SEott C$le{ $-hershow - modelmakingresearchiadt

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rranslbrnationof thc puppct in(o I
rpprupLirrbn'
o1crr'tur'rl
,i""'.,".i ,"""r'ii', .r.hc proccss
rhroughoutrhis book on rbc approprirtnrr:
rhat my conc'entrarion
I concc<le
rruerriv'tscd
rr rcrrriverr
n'"p,,u'
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"i,r'"
ttr:ttrvrr
'.'."rr.a
frrcus':ts
rllv rlcrriesrnc rhechanccto
PerformingObjects
in the "Theological"Tlteater
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n ..t,t',..'r .L,l rrrr''| 'rl;
rrrrr" ' l
rh ' rl* p ro " ' o r-
I rrgLrcthnrughourrhislrook rhar thc hisroricalrchrionshipbetweenpuppct
thcrrcr:rndtl,e hunranstrgcrggesrsrhc csscotirlidcntirvoiso c.rlledpopulrrror clircprrctices
rvirhina mrsterfieldolculnrHldisrincrion.
This culrurrl
ficld, | ;rsurrredrroughrut,is redicrllyconringcnt
p,rrrems
on prevailing
olr,rcirld,rrrrirrarion.rnrl
condirnncdbv rccuncntmcr.rphysical
rnd rheologicalhrbirsol rhoughr.I leLcrr thc ourcr I cons cr how rhepuppeL
becomes
a toposor couvcntional
imrgc in vrriousdiscouscsfionr inriquity (o the
errlymodemperbcl,includingIrhmlsdi:rlogucs.
rhcanri-prgrrpolernics
of
thc chLrrchl.uhers,rncl rhc <liscourscs
oi'virchcrlr rnd religiousrrlornation
in rhc sixteenthccnmry.ln rhcscdiqraratccx;rnrpltsrlrt proccsst,y which a
''pcrfoilning'objccris an;mercd
or "injfircd" bv sorreexternal
:rLrrlrcrity
bcconcsrr rnorlelnot only of rhcrrr;crl pcrfonrancebrr of represenntion
irsclf:rnd pupptny as an obscrvcdpopuhr pracricers jrrlged, delired, in,
vestecl
rvirh prnirul.rr s,cirl mc,rnirgs,and inscrihcdin a svsrenofcultur.rl
til-ili**fii#rf]il:ilr#*i'i;il*.",'.#*ili*
[:'"il]
ii:;:::il::'::'l'J:
ilrrux*;* lUi;i:;::illi:ili
pct irselfharcrlwrvsbtcn dctirrccl
'' li'l( i l t e l h r \ ' r l i o d l n L ( l "t' /1 4 jtu 1 ' 4 ' ' l' t' 8 lll' llNo r 6 o r l) !n n $ r f' r hgr''
h
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. " . - t " 1 ' """t,i
( :u b ,1 ft:
'A hpp., Madc by codi:
Pla(ornJ rhc Ft;e.archv
of Rcprescnririon
l)o vur scc,l,rr rlrr spcctlt,r is rhc lasrof rtE rinesI Vokc oi, q1,;ch
ncc;v.rhcirlor(. fRn onr rnorhcrby vinucof rhc lo,rdsronc?
Vrr, rhe
drc nnldlc rmg rnd thc first one is Lltc poct
rl,rp'o,1isreDJ rct',,
-.
h l th c s c ries,dhw s tl tc spi ri ts
h i msr lf . B ut n is r hc d c i rv rv h o , L h L o u g rl
, n s m i tri i g th c ,ttru c ri vcfokc l (' D one
o f n kn v her er er hr d c s i ,c srd
into anortrcL.And s, as frorn thc lo:rdrtorrc'I origlrty chrirr hugs
d o wh
-r)rxm, ,/,l i eJl 6r
I'lato\ allcaory of thc Cave is pcrhrps the mosr influcnri:rl rcprcsentrtion ol
."prcsenratiun iu \(esr",n cuhurc. ln rhis celcbrarcil pasage florn thc /?r2al/r; l )l a to ligur c s lonh r h c b rs i c p h i l o v rrh i c v i s i o n sti l l associ rrcdw i th hi s
na me ,i n whic h r s ingu l ,rrrn rrh d c s c c n d si n to mtrl ti p l c i mrges:rndcmbodi ed
sigm, and in which not only human :rrrilircrrbut rll scnsorvrpperrrnccs are
d'ad."" .r .efl-rn,ns ofsome highcr' rbsolute rcalitl Lltrr t'hros rl-..e
lcgory rlso contrins rv;tfrin it, as hc makesclerr in p:rssing,a scconclarvmct:rphor:
l)icrun' mtr dwcllnrs in r son ot srhcnncrn <rc.r rvnh a l<'ng
cnrrrncc opcn b the lighr or its cnrin width Cixeivc thenr as hering
thc;r lcss rn,l rccks tinercJ {ioo th;lJhood, so thrt Llrtv rcmrin in thc
srn'c ryx, rble to look f,rwrrd only':nd potnrcd bv dt fen-s fronr
turring rltcir herds. PicrLre lufthcr rhc lighr fiom r litt brrning highcr
up and,rr r ilnr:ncc behinri thcn, rnc bcturrn rhe firc and the
pris"rcts rn.l .bovc thcn. , ord along rvbich i lo$' wall has beeo brilt,
rs rhc exhibnors of pupper shorvshave prrtnions ltforc tbe mor
. Scc Jo' thcn,
6cms,lves, ;rbovcwhich rhcy sho* thc puppcrs
tlnt
rise :hxc thc
ol
rll
kinrls
wrll
;mplt,nenrr
mcn crrying past rhe
;n *one
*cll,
rvurghr
rs
wrll, rrd Lur:rrn shrpcs rrrd d,rpo
"farirnrls
. ,+ b c )'
w ood and. v . r y rrr" L c .;rlG
-',J
In a l l cgor ic alr c nns t hc ' i m p l e mc n rs "rn c l " s l ru p rx ' th:Lts| rdow rhc l i ghr ol
rhe llre, rnd the disrant sun of rmth outsirlc t|e crvc, sctlr ro rcprcstrrt inrclligible conccpts ot philosophic-rl idcu, sonre ionn of inrelncdiatc beirg
bcrwccn mcrc scnsory pcrccPiiors Ghc shrdows on rhc crve wall) anrl abso
lurc rcJity. {)n rnothcr lcvct ol mcrrphor' howcvcr, rhcy rre rko figur'rllv
cquivrlcnt ro rheobjects mrliprrlrtctltrr whrr l')tro ltcrt ctlk thatmatoToios,
''d rc cxhibir or sof pup p c t s | o w s '
ta. nl FnnlLIlrnilloo nl Htrr
rll qi,trrnrx *.n, 1'l.ro r. Eon lh Orli kl l)hlqa4 rl
L r - .d !r L r r ir ( ,r P' !s 1 6 ' ) ( n n i,n \.tr! *i rrn f'rnnrl Ldr'i l l ) i nrl {
ri, , Frr (i.' n N l P r
-rr,
u
Puorrts anrl I'opuLr" Ctthtn
ln Plato.s
rext,rLcrcfi,rc,
r hicnrchical
.rndcoopoarcs
wi,hrhc<1
scunivc,,,.,;;::i:';il:T"Jli:l :1]i,;Jli
/?,//," f,rj,f,1
1,,, t'tJrort,er_ftdr \cn., tr, i..(,,r.t.vy m(,.,,
,,1,.r,c,.
phor$ i'hin
J I, ,.1,\Dphi.
,t 1,.r:h,c.
Ir,r rtr,rrm. nphor in,.tfrtcrcr
J, on rh<
puppni rn.rr,r'al.r^r..,,,e.,r.,,,i(ojl|(,,,rd p*r;,,,,,;"sr,,r,;*,,
,",,,,;r,.,
nr .runeo' $ooJ emt,odiLd
u, ;j,vcsr uirh a p.rrri,utrr hi.,rr, . ;,tcnrin
Ttrs, theprppo, a'6grre" in borh n:nses,tlec,-,""
" t,".,,1;,,,ty"1",,;;;,.,i,
digm olall represenrions which are, in ptrtos fumous
f.,,,,,i",i,,", l*,.
u,pics ofa copr,,at'ihree rcmovcs fmm cnrrh (;yze). I rvant
to strg-qcst,
howcvcr, rr rlrisor<rtogicattownessol-thc puppetotr l,liro\
hicrec'li; of
reprc-rcnclrion
firlally cc'ncrpondsro rhe assigncdlowoes-ofpupi,.r rt,e"r",
a hierarchyofctrlrur.rland socialdisri,rcrio".t" rl," R,?rr,
'virhin
_d
*,hae in-Plaro'svirings. one rhusglimpscsthc earlystagcs
"lr"_
o?rhe d;scursive
.,,,,\i,l(rrt,,,n,st,,,,,,
rhi\ Lro,,k_ r .u:rcgv i;*hi.h .,
)r',.q
I
1,",,;,,,t,,,
,oun nr row
4, popu'rr, rrtrureir der.rcd rs \,,,h ,,cn ,.t,;h ,, i,
betfu
"D
propr'rrcd (.r ('bric, svmbot,or mcrrphor) wjrhin rhe rcr).
dirourr'th:r
c<rrsrrrcrssuchatcgorics. Rorh in l,laro! rcxt rnd in the broad\{resron
ur
drtionwh.,,ch.rh,r,..irh,:rrqlrrhc.rJ.rof(,rrrrJl
,rr,t,err.rd,
rhc prrl,pcr,,r
p<,roi",nF,,t,j(.,\,,,,tJ hc., ,ti\ur.i\. s,,ewLc,(,he _..,].h",;,.,;
"t,p,,
siriors of rru rrrd inrrLgc,
prcsencclnd represconrion,;,,*,".
*i,r, ,f,.
soci:rland crrlnrrulopposiriorsot high :rnd low, Iiteraryrntl poputar,
mastcr
rnd s(rvinr,malcrnrl fcrrrrtc.
rnd rhr:tikc.
li.,r,'\nrcmll,nri,lrrc,,ir(p(\d.,.,.i,,,, h k,t,/,/t,r r*lthorh .^,i.rl
.r"r r)'(r,pr'ysr(.,t.
pr..,cr,trrrg
fro,. .,,ctrr r.tt 1,,,ir,.,,..,.,,,,n,,1,,,,,,t,.
rr,ur.r,(rl.(rui.r.ingrl!'r\,,n.rtr,,n.rrrcl
,,rr.r.r,li.rr.,,,r"rrrrnrnr..s,ap
;ngcordcmnariorr
ofxlj tlnrs ot rrinrcsir.tl Bookt, in rtrcp,,,c,.ss
,,fc,,;,_
sidoi,rgrheapprupriate
cdLrcrtion
f<xrhcrLnrtlirnsot.h;si(tc;tciry,Socm((r
,,B.rsr,rlr.,r.,,, l.irrd
1
o... r.r ,,, -,,,r!,) .J,Fn i
t\r...,,,u. t,^.,,f.(1,:
htuJ..nJ(rhi.., Ji ,rr,lirr. rrrtre,,rnr '.{..rnor rh, ighr,urr.
t,r inri,rs.
il h. q'rrirrl r,. : r.,. ,,rr1, rrrr;noJ r..,.,\t,. r t,. .n . .
"
rr/,.,rlr..rrrJ
.ornhly {,)ri(' |l,r
iu.r I,c.rrr*r,,rrrrir.,,(t,..t
tr-,.,, s!,,tJlrh.;qJrtl
h's,digriry,bL|,rlso,nlr|c irrporLanr,
l,(crL,sc
rhc iniurcd rcrionrcnctsto
rcxr,zc
or rc crc.reitseJfin rt,ejn,jtaror'l.hercfore,
rtrcporcrrrirt
rLr:rrrtiur
shouldonlv imiteterher is approprirrcto thcm_men,
rhrr;,,,vlo a.c
.t r r us
r t,i
' ' ,,,'p;,,
; ..,.t.,.....,.r
ur ,r ,.,r ,q.l .r ,.,s ,r( .,,,,,n..h ,
\lll
r" . , , . , , t J \ (.
, , \ , , u ,. h J ' S , .
l,t , . , , i L . t \ :u . \ , i t ' r . r . 5 , . , , . n
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8 ," \ t I n , , , , . . . .d. , , , c , , , , ^r . J . ,rrt , ,r. , , , , .n r
i,,,,
y . , , , ' , , i , ,(,, 1 .*tr . , r6 r , n gu i r t , r , ( r t , , , \ h . , ,", ;r,,,ht,,,,,,,,{. ,r,,,,J. , \ . , ,
lll"
; l'r\', ,.'",rrf.t,,
,ou.r,\
, l, . , r {i. r h. r , , v, r ( , , n. or , , , r ; , , . , , t ! ( , 1
I'dfinn;K
O/,t.d\ u
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ijr hij, , , ; , ur ( . , r \ {
t J,.ott)(;d1t..tLtut-
,.
:ft i;lHl
ilffiTl'll'J:"ill],.ilill;'l:lii:l:;;l:t:i,i:::liiil
of slivcs"(resd).'
" i.,",s.lij,* *"1"**
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;: ;1".: ;il:,,.,",,rs rh,,pnJ.m
l:::jli';il:l:i:1,)l:.''ji;
h
im'ririu"socrJr(\ P'e
;;, ,r."
-;"
';i" ',
i,s,' or rrrrmrr:r'-whnsc
'd
;51;,'#.r
;::*:Jx;':l
[l
I't;:.f
i.ll1il::r#i:ff
chicllyin childrenandw-':'
""'l ''.1'l]-l.,,,,cnt1s
5 r' c l i te \
.,e ri n ,.t st hc J ir l" guc n e rs i 6 e n ' l
rh.*
,.rheverybesrof
lf.::,":
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:i:* *j:ji;:l'Jli',:I:;
;ffi::li.
,:'ilil:'';:;:lli
l.lll l;J:;,.,
i:::r'i;*:;lftl
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i::[.:;*
i*'*
*.--'"''a
'*' *"'
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lili:ili' li.,lilii'i' Tli.;:;'
".,,
multiturle: tor the "nondcsc'ig crowd rssenrblednr rhc rhe.rrel' (Raprl/n
l h:u the puppcr shoull also rrkc a cenrralphce wirhin rhc inrcrloching
culmr:rlrnrl rcprcscnr.rrionrl
hierrr<hicsofl'lato\ rhoughrdrpcnds,;n pefr,
rs I hrvesuggcstcd,
on thepuppeti marcrial
condirions
rs rn obiccrinve*cd
(ircck
wiLhnrorion,ide riry,alrdhistrionic liti." Thc ,nu.rl
word lor "pup
"nrrrvcl,"
,rnd which is
p*'is rlarza, r,hich could rlso mc.rn"wondei or
prrrl,,rlrlydcrivcd from rhe verlr theaanai,"l gazeupon or look at."' lhc
hisrrnrnic
word irsclfrhrrssccnrs
ro ernborlvin its cwmologyrhe pcrnicnrrrs
uniry ol-specrrror.rndspccnclc,subjcctrnrl objccr,rvhichI hrvc negcsrcdis
In rhr: SaTrllrrlrlato ina crucirl rspectof I'latolrcririquc of rcprc,;cnrrrnrn.
d;crsthc contcmporrrylhcro.iciunsofCr€ck cuhurc li,r what he contends,
hcrc nn<lclscwhcrc, rh.'ir socirl rnd philosop|iccorruptiur. "Whrr can
'v,rs
"ofthis nagical po*cr Iltaa al
be rhe secrer,"rhc Srranger.r'ks'Iheaetetus,
of sophistry" (ur;.r)l 'l hc wor,l. in this passagesonrctinrcstrrnslarcd rs
"nick," h.rshcrefi,klctl ovcr onro irsclfro takcrhc duplicirousor ironic s€nsc
of a "prercndcrlwondcr"; an<lrlris scnunric progresslrom the magic.rl:rrxl
rhc wondrrus ro thc mcrclyhisrrionic,rndrhctoricalis, onceagain,a desccnt
tum thc mcrephysicrlto drc social.ln rhc rllcgorv ol the Cave,I'laroi *ord
thamntoVoiotcomtics tltutrtamd ic ,crl: porla ("to m.rkc," rhc toor of
rhc Enelishword 2ary'.,rndrltuslitcrrllyt:re,tns
sontething
like "a nrker of
('ireck
rvondcrc."ln other srrrviving
ttxts, |o'vcvct, tLnna seemsrc rtean
v,ncrlring likc r jugsl.is shoq" rntl thnmnpo;as c,n relerro ar actobat
'lhLrs,rlc crvnrology
as wcll rs:r puppetccr.r
rs r rvholc nark<il by this
discusiveslippagefron, rhc rnagitirrnro rhr trickstcr,lrotrrver;taLlewondcr
ro cnteruinmenr and legenlcm.rio corrvcysr <listinctscn* of the socirllv
inarginrl, :r sdrellof the streetarrcldre rr:rrkcrpl.rcc.
Scvcrrlcennuicsrftcr
Plaro, rhe $iirer r\rhenaeuswoultl larrrcrrrrhat "r[c Arhcniensyiclcle<lto
Porhcinrrsrl,e m.rrioneneplayerrhe
sngc ol which lirripidcs rnd his
"c.v
contcnrpoi!i$ pqlorrcd rheirinspircdpla;s' a pasragc
rhrt, likc mrny
orhersI cire, conlirnr. at oncc thc prcvalence
of puppertbearcrrs eulmml
pncticc and rhe iliscuniveefli,n to nrrh suche prrricc ii cultuLrlly lov
Corrcspondingl*I'lrrot ligrrrrl urr:o{ tlrr l,Lrppermay alsoilerive,at los
in prrr, t-ren his lin,iliariry with rl:c ritual rutorrrrr usctl in vrrious Ncrr
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'se(. tl n dr nf(. Lh!,t,tx .a,u1,r.Ldr.n 17'
'1'l ,f (tr\ nl i A k ) l nl ,.nk * hi l (n,c i Lnrtr,ri \l
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on: \a,l l i rn H dr''.Di .
rrr7i . b( r. i rl -!i r
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'lbttlognd'
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rr, , 'rrl i q i ,^ .' P . r ' r : ' L' . r r r J " r' I
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s nr ' lJ H tr' rl " rrs rn rn o l rc r' ' rrrL l 1 r* r5< r' tt on'
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l c s ri \' rl w i rh pttppcts
t e rL ,,l .'n ' u. , ' . elc h r.' re J rh < L ' ro n v v rc
'
tl tc vi l l tgc'
* r l, , ng r r r or c , lh r * ri rrs ' r h i rh rrec ' rri u d rhour
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resr of rhc
dte
as
bis
nerlrs
rn.-r'"'
4,.
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'n"'ing 'r'd
kirrd
or dtrhe
-,1i
h""e *'ggcsiccito l'hto prcciselv
,r":'l-i,'.r'
illusion thLrrLt thc Rc2ablic
'a,,r. -,*t, m*ni"g ro
e."*.*,"f""' Socrateshis mosr"ulg3'
"',
att'rckson rcPrescnration'
vchement
,"r," a** f,-t
in a nrrncrt ol lPPxrcrt cx'rsPcration'
Socratescxcl;rirrrs
.
"'"-p1., ^* rill rr,,rhing
or wrrehLr'rlirnJ:o 'lo jttgglr' tn'l
."." ,.1i",i.*
'hon
;",'""'r ' tr'o'Jr' l' e*h"" t'l rr" rh" revtrlshrt' l'r
""
-".,'ir.,,*i',
'rsdre "mcdrod of mLtgi'
.i;.E p-*l ,,f *'at C l-. Docldsdescribcs
"l;,,i| U" *',,f
i rnrge of onc\ cncmv"'a pncticc th:rr' Dotlds
i ,,,r..f.
"
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"i
rvirh 'r orxnik;nofwrx set uP in rhc
acrice.faoi.g L-m to sorncone
rrwry" (9t;a).
l'l:rnx metaphlsicl cr;riquc oF rePtesenution rhe
,"i.^ia*
s*
'n
rrlr
'"i'. is ro r'
'l'l'"' '' l'.': "'J
'hr ofrhr rfudrrion,'r'-.'F.
"rrriz'
rh' 'rrtc: l'rrroi phrr"''11'r'P ^i 'r ' tnrrrr[r<d"'
'rrl, r r<'c$.rlol
than v;c':
,,,ci,te.ialirse.ri.n thrt truth must conrrol r4rcsentationmrher
ch:rracrcristic
anorher
:rs
,..'". g.,.crrrl; . ,." ,t'. tulk trticfin ;rnagrrnagi<
whi:h' in his Iimiliardoublctor
represcntarbn
rsonceof rhn pcnicioLrs
srrbvcniveof good govcmrntnt'
1ule.is t,oth sociallyarxl nruphvsicrlly
rorpcr'"n' m ';r' i r'rl:"rJ r.giv'pouo
",'t'."i,.l,,'
"',s;.'.,,'..' ..,'ll'ru r"cqro \'lor
s 'rl I'ler'"1 tlr''
cl r,'
. ,1'",r'.^,,'"
'.'l
lrethrp"'f puliri'rl rrrhor'ryr'i(rrrr(irr''rrrrrr''l
. *"ii* *.,.''"",
"rhc *nrtirv olsrrchobjcas gaverbc.phi
lit.."liir bec.ruse
'uttitu,l"-'11'url,
and philo
:sopherkilgs .r right to mrke ecisionsand irsuccomnranrls"'
srandxrls
rb$lule'
casbeconrethc unwaverilrg'
uplii."tr* b..-""-"th"
\\rillirfr lL(nrnr dr' r':6) hl ;
" l!,!uhnb. nx$ ,\ l) rixll.,v ilon(L'r;
F..R. t ). A J s . ! l t . t i i r ' u t l ! l \ t ' " r / , - l i lL ' 1 .1 ,' ,1 ' - "' ' "' n ( lr liliin ir lt< s
ll
t\Ll r)r':!t
,Nt s?'szi {;&t it Artu'.l
, *. i""
iJ. I. v'rr-. ,r I a^dru ,,[tu'n|: ttr )*htu]
'l
1,i.."."i*.,,
"0"i.i,,t, li,,,r",r-.,,roo).;r. eN,i i
..Ir, '.s !, 1rr(o{ oI{ni. le!ri tr, I 1c^tl
",h..
rtr'r
i "' \!r"
'r
,."
,,,,.,.'.,1
, , ..
,*
. .
'
" i"1 ,
ir 6 1D, , l r(1. ,1 r i l l . u L ( u f
,p
t\,^h"t,
/,l
^ , * t , t'
" l ' l r' ' ir '
il'dr'v
"PDtukr"
_
(-u/tqt
' Ju
J!ll'
I'
r'"
i' r ' r"
l-orpoliric.rlanrt moral bcl,.rv;orancliudgnrcnr."$Thc sr.rrc's
poliricalsrrucrure must rcscmble,bcousc ir rcflccrs,rhc onrologicalsrmcrurcof rcalirv
,rndthc *rucrurcofthe ;rdividualhunr.rnsoul.,'lhc hicrurchy
ofrcprcscn
r.rrionrlso cnfbldsrhrt binarisn offlesh and spirit ofwhich Plarois pcrlraps
$c carliestlorrl.rl sorrrcc:rrurh nrusrrule over inrge is, il od'er ol l,liroi
fornulations,rhe soul nrrrstrurledre body (scc,fo cx^rnple,Phndo 67r. or
rhe strongcrparr of rhc soul mut nrlc the rverkcr.
in an inrny much noted by comrnenrrrors,
Ncverthelcss,
and cxcnrplificd
pcrhrpsmost clcrrly olall io rhc cclcbrrredallegoryol rhe Cave,l,l.uo critiqucsrcprcscntationil clialogictexts th.rr:rrc rhcmsclvcstilled wnh pocric
metaphorrnd myrh. lhis irony,scholarsolten corclLrdc,hasirs own srci.rl
rcsonance:
Plarobelievcdrh.rrrhc "mbblc" wereirc.rp.rblcofpure reason:rnd
rcquheclthe more mngiblcillumin:uion of prrablc and poetry.',,Bur if rhc
drcn,ricalstrarcgies
ofl,laroi di:rlogucscrrcrgc,at lcastin parr. asa concesto
thc
Iimirecl
sion
capacnjcs
ofhis audicncc,rhcy rcvcalar rhc sametime an
evenrnorcfundamcntali.ony. |or Plaro,hisrrionicpcrfonrancemusr bc rc
jected(h thc socirl suld) prcciselytrecausc
its rheoreticalsrnrcturcand inrtitrtionai condirionsmay bc srid ro rerenrblethe onrologicrlsrrucrurcof
universalrcaliry.Thc chrin ofimitarion dcsccnclinq
downmrd liom rhc pocr
into the varirxrsactions,urlcrancLs,and signsof rheatricrlperlomancc is
rhus i sc.oDdaryxnd subo inarc vc,shn of tLe vasrcrchrin of rcprcscnr,rtion desccncling
irom LheFolrnsrnd Idcasol.rlxolute realityinro rhc scnrry
muhipliciry o{ rhe world. As Socrarcshad sLrggesrcd
in $c /oz rvirh anorhcr
lirnous mcophor (rhe 'lo:rdsronc"c:rcd i,r dris serion! cpigraph),rhc
''rhapsodisrarrd:rctor"is rhc n:iddlc ring on a chrin ofm:rgncr;cor spirnu.rl
transnissi r rhir exrerrds
downwardro rhc:;pecnrorbut aho Lrprvarl firsr
to chepoct, and linrlLy ro "rhe dc;ry" lirrc cnorrqhrhis meraphor(likc dre
/rr asa wholc) is at leasrpalrly inrcndcrlasa deiibtrrtdy ironic mockoy of
the rhapvrdc's.lair s ro,r spirinril :rnd poctic eflicrcy.Yel evensuch imnl
itseiffirnher consrnrcrrrbis tigurc in rhc sanremct.rphoricrerrnsrs ,r kind of
.1..
^l .
J-.',1,.,",..!,
r\ tnttu,r|t
r,,,|' ,,
,,
,
(OxLni: ( \li'nl ( hno\i,y r, dr, rr.,r. 3tj rh. sonl
I rioE fhon, I' Ardi L riJl,.n L Aurh.lnvf ijl
A4rr.,l\N
tl Futrtu: Sir 1:ruitr tD trLti,l Ih tll, \Nt\ \ot\: Villn{, ,16,). i,o.
'r J(. ir
r[f. F,r L]Lvi\or oath. nit nrc !t)enrrla
lq( arJ(, wl,o*
trri(hr,,(?'rt
'l)c
htrker,
]k t6, rnrl rlk $rJ;D\'
.on<illrrJs ro {h. rhrf( t)r ,livi\i,,n or rlr yut t o:ppdn..
'l!
'(),,,1,. hi vo',,,t rtn l i .",i ti "r.,rB ,n(i .
t't,h, io PLnrai.Wtng', t'tdtoxi. &L/.r)/$.\l
R J .rn ti i trs ,n M,ri i "l ],. I t,,rn(r ,n M$t, n,
(.h, .\ l (ir(vold,J' (N({ litrL: lt u(Ledse.
qne,.
Perl,ahry objau in nte Thcotosical Tbcan
ry
rltrotrghhirn but is
Illlcdwirh an in-spintnrn"thardcsccnds
cmpLyvcsscl,
ncrap|i'sicsrrc iltictrl.rcdlvithin x
ln evcr lrrgerrcnnst wcll, I'larols
of pcrlbrrtrnclLshc kncw it' bLrt
s*,cepirrg
cr;tiqueofrhc literalinsrirurion
svstcm'rhc
of his philos,rphic
of rhc strictlimir-s
rr rhe samerime,ours;<lc
icel
ftrr
thern
authorship
rs
I
nrodcl
srrrvives
srnrcmrc
besic
conccpmal
same
phrue
I emplov
in
r
prrricuJar
rnodcl,
dris
JacquesDerrida hasaptly calltd
wrircs:
rhroughoutthis book, rhe rhcologiol rheatcr.As l)crrich
li,r rs Ltg rs its anrcrutc,foll,'wingthe
ll,c strgeis rhcolog;crl
rn ruthorcrcrtu
cntiretyof urrJnion,conrponsrhe {ollorvingelenrcnts:
rvrtch ovct,
rnd
keeps
rvho,rbscntand trom alir, is rmed rirh a texr
rsrml'les, tcgulaestlrc time "r drc nrerningof rtprcserrtrriur'lcrting
rhis latrcr rr7,ri'rrahirn :rseorecrrrswh:t is crllc<lthe conrcnrol his
his intcntnrrs,his nltrs. hlc lus rcPlcscntirrnrcPrcs{'rhun
thoLrghts,
tliLcctrs,r rcrc,rsorshvcdinrerprcrorwho
,In,ugh reprcscnr:rrivcs,
rprcscnr chrnctcrswho. prnnr;ly throughrvhrthev !rv' Dorc or l's
I
direcrlyrepnscntthc thoughtof rlrt 'cLcato
litcnlrt,rhorshipandliteraryrufioLitv an inspir'rtion
ln sucha rheater
which is linguivically.r,llphilooph;crllyderivcdturn thc primitivebclief
in a divinc ryhlaror "trrcarh' descerdf(,nr t|c pocrdowo ro phver pupof rhc 'ruthorirl
in rnicubtc multiplicitydresiogularirv
pcrs,who rcpresent
modelofau
I sugg*t lrtcr in moredcnil, this rheologic-xl
intelrion.r'?As
on dte thc
rod;nrposcd
upheld.
construcred,
lhcror;c.rlly
rhorshiphasb<en
(o our
crrlv
Renrissance
of
rhc
rrrical entcrpriseliom the humanistrevivrl
rcll
rhciters
own centur)',evenrhoughit hrs scl<lorirccuratel!dcscdtrcdthc
conilitionsand socialrclattuns.For dre nrcment I observcmcrclv tlnL rhc
hicmrchicrland "thcrtrical'srructLrc ol Plat<isoltologv .orresFDds to (h'
nrrt specifichicrarchyof rbe rhcol,glcrl rhcarer,:rnd that Lhiscorvcrgcrrcc
rtl.rycxpl'IinhorvI'laro,i,r rhc rllegoryof drc t}'t, couldliSrrrclonh rhc
wholc multilcvel plttss of pcrceptionenci ttptcscnrationrs r pL'PPcr
show- .r pagcmrol novrblc;mplenrerrsend obje.rsinvested{irh dte nrul
ruthor
of rn rbscnrrnd inacccsiblc
ritudinousmcanings
i t \V ti hrth'l 1)i l
r ,l' L L !r r l) r r n ,' 1 1 { .rr$.i rri 'rrf l t l ltr L ' .,f( r r L .l,y
'hq o c ! r ) . J ' * h
rr)
t
of1ll,n,q.lt,{
,n,..r(:hLlrro: Ljr!sery
'r:'si
,, S.a
LJnt.6ii} or
!r,{, /y',,ld,,r (Nr!tl
J.,nl,f l. Lt.rl, tL. t'IN.t lrnn r: s,&r,1trl
l,n
Lt l. '* v .l t 6 i . r r s j , . ! - J ;
' [i' !{ n L ,]Jn n i$ i' tr o ll' o w1 n l' r l' *."lnu"'i 'rnl '1"'n'l nN 'i 'r
.r.i.,n,,-,
.-o
i.i|,
P1ep.E t"./
.'
.1
f""
t'}oPtl : Crhut
rhc Ii sht ol r ll ( his, ir is sr ikiDg r hr { Pt r t o r lur t d r t nr nr t o t he in, : r gc
-l
n
ot rhc p'rpper rs one of his fin.rt Deraphorical or r cgoricrl inag$ ot rhc
humd, sLrbjecr.In thc laat rhe
.ktihcssesrhc nrbjecr ;f propd
^rheD'x
education,just as Socrarcshrd done
in rhc firsr book ofd,e Rrpa,gtr; and hc
evenrLrallyprcsenrswhar lrc crlls.r "frblc rhrt providcs.r prnicut.rr figurr
ti or ol thc charact cr isr ic
l) hr or ic clivisionof t he scil
Irr us look at rhe wholc rnlter is sonrc such lighr rs th;s. \nc mry
imxgine ihar e.ch of {s living c.earurcsis a puppcr ordc bv <xls,
p^* i l ,L\ ....r t,1 . , \ r L'iJ, ir . I. ,' u. . r r t v \ r i'h \ un, c r . i, f ( s. r . , , \
1. .r t r ^,
l hd, i D dccd,; s m or c r l, r ! we cr n r ct l,bur or c r ht r g js ( ( r r , , in. nr ele
rlrcror stircs ,re, so (o sxy, drc c(trds,or srrings,by wh;ch wc ar
worked; rhey rre oppose<lro one rnothcr rnd putl us widl opl,(r;r(
rensions;n rhe dimri{,n of op|osire rc.idD, ind rt,crc;n lics ,hc
divisioo ofvtrruc l.om vic.. ln tacr, so sJy5rtr,, r.g,,mcnr, r,nin orusr
.l*xys vickl ro orc of rhcsc rensionsrvirhou tsisrrD.e. bur
In,I isxi,r,
rl l rhc orh.r srinss Nsr yiild. dr r ( ; s, r o dnr g, r t <t cn
r nt l h: r owet l
drx$.i nsof j (dgn, en ! h; cl, sos bf r l, e n. n1c( t , hc pul) t ichw ol r t je
cuy . . so., ,r r r n n, r sr r lwaysco<, 1, cnr .wnh , t , c noblc ( lr xwiosof
hl y.
. ID dri s wnc ot r .
r it l. of r hc hun, il, puppc$ wi lind ir s
firllllln,rDr. (6 1.le6+)b) 'ur r t
A s ti tl .c R q l ,t4l) lxr {, discovcr sin t hc puppcr a pr r t lignr of r cpr cscnuLi on,so l ,crc hc discovcr sin r hc puppcr r pr r : r dig, rot
r t t , r hunr r n v, ut . I r ur
thcrnrorr,j u\r rs l, ir l( ) l\r hcor yof r cpr csc, , r r r i( ) lr
( wt r iLt r nlJkcsr Jr eideanor e
,..,1
.,hi f . , r , r \ . , ! a r l, ( inr , . ; r ; vcipn, . . t , ,, , . , , , . ,, , t
' 1,.,' r' l ,c
r' l i ,r,,r(r(r.(, $1,. , 1. ( nr ,
hir n hn. , , r . . r ( . . r , ui, ; \ f L, <li, . r r r r r
'or , . nL
possiblccflicrcv ol drc mrric:rl
imrgc. l hc vulg.rr nngician chin* to cortrot
the cmboclicd scll rhrough irs rrrcrc figure; bur pl:rro suggars rtrrnrc trrc alw.rysalready mere ligurcs, puppcrs of the gods.
A,
,(. 11J,.,e(nt,J..l,t.(.,.,,ct),,,,,.,r.J.,\(rt,"r"ur..t)
r*ut,
t-ir srr rrr,t.,,,t,,,r.
+trrtL
h,rc.r.rrinti
,t,.
i",,.,
,,,,t
"r
outcrnrorivclorcesth.rtrhcw|olc idcrot r puppcrirritssrbscqucnr
cuttural
tt..rg *,,1r'.1
po.o.,li ui!idc. | ... t,l.'ro,,,rsc.,. rr,.rrrtrccu,t. n,rrrir".trr.
uil,k(n,riun. .sl,,rl,crrl,c..rrr-,.r.rtr.,r',t,,,,.,t.,,,,rrIr"..t,y*tri.tr
we arr sorkecl" are lzrrrrz4 and rher hun,rniry mtrsrrtaal,ro ,.co<JPcntc
with rhc noblednwins oflx$,. L,an,il;xr
co oquialptrrrscs
sri survivingtn
Engtishruch s
or ',pu irg strings.,
dclx'd rlgr'rjltyo;',rn
cxrdorrr!-or powcr:rh! l'Lrppcr
rs .rnobjer:r
rhrr is nr(rvrcl
or rrr:rnipuhred
by
'1r.,,,,.'
r).,|d\";rc
objIB
h th.
.t.h.atog;4/
ka,d
.l
sonteonccls(. lly co,xrast,Plarokfablccvokesrhrr con:plu middle ground
of poliriclll discoL'rsc
;r which pure dominatior 5econesadtoitt
a \irmrlizcd conceptof chcproprieryofpou,eamncrhing invesrecl
wirh thc aura
ofmyth and momliry and conscquendyinrcnrrlizcdby rhoscon whom ir ;s
imposed.lhis is prcciselythe point of l'laroi prrable,in which rhe soul's
self-nasrcring,
inrcmal judgmcnr'not only is equivrlcnrro bLrtis finallv
rennm&lLas. Pl.uo rhus oncc rgrrinnppnrpriarcs
a p:rrricul.rrkind of con,
ccnlmrary popularculmre linkcd (socially)to drc "rabble" ancl(rncrrphysisllv) to the hicrarchicalsrructureofJ reprcscnmrjoni
anclhc docsso wirhin
a text conccrncdrvith the discursirccorsrrucrionof"prryci' rnd 'rppro,
pri.uc" srrbjccrs
lir "Lhc public hw of rhe ciri:" l his doublesrraregy*'rs ro
recuracros a wiclerangcofcnsuing Wcsrcrndiscourse.
Mammers,Mrrnoscts, .rnd Marn,ncft.s:
lconophob;aand rhe F.rnbodicrlSign
Mrnis Mru,t, v, to spcak,is a perperual
frcrorvol idols.
-lol\r (:!l\;^, In$i'at.' DJthz dDinr
Rdigio, t.n.s
'lhc Plrtonic hierarchyof rcpresentrrion
c'vcnnrallyintlucncesand merges
wirh rhc icorophobi.rof drc Judaeo-(.hrisrirnrheologicrlrr.dnion: rhe p.ohibitionor sLrspicnrn
of thc maling lttrdworshiping
o1 "gnven imrgcs.ir
FirsranicLrlatcd
by thc ancienrtlcbnrvs, ar arrackon idolary rccmcrges
irr
thc churchfirdrcrs:rs
:r cririqueof prLgrnisr,ard cenrurieslatcr bccomesonc
of rhe the flund:rriorrsol rhc Rcfirnrr.rrionrttack on rlre (iatholic church.
HereI wanrto glanccbrielly.u.rfcw highlights
o1rhclonghixory ol uhris
tian iconophobia,rvhich corsritutesonc nrofc discursivesourccfor the culturel rssociations
that woultl cling to rhc puppcrin rhe c.rrlynro<lcnrperiod
and beyonrt.Most broadlv,a rccuncnr cologic.rlrrxiety.rhour icons,idols,
Nrrdj'D;rarionin ge.eral will prcvc to bc discursivelvand linguisticallvrc,
lated to rhc idcr of rhe puppcr-drc inrninute olrjcct invcsrcd*,irh hisrrioric "lifi." I movc ourwardfiom rhir ccnrr;rlobservrrn,n,rhrrlrgh rhe linguisr;. scDcalogics
oi sever:rl|cy wordl ro considerhow drc thcological
valcncco[rhc puppet underliesa much broaderculnrralprrxcssir which:r
(designated
particularculrunl practic-e
alongwirh orherpanrhcar.ic.lnodes
" l rrf(,l,c Kn' n"Dpl,"l'ii hon Chrnoph.' (:.nli,r. /.,zt Etly urni, h,a(: lll,l t,ht:
Lrqntar;,h ht tt ltnb ,[ ],r,r/nl/id \ri:vc^itr t'.nk:t\nn,vl!trni s{rLCt],'ir-6iry Pr$. rer)
'
rz
?Lpp.t! tn.l 'Populir" Otlut
otpc'ft,,nr.,,',c.,,,",-,,oflos or puputrrrulnrrc,hcrrrrrr.r rrrbri 0r rie
ur( 1,,,,'rhcrl,'r-).,,1 .,1;.t .rnJc,rtrurJt
sUI",,,tiIrr;uI\r,c,riL,tlf. IuL
s(rk .rl;w.\.,,,,tt$ i,- wLi{h rtrrprrl,p<.r
f,yu,$ $i,t,in rl,ei,,,cr.,tJr,,l
di,
cu,,r\(\or(h,,\rrnn),i,gvnv.rtr,,.,rrrirherrri..,t
f,(j,,dn<.,o, ,"t m^h,,ir!.
witchcnft, relign,usrcftnnarion, .rnd rhe Iikt. Lr .rch.,liscot,.,esa p-sist.,i
iconophof,iaioiff wirh rhe ideaot rhc puppct to tocarcgenclcranclclassin
a
rcpresenrarional
hlerrrchy rhar srbord;rarcsrhc bod;ly an<Jrhe materiatto
rhe nxmal .rn<ithc spirirual.\(rrircrsover n,anycenruresrhusapt rop,iared
in .tiscnrrr,r
.r 1..'n..ut,rr
nr,,,tr,,t pdro,rnJD.c,n.y ,;.,, t,,,;;,,,ti .",,
rrucrcd .F fof,urrr(vcn a, r,,<1cnvisnrn<J
r vrriu) ut Jr" u1,\( rrr(Fori.,
in
m,,,fi ,,r,{dly ft:rrunitrnt.r.rplrysic,
mrrk*J try .rs .icr,,.,*pi.
'he
'i
.un ,,t c,n ,uJi! J.it ,.',, I I . t,,sr,tri(.,t e,n is irytftricrrrchi,at.
in rh.rr
fJ
nre pufpct tttnt bc srcn, by rrrns and ar oncc, eirhcr :rs d;,ninurivc
ind
trivial, a nerc doll or playrhing,or;rs nrysrrrioLrs
and efFcrcnrru,rhc vrry
ep'romeor performanccir rtt irs supposcdtyrrrrrstunnarive
power
ln the Old listamenr rlre rcjecftrn of ittohrry groundsirsclf in qucsrions
ot.
represenrarion
and agcncy.Thar is, .rn ol was pcrnicioLrsborh hccar*cir
ys a lnsslr in:,i::lufle rrrflnp o .epr€senr
rhedeny (...r.heycl,.rngecl
thcir
glory inro rhc s;milirudcofrn ox, tamcnrspsrtm ro6, <tcscribing
rhc exodus
from llglpr), anc{nr its prcsumpruousbrticfr|ar hrrrrranhan<}srrighr
invcsr
a marcri.rlfigure wirh aniourc tifl.,'So ro beticweis,
th. o,:" har.l, ro
"n
mdir hunran:rurhorchiprv;tb powcr resrrvcd{or rtrectivine
Aurhor ancl,or:
rh..orhs hand,ro.clinqu;shonc'sown,rgcncy,to distigurcrbe;nlrge
ofCod
widrin onc'.sself:
Tlr r,juh,,t rl, , | ..,'trq I t s,h., ,-,1
h.rrrJ.
8,,,1,rtx \o,t ,,r rr.,.r,\
:l ' N hJi nbU ' ]\bu||||. 1'|. . |kl|U|: . 1- . hJ|. ||'cv'
I h.v t,rr( ..' rs. t , ', r r t , ( ) t r . . , , r o, : Fd. h. | , , , t , , . , ,. , r ) 6r , , r t , i, r
r t , ,i.
fhcl rhat makc rhen rc like unro rhcnr: so is elery one
rl,rr rrusrcrhir
rt,e!,.
(r,srrm
trt
rr R.,fill,
\r]nl lrluh. ttr',,n L\tiprt,r)t!
l\ t,,bnru 4 rfin
hl'rhni l.tu.tr:\i\]r{n: \.tr.
knlr d ar,nrp_o
l'r\. Dr,r. r
/ r i l a ,l l '
\ r t.tt.. ..
.,...., /,? r ,u ../.,.
'i r , : , n
h ,...a ttr * tt..,.t..,
\ t u,i \ 1 , ,,, ,r r l
t).,Jbt/aog
Ol,Jkt' i, //)t , I'Ledogidt"
.!hca*r
4
Tiris n,u.h-circdfassrgc\yould inrrcduceinto theologiol discou,s.., l;rn la brordly sinil.r ro llrro.s equrtior ol rhe sLrlrjccr
rnd objccrof rrpre,
senrarnn.As, for l,l.rro,rhe kxs ois.lisuflired bv dre acn,r or nrinic corrcspondsro rhe l-eeilirrgand warcringol his .ruclienccis
prsions, fbr rhe
psrlmisr.nore sin,plv,hc who wonh ps ols ir likc whrr hc worships.
In turly Ohrirrirnityrhiscorrvcnrioral
undcrsmnrting
ol rhe idol .rsr pcrricious inrrgc sLrspcndr.lbetw.cn idenriry rnd rescnrblucc,hctwccn rhc
wonclclrndrhc rr;ck,is cnfi,klcrlwiLhirr nrorccornplcxrcprcscnntion.rl
hicrrrchy.one rh,l its,:lfenfirl,lsthc I,lrronicbin.rrismof llcsh.rndspirir.
Srint Paul :rrgucsrhar rhoscwho chngcd thc glory of dre unconuptiblc
Cocl ilro rn imrgc m.rdclike to corupriblc nrxn . . . Co<Ialsogrvr drcm Lrp
to unclcrnncss
rhroLrgh
tl,c lustsof cir orvnherns.(, rlishonour
rhtir own
(llom,rnrr.r.r ,4). ln I'nullrconsrrucrion,
bodicsbcrwccnrhcnrsclvcs"
ro
worsh;ptheinrnlmrrematrcrofrhegr.rvcn
inrgc is ro degr. enorjusronc:
spiritualundcrstandingbrrr onet m.rtcrialflcsh.The presumprunsrrrcmpr
(iodls rrrnscendenttruth in r ncrcly hurnanimagc,likc rhc pro
to reprcsenr
miscuous
sexinlio which is both a minor ard.r consequcncc
olrhat at,
renpr. is a $rbvcrsionol rhc hicrxrch)ofbei g and crc'r;on. scrliDs 'rhc
creerurcmorc rh.rnthc Crearoi' (r.ut).Srint I'aul hasfbrccdrhc opposition
of aDim.rclnd inrninrre ;nio r som€wharuncomfoneblcrn:rlogyrJ.h rhr
ofposirion ol spirit and flcsh: rhc body is bur a contrincr fbr rhe srul u<l ir
ftus irscli nrerernarrcr,rhc dusr ol drt ground.
Thi' sin,€ rl,rologi.al ald philosophicalsrratceyrvoLrld,ol coursc.hrvc
pLofoLrnd
conscqucnccs
for \Vesrenritleasof gcndcrrnd sexoalnn,rrlinl In
pl.Dric.rl worksofrh. ody iihristian frrhen suchrs Gnullianls Dr.!)u,.rz
iar; (r rexrdur. by rhcwav,alsostriltswharrvouldbc.rncniturinrprnllcl
bctx<'crirloltrLyand thc.rrricalpcrii,rnrncc),rhc gencrrlChrisri.rnvisnrnot
rhc bodvrs n,crcinaninr:rre
nr:rrrcr
inlnbircdby:rsorrlwoul<1
pnxlLrcc
I cor,
rcspond;rrg
visnrnof rhc idol.Ciri,,t oneof S:rirrI,rul'.s
orhcrr'hctoricrl
rr,
(r Corinrhi.rns
r,rcks
oDrheidolworshipcr
ro:r9-:o), lLrrulli,rn
camallvr<lds
i funhcfcnlcialpoinr:" Nor rharan idolis rnvrhing,'saysthc aposrle,brt
rvhrt d,cv do, drcv do in honour ofrlcmons, Nho planr rhcnNclvcsin rhe
consccrarcdinugcs ol
xtevcr rh.y .rc. derd n,c!, or rs /r,7 rhink,
r'
go(ls Nolc rhrt herr rftcidol hrs hecome,
in ellcct,.rgcnuincJy
rrugic.rl
in,:rgc,
onc lircmllyinhabitcdby r denonicprcscrcc.l'his..rscomrncnrators
haveremarkcd,is rcruallr r rrdi.al dcpa,rurcli r erriio Jud.Lic
drcughr,for
,r, o litu
'' hyan,!|,,,.
\l,i irn, U..i,r(nrN. rrr). ra,-
14
l\qpa
aul
Ibprlat
hr. /t,/a{r,,!/
r, !),r,rr,/n
ft$
c,(t!t
n Rndtrll
.o&t,r:
tuol womhipis hercconsrrucd,N
\!r1rDg
not bcc.rtrcir nrismkes
inrninrrte
nrlrc,torditin l;/;h,, 1,,,.,o,.,,:.,t,.t,,,.i,iv(,.,,nh,po,.r
rr.,t orrrtvil
tf
. rctr" r. r,rn,rl.,,tvc,r\i.o r, ,h,. rri..rtp,,tu ,, r..
spirjtnl poiscssn',,rciling rhc now celebrured
sroiy ot r rornrn .rvho went
r" rhc rl,-rft.md rerrrrr<tdcvjl
J,^........t.:n.,,1",,r,.,,. t,.," .p,,i,*,,
...,J
I'crrrgerortiscdrnJ rr. prescdqirF r,,cr.,rr.rrrun,tur
nc
.t.,,,dro
<mcr.r,,wrrrrrr
uhr.l,<lirveLJ:
.rrJtu.r.1rrrr,r:e,,r.roo,,s.rrJt,en^t,t,r,for
I.rurmdrrcron rt o$ r g-ound.
Ui ..,r h. .Jlv J.rrlro rr" . r irr nrsinc
rharTcnullirn.spuppcrtikrticrim ofdcnlrn;c po,,cssi", is femrtc,
r,d to i,:
rcmirdcdlc<rdinglyLlur,rs scverrJ
r(.(.enr
cornnrcnrlo$hnvcareucd,thc
whole polcnical projc-crot rhc
I)lnistic nrrhcrs
li"f., i-;,,a;..
","1"",ty
.rgrinrr rhe dre.rtcrrvidr prejurliccrgrinsr women.,,
Lrr.rnrius similarlyinveighsagrinstidolarry and repezrsrvhrr
h.t1become
,
rhe con\corion.lanaloqyof tbc idot worshipcrrnd his objcct.,.\(har
can
.l'
r , i ,,1_,.'
.,.t, t.,( ,.,,,r i ..,.
", ,,,", .s ho\1,r s r ,i,..."
;i ,"
" .r ,,,,,;
c\.cf',
rr'a,
,t,c),,h(,n.(trc\,r. .,., r,., ,,,.it,tuck,uiwooLl..,,
f\,,n,,{,.
],ll:
l,l
pe,hJl\ ltr, l,,o,r.cl.l,rrrcJp.r*r;...,,h , Itrtu, /r,rirtttt,.
t*r.,nri,,,.,n
fropn.'r(\tr,,,, t'(,,iu.,) rtru,{i(.r1,,,r).c;,rt,,r {,,,,r.tir,(t,hc.,,,...,injf
rcpcrr,rll,yl.rrrrwrirtn: f,.rs;,,r. .uhr,.rJ,i,,,,i.t.*,r",r,"
r,,,,r,.,,,i.1,"
,. s.irdIn,c pk\,,h
fufpc,{ J,. J,,n.,,(rlh) | In.,:.r(nr,, v.rrrr. t rsius
... (i,!l
s(r rhrr rh, *:rrrresr\rr.,..rrr,.rrr.J
rhf tikcn,r$^t Lh,.euJs.
'r/
nudc by rlrc |rnds of t,olydcinr.r,l.tuphanor.rrr<l lhidhs.
tnn solj'aDd
r rhal gr.rlJ lr.t]<,..,,,,, gi,errhy.r .,ir. ru r.trose
'v',ry.wLlc'),,(hi'rg,,rh.
prJyf."d',,',."h.SN,r. I,rrr<tc,tir.,rr,t
,, I.c.rr,tcJrn<|Lr d..,t,dfi.rt,.
.hr "l,c.rr,l*lr,,,r, $|tr
rIu r.rrrrr.rr
drn) .,'srnr):
rh,j *r.rn,l,li,: e im:ecr
arc l;ke gids with drcir ilotls. trctunriui ,heror;c.rlconce;tprojars
a t<;n<lof
il,nicrlly dc,ubh.sp;rri,rt
synrnretrr:rhc ido,s rre Dorn o\tgrosn puppcrs
and iD(r,ngftrcuslvdinrilurive nnag$ ot rhc deir;cs,1,.y
p,.r"-;j
,,,
";
rrv,.i ,.
i .i ,
",,1<M uni$, l.b./th. nnn
// /t/,/r,. 1u., t!t(.r : L:,!n!rn! ol ( .rtrf.n,ir t,,s!, ,)rir j.
).
\rc
n' t\L'tr ,Udntal ,tlie|!,+
| 7 +6r rntl \l(i[i.n
u. \inh.r.
7 h r,tal /)J ]tr Atur: D.rd.t h
tt.
l tt",,l t l i ,t"t ,
..,
/
t
t4..-.. ,.t t?," t,... { ,,\1,,n,.,,.,n.
\,.,, \.,,y r..,_.. \r.t,i .r..,j :
. l .:.':tur\ (\g\hi ,i {ru, t) (: (rrti t;. unne^ny oi 1n.,j !.,
tnn,,)!,.,.n
, "
, li
;:::' l ' ' 1"
()tuutt
^
1", .- ,.
n . , n n . , r , , , r .r,J, , r , :, . n , . . r , , . , , r . . . . . ,
r . \ . r n.
' - , ",
hlnnning
..\,,..
Obytts in tbe .Ttt.t/a.<i1/,
. / , , . . , . \ i. . .
DEnh,
a
rcfrcs.nr.llur liclanriusalsosubdiviJcs
rhe 6$ic bin.i.ydisrinctions
be
twccn largcand srnall,r,riurareand in.rnirrate,bLLmrnrnd div;nc,on which
his eroricalconceitdcpcnds,inro a rirll hierarchyofsoc;.rl.rnti scnr.rlclif,
fcrence.
hctartius'irony in,plicirlyai{lrmsthar the (n,.rle)scrrtptors:rnd
dedicat<xouglx m bc both vrially rnd ontologically
"higher'th:rrrrhe
lemalc figuresherc cnr;snrrrcdcirher as girls rt play or:rs nraidcnsrakirg
p:'rr in a sexualof prccrcativcriru.rl(ixinging magicim.rgesro n,e goddcss
of love). 'l'hc acr of idolaty-thc rpccitic confrrsionof prcse',ccrDd
rcpresertar;ol-irduc.s :rn .rnalogouscuhural or psychologic,rl
contixion
beIwmn rhe child rnd dre man, rhe nranand rhe maid. This pasrage
would
olicn be circrlor p.rraphrrscdin nruchlrrcr Protesranr
discoursczrrackingan
:rllcgcdRomrn C:rrholicworshipofimrges; it is rhusa crurcirlsirein which
rlte physicalrepresenrarion
of the hun::rnfigurc, wirh its rrrrraof porcntial
magic.would lx enlisredwithin a discourserhat constanrtyevokcranrl depcndson shitiing but inrerrelrrcdformsofothernes.
Now hcranriLrsis probafrlydrinking ol-rl'e ;dol.rrous imagcs$ dolts
nther than * puppctsor pcrformingobtecrsir rhe thearriat sense.fhc
word translarcd:rs'puppei ;n the pessrge
fiom trcrantius is pzpa rvhichin
cl:tssic. Lrrin nrcarr cirher "lidc g;r'l'' or "doll. :'lhc lrrrer, secondary
scnseprcsunrabJy
dcrivcsfrom thc frct rhrt <lollsare gncn ro linlc girls
rldroLLghcvcn so, rhc cqvr:rolosyrcrlec:sa complexproccssofsocializrrion
rarhcrdran sonrcn.rrLr.:rl
or csscnrialconnccrion,Nevcnhcters,LacrenriLrs
rhctoricrl poi'!( is prcciselythar the idol worshipertakcsmere dolls. nrere
playrDlz.q,
asrheposscrsors
ofan;m.rrellfe,a pcrceplualconfusionrhrr I'rerrl
puppct rlrcler strivtr qLritcspccificrlll to achicve.hcnntius, like ttrro bc,
lorc hin, prcsunr.rblyknew o[ sonrekind ol rr.rnipuhbte ligure rhl crn
nrtar:ingtullybc clllcd r puppcr;rntl hir rhcroricrlconccirdepemLs
precisclv
(ill,,sory)
oD
rrrriburionofspiritro Lhcmcrclyiuarinrircnurerialiurase.
'he
Sinrilrrly,rhc practicalhistrioniccordiriorrrot'puppetrhcarcruntlcrlica
complcxhisroricaland
crvmoloriolproress
rharlinksrhccutrur.rl
discoLrrscr
ofbn,logy and thcologyand cnrbodies:r coorinL,nrg.trcroric:Jrnd scnnrric
linh bcnvcenrhe ioll. rhe puppcr,rhe idol, rnd rhr (t-cnrxte)
chitd.
ll), ihc sixretnrhccnlLlryr conrnror altcrnrriveworcl fbr putpcr ir rhe
rl,cxtri l sersc solJ<l bc mrm't ot nntnrrt, wl,ich origirrllv njtanr
rr fi,, Ll,! (rvnrl.gnf,ldi{
\ii)r
fildl!.I
Lx .!jdkt,;D
rtJnn{ !,,ljc (,',/rr{1./l
'l'r
Dr!,,,),
ld,lB, K l\nrn.n. A.. Ih ti,u,t,r U,h,,rl4
/t/r,'/(r
t\.s tnr|: H n, wti*
I'NN), l,f.pli islrQl.v, l/\ thlnt, tJ|;)r!t,t, nr,t ,1rr\a,q,r
t)tui! ,r.t t,,lo L,n!E[t Ro^
1lt, ri'h,.: h,,nr llopLiB Unir!A(r lL.\. D11r,, .tr1.1
\!ih{ \\t Stct.,\t.. h ta*e,L!t.d Dt,tir/,il
,ltnE tit{i, t)\tur,
}l d. r(r\ti
: ct. n,.tnr t\.\ r,r+l
16
hqiet'
i"./
ll4'Llar"
Lilturt
'iJ,rl. lhis qrrrl orr<rcd,h.. t-,,Fti.t,
t.rnsrrr5t
ri,,r o[J lrcnrtr r, r,nr
rupdonul rhc n.nrc V.rho'n.r,M||hJIrnrrLlr.
J t;(r onJtjzfJJiBurir.t.rr.r
to in a vxricr,vofmedidrt dncourse(includingan exrens,,ereligious
dnnn)
nor as thc historicalprophcrofthe isl.rmicretigionbur
i;;si,e,l .ieitv
""
whom llrkl, Moors, paynin,s,, and evcn.lewswere"s
sxid r" _;"hjp. B;
cwenvorr.aaaza couLIreter;,, .r
," ,r t,t,. S".t ,,,. ,r,,r: {r,(
bcrerrt
\'r,'J.r).,!,,rrt{, orJccei\;ngimrgc. I hc ".r.
t o .rr.ts.
rr rhi.
rh, roirr_
"nd "r
,e.,',1'cen"rr" inruJ,..lwhrr
L,c
r
re.rren.,bgn(
i,, 1.,,.-tt.,e,mnr
"uuta
discoLrrse
in conten<ling
rhar "at rhrt worshipen,1,...."..,,,
".,,g.r;;l
crr.cJ.r,r(l,o(,n,rwnr(nrri. Ah,rrrr+2(..i,, 1,\hnt y.tg,,(\,r.,..t:,ri,,n,,,
GrlirrJlll,r(
Jc l)csu,lc";llcs/\tr.ihn3( bJth t
l; ,J M;\. rtrr pi,grinrrb.
ser\q a carpenrcrwo.shipirg rn idol and corrrrrcnrs:
Sc hoy thus tir,t, orl hysti,tvc,
Sethhow hys Maw,ne.,6ul o11chcr.
ltcrys6ath,rnd rrraynrr hcrc;
And rylrv,rg(ilr., in hy\.(.
l:<n trrrtr.rnd nrrynrr v.
Bur is rs tlowmbrs srol or ron.
ia,9r7_zr),"
Exprcrsinglere e .rncicntJudaicrrrack on thc atrribLrrionof divi,iry
ro
nerc-matter,rhepilgrim r li:w tineshrer rcfersto the conrrrdi.ro.y Chisiiin
belicfrhatthe ictolaror
is acmrttyworslipingthc tlcvil:
tlu, off Lhynr.wmcr.I wotd€h.rc,
V/rhe mav dri no d,yngsrrrc,
Why rhow shouktgrLynr honourr.
tor (uio rharrny rcsourrranl,
Vith-lnnc, enctosyys Srrlur,
Ard rhcrhynr+ytffhrrhnti r sc.
t!r,or.,,rj)
'rhe "n,:rwmcr"
or idol is borh a rncrc..stokor sroo' {an Jl;tcr.rrnc comb;
nlion rhrt rcgrrlrrlyrecursin larernrvecrivcrgairsr iclotworship)
and a sirc
li,r rh<lircr.rlnr',.cncc,,f
.rni,,dwc inF,1,i,i,.
,
\',k,l l i i i ,r
i d. tqL.
nrL!l i t,.\,
1( ,
, , .. .
ra ftn
a.,,rt:".(i r,tr.l ....r.,,n!,!..
..
I,r{ ,ti 1,..
, t,r t,..
't.sr ,/.,, . ],, tt.? t trlt/ox\.tt
t1... ,,,,{ . ,r.
, . , .r t( ha,
/ t,t, ,t t
t7
't l\c wtn(Lz,1,,.',
$.i, dcscends
f-rcmrhisp.inrary sc,,scot ..;dot,,inro
.r\r.,1 .,rhd,t ,\i ti g,,jrtm.r,,i,rA\
Br.rhr,r,,r.c n (c,rrtrryrtrr r(fln hJd
.'{s'rn'(L,
rhfu , i.ring ol ,puftn to,t, in rh(
8c,r.,.,t..n* ui., chitJ.,pt"v
*"'s,,,'1
rh. \rk, r,,\ or r t,(rroi,nins()hj((,... tn ,h. r,,ony;,ou.
"'
1,,,n'er/.r'?/vwot,ntru ht Hxntl(o_r rhc n.rik Ce,io,
b.,*j,."t,,
wD. \nowewr r,ch((rc ro nighrl rnd g,,c,un ro
"
hcr
l.,mituri|v
-r(,Ii,,I
w,'t',e!nJtorhcrli',),r,,r'pr,puhrc,,,cr1.,innrcn,
t h!k.e.n ,hc Brb,,nc',
rrrerd),..rhc
Lirrlc .,r ,r(w Ninivj(.r,rJJr,ti,heJcvr r reJhv rhc Mrnrnx.rr.
rt.Lr, .)1.' I hroughrircsem.rrrric,enrc.ot
Joll ,,r"pupper.,.huwc.o.rirc
word also<,uld be.rpplicd colioqui:rltyto a suboltlinarepcnon,
asuallva
tcnxr..,as rern, enher of condescerrrJing
afec.ion
or
oa rt usc and c;n,
'
rcrnpr.tn accordxncc
w;rh its ctymologicalroors,howcaer,the rcnn rcc,nsro
.orvcy
such trsages
nor iusr thc semanricsenseofmasrcry or doninrnce
'n
ligurrllr-,rrggcsrrJ
by rh<ronJiror. cf prrpFl p(rro,n,u)r, h,., Jt.o j ,(
\.\rl ot rtrJrrch'ion,hip.Arrcr.,,1.rI.eh.rs;e
scnur)ri(coIrL( ri,,nl,(rs<n
rhe idol and thc pupper nrrns on rhe idea ot-rn i,r"g"
rh,,r ,f"."i,"r;;;
viewcrand is chLrsitsetfpowtfin. rn this scnse.,nramniets,.
atyr rcscnbtcr
prrocurir m6o$/nisr imageof wonr.rn,uho, asdcscribcd
in a discursivcrm_
diti<,rrdcscendingfronr rhe chLrrchtrthersati ,f," *.1,
," ,f,. p"^pit",
rrovcnicsol cady n,odern|ngtand, uscshcr -fai,, gt,i,,g
.oun,*"...i ",,,,_
,.
cruscmcn to be "dec.eived
. . whercthevmosr rrtrst.,,)7iwo contlrclicrorv
,;.g. , rhc,mr,rerrdobic,r q,.,r. ,n(
I,o$,auilv ,t!ccp,iv.i;;;;; ;1,,,i
'c,r
(onvc,t(
,', lhe \\ott )aa,an?t. ft,,, i\ ,,,, uortd. rayr
Shrkc,pcrre..
I,r,,r"Itr..'.,hcL,iJ.J to!ins,Jr,1.c[.u hi. $i,; un r,i. *,i
,".r",,,,if,,,,t
(lcJ,n. r^l,ll)$llllmrnrlrr\.,ndro,,t,$,,,,tit\.t/
thnrltVt.j.yt.jzt.:,
ll .r,rcry,lini.rr.rr,onrerr.rtr. hrrrotlrrs,, , ,p,t"
,..r_"," r,;,a""s;,"r'
*
1,,o. / A wtrinirrg
l,rrlirrg
I R_,c, ,nJ j,,ti"t
I l"'.]]1
",,,"^ei
.84\.N.'r( rr,.'r
i.\.rljr
"rrrrrrrrr,
:r
.r
r L,,,rh1,r.,.r,.\tF is ,*i.,;n; ,h(
JLlitr
f.:rrher's
patriarchalrighr ro givc hcr in nurriagcro rvh",,,.,.. h".h"...":;
o\/nd E\bL DiJn ,tj. I r. ,njr64,"
r,
.
'' ttr.r viu
h ,t Hn,Dt: dt rL.l,ir Mdyin.tr$n
(N$ y.rtir (;nr
:l l, l, inrnL.- t , , | , . . . , . { . , o . r . 4 ' t r a i,,t.1 n p ,,,J,.......,.t.,,,.,,,t,,,,.^ t,.,,,,,;_;.
, rrN,). h(r(. b whd,
1,.:
r:jt';,jll::J::i;. -n,,' m'a\ '.'\:,r''k,m
.:,,i,:;i..;',:;
,.;:,t.:,,,:.:::
lL \. 1 F ' t r ' 4 , 4 \ n t ' t
r 1 r ,,.,t,D,.tr .!,n t,,,,n ,,t( ,,_
.n,rn.,..,,r1,r1,,,.,1. It.,
n"--' -r,t,',o'd,o
''rI'"
;l;,1;
i,l:11:':fi;fii1
:""::,;:,:',.':
"^'-*
r {lrldnxx
iroo
.
1&!joralo
rB
Shi[(p..tr,i reorksiir h,n, rh Ririn,l. yu*t)/,nh,, (t (].
UL|(.nbR. urnx
.w_h, Mifin, 9i., A .i,., Lrch .in. siyo! fr,.r6crn.,lty b), ,r , , rlf ,, ,!,!t tm(
,,,nt !r
taqt,tt' hl
'l'a?k/.tr" Ahtuft
bcc,usehd ftrl,d aliegesher rcarsto bc merclyr deccprivc
nn(t,nlripthrivc
hisr.rcDrcpororancc. As I wi suggcsrin morc ctcoil rvith
Lrrcrcxlnrolc,s.
wod.'- r. d \urs,\(ty \nn:rnrcrcd.xpuppcrl;k..h"rh
il tra eencrJl
Jinrrnu
10,' ai',r nr..nrt,,r.,t,itirv
ir ti,,J of,nJ,c,,.,t,,),".,, p"*.i or io,,ioj,,t
r
"t
m,,."1i",t,tnt.u,1in het,rr,,,;,,g'.ri,,;,,,,1i;",,
T:ll:l,llr
"",r,;;;;;;,,,
'fh s. rhc\e,),.,nn(
\pccrrurrrrnsioefiorn
.f,h".,.,..
_,*,;,,;.';;:il
:li3l":'l;lj:,,?,,il1
;;ll;l-,ff;,.:,i
roD rnewondcrri, rh( rnck.tr,,rnrher,,prl r
c horronr r\c hierrrrt,ror
"r
it:;.i i,Tl::,:::t;:-:t
;:iili
; i,.,t
:,,::li;Hl':
;,*.:;:
:,;::,
::
,:8':' ,':1rr]\,||
$mJ pr$rtscrrnm| \Js.r,.\ /.//<rr."{/rh,,
I tra\e
llr:'l
l rc.i dy c,rcd. rh c pr lgr m r t . o h, r ( n, , r \ Jr
r hc i, t , , t lor . s . ner , :
so, r L,
"r "
wor<,
<rcrivcs,;,,",
;; ;;l;
L,ff '":'jj;i):";:J.j,,,!:,:ti_,111,""',
*r,i.h.,.,",.p..,
i,,;;il.;;;";.il1'i",1[ili,"m::q;
:lx;;ll
:.-''"
1*i
;;;:t.::::i:lii,;,*j:.f
"i"","-.'..v'';
Ji"".i::it':t
:lim,;:*ffi ;ilrflffi#:furf
il
smalltropiol N$r V/ortc{monkev.
-Iheinconermus connecrion
oithe idol an<rrrrr monkeyoperateson rtlo
semanrictevcls.As idolsire oricn chancrer;ccl
asr"_a, ai-;i*,l"c r,,"eis,
ridicLrlous
in tbcir phrsicalslr ncssrctativcto rhe rlivire
figr,r" th.y ..fi,,
r ,,r prroJnrcni,,n,,r
'.,.'l'",'k'" ::, 191,.*. , -. ., ,rn,ril,
:l :tlT.l'
j:;. ii:l*:5:il::lli':
r:';l'
I:::ri:irf
,;;ri;
:;;r
:ln':i,h
r;:t;"1i,
.:*,:iili
r;i'l;#;lilfil iifli
||.,,1',,..
.-r< dc.crrirrgir :r
i," "", ,hc,r*,r. r,,,.,r..
-nrt
"
. t v, . ot r ic
.''1,11
"l,r 1 ll t 4. k4.
J,l
rrrl ol rf' c a c,r
Rub.
ri- s. . orrc
"
tlt Frtt
-tl
r r . . . . r , r t Jwh, r < or ir l r l
n ut,t.,,.c,,r...,,; ;;,.:;;;,;;;l"i ;,:
, ) r ,,.r i ,( ,s(x,'ttc
t r .,,,.,,r
( s h,n,A,..,nr t,.,J
t,. ,t,.,
r i hc rnr
t
, tR olttr,1nn.f,,;/.
q,. MiLl
r)iv rl
::,,,,,,,,,,
,,,,,.i ;;t.:;,;;;;;,;;:i :i ' l l ;.l l :,;j
: :;l l :;:" .1,:
"
il;r :
t';;:
:-,;:::l,l-,,"
;:ll" Hl :i,li;)1,:,
;l,ll;,-.:
"',,,ti':''
PclJltnrry ()bk6 ;a tht .'.tbtalagiot , 7tteao
ry
rlie /22'ir' !s rh. nn,sriJnir)ti\e oi .re u.cs)wrs sodtetiniesct)ll.d 'the .rPe
ol Nrrure. lrorc$nrple,in oneofthe illrrrrrrionsin RobenFlutlclstirlprrpptrlikcNrrurc (cnv;sioncdis t ttked
t6qBcCotni Hi'tu/tu (1617-19),.r
;s
by
r
ch:rin
clcsctrtlinglionr (;od's hrnd rnd attrchcd
fcmale) manipulrted
ro a manrcleon her wrist, whilc rhc htrsrll hnJs r chrir rLtrchcd ro r di
oDrhcglobeofrhc crrrh
rnorkcysitrimg
n;nut;vcandcvenmorcpuppcrlikc
(seerigurc t).
'I he rpishncri ofhunr:rnitymrnilcsrs
irstll,mostobvioudyanddirecrly,
(brrespording\',
(hc "trrrf'r)osci' rvs rlw,, by
in rhe.rtrimlreprescntarion.
rhc sixrccnthcentrrryand probabll'crr icr, r [nrd ol lircrll pcrlirtnringobject. r\s varioushistoricrl remrdsancst,trrinc'dnonkcvs or "brboorts" wctc
,r popLrlrrform of cntena;nrnrntin tle srrcetsand nrrkcqlaccs of ernv
rninring
rricksandcomically
pcrtirmingvarious.tcobatic
nodern F:nglind,
liom rhc l.ondonBear
humanbeL.rvior.
Onc ofthc ftw rlrnivinghatrdbills
g,rrdcn.a ncighbc,rof Shrkcrycrrcstilrbc 'l bcrrrc on tJrnksiclc,mcorions
anong irs atrractnns plmrrr spon wirh rhc horsc:rnd ,rpc"rrnd rs larc l
rhc
rlre e;ghrccnthccnturv "a lirrle Mannazet fnnt llcrrgal,that chrrc-es
ml exerciscs
l rhe rvo:d of comnancL,"rvrrsptrlooning rt
CLtire Rounds,
Barrholorrcv Fair.r0Suchperlirming monkcyswcrc rhcroric.rllylunrpecltc.
getherwirh puppcrs,"nrxions. jugglen,arl licrk shows:rssirnilrr tbrns olcrude,crmir.rlesquccnrcnainmelt. lrr t|c prsrgc rlrodv cired from l)o7
lY/otn i re/ HLtno\ (:cri.a mcntiors s(ling both "thc ll:Lboncs"rnd
"JulnrsCaesarrctcd by drc Mammcts"(s.r.6 i.lt
Ttu Al:/rtrritt ltot lLrv
his ntighborsrbour
l,d qucsri{)rls
sonl l-c,vewitrcrLrnr homc LLncxpcetetliy
the srrungegoingson rr his housc:
tfa:
l'y rrrlu,rt.'4,
"
I.otu'it. . . . YL>L|
sr* no Bilh sct up, thar prod;sil curc
Ol lgu€s.or Lheoorh rch?
No su.h thirg, s;'.
z Nzighlu.
/.aara.rr.
N,r huJ r dmnr srntkc, fbr Drbbns or Puppos?
(; r.rz rafrl
\' AoJ( w (;,trr /rr .t7?lq!?,?/, J]r|{.,
a:r rnr ,. r,l d 1(:r Lrlrl(l[r: ( i,nl'itlg( ( :[v( r\i'I llra\
En'\1..,\lnn,
rrr',. oi H{tr} lvld lq. ,1n?,,,1 ol urnlvlan.
ro n lir ruc.r
lEl(,rtr}l
'tsti.
/& /'rzill.,ndn !'i(. j q'k i()\tul: (ihr.o'
f!-kqs in drlt ftnl,rn lf,,gl-,J. u I K (]|[.i6$.
NNr),rqim
tl\ ()ltl a,,/l,ri:r;/rtL.odor'
J.r lt6\, Lrril.ai,:Tl'oua1f'('i.11?OLl9'.t,].rrul
'yv,,i ir xnl,lli r, !,ltn.dnion.t
tiv.t tti,,t
i to lhnh"
6
,d l.' .
s;"|'-n I''o1.(l xn"n,
B e /2 @ ? r c!. ( .ll.ll.n 1 ;n l
th,1l,tn*t,n'
" l \n loi\ \ \ ,
alli(ntioi
io
I'rs. ir:j
l\rppr*
antl
ar.
ll4r
t
Otlart
ljigurc r. Nrrurc, hcs.lt .r.nip{lir.d by (;o,1, nnnipul.,r* \,fuD,(hc ip. of
Nilur.. t)(trilof u cigriliog lioor ltob.tr ttl[,)tl, ttini\qtut (.:r'n; HibtLl
(r6,7-Lr).l l (tr,!1,(11il ) ) 'l'cr nissiorol
ol l'r int inllr n, l G r r phic
r r ll l) c1'. r r r n, r lr
A i h, l l ,\,ql ,ro,, l l 1tr)rr ,t lr r vir d Ur iv( r sny.
Sirrilrrl,v,
nr oncol hiscpigransSirJohr Drvirs srririz<s
r poorpocrwho is
rcduccdr<,ruirirrg lbr "him rvhichJ\rppetsrcprcstnts/ And rlso him whleh
rvir| rhc Apc cloth phy.""
and parodic
In rhcsccxurplcsrhc lirked scnrnricsenscs
of<linrinution
baboons
inirurion upplyborh rs n,crene(rphafrnd.rs so(iil dcscriprn,n:
and puppets.rl;kcrrt insrnccs ol rn initrti r th:rr<lcgridesor parcdicsirs
objecrrml or k,w, degrrdcdpr:rcriccs
conmon ro rlre m.rrginsol urbrn l;fc
"mrrrnosei'coul<1
And so.irrsrrs oncmighrcxpccr,
rnd rhc ficl] ofcLrlturc.
"mrnrnrci'
;n rhe last of irs
.rlsobc uscdas a virturl synonyrnlirr ' ape' or
woman."O clisscnses,
as.r rern' of,cpx,rch o rhar prc'"erbialarchdeceirer
scnbling marn,asetl"srysSlr Grcgoryt<,his fiencaein Mirldleton rnd llorvle1:sWit at Seuenl lfunla,s (t.t.tj)." As rhc tl)E1ldocunrcnrs,the word
couldalsobc rpplicrl<, r nralcrvith rhc rcl.rc(lconnolrrionof "inglr,' or
horx,scxurl fivoritc. "-t hoLr mrnticore, ye onnnoser, garnishcd liltc a
t;rcck," writcsJo|n Skclronin onc of hissequelcrol poen,s')\grinsr(irr
nc.cbc.'i J,,nsn!' Crires,dre::rrthorirl voicc in Cynthini Rercb,snniltr]v
rticrs ro a counicr who
xpPcarssoDrenu.rns mxmd*t
Mrde rll of clorlra. rnd fac; his limbesso set
t\s if tlry l,rd son,cvoluntaricact
Wirbour nrms motion, and Drusrmoolr rusin'
In spighrol dreirccrtion.J'
I Icrc thc irlrgc ofa litemlpuppcrsec:nstu urd<tliethn dcstr;gion ola "ni.u'
mo*-r' whos litrbs enaa a kind of 'mo:nrn rv|ich is poinrcdlvorhcrthanrhi
"n.rmral"r,orion ofesentirl hunran;ty.
lonsor* itnrge rs Plrtoi puppcrof thc
;nrcnulizc,lhiscx
ro
rhc
counicr
hrs liter.rll-rgodsnuned insnleour, so spok:
hinsclf ro himrlf ;n r murnerrl,rr inrylicrrlysLrbtcrn.rl:rffccrarions,
ensl:rving
hicnrciy o{ crcrior.
vcns rhc bn,logicrlrspecL
of thc rhcologicrJ
" rT sritr' I.f
lnl)rutr,.
1tr t)rt'ur4rlri'
ltr, Drri'r,sl.ln'1i't
Ro\19. Lft,,t?',/
\l ilo'" i"l\tillirD
"'l'lron,
1L l] r,to,t nui l:l,r,tt (.jr,',. .J. linn!u IrN$
Xtr'cAs loni]
:(ll'nnJ,r
l\r14ttt
rurl
l'opular" {,:a/trtt
lr4rn r GodsApe, md ;r'r Atc is Zzt ro i rnan,doing ovo thosc
if rhcy I'c krr.rvish)
wh;ch hcesccsdore bcfo.ehi.r,
nnkts (cspcci.rlly
l,ur
countcrfening
or iminrion. . . . For rs
so thrr z12llzo is norhing
mrn is {iorls rpc, stLivnrsro makertr;fic;all 0owcn, billes, &c. like to
the nanrral!:So f"r rhc slnc reao",.e "omcn, Mtns SlN +e!, tol
rheyrvill not beet'eh;ndd,cm drc brcdth"( r l.ryk,rsyrr<lhvhic| is
oorh;ngto spcrkcof:)ir rnic rrcwl:rngledups,rn lxsLion.r6
'l hc farrilirr lrtnogyni5tnore u! th. cnd ofrhis pas.rgecmcrgcsrhctoric.rllv
iionr, .rsit philosophicallyrel)ects,rhc convcnrn,nrlide.rsofrhcological4,1,1
biologicalorder descrihcdin the precedinglincs.
habirof thouglttthrt links
I will larcrpunrc in n,orcdcm;lthc psvchosocirl
rLc doll. rhe woman,rnd the ellininrtc vrciJ clirnbcrin rn
the pLrppcr.
andso.ialsubordinrtior.lbr rhc nu
implicithicrarchy
ofreprescnr.rional
ro
cxplore
how rhc rhcologicaland culnral
ment I want ro shifi directioos
lircLrnrrc
both in thc volunrinorrs
connorarions
ofrhc puppetalro rccmcrge
on wirchcmfrpr<rlucecl
lion rhc latc fiflcenth thuLgh the sc"cntccnrhccn
rexLs
ol rhcPtotcstant
polcmical,
rnd thcological
nrricsand in rhchomiletic,
join
dcl,,ttt
coDPLer
h*trical
ph(
ro
rh.
Ilclhmarion.I'his is not the
rhc
about whaher rhcscrwo prolirrnd culnral pl,enomcnrol r,rLrghly srnrc
pcriodwererhcmsclvcs
causrllyrelrrcd.r' lior mv purposcsI sinrplyobscrrt
rnd of t\otestrntisr collecrivclycnvirittn
rlrar the discourscs
ot
'vitcl:crrl't
dre pupperasborb wondcrand trick, r potcnriirllynrrgicfigurc invcstc.lrvith
a sclfpresenr.cprcsintrriorralpou,cror, convcrscly,
r sitc fi,r represcntrtion
'rrLrth. Ar the sarnetimc,
conxrrrcdrs r rlcgrrdrrion
o{ somcrrrnscendcrrr
borb discouncslocrrc rhcrrxclvcson rn axisof io,plicir cuhurtl (:rnd chss)
unrP!,t6tLnt
l1t t aatti ll:a'l:t i,
(:.nnl)r;.lg<: ( r"lni.ly! UDiratrnr l)r($
tlt. t.rutli. tr,tu.ll!'/4
*tr,t.d.
" s[c]kD. rf,ud(. |).rdrLs. {.rn( tLi.f1in!ih(.
,Jj ll'cgd,rtul;rc(onnc,nx'
ol
\o'\l'.Dn ncrn.
I'c,{ H.rLl.6oo tro o! J n1 Lrnr'.
'rtel.
'1,(
lr F L n b listh
rd$l I l, t r l r l ) ( ! ( n ' n J c r i n f tr !,,,,.D"J!{ n ,l\$ r yli
'l i .,i i i r,vol '\n,\1,(l ,ri (
o l,r fr .'
t in. a x , r, r ? / J s
,nrrn-'!
i. ail, , r r \ .
t : y t t , t r ,l, I Ir r 1 6 ,tiIr r .t,r J!i' l\r ' t) ..n ,n
J,,-u, rt..
tt
hom,* Dekuscofrhc s.u,cconrprrision.'l
ln a similarbut morccxtensivc
kcr mrkcsclerr horvrhc roposofthe rpc" emcrgcsfronr and emborlltsthc
ofearly ntodernEngland ldtngcndcrc,ithcologicaland socirl h;cr.rrchics
"S<ven
".rpishne$'
Sinnesol l-ondon. rvhich
Ns
rhc
Dcadly
o'rc oi
titing
he d;scLrscrin drc panrphlcrof rb:rt rrarrre,Dekkcr conchrilesrh.rt
;
tr. N r, D ,",a h V t|/\ tl 1r",,x rrl rx d
,\Lrrrl d l l (tu' i ' l \dv l ;rk R us l l K
rcll. Lr6r) )5r. ,\ll ri'([Lr nrir(ft.! !, DrLLd s $ nt) Ll(L!.i( 1(r' ,hn idni,"i .,i(l i.
{ L^
.i-l
rr.,
Il d.ol l (;i .nr,,D /,,,,r' ,/Il ,"i t' ,l tk \atrrtut\\:l tr,tt' :l ;' n!' \nj ;!a(i hc g()l ' ^\,tr-).
aqrA r
i l !(nri 'ru (Li nc !,' n.' i .r,l .d$..,
htJina,inr
1." k ).i ,.r..l
oll?dt i
th!
rh.rr"q.""
R rl on' rtri d, trL)
IL.olo{idl''n
@
t\
dini,,cri,)n,.rnd
thm tixrrsrhc itncrl(,x1io,,
ol hicrxrchic*
0lrurhoriry,rep_
rcscn'arbn,aDdt)ower.
'l-h€ id.z ol iDrusrnrxgic,rs I
havcsuggesterl,
goesbrck ar tcrsrrs far as
I)h.o, $ho i,nplicirl],arrriLurcda diffcrcnrson ol porvfi ro rhc reprcsentc.<J
inuee cvcnas hc disnrissed
thc belicfin ts ljtcr.rtrnagii:altfficrci: ()ver rhc
ioog hisrorvof the rvirchcrafrdcbarctrturics lator ir wx .rh,rys lssmrcd
rhir drc nnnipulatidr ofmagicrlly rnnnarcdirnagcsws a <ruc;alp.rrrof
rhe
*nchcs nml4;rid, ui ls*urpri,n rtar rhus drsccndsinro nervcLrfturel
con_
texrsrll rhc rvry Fromarcient rinnl bdictsan,t pracriccs.Js
tn Lt:cDanton
laglz of KnrgJr oresl, r work rhtr irsdfprnni,ilv rcciresrhc ctrinrsrxdc
by
;r vricry of errlier tcxrs,s,irches.!c sr:d ro ',nrakcl,icrurcsot wrxc or clav:
I lrrr hr rir. -o.rirg rl,ec,,l rt,cp.r,"r,t. rt.rr rll.y ty.,rcrh. rr.rn)c
ot. ,n.,!t;(
ontinLrallic.n,elrcd
or drycdawaicbv ontinurl) sikn6se."' TheJemi;ical
fisures,scd in a processot-hon,eopathic
rruuic,werc frequcnrtyrcfcrrei ro
as .puppc(s' and somcrinrescorLluscct
rvidr (he dononic .ti,nit;a.i' rhir
$ir.hr .,l,u,..r(,.,iJ,o,mfln,,,,. t,qu,. /, i,,.i,eun.,..,,nptctium,t,e
lone.,,..-\.i.rul lli,.rrrh.,r rnJl.,,"u,!,,t,,n,.n,t(r,^..,t,,.s,,ti.,,.d,,,ittgen exrorsive
wirdrcretiinrrstig icn in t.sscxi, rr8z,orrerrspccr..de_
nied-hrrn,g rnv puppets.spirirs,m:rurrcncs,ard :rlt chdges."whit; l:norirer
confcssed
ro having"li,u. i,npscrlcd Robin,li.k, \Vilt;r;. rnd puppcrt irs
MeDret,nvo hesrnd nvo shcs,rI tikc urro bhck or,s. kcpr i,r
ir
".,o1
"
box."o Hcre rgain, . rho,,ghrh.ir rcri,.cscnranricsoxe rn]y be -<lo[,rhc
w)rds putpea' $d "nrmrner' ctearly;rvokc borh rhc sinisrcrincoogmiry
of,r.mtL.._chill1ls
playrhine uscd .rsr Jenronicroot ard rhc po,,ibiiry ,;f
n gicrl Iiri ir rhc mar.f':rl im.gc.
L
-n1] rI n , l r i . L t u t r L t , ! . t r , N 1 ( ir J| ' .,.,n a li\\L ,lr ..L lL r r r tr .l,lr r r xlu ntun
l ,r\tN tr
,
J
Ai- / ,- .
t,.t4 ,tu r .
..- ,
.r , i nJr ....ri ,n.'.,,, //.,...,../
"
:
"
'l
sL r.irrr\ l
'n
r r LL(,',(nrklllri
!.
il. ' , V , . 1
L),))nr,trrtrnda t.r,ntit,: kqn1",hx
nl tr,rni.t,ntu
,) tih!,tut, te.t1u
!r\ Lf l\$r,
Cti!< H,n,n(, rotuhr ( i,t",.r V, . t,., v,"i,,-,-,
.-l| i;,
'rr1ri
,, .,,,
it
,
tr T ,r .. | ,.., tu l r
.. rv.rh.Lth/t.,,,tr
L
r
,,h
r
"
. . . 1 L,
,ti,h r
ti,nntit! hl t:jql;, ko,i,hti
/),r,/ (thi.xp..): tr,ri|.trny,)fCt ;..,g,, tt..,. ,r.r,t,
n""t,l r,,:
.oxn\:,J:
t{,tow^. Ra|t. Rht.,ut R.bt!Lu,: ?oftln tditi. e (:rlttrt t t..tax/, htt
"nJ
hh
aa td\
' 1. a1 , , t , I ) , 1 , t o h l t 4 r , | \ 1.t; a lt.,n ,r t 1 \N,\n ,t:
ljr r e s.! Naht! U ,.J,41 l t,t r, \h.,t, ,
')l,ln/)rl||.|u||'|lFI|/i|,L|h,l.l::x|a;r,fln",||,
t \ , . ), | b, ldr o l l \ x t
u i !lo r ,' jr r ) ,ln d itr ( :
t:t' :ta n $ r t| | n t. \v.,./i 4i tLt t,t,n,r)u I a\! iot r: J n h ( ; , t r t r o i , r . i J r . { ] . ( i tr ,o ,Nh n ) d in { c,cn .ch r h ...t,i.,ir cs.ft,r,J{h.uto,hrl l (.l l
ni ( i rr"nnai'
,r n s(.Ltt $.t tiv )tN I:,,st$J q,dN, D 7 r, lu.,/t . ,l ,r t;iri
,rrtLt
t6,!.
r.ttritrr'd $ r)' lrrntrdli (Mr v.,hu,, N..t.: I,.r fn{x, pras, r.J j. rl
Ja
Pup??t' nn.l "Polnlkt
(htt,t
lrisurc !. \(it(li.s ,c.civc .lordnic 't,up|l.rs t;o,,, Sxrin. t-ii,r ..The vid, of
d,r' \t(i rtl Jrnrl s,rr r und. f ( l cisl, r cc|r h- ( dl r r v ( t , r |boot , . |' t nr ct in
ldr n
Asl\ \ (:lnt'Buk' o./th l:ixh.ult/) ()1t tt),.l((tro(ttrc€d by pcrfl,isln,r oinrc
It
N I * .\ V! r ( | I \ . i1, 1",. \ 4. ,. . , . . , , . .. l
'l"b
'I'hc wirches'
suppost'd use o I pLrpperlikc ;nDges atso co,rcrpords ro rhc
bcl i cfrhrr rhe rv; r ch her self *, r s r he puppcdikc sen. ur r of S, r r ; r n.lr r t hc vr , ,
l umi no' l s l l renru r c or wit chcr . r f rlionr f ic cn, t ol dr e f if ] €. nr l, cenr u, v r o
rl rrnr.' " r.rr..rrrr h. c, . . r r \ lr her n. ; , . . r
ir lr r gr i, . , , r t r , r n, nior r ,J pr . ; . r
.I r mcdi i (i ,,t rc nn wir l, in : r I icr r r chy ol. r lcm onirpor
: scr .Thc aur hor of f ic
Maltuts Mdflitnrun.lbr
exrmplc, rrsur drar
wh r *irch nukrs a wr\€n imrgc or sone such $iig in o(lu rr,
b.\.i rcl r someb odr . . . a'd sodr i, , iur y is doi, e, , poD r hc ihigc, such
* pi er.i ngi r o, hur r ing; ( ; n r ny or hcr r vr v. . . r t r h, t r t ghr h( n) iur y is
ltlitniry
Ol,j..tr ;, t/,t 'ttkhsi
t Ttrab
,,
acrullyJonerc ihe;mrscby drcwirchor s,mc oLfernrrn,r',1 rl'e
dcvilh rhesarnehxnier invis;hly;ii!rcs
,lr bcwir.h{l nr:n,vct n is
dcscnrdlyricrilr.l ,o rh. wirch. For,$irlxn( h.r, (ixl would nevs
rll$v L|e tlevil !, irrli.i rllc injur),,Dor\(uld rhc devilon his owD
Conrnrentatrxs
hrvc ofrcn noticedrhesinisterk,eic whcrcbyrhc humanscL
vinr of Saran,sho prov;desmerclyonr link in ro irtricare rhco[,gicrl ch.rin
of crus.rtion,ncvcnbeless
rctxinsccnrra rcsponsibilityfir irs rcsulrs.\?irches
rvcrcako comrnonlysricl ro sucklcrnd nourish the dcvil roush inlenrul
''pnps, whicJrwercsonrcrimrsrllegedto havcbccndiscovered
on their bodies ilrrr cxam;Dar;on.rr
ThLrs.irr rhe cl:rhorrrccuLoralconsrructhnof
witchcreft rs psychiclirnmy rnd thcologicrlbclief, rhc Jcvil himscli (rhe
"l.,rdrcr'ofFxil) becoircsa sunogrrcchild at rhe brcasr;and rvitchcrlli incluisitorscnvisioncd$c li'malc body asa condun,ar oncc prsive rnd xcrivc,
rhroughrvhichinfcrn:rl
susrcnrnce
descends
inro thcchildlike puppet,":rnd
liom L|crc u, r|c wirchlsvictinx (andaccuscm).
As scvcr.rlrcccnrschol:ushrvc rl$ sLggcsrcd.
rhe beliel in wirchcLatiaccorclirglyscrvcdrs n pcrvcrseconlirmarionofrhc inrerrelatcct
hierrrchicsof
rheobgicrl,politicrl,;rrd reprcstntrtnrul
rL,rhorirr,lhe wholciDsrirur;on
ol.rvitch
cr:rft, wirh its supposcd
firurlsoi:iniLia(ion
rnd confinrrion, w.rs
comnronly dccJrrcdLo ro l,c r prmdi! rnd degnr&it rcrs;on of tlre holy
church. "'thc Llcvillrs Gorls Apc, wrircs King Jamcs,"counrcrfeiresin his
s(rvxntcs
rhisscf!icc& fornrcofadonrion,Lhrttiocl prcscribcd
rni ,nrdc
his serv:rnrcs
r) pm(rne",r \firchcs borh use puppersand rrc rhen,selv,rs
puptctlikcroolswirhin r kird of rrtrrhicrurehiolgsrcm in wl,ich rhe
"truc" hicrrrchits c,l rcprcscnr:rrion
rnJ porverare incxtricrbly linkcclro a
subordinatc,seconJJy hicrrrchy tlrrr rt-prcsurs rhrD in parodi. fttrnr.
Morcovcr(asCiive I lolrn(s h:rsru${csr:d),rhc .rcceprcd
docrrineol rhc dcntonic puppet wasthe producrof a cornplcxnruru;rl.rpproprirtionof rcla
tivcl)' Drorcpopularand clirc belie{ial:oulvitchcrnfr..rn<lwrs rlo in irsclf
nrscprr'rbl.'lrom thc cnrvined l,;errrchiesof rcp,cscnrarion
rrrtl soci:l chss.
Onc lq1.rlrhcorisrofrhc mid-serentrcrrhccntur., for clrrrplc, rcqtnding
'I hltol, sfdirc' rnn ll(i,! il' Xr. (. nhnht .rt,rlljh,D. a \r. trFu(sonnc^ i\.1! lorl:
B.ni r Bldn, re7ol. ,]r
r,]DJ n.,i$ r p.,fn, !lq tr),, \ttr'"t
L *rn's.!t Nti.sx,tr lotnk, n)
'r_ rlr D.yittsrIn{
,ltc l-ndri^
Nnrh iDyrJnFLi,r,ol n,r+ 1.n(,1 D lsd, |'r. r.r4i ,,/ /]./n ,i,,. )4Nr (),, rh'sdr.lr
( l,.,tr.'{( iln, V',, r(. \"r$1rir(,1 ,q,r-i,y' lyt,
ing.l,lK lrn.iJ'n
Nn.h!5lir d.N Jdri
n|i
n LryLD.l lan \<r t lt iniv Yorli Ru\lll & tru\1( . ,.r,ir. ,\4 1r
" Kn,gli,,.a t, /),r.,",",rx,4 s it,L r,.t,.,p rl
16 l\pptrt tnl
Poprlar" {.rLutt
to skcfr;csrvho qresri,rcd wherher nrighrv demonic spir;.s*ould .caltv
manifcrrtl,en,sclves
in pahrydodesricotjecrs,
irguedrh.rrSrmr apperrcd
as
humrn ro rducrred peoplebut appe.rrcrl
"hrser
in
fornrcs"ro drc .b.rsc,sor
'',
did, filrhyrnd blocldsh.
Individu.i instanccsof lvirchcr.rliprosccurionrvcrcatsotrcqurndv:rppu
priarcdir popuhr Iireraryformssrrchrs brllads,panrphtcrs,
and ptays.rnd
.l$ wirhinrhecurenr ofcollccrive
socialtrcliclinspiringnot onlyrhciroutr
rcrrcsenftrionbur alsosubse<1ucor
"rcal" cvcnts.tix exanplc, in J.rcrrlxrn
Eoqlandrhcrewcrc nvo
wi{chcrifr scarcsin rhe counryof t;ncasrcr
rbour rwerr(yycas;rprn,'mjo.
cach prrducinr ns rcspecrivcpamphlcraccounr.
l)uring rle firsr cpnodc (!6rl), ElizrbethSos,rhenrs.
an eldcrlywonrrn, rvas
indrrcedto nr:rkcrhc corvcntionrl confcssion.rl,ourher uscof imrgr m.rgic.
-The specdicsrway ro r,rker mrns )ifc :rwnvby Virchcrllti," shercponer y
told hcr iorerrogators,
'is to mrle.r l,icnrrcof(ltry. lihc unto drc str,rp.,if
the pcrson*,horr rheymcrneto kill . . . thcn mtc ,r't homeor pinnc.rrr(l
prickc ir."r5'livcnry lrar l.Icr in rhe s.rmecoLrntyI young boy inirirrcd n
rcw wirchcrafis.i.c wirh rn ourhndish ralc of dcmonicapparitionswhich
hc l:rrcrconfcssrclwas r irbricrrion. Bur rhe temporaryacccptance
of rte
story, itsclfe leigncd nrrnrnn, rvasar leastan indirect consequencc
ot'
rhe l)rsrpcrsccutions
rnd rhe publnhedaccourrrs
,,f rhetr. I'hose accL*d in
rhe secondl"rncrsh;rcwirch scle were fius rl,c v;crins of a historicrtrnd
crrlrunl vcrs'onof rl,c honoptLtic mleJiitnnof which rhcy rvcrerccLrscd,
r processin rvhicha mercreprcscntation
beconrcsthc condoir f<,rr detercd
rnd secondarJescncy.-l his sccondperse.urn,nbccamcrhc sut,jcctofr pt:ry
by l honus tlcFvood and Rich.rrd Bronre, Tjrz Lnt. I.,t,nshi/. W;td)t
(rrt+); ind in rhc srmc verr r puppet shorvcalled"Thc \vitchcs of l"rn,
crstcl'wrsrcporrcdar Oxtufd.16llerc,rs rhotrghcomingfutlcirclcin r vcr
tigirlrus descencling
crclc offenrasvand rhcerer,rLc srmc 'pLrpprts"sLrppow
edly uscrlby wirchcsllrrrllv rhcnrsch,tsrr-cnrrcrtdrhc imugined(,nd $vicc
(vcnrs ir w|ich tbcy haclrlrcrdv playtrl dreir convcnriorrl nrc
rcplescnfc(l)
1,,c .,,1 \ .i',,,.'r ,r'hir,,,..,,,Jin ro,,Ht,t)rt,. ,.,,,,(
t(r:,.J. rt,( t,utf(,
c'ncrg.sin l)rordsrxnr
d;scou,rc:rs
r.ruc;al rred;.'rc
w;rtrinx doctrinrl
'.i,,,
rcvolurionlocusingbv tuns on qucsrn'rsol divinc rcpresentarion
rnrl thco
lo8;c.i xurhorir). frrrnr \{ryclitTc.ud his Lollard followersin dre t.rtefour
'' Ri.l,rklllfrn.rl,I
ln;.|, ,/ i n.u,/ /'nJ M \t6:7l.|sor\t I |lol $. -rotrtr (ntru(- rr
'' '| hom." ro,\. t h \uo)ltahl 1r\akrn, 4 rvt.t,\
ttr. t ranrl//rxtrd.,(|,,n,ton,
16rJ.llJr
'(;..,'rJ fri $ R . i r(r tbj ,tu|4nthl tft' l tu,s .t!t,ty rr.r(\ti !(L:(tfttrl ontl r.$.D r,6s ).
n'Jirn;ry
Obl..tr i, tlre rhto/ognal" l bean
11
and rhe llnglish
rccDrhind crrly nlieenrh cenmries.throughl-urhcr'tialvin'
ccnrurvrnd bevond'rht critiqrrcoi llonrrn tlll ,
l\orcsrmrsofic s;xrecotb
luch, r;st rnd rhc nrrurt of
,u'c" ,t'. n'i'".:t"
qr."".."d
,i"i.r."l
't'"
",
JcpruJ"l
rl*.1',,'.1,1'n.",.hy 1" llrrev rnrr'(t(n J\ Prfr a'tr\"r'n 'J
: ( rrLrr\!rrcnrur
r
qrtt
rr
rhrouglr
uracrby.l.rirrrin6ro di'pens
'uiriru.rlj"l''rq."."',r
\'rrer inrtrra 'ulxrrrtirtion
*,*rr.vrLrr'rr\oh
'l'.,.i.,r
lor 'r lnenl
.' mcrcrfPrc{rrr'rrrin.I lrrrrc "r 'v-mbol'
.t rr . llu.r nrisr.rk.^
rh( rdt'l rrrd rrre
n'..:., rr-r"f. n'r'rri',r"Lr.r'rrri'r' r" ''r' 'orrrp'ri'or ol
rr
trrridcr.rngc.r IrrerP*r<'r" 'l " "rr^c r" 'rrq'c'rrhrr
;,;".,,;
'.
/1avin'orh
,,'"',p''""irl5'rr'rri"n rrrrrc
i:"i' ,i . l" ,rl-..,"'.
'l'.
covcrittg
-'
,n,1..r,.t *u^t,lp llerc, lor quicktonprrisiorr'arcrhrccprusrges
rhe
lirrglish
ro
Romc
rgainsr
r'"ff .",,',o tiom thc Lurbcrrnrcvolt
"
"i1-t
had bccn lclt at
Jfrhcse rhings li.e llomrn ()ttrclic rirurl "b*rvrrol
had r
h
w""ld
thcv
rh'rt
chit,li phv kr vouth an<lvotrng pupils. vr
"c
childrcn
givc
nurL
rs
ch;ldliie irmce of (lhr;ti"r tcrihing rnd l;li
'rrc
tr'cn
hobby hors*, rntl othr kinrls of c[;L]rcrrs tovs
i"rr.. pq,p,i
rnd
n*rv
Ascorsiol'
pt*s"
,"lerttl[c
,, ,"."it t* p"";t't.
'"
dt
4l/ OlztgvAttul*l
u
fi^-honunn
(Mrrrir
Lurlrcr
,i-if".,fi,,*r.
Arg'bhg tt)o)
nr'
Thou stcst how they with l.lols plrv and r''rch rhc P'"1)r'
do'
Nonc othcnvisc rhen linlc gvr'ls rvirh lruPPtts usc ro
't'r.
Antuhrr'
oJ
r';o)
ar
gnc
I'op,b KinKl|'E
(Bron,c Googc,
ir
vhcrefotrh n followcth, rhrr thsc is likc fi'r'lishncsscud levlrcssc
to
chikhcn'
likc
r'ld
f'olcs
Jtckint ofcru imrgcs. rs grcat puppas fbr
r(l'
, , , ,,,'i."'.r .: r ,r.'i,, ;,rir""'.. . . , )u"I l,J,.l ). . ix rt rllrrll' rr
j l l .r l t r l, , t 1
l-hnilia
" on, l ,
r6t)al
ro J r d r l rJ
J tl
^l
t
!d;4 \' a-ru
4r
cotttrurer
in the doctin
As rhis convcntionrl r'lreroricrlconccir rctmcrgcs
thc rhc'
through
Enqhml rhe chiklrcni doll bccorncs'
.i.s of
,rrefisurc nseli:r gcnunrrlvhisrriorr;tligure:r "pttp,,';J -nv -o,{-n
'''.-.,,"*
I
ll i r l i ' \ ' ! , \ u r .
"r
n n .r r r ,t/a r r l| n ' l' . lr l H< l tr f
tllr n
'
!)l
r1 (rr'l rw nw l l 'i u
rrr';nii"ri',ri.r'r.ii.grt.'e6'r.jeLL.n'"i'l'''d*tr'"Ltrr'''n&3""l,.?rrr'r(rIJrrL'r
ii,t t L"'t) ! "t'
'i;:::,,.';';i;,;,'.'; ,,.'n,,,'-.,,(6 nrro!K $srs ttutnDLt'J
attrid't h b.rntl
t
Hd,nii
no$
t,
,,,u.r
,,
,,u',
,,,,,,.
,,i,.
i:i"i..i',,,
'),,ii;,,i-;"i,'r,,','t,r,t,()td
'. 'r,- "",.,'
!6:tr'r'rr'7 rr:6i
"'lfiilii
tt'tdt'4!1r''u""lirrtrJon
$
Parr?$ n,.l '|'ozu\n"
pci'cmploled in r pfo.$ ol docr;Dalrrickery.l.hc F{osrol rlre(}rholic
nrrnjpulitcdwirh rirualgcsrurcs,rnd
Euchar;sr,
supposedlv
embodicd\!irh
d;vinc
thc
!pirit, coukl ,rssuch hc dismisscdu a kind ol-erotcsqucpcrlirrning object.lr John hlc's KingJobalt(ct. r;;8), lir crrnple. thc rirular char,
rcreradrrronishcs
rherllcroricrlligureClcrgvfor cornrptingEoghod"wirh
your l.rtyn howrs, strvnron_r'es
& popcdv plai,es."13Hcrc rhe speakclis
jrrsr
rclirring
not
clcrrJy
ro doll likc inuges bur spcrific.rlly10 puppcr perfbrnrrrccrinclccd,hc is nral,ingr ncrr pun on 'pupperrv"rnd 'popery'
which rhetoricallyrtcn:rcr"- c very siruar;onir .ondemns bl. linkioe anri
conli*ine rhe opposingpolcson rlrc s:rmchicrlrc|y of rcprcsentarnnrod
aurhoritr'rvhich rhc (larholic chLrrchLrlJcgcrtll,
subvcrrs.
'fhis crny modcm iconophobirhoe.rganrclcrrlyinr(rpcncrrircs.rl
oDgoing proccssofsoci:rlrnd culnnl subordination.Relcrrmation
rhinkersofren fih c:rllcdupon rc rcfirtc r conrrnonlycircd ider rhrr (irrholic imagcs
scrvcdas rhe cquivalcnrof boohsrnL rhc urrducarcd. lohn Crlvin, ftr cx
amplc, d;snrnscsrhis idcr rs u rrtion,rliTrliontor drc tiilures of rhc clerex
asscrring
dr.rt'$osc i,) rurhoritvin thcchurcl,orncd overro idolsrheolllcc
o[tcrchingtor no orhcrre.rson
rhanrh,rrrhcythcrrsclvcs
wqc murc. r,Jo]rn
Vcron,:rr l-nglishPrcrcsL,rnr
wriring in rhc n,irl-sixrcL
nrh ctntur1,,con,phins
sinril:rrlv
rhar mir;srcrs,"so thcy migLt livc er case,,rid;o.oDrinul idlcncsse. . . havc:lppoincrecl
unro us nrcrrcvic.rrcslir ro supplyrhcir roLrnes,
rnd to pmchc unro rhe peoplcfor r|cynr,rh:rris, duornrrymeqcs,
domne
stocks anrlsrones,rrhich harc mourhcslrd sperkcnor, rvhichhrvecycsrnd
sceror, whichhrvesars:rndhcirc
In a <liffirol bur flnallvinrcrrc
"or."1,r
lareclstr:tegyof llurestanr dnr:r,rrrc,
rcbrncrs aln, rcndedro assoc;rtcthc
idolarrous
inagewirirtbe allminglirrralclndy, .rndrhusarrerlpred
(rs Hus
ton Diehl .rgues) ro incirc iconopl,obirrhrough.rppcrlsro 6.vnophobir.i'
"The picturcsor rL:rmcs
rharlthc tirLolicsl dcdiore ro srrints."
comphins
Calvin,rrc bor rxrmplcsof rhc rrrosrrb,rnrloncdJLrst.rnd ol>sccnir;,
('.,'.7).Thc Elr:tted,anhonilv ciredeadiergocson ro rlluctcro thc I'rul;rre
''
..,r'/
''i .
rJ 1,,1n,1,r,.., r' .r.J ,^' ,.
,,
tt' ..,h",.,.
-n,1,, t
trins.,ih$rlic tr trr'! rlpr.' lJjl(! tl,!r I IL!( nnl, nr?r,l !rL[.11.!!rr.!.],)n! bur l.fr rlk lrirnl,t \p..tl
''' ).la r'..,ty),),h,!) h kJ rl tir t:l,'n,/, f./'r,/. d. l('l,i l: IrNcrl, v,i. r l. frx.l1.d
tantr
lrJrr16lrihiLrJrLpltrr:\i.{Dinircr
r,o.. ie,.l. , ,i.-. hcn.rln,Lt, ,n(r r)rrcrbcrnrltr I jt,, u,.
'''
tLanrr,r!,jtt 1t. t/tlr!tud| t mnr,o, ,r tn t,rt s,trti I nrtlr, | <, t
),,tny{.a,,.1sla,)(
unprrnurLl I l,.,y otr.(.J (o.,rp.n.rr wl]o1,i,rlnri!,n
(rx5 in rt,c tssxg(.
_R!\hor.!l
tmf(.,
louLi,tt vh!,
- ,$,o, r) qht.
I.onoft,ohi? irrd crtutrtr, ,j , tn \n rn
I)m'.nk
,\tiy,
r,/t,
t/o,4 ?, !,,r,,,,4 fq Lhiuur -i I rn, grrdul n) , Le ,nho, ri,r [. Ld!, rt!
Jti ,N nr',tr,D tr\r4n,,r
as .,y
' l ,n
P./lo),tih(
':uhnt(
Ol/j.rr! in lic " l bctlogiul
' I ltartr
+1
.qL,arion
ofidot.r.y Id fo.i,i.rr;on,r,d insisisrhuritr. ,.J(king
of In,a8cs
and ldoles'n intcrdctl ,bur {oL rtrc iunher provoc.roon
and ,nricemcn{to
sp;rnuallirn;carnn, to deckcspirimatharlotsmrxr cosrty
and winrontv,,s:
Mrny more cnnples coLrtdbe cired ro confirrn how r,-."r,*.,
.1ir.1,,,.
opcrrrcswirhiu r sorr ol constellaric,n
ofintcrrct,rrcdh;e"rrch;.swt,icb ,r",,,_
crrtcrhe inrrgc,the irtot,rhcchitd,thc womrD,lod lrc puppcr jnstrnccs
as
rr onccof .r sintirtcorpocaliryrrnJr pc,ni.i,,,,s
spifiru,irep;,.n."t;on.
I u.rrrrr,, nrorrr,'n.firr,ty. nrrcnron \ynnnyi trt
tntt,,t wh,xr,,hr..n.
cryrnooFr \ermt nrv.rr,Llc\r,,bviuus
fiu,n ir. ,,*n rcrbrt forrrr,rnJ rL;, tr
fLrnheruggcsrsthc cnnvined rhearr;c.rl
rncl rheotogicat*t.*.,,f
,t,. ;;_
loonnrg objccr.'l'he
rd nm.ionttteeners our t"n-g** f... r,.,,.t '"" ,
"o
dilDjDurivcof MJrion,
irselfr d;minur;vcof rtrefc.i]. *-" v"l.
ir.l"l"t.
'l'hus,
ir sccnrssrfc a,ssumc, .rsscvcralscholars1,,"", ,1,r, ,1,".,,r,,,;,,,r;t;:,ii
'Li"l( Mar\.- n,,F, hrvc.chr(J o,is;naltyro
rhr rLrrtprrJfierrrc.or rtre
:,i
.
v,'E,n'acdinsr.uiL,r.rryN.uivj,y*c,,r5_rhc..r.,h.,
ri .,r , ri i , ,,, , ,, . r,.
day as, cusromin nrny Anr€ricaD
cnics:rndLorres.'fhchisrrionicscnsc
rhrr evortuallyrttachesro rhc word *tiottetu prcsrmably
dcrjvcst;om rhc
frcr rher someofrhe figurcsin mcdicrl crccneswerc.rtomara,
c.rpebteof
.t-he
son,cfonn ol-limitednrechrnicrlnrorerncnr.
rcru:rlcristcnc(of s,ch
mech ;zediriDl lisurcsalso
wirh lcgendsofsrrrucs;(
soc hrnrl in han<J
Dlracutoustycon,eto lift: a cmciltedChr;srthrr nods iis
hertl, a N4aryrhrr
blesscs
rhc rssembtrd
mulrirude.',
l)un',3 rl,r V,,lLltcAScs.rrr rr,rtcM.rrls qh,, q,,(nio,,
.,,1,.,,,,,u,,,.
(
,
. ,
,* ,
r(,,rsin rr,, r)r,J,,,(1,,.,<r,ri_.r,,,t,(.
scrc
h(l,,,,.,,{,t,.
'
)l :. i ' ' " ' ' "l
,n,r.eri,,,,ii.rt.tr.rrr.r,,irtre.trurctr
lt,i..,.i ,,,(,,c.cp
lll]
,,\n.r ",,.,.
.\.,'e.,r,o:.(,rts In hJ\<1..a,
Jr
t
J,r(, *i,t, p,,pp.,r
r,t;,,j,rJ
,
"
: ", ,
.,"-
|
- :.
.. .....,,.J,"
tr n !,
.:,::.,,...- . ,, ./.,...,
r{ ..r .: I - ...{
,.,.,,.{.,."
" ,",:
, (rnD i r d
tf(
t.,.!,.,,\t,.
.) . \t".|
.r t t{
r...,
L/
."
,,r t,\..
Ln. . , . , , , r r ,, t . . , _
.. tt.1,,n. L
.,__
,
,i
....
. ,,
' l :'.:',
;i
;., ,.),' ::,i: 1..,'
i r v \ r . r ,!fa r ..,."K- ,"- ,c.- '
,r
(:1rD.ll {ln,!!^ ry tlb\ ,rrr)
\ y t {a r 6 . i , , i 1 D t , t , , , JL ;lt,
\ rur qu . i d r n
{, .. lt
t , . y i L l . i . .ju
40
| ,
,,
t
"
"r,,
," ,,
- ,,
r
n " o - ,.,,1,.,t. u,",,,s_:,.i t,tt,",^.
/r //,r . ( o n ts{ L r t\*Djr ,lr r lr r yttrcrr
( h !,.t,,r r tr r + , d tlr c.
lalt!.tr rni "t'o/,,kt,. Ciltltt?
r(!d\or,n.[!
,
Hi<rrrhrrsoI puppctrhcrrcrInqucnrly.i(c
a p:rsrl{ctionr \0i jurrrl.r|rbrrdc, a sixrceDrh,.rnru,y
",,ri.lu".y,
'",l ".,
s ,,.. ,..J,,ur/.,rro ,,,,,oi ,h.
ll:i:,1
,,1' l*.".:r.T:.i
r \r,cs.Jr
ur, nrc,ru,,(.
rL. R,rIrr.riuI .,r u,rrr,rd
';il,;i,.li:,:l,il'i;;,1"
fi"'i:iti"i
;l;;,lt";:,
;:t,:
:.:,r;
l]..
'.",j,l,
"",,.:"r
.llurc by p'crsunr Sp"a.r.le rbc cn,,n
.Sor
ro rh( Likine. of ll)Dishe
heqhr,h.r',r.-r
,,r
.,,.rf.1,
r,
ii*,r,,i. '
Yll::"l:,1
F\tr {r. !o rhc i\. rh, hol.A.rio,,u, rr.
[$,I,., ri.,n.rr( |l.i.rL\
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