkrepubliken Kina grundades, deklarerades det att kvinnor
och män hade lika rättigheter ur samhälleliga, ekonomiska och
politiska aspekter, och det var också en av anledningarna till
att så många kvinnor deltog i kommunistpartiet. Fler kvinnor
började delta i arbetslivet, fick utbildning och saker som prostitution eliminerades nästan helt.
Även om mycket förbättrades, och Kina på många sätt är ett
mer jämlikt land än man tror, återstår det fortfarande mycket att
göra. Familjer på landsbygden vill fortfarande hellre ha pojkar
än flickor, även om det tankesättet nästan är helt utsuddat i
storstäderna. Flickor förväntas studera precis lika hårt som
pojkar, och fler och fler kvinnor gör karriär, men de förväntas
fortfarande ta huvudansvaret för hemmet och familjen.
En rullstolsbunden äldre dam ska använda en av de splitter nya
handikappsplattformarna.
Och i sportens Kina, är det ändå kvinnorna som står för de
tyngsta insatserna. Av Kinas hittills 22 guld, har 13 tagits av
kvinnor. Kinas herrfotbollslag är en konstant källa till kritik,
frustration och förödmjukelse för de fotbollstokiga fansen, och
ändå tjänar de otroligt mycket mer än Kinas damfotbollslag,
”Stålrosorna”, som nu har gått vidare till kvartsfinal. Kineserna
själva är väl medvetna om detta faktum: 阴盛阳衰,yin sheng
yang shuai, direkt översatt: Yin (det kvinnliga elementet) segrar,
Yang (det manliga elementet) förfaller.
Feifei Tian 2008-08-15 06:32
Människorna som står och tittar på.
Feifei Tian 2008-08-11 17:46
Var e brudarna?
Kina har traditionellt sett varit ett patriarkalt samhälle, som
många andra i världen. Kvinnor hade få rättigheter, och skulle
idealiskt sett spendera sitt liv innanför hemmets väggar. Allt i det
offentliga livet kontrollerades av män (med några få minnesvärda
undantag, som Wu Zetian, Kinas enda kvinnliga kejsare genom
tiderna och Cixi, drottningmodern som med sitt slösaktiga
leverne a la Marie Antoinette bidrog till kejsardömet Kinas fall),
vilket till och med gick igen i fredagens öppningsceremoni: av de
14 000+ deltagarna, var ytterst få kvinnor. (Det kan även förklaras
med att deltagarna i ”mass-eventen” var soldater, eftersom de
hade den disciplin och diskretion som krävdes för att öva in ett
sån här show i flera års tid.)
I början på förra seklet, i och med bl.a. Xinhai-revolutionen 1911,
började även kvinnor kräva rättigheter och rätten att få delta i
101
Acknowledgements
Acknowledgements
Name
Organization
Name
Organization
Erika Stoltz
Emma Sjöström
Camilla Laaksonen
Jessis Ng
Magnus Gyllö
Erika Stoltz
Andy Wang David Chan
Edward Law
Gordon Grant
Ai Shou Yu
Mao Yu
Le Kang Mr. Li
Mr. An
Li
Wong Deng Danxia
Youth Volunteer Ass.
Yu Lei Yuan Fang Zhang Kan Martin Eriksson-Grubb
Johan Björkstén
Niclas Eklund
Björn Andersson
Cecilia Bladh
Charlotte Eriksson
Susanne Samuelsson
Xiaoguang Sun
Henrik Danielsson
Riku Helminen
Mikko Rautio
Mirja Sammalisto
Arne Forstenberg
Yiyun Hu
Kiwi
Mats Hellström
Akzo Nobel
Amnesty International
Arlanda Express
Atlas Copco
Atlas Copco
Azko Nobel
Beijing Foreign Studies Uni.
David Chan studio
CCTV
CNN
Communication Uni. of China
Communication Uni. of China
Communication Uni. of China
Communication Uni. of China
Communication Uni. of China
Communication Uni. of China
Communication Uni. of China
Communication Uni. of China
Communication Uni. of China
Communication Uni. of China
Communication Uni. of China
Communication Uni. of China
Dep. Political science SH
Eastwei
Elof Hansson
Ericsson
Ericsson
Ericsson
Ericsson
Ericsson
Exportrådet
Finnair
Finnair
Finnair
Global Focus
Global Fund
Health Science Center, PKU
Hellström
Ling Fang
Per Tornhammar
Anders Björkman
Börje Ljunggren
David Dahlin
Sano Kento
Peter Skogh
David Shao
Du Zhang
Xuxuan Xie
Håkan Roos
Ellen Rova
Magnus Johansson Li Shan Rui Chen Xiwei Mo
Yu Wenhe Aurora Sun
Johan Norén
Anna Persson Kristina Zang
Yiqing Wang
Svante Lindholm
Ingela Lindell
Fredrik Ektander
Lennart Kågestam
Per Dahl
Martin Stenberg
Tove-Lia Johansson
Max Odéen
Sofia Winiarski
Erik A. O. Engström
Daniel Sundahl
Feifei Jing
David Risselborn
Lars Bergman
Magnus Blomström
Tomas Armstrong Hellström
Karolinska Institutet
Karolinska Institutet
Lund University
LU / Arctic Ranger Batalion
Momiage Dojo
Östasiatiska museet
Peking University
Peking University
Peking University
Procurator
Royal Institute of Technology
Royal Institute of Technology
Royal Institute of Technology
Royal Institute of Technology
Royal Institute of Technology
Royal Institute of Technology
Royal Institute of Technology
Royal Institute of Technology
Sandvik
Sandvik
Sandvik
Sandvik
Scania
SEB
Södra Latin
Springtime
Springtime
Stockholm School of Economics
Stockholm School of Economics
Stockholm School of Economics
Stockholm School of Economics
Stockholm School of Economics
Stockholm School of Economics
Stockholm School of Economics
Stockholm School of Economics
Stockholm School of Economics
Stockholm School of Economics
102
Acknowledgements
Interviews
Name
Organization
Name
Organization
Gustav Borgefalk
Måns Flodberg
Carita Wahlberg
Pelle Sten
Ola Henriksson
Bo Hedin
Jonas Arnesen
Monika Wassén
Niklas Transaeus
Pontus Lindskog
Jan Björklund
Lars Leijonborg
Sten Lundberg Jin Xiang Chen
Yvonne Chen
Mikael Lindström
Sara Dahlsten
Bruce Cui
Claire Liu
Eric Li
Meng Gao
Selina Mo
Jenny Yin Lennart Ekdahl
Adam Singer
Lars Brandt
Justin Yifu Lin
Mara Liu Wanying
Ministry of Education
Stockholm School of Economics
Stockholm School of Economics
Stora Enso
Svenska Dagbladet
Svenska Dagbladet
Svenska Dagbladet
Svenska Dagbladet
Svenska Institutet
Svenska Institutet
Sweden Day staff
Swedish Minister for Education
Swedish Minister for Higher Education and Research
Tebladet
Chinese Embassy in Stockholm
The Swedish Chamber of Commerce
Swedish Embassy in Beijing
Swedish Embassy in Beijing
Tsinghua University
Tsinghua University
Tsinghua University
Tsinghua University
Tsinghua University
Tsinghua University
TV4
University of Oxford
Utbildningsförvaltningen
World Bank
WWF
Xuanhan, Sichuan Province
Dachen Cheng
Audrey Deng
Sharon Shun
Shi Ying Huo De Ming
Christer Ljungwall
Erik Feng
Gao Jianfeng Dinggang Li
Michael Pettis
Frédéric Cho
Ian Duffy
Jeffrey Chen
Fredrik Härén Mårten Lindskog
Peder Arvidsson Sharon Yin
Sunny Wang
Xi Li Jukka Kantonen
Johan Lagerkvist
Gu Qun
Karin Grauers
Lin Jie
Chen
Cecilia Lindqvist
AstraZeneca
Atlas Copco
Atlas Copco
Beijing Foreign Studies Uni.
China Center for Economic Research, Peking University
CCER, Peking University
Ericsson
Ericsson
Gene Therapy Center, Haidian Hospital
Guanghua School of
Management, PKU
HQ Bank Stockholm
IKEA
IKEA
Interesting.org
Novus Opinion
Sandvik
Sandvik
Sandvik
Stora Enso
Stora Enso
Utrikespolitiska Institutet
Vinge
Vinge
Vinge
Shanghai Intelligence Center
Swedish sinologist
Student Association of Stockholm School of Economics
Association of Student International Communication
Tsinghua University
103
Performance at the Sixth Culture Festival of the Communication University of China.
Communication University of China campus.
WELCOME
TO A WORLD OF OPPORTUNITIES
You are looking for new challenges.
So enter our world of endless possibilities.
A talent like you can go far.
www.ericsson.com/careers
TALK TO US ABOUT
CAREER OPPORTUNITIES
(Like starting a global career
with a job in Älmhult.)
At IKEA you don’t need a fancy title or a certain name to have a successful
career. We are more interested in your future potential than your current CV.
It’s perfectly possible to start out as a summer deputy at the Älmhult store
and be marketing manager in Japan a few years later. A good rst step is to
visit www.IKEA.se/student. See you there!
© Inter IKEA Systems B.V. 2008
Nothing is
impossible!
B LAC KB OAR D
Ulrika Ringström, 28 years, works as
change manager at the research and
development unit within the Sandvik
Materials Technology business area.
A matter of the heart for millions of people
More than two million people worldwide live with pacemakers inserted under the skin.
Between the pacemaker and the heart is a thread, which communicates electrical impulses
that cause the heart to contract in a regular rhythm. The thread must be conductive,
very strong, biocompatible and extremely thin. Sandvik’s composite thread meets all these
requirements. The core of pure silver has excellent conducting properties; the coating with
the advanced implant alloy is accepted by the body. Everything is contained within a
diameter of 0.025 millimeters, meaning, half of a human hair.
Unique expertise within material
technology and multimillion investments
in research and development have
resulted in world-class material, tools and
equipment. Our customers are found in
a range of different industries: automotive,
aviation, mining, plants, oil/gas, power,
pulp/paper, white goods, electronics,
medical technology, pharmaceuticals, etc.
We have about 47,000 employees,
engaged in operations in 130 countries.
Would you like to join us?
www.sandvik.com
The Atlas Copco Way
Atlas Copco is a world leading provider of industrial productivity solutions. The products and services range from compressed air and gas equipment, generators,
construction and mining equipment, industrial tools and assembly systems, to related aftermarket and rental. In close cooperation with customers and business
partners, and with 135 years of experience, Atlas Copco innovates for superior productivity. Headquartered in Stockholm, Sweden, the Group’s global reach spans
more than 160 markets. In 2007, Atlas Copco had 33 000 employees and revenues of BSEK 63 (BEUR 6.7).
We are committed to your superior
productivity through interaction and innovation.
www.atlascopco.com.cn
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We are on location for you and your company – in Stockholm, Beijing and Shanghai. With our own
offices we provide the necessary local knowledge, unique contacts and well established networks.
Doing business in China is different and so it is to arrange the trips to go there. Focus on your business
and let us take care of the rest. We know China. You can give us your trust after 17 years on location.
Scandinavian Perspectives, the sister company of
Lotus Travel, is a quality destination management
company with 15 years of experience in hosting
travelers from China.
www.lotustravel.se • +46 8 545 188 40
www.scandinavianperspectives.com • +46 8 545 28 180
En värld av
möjligheter
När du tar steget in i Scania öppnar du dörren till en värld av möjligheter. Du möter
utmaningar i teknikens och marknadens absoluta framkant. Du får jobba med ett
’’ ’’
varumärke och produkter som har hängivna kunder på mer än 100 marknader
över hela världen. Kanske hittar du drömjobbet direkt. Kanske ger du dig ut på en
resa som varken du eller vi kan ana slutet på idag. Världen väntar.
Scania är ett stort företag med stora resurser. Ändå ser och satsar man mycket på mig
som individ. Det finns alla möjligheter att fortsätta utvecklas.
Jessica, gick Traineeprogrammet 2004-2005. Arbetar idag som projektledare
inom IT på Forskning & Utveckling.
www.scania.com
The programme is designed to provide knowledge and skills required to become an efficient manager with a holistic production perspective. Basic understanding of various dimensions and functions in the broad field of production and analytical skills needed to tackle
the ever-changing problems and situations of modern competitive production are also coverd within the programme.
Materials Science and Engineering, 120 ECTS
The programme offers two specializations: Materials and Process Design and Materials Processing. Materials and Process Design
focuses on the processes which turn metallic and ceramic materials into usful products made of high performance materials. Materials
Processing covers the areas of casting, plastic forming, powder processing, fluid mechanics and metrology.
Entrepreneurship and Innovation Management, 60 ECTS
The programme covers the process from a business idea to the realization and introduction of a new product or a service to the market.
This includes not only the identification of the market demands and the competitive analyses but also innovation management.The
programme deals with the innovation management as crucial knowlege of modern management.
School of Industrial Engineering and Management at KTH, offers five
tuition free Master Programmes taught in English
Sustainable Energy Engineering, 120 ECTS
The purpose of the programme is to provide state-of-the-art education in the fields of solar energy, power generation, nuclear engineering and energy utilization in the built environment by means of economically and environmentally sustainable systems and technologies.
Strong emphasis is placed on dealing with energy engineering tasks with due consideration of technical, environmental and socio-economic issues.
Sustainable Technology, 120 ECTS
www.itm.kth.se
The programme is based on the concept of Industrial Ecology with focus on the understanding of interactions between technical, economic, social and ecological systems and processes. Technology is an important driving force for economic development and technology
and communication are two essential factors in the development of more sustainable societies.
Production Engineering and Management, 120 ECTS
The programme is designed to provide knowledge and skills required to become an efficient manager with a holistic production perspective. Basic understanding of various dimensions and functions in the broad field of production and analytical skills needed to tackle
the ever-changing problems and situations of modern competitive production are also coverd within the programme.
Procurator supports you!
Materials Science and Engineering, 120 ECTS
The programme offers two specializations: Materials and Process Design and Materials Processing. Materials and Process Design
focuses on the processes which turn metallic and ceramic materials into usful products made of high performance materials. Materials
Processing covers the areas of casting, plastic forming, powder processing, fluid mechanics and metrology.
Entrepreneurship and Innovation Management, 60 ECTS
The programme covers the process from a business idea to the realization and introduction of a new product or a service to the market.
This includes not only the identification of the market demands and the competitive analyses but also innovation management.The
programme deals with the innovation management as crucial knowlege of modern management.
We have been doing business with China for over 50 years
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T H E S T RAI G H T E S T
WAY TO CH I NA .
BEIJING
SHANGHAI
HONG KONG
B E I J I N G . S HA NG HA I. HONG KONG. BANGKOK. DELHI.
M U MBA I. TOK YO. OSAKA . NAGOYA . SEOU L.
THE FAS T AIRL INE BET WEEN EUROPE AND ASIA
Banking and Finance Company law and Corporate finance Distribution and Agency law Employment law China desk Environmental
law EU and Competition law Maritime and Transportation law Real
Estate and Commercial Property Lease law Mergers and Acquisitions
Insurance Intellectual property Marketing and Media law International
law Energy and Investment law IT and Telecom Litigation and Arbitration Private Equity
www.hellstromlaw.com
Lawyers you want on your side
How
colorful
More than 500 master’s
a career
do you
programs in English
want?
– A modern learning
environment
If you think about the future, but act in the
present; if you’re passionate about introducing
new ideas and developing sustainable answers; if
you’re committed to delivering Tomorrow’s Answers
Today, then you should consider joining our 60,000
employees working in more than 80 countries.
www.akzonobel.com/careers/vacancy_bank
– Flexible, hands-on
education
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Partners 2008
KinaAffärer
GlobalFOCUS
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