m$bn compucd totugnphy (SpEgD 6 b. p.rfosn d. !6irDn djttin8

t.l
An{ finy y.6 of.fcdire .xisleM,
mporrad d€ocnl or pogEss in
sni$fic eeeh.
It.ccoull
Bdiation
f@
lh&
SOpZ
ofFdionelitte ij
rha
,elin
podEed x-Ey hs tolg b..n usd for
orlE, hand rhc @ ofndionrctidd in v.riou.hemial foms for
plDo$i otr 6 . ejque &d pokrftt di.s@ric
r@ine
nedicdl applicarioB,
undoubr.dly $e biohedic{l fictd.
ofrle lora] ddi;nelide onmprion. t. ncdicinc, lh. ionizinS
EdioNctid.s, adlogoE ro
purpos of lhcdpy. Or
b.c@. cahblishcd as ,n
fou tujor 3ph.s: nedici&, ind$lry, lgricuhuE ad
Thc najoi bencfici.ry
for moE
Edioduclides have
ed fobs lh.
bajis of
root_ This
sc
is
domidring !h. ficrd of
nml€,Edic,E.
A Edionrclid. tind! appti*lion in nwtc{r
n.dicie
onty if it m.Grs @nain critcria, such
a
D'ininun rndidior dosr suir.bt€ ,-my .rclBi6, high spei(ic
tudvny, o.gan speificny.
E€dy lwilnbihy !d lo, price'. A shon tiv.d
Edionelid. havjng rEys in rhe cn.Ey EBion
of 60 io l0O k.v is lrfccd, if n @its . prE toni,rm
or jrngrc rdy lho si.gl€ pholon
m$bn
haw
compucd totugnphy (SpEgD
6
b. p.rfosn d. !6irDn djttin8 ndionwjidcs
gFr sisnilicie in obraidns |hB dituBioMt higl
@turion $s
@6'on
loooeDphy (PED.
via posi&ln
dir a or hisn ercr8y p p.rljctcs or AuBq
.r*r,!c,lhct nnd fi.hFulic applicarioro_ SiM . gslr
rtr ot nwr.n diasnosric nuct€r
If ndi@Elidls
Dedicine dcds wirh @rabolic snrdid
ndionuclidcs *ltich
dna rhe
tom good covolal
sinpic ihsging, rlE .hoicc
bo4ds Niih ihc
ti€ mj.l, o.
bioDoldlq. SF.ific adivity od
orsm sFcincny sF rhc oajor critcda in lh. choie of s Ediophem9@iclt for
rErfoaing
n.rabolic studi4.
Ready
.v.ilsbihy
rlcr
Bdionuclidd for
fi.
n€q
lon
sne
which
possibl. ro
ed
tow p.ice
applicltion,
e
jnponsr coBid€drioro in
May of rn $oti liv.d
bccn
s.d
choice of
udionuclidcs oB lvdilabl. only
ofprodwtion. Threugh rh€ slpply of(rdionrclidB g;nc6roo. lons liv.d
.
u*
shod tiv.d dalghr.r adionGlide
shon lircd Edionuctid. cv.n
i!
e6
c$
bc ctulcd periodicauy,
fd fioh
a
while thc Esr
e
or pmpoed for
uscd fo.
uc
irr
it
penr,
has b€comc
Eacror or a cyctoron.
ln .uclcd mcdicjn nedly 95% of tttc ddbphm@unaE
puipos!
fi.
e
used rbr dioSnoslic
rhen eulic lrca[hor, A ljsring of Edionuctid€s which have
biohedist @.ach
d.r
l) R..tioruclidq rr.d jr jlgte phoion.birlior lrrdidt
rBe,
rct, iiK, r'sc, .cr, rcr,
rFc,
rco,
'Mg,
dcu, 6,cu, ,zn.
"Mn
"T.,,'co,
"cu,
,Br, hKj thKr kK!, !Rb, !Sr,
"zn, "c., .'c4 nAr, "as, ,s€, 'rse, t,s€,
^sq
-sr, *sr,
\b,
,"rc,
"-Tc, "brc, .Ru, ,eRl\ ,hAc,
,,,1o,
_,rn
,''st,
"'re, '&rc, dt, "t, n,t, ,"x", ,"-xq ,"x., ,.gr, ,,as, d,Ba, u,_Ba,
''Le,
,.!r,
rayb,
,"h,
,"Tq
,-w
''cq
,,t. rs.pt, DqA!! ,,.Au, riAu,
''Dy '.'Tn,
'hH&!H&
2)
'oTt.
bpb. nBi,&Bi.
Pcirbtr .hinilg n.t|o!!ctid€;
r.F, r,!\le,
Ip, rhct, ,rr( .Ti, I'cr, 5rM4 ,"Mn, ,Fe ocu,
nBl' r'Kx, nRb,
|'zr,,zr,'Tc,
91..
'cu,
.,cu,
3)
Rdio!{.lilB u.d i! th.npt
with tlE etrEem. of Nw, biologid
homotE3r .dibodi6),tb€ @nept
lgot ha goiftd
n*
of.rsrdn lic
mo@nt@. Mlin
rileia
dncl*
rmr
lor
of s@t orsan spcificny (..g sr.oid
rhcdpy wilh dE aid ofadiorlEdFulic
porrri.lly usfll rhcdF.ulic ndionudides
@ shon h.lf lif., loq r-yi.ld ed $abh daudcr ouclidc.
'fte
C doF
lnedpeuric ndionucUdes fatl
lldllct
.sc, aBr, .sr, ,'td, ,.L4
r'D,
roEr,
For th. 20 or 25 y@5 which follovld rhe 19391945
bjonEdicol lpplicarion
wrhe$erl u Epid
M
r',rn,
w,
nostly ad€Ed on auct.s @c!o6, Tha
gb*lh in rne !*
of
pfiicl.
",Pr,
Dsn, r,cd,
'"Yb, ''R.. ''Au,
'{!r
ddiotrrctidc po<tudion for
l4l
I
5
,!es
havc
ho*w,
acceldsloB for rhis purpos. 14 McV neutbn
s8l@loB @ al$ @ftj for pep. {ion of shon liv.d ddionElida, G,n < r2h) sucn s
'.F
rBr, r5}lg ed
orheE. [email protected], t!. mour Equicd for n.diciB @ only h.
F.p.Ed b, th.
new high
inr@irr;.uron smcdlorst u!.d
contoo.ly u*d ia
uivdiry
labonroiiee
for reu&oD rlEnpy
d
(Flu d.trity e I O,,D/s),.
rcr by thc snulLr ona,
t.2 Rd.ror Prcdued Rrdiorrctidd
nulw ucror
A
@
i5
e Mbty
@n6ining fissib nEl (dichcd
llfusmcot tul a $tf $loin..r fsion ctuir
of th. oosl nrporlanr pmduc! of thc
qf$/
or lltadal
ercr$
is 0,025
.pi$.tml
or
volt or moE
th.
Eurto6
.V)
c.llc<t
o!*
@UoB j!
smau fi,&tiotu
*uroB
ofa
our
in a
conhl.d nmd. Oe
d dincd iD lh. Dttts.
Thc
cl6EoD vo[ (al 20oC lh€ nost D,obablc
ncurrons. Nolrons wilh kjrcric €nagi€s of
*veEl
m
onen
cllkd
rhouonds el.dron
fsr &urrEtur.
cnero/ of drc
Erctorsj rlE nclrroE
is 0!c
@ {)cry
NtutDnc ol en.shar hignq.rerg)/ (upb abour Ik VI
re$n're
e
e
f$ior
r&lio
!U ed i'Pu) in such
e
mlro6
prc<ttccd in
moddl.rr
ro
wnich rcudotu @
nuatd
lsid
aEna6, t-2 Mcv. rn rtm.l
oe.gi.s or s O,l .V. Such low @rgy n.uioB naidy
caFlrd !!d fdys @ .minc.l, wb.Es
mutB q@ @d@ i! enich mftns, ldioB d d panicle my
neurrcn qplh. For tsr8. *jlc prcdcbn ofrudid'*
irradidion
moG cer8cdc
b. cnirlcd aRq r,r. iniriat
feitllls qlh EuEd flus
in th. @s€ of l0rr !o
mploy.d fu
r) Erio
rtE
lo'h/qtsc e
Fldurion olndion*tidcs of bio,Edidt
(ii) (n, 1) folto$ld hy
suce$ivc n.ul$n
Thc
Equircd. Majn nucbd Eactions iodrced by n.ur,@
qpre
dqy, (ijt
i!c6r
(ap) @don (rv) (n, d)
Flcrions ard (vii)
in
nEttu stoE
@riq
(v)
e
(i) (!r.
0usionl {v0
qondlry nrctq r€$rioN ,.
(n, Fctiod
@ Cc!.6Iy su€d by d.rtul @l,!6, Tr?icjt
cxmpl$
rl,,I! (n., IiNA .
Ncq
.Mo(Ay) ,Mo.
cu (cl)
e
The ddionudide prodrcd
b, he O.r r4rion b i$rop:c wi|n lhe crprudg nuct.us
the speinc &dvity lrhined wil b. lop
conpded !o tlle rh6dic6l sp.cific acriyity
cfrd-tE
elocnrs
of|he
ndionElide h ! f€,
e'
inaii{rcd,
!
ce,
hoBEq, *,lEd,iabtc chaic.l @mpouds otclri,jn
gilard_Chalhd tul p,@$
eca flle dd a sigdnqt
peen|,d8e oflhe Edionuctide prod@d
by (n.
lior
dEr of Oc lar8cr.
tr rh.s c:q, rh.
t) Eedon ap!46 jn a chchicol torh difleEnl
fdbn
of rtc Edionktidc wtrich
+1.s
in th.
eoit
ch@icd fom c&
in emc
c.s
bc
e!€nr.d with rh.
lo oblai! hish sp€cific
toci6. eriviq. Erichcd nrg.rs ce .le
activilid dd vq, low r.dion8lidic inpuiti6.
hieh
!n the (n, ?) follow.d by d@y Facrion dE brSer
out.u ept@ a $mol
bc
uFd
ncuron
siving .ise lo m intcmedirtc Edion@lid. which d.cays ro produc. thc ndionuctin. of inl.rcs(.
Dre
'Pl e (n,,
p
r rrl,
T16t0h
T1 t6,8t
since dE adionuclid. pr.<tuced by rhi! DU!€
+silic eriviri.s .pp@hin8
l.
UE
cMicr
th. (n,p) rrd (4a) l@doN
fst mlron) ed
di|t.mr fFn
a poron
or;lph
dE rlrgd n@tidc
\j
lncdDld valw r.quftd for
!e sudly
ca
be
will
!nod.
rhc ursd nuclid. jr@6
p.nictc
of tn. od€. of
i! di&d
Civine
o$
wm
!
rcuuon
to lnc dcajr.d
o{
rN!
6. curDn ftu
biltiblc
in
io a &w
in
of rhcn ..g
. @ror wil hsE .rer$/
uE
b.G,
cbs sron
rhc rarc
ror (n,p)
in
de$
ed (nd)
otpodErion jr dcs
(n, dcd@.
Iission or (n,D @don of )r,U dtd iJpu givcs
rh
matcriat,
b.
de na6os sd jre
osidiDbty IoEr $q
sonc 6<lionucltd.s!
Edity epaEr.d fbn $. t'Ig.l
fE l.Et 6
('rp) eco old :'Al (!,a)
Eetiorc
bc
EMptcs of sh PI!c6 @.
siec onl, r El.rirety sall tdioB
oa lhe
tu
'r
r ,!d ,Mo
ris
e
io
a
widc veicry of fi$ion
sld$rs.
of exlme imponoce in nuct.d
Sucl*irc c€prm
of rM or DoE @urod
G
of
blecr
for thc prldNlion of
em
sh a ,uW.
usful a4ionuclid6
0
r&W+n-r tr'\v+n->
'rW
*
'.Rc
T1h 69d
^e|h€r
po$ibte @don which hs beo ,hrdicd
Is+n
-+,,s+n __.>ns __:+ tl
,
r'S
T,,2,8h
@y
b€
ucd
s
sodlry nrcl6 Fdid
nwr@
ij
@uoc
rh€
p@!i for rcl in a nrcU@ gcneaior
is lhal rhG hig!
pod@ine the
Thc
.sdal f.&re
c@e/ ch.rg.d p.nict€ us.d fo. bingios !bo{ rhc
dridlclid.s ir
qugrion
indued by rh. rcualB. Scond.ry oEte&
ecrioG
e
e
fod.rr
in
rlt p.ihdy Fleses
b. divtded inb
tF
grupq doubt.
@lioM ed indiEcl nel{ @dG. I! rlc douu.
nete-|r r.actioN
pand6 @ produc.d a a sd! of ene
sujrdbt. pdo..y nq@ t@!o,
nuclc&
ll!
alurg.d
Ehmde ordoubr. trettu @rio.s @:
'Li
(n,p)'H.. 'UOjyB. ].rs.r hlrsilt tilhih
ti(nd)'He, .L(d,ntBe
'!B
(n,p)r0Bc,
'rB
Itr (hc ,borc
dE
hqdon
Exmptc
ql.r
ofindid
'Li(d,h)
t.
mcdsl ti{rim compou4
d
qdpl6 d. pEroB
coiday nrct€ !.!crio!s
indiet Ncl@
oc liglr or havy
cohpoud
(p,a)'B. Tds.r trEr.rirl boonF*da.
Eetions @ uFd h th.
h
T4s€r
Eactioro. $c
lo
ldd dacoo prcdked in prih.ry nwt@
lbduce beryltium-7.
hieh.nary po@s od dcucdB !E
r@duccd in
do<tcFror of ihc @ior dui!3 thc
noddiq, of fsjon euooE.
nuct@ E{criore @.
,8.,'Li(!,n)
'Bc, ' 'B b,n),,c
'
of
1
In
d.
prcdu.rion of rldiolwlid.s, rtc
iddi.tion p@€dw
is
msl inpon$l
tu qulny of $c ped@r obrlincd. fte h.llllic d el.rcnllry
cl.mts
e
e
sudly lncmally sobL !.d c.rtoutd
sbr€si
s.ddlly ldcqut
sd
ly
in d€t
mi;ins
oxides
of oost
lbblc ln ord.r !o
d.r.mire da id.al irad'ation conditioG, thc galrm h..liog v!he, ih€rml conduclivily b.at
€movar are of thc iddiadoo lociliry .tc.
.trclos€rt in
@pr€d
wilhsbrd iotctrd
aeilitirs
tars.r
G
plrysical
laciliry k
1.3
is thc
e
t lmm.
$e
Th. hrg.r nd.rials
e
Al opsulca vhicn
d suuy
lok pma rld
c.n
of tic ordq of 40 lo 50 kslcDr. Two bsic rypcs of imdi.lion
Eually !€ilable in
.liDNioG
E
Elclq
rh.r
k u..d fd
simile lo
dMidm ce
pod*lion
thc
toqt
The nx.d wger polilion is oftcn
.it|jn. lEl)mrj.
hold.rs oien
od
or {cold wklelt"
prum
ed nobilc ldsel-
n$t
d in thc
holdirg 0F
or hy.tnulic tub. which
fcl
nuclidcs i.c fixcd
oa
Gfl*ff
ptnrca,
ai
ey
its
Th. nobilc r&gcl
keidr.! n the l*ror
€llcd "Ebbiar c.n b. in$ned or Fnorcd
sd
rcgioq
coE, Th.
dg.l
dme duing Facld opo'|ion
f&ilny ofclDie for $. Prlduton ofd* stod tivld ndiotrEli&..
Ac..l.Rl.r
Prcduc.d
Rldlollct d.
Th. min r.diotrucli& prcduclio
obninable wnh rh.
aetdld
lintu amcl.Ero! nd it
is ln. cyctorton_ Higb
is posibte
purp@s in tur@ In a cyclorrcn, clEA.d p€nictB eEh
'H.-p&1icl6r .rc,
e
a@leFnd id circuld
neld, Thee [email protected] poniclcs
ddlon wl|3 (B!V)
of shble elenenB
!c
ps{h
urdd
tar $is nay
s
be
bch c|l@r.
e
usd for prcducrion
p6toN, deutcoN alEnid6 ard
veuu!
by
n@s
of
e
clcclrohagr.ric
6 poss r faw kilctccton votls (t.V) ro *vo"t
bi
ion
of mrgy dcFrdir8 upor rtE d€si8r .rd tyF of cyctotrod. wlEn rar!.rs
insert€d ar a givcn ndjus jo a
.yctolro!,
rhc
acetearcd panichs of@naii
cNrsy iorc@. with the r.racr ruclci ond rtr n@td l@doN rltc pt@. Dcp.ndins upoa $c
3
.ndgy d.pciled by rhc inciddt p6dicl€,
a
tMbd
tc
of DrcLoro @.mitred nndomly liom
iradiat€d rar8.t nuclcu!, bdnrg lo th€ &Dutjon of differenr nuchd€s.
As lhe en.r$, of $e
iddiaiine panid. is ircE$cd, mo€ ,@t@6
e
@jr&d drd lhcEfoE r nwn e@€r
Cyclolron p'od@d ladiqnuclidcs qc gcosdty norron d.ficiclt
.
€n:ission. rhey find
.
reld
.tals,
dccay by EC or p,
njor .ppli€lion in dilgn$lic nucl@ Dcdicn!. Th. pDducriotr p,oc6
nvolB ntlEf ephisiqcd t4hmto5/ ed
irclud.
ed
Eicty
targ.ry, chmiet
dE
@
rEedi.s
c*sh
ard dcrctopMr
ert
pF*ing, hore @ ot drd aulobalioD.
Tde.t m€tcrial! @ host co@onty imdiaEd 6 slids, Msy n
1ats,
padiculsly
of
int.nrdiar. nelring poiar @ eteroptahd onb a @pFr beLing
rmvidins sod h.al conocl
to rhc cmlins srsrcnrl ctass, natcriats such
backinSr', While srlrs
qd
powdss
d
s r.IuiM 6omxr.
@
be jmdi.r,-rd
6
b, chaq.d panicl€.yctolron b€ms, lo lhc linit pcmin.d
b,
$.d a ndiorEljd. podudio! rargcri m.dtu
Thc nosl
*r.Biv. !s.
of
seui
nF hdinS and uddding of
s6 hrs.r mrc.id!
narcrirl
ruy
be subjet
in
o€;ic
sped
@mp.unds havc ltso
sysrcm FnnrinS a rcnicjl
lqgcr D.ierials ha b*n
Edlonrclidc of@bo& nirogor, oxys@ ed
,uodnc
ad reoEcd
lo a
CqAs soh.tibs orl€r panicuhr
powr djssipation &d Ediolydc d.conlotition,
Inolgei€ .nd
bc.n
@ b. fwd
@dnonly conpEsscd ro pcllel fom &d imdiar.d
qitnin aDpoprioc rutdlic ..capsurarjon.',
Attor! .uch
Liquid
G_eO)
i.
for,ollon .mBjon
e *ily
rne Drcducior
tonogEphy
&@nprrrh.n urd.,
d ro gs chm$, ,Dcesing
mdc
ot
(pSt)
mnuDr,
taboslory, Thus,
9
b.
Edionuclidc in a desGrl ch.hhal fom m.ry
sna de
availablc vcry shonly
of
end
iradiationrr.
p'4inins
Thc shon liv.d
ss
crco,
on-lim r€nDv.l fom lhc sN tarSets ., On lin.
t&acl ha ako
!
Nat or
DNHr)
Kl
re 8.n.dly *p@t
poducls fom
'!Xc plEi@r
Ihe
for
slid
b,
d
or mojtcn
.xdptc, jrwlvB
rhc
r{gct iddiorcd wnh hjgh .n.rsy polotu or
Rrdionu.lide ccn.hlor Svrr.n
In
ed tta,
Edionetids wilh Fhyricd h.tf
,ncssinSly populd for inaging applicalions in
ldninbccd
s.nc.dly
h.
.cefld ld.ls.
@nbr i. a dDn r
Wi$
s@h high pholon
Nd@
*iIhoul
[q6
of onty a
fq ho6 hav. beoh.
m.dicine, Sevqrt of
i*@ing
didity
rhoush dE
cyctotDn
d.v.ropihr of EdioieroF
fi.ility, Howvcr,
etuio!, fil:l
Havo NatioFl Labo6rond,f Th.s. @np&t syn@s
ndi@lirc oarnal
tmt
tom
|hc
may b.
rn. sr.tini.!] v&iarion in counling nrcs
wiah bercr info@adon
slpply ofshon [v.d n@tjdq to ncdicit
d
&*e
Fdi.do. qposN ov.r
rhe
dc niniDiad eultilg in imrg6
lhe nG of prc<ludion al rc.ctor
shon lived
tiE
te. Beae of @mnjc timirioc @ hrspor|llron
gcn€ally impEcrical ro
ovtuDe
oct
h.gc do$. (upro tO-20
obta'ncd wilh ioaging ddiccs
lion
'roo,
eNvrl ofc@oE
us.d Th. pDdurim of rq yi!
of radiox@n fom
rcmoval
1.4
b6
rrcq,
@b
diflicdli6, ir
cenl.
this
thst
e
is
distol
dimclty na b..n
inEEdsd by irc B@&,
ltusponed qsity povidiry
pbdudion dr. of pem ddionNtide.
!
.10
L
f!i[./ *pd!.d
l92G
DRr 6on rP.,
scnd|or syston duing th. Modolhn':r poj@1.
s.mnlor
orhcr
dE r$T. r:1I sync6 d*elop.d.r
E
g*Elou
WI€n
.
a
lubEequally
\4
Fdi@ijv€ ilolopc ud*ges
dcFoding uron rh. plni.ura syslcm.
hd
o
lbmiDtcd by
ed loqer dll rlc
tlDn th.
day
@ntinE b
dccdyins. Th.FfoG
!ftd th.
peat
to
thr
!
sbls. whd. rhc dauenrer
i,
stu
poinr the drugh{cr
mitt.d
elivity
is
Elarivcly shorcr n8tf lifc
sysr.m s,iich
t@y css
n
.tlos
l md 2.
d.c!y, lhc podEt mly
si6
b€ stabl.
or
of radiMriw nklidc. h.foE
rh. pioduct isotoF i.e. rlE daught.,
,!d oniEity
cs,
dris half-tifc g.r! tongcr
rlE h.lf-liG of r dlughEr h shoner
if dE dlught r js s€p6r.lcd f6n il3
which js
s4E0.d wilh
,F@r,
!
fNar
dcm il dcrly
Tte
@
to h,yc
fon
@h. DdimM
6k lha
irccde, st cply ar
.rd lhen b.gin lo
fire
?r
._ $1\h
lyfth
s€ dl. or which n js fomcd is c.ll.d
a .f*drc
balf lifc cqud ro lhlr of
plmr
pdcnr, ihc ielaLd .Lu8hrd poduct rh.n
whit nry frqh .buel q erivity
mil&ins ofslDn liv.d dalahia
n is
rh. point when 0!. dluchEr activily is
!.m .gfljoE .t$
decaying 6t th.
ih. p.@l
chaerqjsic Llhe arjo of ft€ ndf Uf. of
of da!eh.., rhc acriviry of t.n6will
"TMidt €quilibriM' .d
oM
o.c @ law s
oe. tn @nd!
edvny
by
Lrbonbri6., S.v.nt
dmc of sp@tioA lhe dzuglr* &tivny wiU
.quar !o $ar ot thc pNnr &rivny.
Such
N'nionat
in l.blc
sdi@d!.
while rh. daughr.r onrinuB ro b€
d.c@ lsail lhb tuinM
rrs
1!s.
ed ino aftd. qlaitr LnSll ofrin
fiEr
l,h.
irs paEhr rnd
I'8.
comeEially availablc ddioielopd
BMlt hlEn
p4nr eiicn pfodu.d
pD<lwr ic nrblc
h.ll lif. of
a
dld ftom
dsr, o fom.ilhd. sb!t. or a lhid EdionEtid.,
a sruble nuclide, In
lonad hllf life rhd lhc
ftll
dolv.drq, d slEM
odioetive horop.. Thc lr'n.r wh€n
rhe chdin is
The
ktt6r'L! w st
ftrivitid 6:!D
gbs
rf
.l rhis
days with
in rhc penr. A,y
tongcr livld p€Ent
etivni.s
bn f.nh.nger
ftriliorrudiii:r
Bu.iG
Frg.r Thc Principlc of i radioDuclidc gdcrator sFtcm
t2
is k own
s
Nuclide
Cfl.elor
such o sysren, th. dauShd
rhe
at a
I_
In
ecliviris cm bc milkcd periodicoly h&y timc, d.Fndin8 upon
h.lf life ol $. p@nl &d povid$
rcrivili.s
jr lig
or rsorop. O.renlor o. IsoroF Covy'r. As lhown
pl@ rcmole fron 4rctot
e esy
or
end
uetul m@s of uinS shon tive.l dlughrcr
a@tfrlor
si!e,
Cencnror R.quircndG.
Th. ernhior srsreh mlst h. sihptc,
or vcry hisn puiry wiln
pm<tEr should
b. in a chcnicsl
prc*ing. Aoors
ben ror thc
.quiponr
ebB
scnror
dsrviEd
podur &ob
tr
0l!6
mrhod,
diiittadotr .nd
taboFrory, s€n
lrlly
leiput|tid Ho9Mr,
ii ns.s!ry
[o
pEhr
rhc t@ign
olgqic @lll@, .ilha
(fuhp6nion of lhe Fin. S.ldion
for .limi@rinc lhis prcbl.n.
sk! s
of
dr
nqcd
of spaidty
wh.Md,
prefene4 b.@@ o{ dEn
BFard
yictd a podrcr
qclung. rcrhods !e coEideEd
ion
do6l
s@cr
hlst
.!d ndi@rirc @nrrninec duing ia Ufa. Th.
fo@ itrabt for e wor a hirimh futh* ,arn
nl or
ersddo! pd.rtu..s rh.
srsr.ns.
and invotvc d
hjv€ th.n oM
lne
rhc
qnrt
ro $abL
giE sdsa.tory eFdd@ io drc
aloDu8n
Db
Gpd
.oNaidr, npid lo Bc
Bi,
ro
r€quiE
tuE
ellbodl.
rh. i@qch@ge D.rhods
narsi,l
,m
h.in8 inEoduc.d
nanht o. E.riadon ind@d
and
@tuI rshjng
imtmic .xctrlasd
f.ariblc,
cisifte
,!h
$lvhr qr.crion,
such
s
is
$fiicienr
At o, or aO1 @
Edilro. dda8. ed sEilld litctit6d of
Corstrucaior:.
The 8en€rat @ost uclion of rhc dsvie
@6isrs of a Ctss
cxclhg. molc.ht
otr which rhc parcd
Erain.d 5r rlc bonon by
a porous
ds
@ttm
@niaining
thl io,
&tjvjty is fidty lderbcd, Th. .rch&g€ haterid
in
die ad
ol ihc lop by a ptlslic
.loisn
rjag.
Aettler
ouer plastic hoEing p@teds, rhc cotums
asain bG*agc dFrnS hadlirS. The dlught.r
is
lulm
,r
coum{
II.AD
IBIEI)
l|Irn
!t
Fig.2 Modcm Si.ril. eMo -
st'c Gcnoror
.lut.d liom dlc g@1o. by nouling
qd oncinc
rh.
r;ducr $lndon
Day b. ihicldcd by Frfomins
shi.l.tcd. The
l..d
rhc
uii, Fuitrg
in a 3uilabtc
vlst s
it b.lind a tad *dt
snipping conoins
poF s8ot
lhc
rhlugh llE cot@
it diips fom rh. bonod.
d
In.
orErr
io.
@
bc
|he irdividu,j @mporcnr
i! d€q@dy dopi.d fo. @ in shiel.ting rhc set:mro..
Findly th. dcvie sho{d bc @npa.r musn for shicldirg
sd llspo,iation s shoM
in lhe
Fig.2.
Rrdioruclide Cen.r.lor sysr.6
To be
Etul
for
should havc a prircipal
houi
lfa
ldr
for iDogitrg.
in ljlg appli€doB,
rny
daurhllr nudid€
should coNtirulc
u!d
ile
ene$, b.tw@
rr&
20
ddshr.. suctid€ obnjfttt from o s@6ror
ed
5OO
t
V
dd a [a]f
lile b.rw@n I
dd
24
hs nlltipL r{ni$ioN, ic hsM o..cy rnys (abovc 600 kev)
20% of qteod phobn yiet.l of ihc prircipal y_mGsion
@d foi
idagin8. ln d p@ticabt. gcnenlor sysrd, lh. seraEl.d dauahler
nuctide mst b. Elativ.ly
fEc of rsdioedv. @ntmindls, pdicula.ty rhe pac nuctide.ID
p@nr &tivity &pEsnl9
o y l0Ilo
Drost
sucss6,
lO. dmes rhc daughr@livity, Evd
sysren, lhe
! nic@uie
or
lcs
otp@or rcdvny co.bminadon nly @nlributc dgnificsdy to lh.
ddi.ion do* d.liveEd
te
palienl, €s!.cislty
wha 6e pen( hls
prcdkt oftlE d.u8!c. nuctid.
should
L ;rqcty
long, i.c,,
inv*ly
ond
ia prcdrcr @
'Mo
---3Tc, "'sn-__r+b,
shoutd
a tong
phrsiel ed biological hatfiife. TIE d.csy
pEf.dbly b. !r!bL. tfjr
eEdl yc!6
or
ro
tunl iin€ rn
pmponion4t ro rn n half
,Y---+s! dd
hotftife
Ebtivc acrivirie ofrtr. {ilughter
fiB. nE
'cE
is ftrtioacriv€, physical
mosr apptied g.nemror sysrco
--Jro.
l5
Ultr, short- lived RrdioDuclidc ceDerator.
TlErc @ n@r 8o.ra!or syschs lvailabl. vbj.jh prodse dlughtc! nuclid6 hoving
urtl!-shon
lBl
half-liv6
oflh*
bolu (inFctioi)
ivq of th.
order of s@ndr or a
fa
Dinu16, Beoue of lhe slbrt physiclt
Dwlid6, very tagc dos (tqs ofnilticui..) coutd bc .ttninisr.r.d
or
6
a contihcous
innBion providcd thlr rh. ddioacrivc
conreines
s
a
@uld b.
lepr lo m cxlremcly low l.vct ofacriviry.
Yeol'b
dd
rrbKr
for
has
d.6oNkar.d rh.pssibjriry of un8 of ulua*hon-tived radonlc,ide ,a,rtr
dynhic fibdiotr srudia Bing
ttE scinrilladon
@c,,
in do$ &d
huom.
In futue, utrs shod-tiled ialopca n.y fnd grolr appliclliom
tor mpid selirl,
@n
n
sludr.sj pediculely oI lhc cadidv@ulu lysicd,
sone of rhcsc apptiqtioB
rcpr.e or coDplmnl ihe rsdiographic or cin.{gioSEthc
prcedG ung @nl6t
Not withsrhding, ndionrclide gen@tols hlv€
alrsdy prayad
d idponet
.xporcot'dl 8Dtrrn of th. fietd of nrclqr hedicioe in
&cchr y@s. Soma
lived odionuclid.
''"e4rz z.sr.;, "'6.
EC
iopora
cr-h 19.6 s"c), '"R"
I
EC,I'
Ni'
2 rr.j sel,
"Br
jl
d^y
EC.r3'
,
bs.cPr
nedja.
utrra{horr
EE
'*As
my
p€n in lh.
goertoB se,
p
y-
l?.r sNr,
t6
EC,0'
Sevdhl
iodin
EdioDLlctid.s hlvo foutrd ,ppucolions jn nuclee 6!d
'Il* qtionh ddioindih
spahs
c&nol b. ued. "hln h6
a
6
bc tabell.d
n.djcitul iruging.
irto nfuy @npouds whdc lhe anionic
halflif. of.ppoxjDalely
IOO
min, a nono
6,fc
oeree c Fn€r8y of lq
t
xcv by i$mefic ltusirion, ed no plhission lo contdbure lo dE ,odiarion dos..
Ils chi.f
atra.rj@ k
b
tc
lif. ofp@nt
lotrg half
b. puchded pa y@ io obr.jn
procEmcnr of
DIc gNsror
'
',Sn (l t sd).
Odi a f.w soredoF
! @nlin€ow supply
oalhc @uShreri conpaEd to lhe
Thb nuclid€ hos b+n u*d
[email protected] sysrcn ard Udn y jn
Anorhd shon-tiv.d ,,nln(T%
hM& i! vsiou
ir scMing
chcnjcal fo@s.
a,j hou) G @Bid€&d
qraenorrc purpo$s beaue rhe p.ticnr
coutd be subjccrc ro
nJionuclidec$b.obra'nedesity by
Tl.c
ro"Rh hos
d
,r
as a good
alrmdv.
fo!
lowd ndildon dosc. This
mcosota,'rcd-',-t, g-..ro, u "
dRu
or,!?d
-
a T% of 56.1 nilur. ard 40 kV,
1{aay, pEpdiio, of lohe 6dio
is
b@i desribetf ,rhAg ha
. hrtf jf. of 19.2
wilh rh. cmi$ion of 87 kev g'Jma Eys,9t.6
of *4ich @ inl.rn
dalghr.r of LI y@ rocd
dd DpdOZ
11,47
I
s.cond d<t daays
ll) conv@d
ro
et.cuu. tr E
how).
In 6c nucler nEdicine field, rncf is
Cbwing ircEst is eoploying ,,Cd in a ,scd
+
Gkly
thc bdin, bl@d p@t,
e re possibl. ways ofobrlinirg 's"Rh $.ning our qirh.nnq
pbmceuticals fom roRt
rhe
of rhis naEial need
'^ae ce@ro6, s d
atErnalivc !o orhtr bionediqt
geedos
or utrE shortJilcd
_
sMDa
t7
Tllc
cq.tic Rcl.rioutiD
ot
r
p.et
Th. g.eral El.tioship of
-
p€a
Diug[lq Sy,r.D.
_
daughr..
ddiauctid. ,yr.D ha ben
F .dlardcr etotr'. Th. dl. of sD$rb of ih. dlughie rwlidc
.t dy
dND/dr
-
?hNr -LND.......__.(l
\vhc€ ND= nmhq of radi@cliv. atoDs of daughr.rJo
{0 693,'raD,
dsy
lFtf life of.taughk!). N,
-
giva
knoM
by rlE
)
de.ay @Brsnr of rlE dauShter
NMbq of [email protected]
alonD or l}rc p@nq and tp
=
ttd
Nr=N.t
Ny' b rh.
M.......................... (2)
rmh.i of$c Edjo&riv. !toh! of[Es
which Np is @lcutor.d, Usine equd@
(t) ard
@8ing
ar rimc
Zm dd
Gqufiotr
(t)
e
T k $c rinc df sl
8!t tnc difcEnriqt
cquti@ d.sdibing r!.
!u@r{.u8hcr Etfiio8hip.
C!.+r"No.\Npte'-0
Tnjs cqEdon
hs
bs
$tv.d Esutring
Edioacdv. !106 of d&8|ll€r,
""' *To rlis n@b..
No
by
conudr ofp@nr (0.693/Ir, halftjf€ ofpdoo,
Jt is
wh4
-
rimc T b
di*ed
of6djo.dv.
*tn
in
O)
cquton I4l which
"'''i''
alons o, dauehq
sB
ar
&y tiDc T, !h. nhb.r oI
"tt'
Ln ovq
= .lL Npdt€+r-c.".n"*.- ........o,
rrbm prEvious eludon ehoutd b.
l8
UrinS th. el.doNhip bct*rcn
N
dlivity
turd
rl* nmbs ofEdi@riE nlons
-4.1I[
r, 0.691
wlrcE A is tlE eriviry in oNmtiond
conen
d. E4u!ri@ (5)
!
tldlc.d b
Ao---Ao_ A?
\l,h.EAD -
Ai
\,r" A'o
-
tm
(lrci, nci, .rc) &d T% in h3lf life
lnc fono*ine
kd- c e'l
of6.
aloh
fom
+A.DFir. .. (6)
AcrivityofdlughL v.ihbt itrrtE.€ot.rdm.T
Adivir, otp.G .t riEzao.
@trrt ofp.rcot,rd dr|8lre, Nctids.
Aclivity otd.ughi.r bn oEtoD ltfuq Gl,rio! |lli4. ao,
Usins rhoEtlldiodtir6, Oaiboraicrly ailihbtc divity
ofdlelr.. nEti{t 6a 6il, b.
qlculard.
Da{y
l9
T!U!:-l
c.@ror
sod. Re$t r Pmdft.d
R.diotru.tidd
TY,
3l(
+p
EC.
p
2.8h
r 0,393(lr%)
I
0
,irPd l,,h
|.6t (3y.)
200ft
0
1.227(23y.)
llr.sh
p
r
20
I
p
*, l"* I u i' , *
I
-l
35%
J
.0.ror. o.x1
tnr{y
I
I r0.r!5 O0*) I
I i
li;r;
2l
!
'I
'"."'l
l',.",", l*" 1"''
l:;1:*'I
I
I
I
;
22,
0.610 (6r.)
2J
Irtle2
D..ay ch.ekrkric ofr
p.di
D.cry
chii.r..irri.
oadlughrc,
T"1
tt('r)
t%,
63 (38)
169 (99.2)
(4r_5)
r0
5||013)
21.1
(98,r)
|l (r,7)
EC
EC(r0)
(93.r)
+0 (90)
r4r4(98.2)
5r
(130)
t077 (3)
(56,5)
EC(
t00)
EC
(r0)
EC (?l)
Br(77)
srRb-
3r.K,
Ja.6h, lEc(7,
I
t\Q7)
446
(tgt
5rr {5a)
(0.2)
5rr(r54)
rT ( t00)
(4)
r+ (96)
EC
r00)
EC(99,3'
(t54)
334(80)
511(t92)
EC
(
13,I
5l|
4|sl92)
l2.Bh lEc(o.J)
I
| 1ae9.j)
183(82)
l
Tabl. z conlinwd
255(r.r)
392154)
(r00)
20.1h
EC
EC (2,r)
(r00)
+! 06)
EC
(
rr0(3)
rr
(23)
+8171'
EC
r00)
(r00)
5r r(r52)
21t |t4,5)
564
+B
(61)
5rr (r32)
t3 (6.6)
+0 (r,
lT
!=
bc=
(r)
560(8.6)
10.6s
r)
rT ( r00)
D@y d!!n l.L.n iom Tabte ofje;F (L.<rdq.nd shiderrds.)
John Wilcy, Nd yort ( r 978) ud6 orh.r sie
!r.|ed.
This rs
noc Eenr vile Epon
(r8)
EC (39)
EC(r0o)
EC (49)
(r5.r)
d 6oE
262(61)
7rh
.dido.,
Nltiod phFic5l tuto.o.y
k-X,ny dcmading @ of sF.ist l,mE
.
engl"na
R dioieroF! with
wi
shon
visudizj.s wins, cimb.B of h@n
b€s4 \circe@
isorop.s, rhe
srudica
tud
us ofvrry
hdfliB
,jd
l.
bt
ldhag6
ov., tnoF wjth to.gcr liv.s to.
catain orge eirh ,rdioi$rop6
oli%'fu e
Budly @mptd..r wirhin
shon lived ixolope is
co h. pcrfom.d Epidty *ithour
injedoN et
otr r
tu6
e.t
$.llF,
I nin snq irrarion of
pGsibt &d ha thc advulase rhlt rcp.al.d
a buit.tup
ji boclgoud j.rcl. This
sivcs d sc .! of
i,8 sc6t vi.k wirh. adioi$toF c!|r@ riom dilleGnt
angtca
or
chogins rh. tcrti@ ofid@rion silc.
wlcn a BdioiloroF wjlh
rhe
edvny diq away duine
b. adninisr.Ed 4!
a
rhc
a h6lf
tif. of a fcw gold
such
slDn hdf
'4y
,@5 atuM,.E' .obr..
speed qd Ehdvc rcluDc olblood
hotop€ qbploycd fo! lhis purpo*
p.ss.
nin) ill
*!dB d ond
ti\6 @ msr
liven pdGnt ndioi$tope, UE ddugh&r
beinS
.or
spd!.d tioh
ts t@
rak6
ll!c{ @
pictlG ofGsulting
ttE pdtur by ctutior floh
qftm,ris hd4 b6i4
a
rhe
clc. Th.
fiE.
w.! 2.6 Din ,r,!8. wtuch war us.d in
l%3 to ibag.
$.
l.$
@
a
$on pnrsiet
salisfocrory for ihagins
Mct ciruLrio! bd F.n6ion 5tlldi6
[email protected] .l lnis ri@
M.v gmmr @ittd i! obtai&d h mutiiniticuiB
Imqr
4
6
liom s 2.?
inldcd
a
of
most
re.rt wirh ErtioiebrB ro nosuE
ciEul.rion theugh th.
srnnra-ny3 @er$/ (0.66 M.v) nate, n
Abour l0 n,c' E
hNly,
6ry obbnrcd by ddy fon . long
of bt@d dbuSh dre hcM.io Atrhoulh
rhis isoiorE
hiSh
iljer.d int
fir$ cohpt.r. narrit ofthc c&lrsrory systh.
Thc
@ndnuos iifqion whil. a
RldidsdoFs wiur
is
rapidty h@ a
vra,
The
l!
tc
d.,
hatf life (2.6
purpos
.,
Fel
ndro&lE botu rnveh dbugn
,
Itis
O
t
4
ieloG.
rhe
h6,
lunes
dd elcrial
m@",
showina lh.
js ouch loh8er
addnion
sysr.m to v&ious or8ru &d a sdics
l
rhh n*$ary. An ielope wirt
studid @dd b.
inj.ction muld
Ffom.d
d.dy lway dpjdly.
Ediltion exposw
to
wilh hrlf -livd of r
r.le
ttusir oIi$bp6 rhrcugn
th. p.ried.
fw sonds
e a6
a shon
quicldy
The lhon
p.ejng
ofpiclws
of
*
r.rkqn wnh a
inccl, B()*4r,
EdioisotoF
rh€ 6_tu,
ldf_life would hav. $e odvmtas€ $al
s.w
thc R<tiolclivily fDm a pEvioB
h.jf lif. o{ th. i$ropc
tunher
Fdles
rh. EdEtiotr in half-tif. to lhe utriMre goal,
@utd 6. qrcd
.il!a
ha[tif.
wi|h tnc bolu
6.
i$roFs
injelio. l*hniqw
or wnn
coninuou infujon lech.iques.
t*t.hu€ vitl
CorliluoB hfqio!
utrn !trolr tiy.d ndion aop6,
vcis, den€s ed cdr!tu orld @ b. vGuitiad
lird ielope slh
by rhc conrirrcus i.irsion of
orsm Enaia mdi@ris
s
wlh cilh€r
6nd
ddioijoooF
OrsN
r.\!r
e
visibt.
r*c
up
or
& inrrvcrcB
noDq.rdy .n r d in
rllB
irjccdon of
lvms
cohpoud! for rcry
is much
bi.f
in ,hjch
rtscl
dE
mb .!d c@dd
ey
utrra shod liv€d
injarion of hTco,.
ha
3hond
qiss
i! ruint.inad, It c& b. imssd
ecrlM ,n. Ein .@6, s*h s
mi, n.rhod. IfphFic.l hdf-tife of th. ierop.
El.&,
@nrtirio! thetr
lons as d coGllnt infi]rio. nrc
an€lies, should b. condnuousty visibte wnh
ietop. jNl 6 fiGy
ullla shon
th. hilf-life js shon dDud so rl8r ms1 of it derys dui.g a singlc
oopl.t ta$n of de circulEtory sysr.n. A n4dy4rrL
a
d
$.r re
Oc
iero!. wit d.c!y almd cmptdcly Mthin ttE Esq
Th.
sdc
d$ b. visuuzed
by
biotoSical hatfnime
of
mjChr
or8nn
lcchniqucs snould b. uetut fo, visurlj2ine orym
tisu.
wirh hish pafuion
n6. Thc* tisu6 shoutd beome r.tariwty Edi@circ, white rise wid low
Frfision d€
liu E0ain nonEdj@dive, b.coBc lh. nolop.ldds to d4.y befoG it tuUy p.rfe,
ln.l.ller
lLs@, L@ating veutar
lhor
should b.
posibt.
ih rhis tcchDqks. pcdsion rl&ugh lne
hcln log, tidn rr, bnin 6d
ofa s.cond
b
plsu
hs
ba
sodi.deExpos@ rim6 vdy Iioh ; ftetion
l0 sdnd.
RldioisloFs wi$ ulti slDn hlf-Uv6 @
.Edical
leilitie
ietopes
cs
6ar
e
located
be obtain d by d.cay
l.
2.
l.
Haa. a
4.
Be
Dccly by
oi$ion
lor
of
f&n
to
ro
!
obl,h.d in la€c wi€ty ud qumity rl
Ercror or cy.lol,!r\ A limit d
lons-liv.d
p.Ml isolopc
Th€
nmbd oI dq*
istope should.
n.dim cftrg/ errmr Eyr or by Fiilon @i$ion.
lo4 lircd prEm
B. Epidly epdbl. fon th. peni with clotiag elution fi6r
EaoDbL ir
e
physiologi€lly
cosl.
rhA! ns r h.lf lif.
oL 39-E
s
.od ddys qith tbc
disbn
of 88 kcv glma-dys
e incdlly convqt d to el@!.n, &AS i5 rlE d.ue}r* ofrdPd (Tr=t3.4h)
9l% {tf whi.h
dd
d@
bc
rocd (T1
{5ld),
rdcd
bd
'oPd
@ h..sily
Eero.
prcduc.d m a
by
(n,
rcerion
on
BPd and
'ccd resp@rivcly,
Tlc rdcd
(453
&ys)
/
tuAg (3r,8r)
sctudror
Dlcd lN dl$ ben sugadcd
Usinetinph6phd.sadsorb.,'eAgyields.ealour54%wiih
?. / bolw by .lutos wir[ cirhs
thiGulphd. ht
ahholgh lsrg.
88
tev
la $lution.
ln rhb
5%
/
b.
udily
dbtiotr cqdE,0E inrnv@s
b€*thsughof 2xl0
5% plElphll€ butto (pH 7.4) ot
sr3td th. dn6dpha& n E
Mobt ot'tcd pftnr cr.
plDron
asrbic &id
r@Cd
for RNA,
d ro codpl.x lhe AC
i@ .'
p6duc.d, 0E ro* 3.?3% sbud.@ ofth.
admininrdion of
rry
hish l.v.ts for
rhc
s!fli€i.ni pholon yi.ld r.quidd for RNA.
Veiou ndion$lide
c
cuE4lly lrxtq isv6liglrio! in
for ddiolnhruort npt (RAtl), nor.bty
,'f
Dd .Y.
rhc
llis
Gt s posibL *u
h.ad.
choie of ddiducti.h tor
28
mdoimurcdEdpy dlFnds
viz holflif.. photor
osgy,
intertia on
(l)
dcaied physical chMd.rislic oflhe Edioholopcs
(2) chmic.r Eedoos invotv.d for incorpoErins the Bdionulide
inb rlE eijbody (l).prop.nc biMp.ribitiry of
DouellcrlFwn/onr.niMl isotoF
s i.ll s
bciig ioj€cl€d in-vivo (6) biodisr.ibulion
dd
etibody lin*.€€ i,c- l.ct of rfficlEl.tion
@'nbi@lion to biod.gndlrion c.s
gdm. d
o*
ur
wcll
a
rhe
(j) dt
$L.tc<t
lhe
ddioElid.
Ercnl
.d
is
enbody (4)
@n6ined in rbc mlErisl
d.h,los@.
lh. Gisl!re ot.lhc
,!,r
Edionucljdc sribody
pos pmbtm bcse of
ny
ietope dir$ciar.r fDni the ddionuclidc &tibody compt.x,
llis
o
ir-viEo and in-vivo srabjlity of ladionuclidc,
d.halogcnal'o! ladinC to nonr!.gd imdiation.
inn<liation ofbon -
i
is a
bon
ce lqd
iB a.Acdc
skd ed io
to @cc.pr.bl.
sFcialy inpondr if$c hon tuuls ! hund mtioow &tib.<iy
TIF rrrAs Crj, 7,5 dayt ha s@d b.t. .oission chncEnsxca
lr.04 Mcv (91./0),07
M€v (8%). 0.8 Mcv (l7o), m appoprjat. hnlftif. of
',rAg(r/
?.5 days
e
ow
7.jd) h fohred vh 'r''Ag Ghl.2min) which is subequorly peduc.d
fronl
dedccayoarrrPd(tr 22mia) dd r"?d Cr'i 5.Jh)'IlE
r.th b EpBocd
,'.pd (n")
'r*hpd-L>
Ty2 5.5 h
s:
t.T
TY,
1,2
n
'nus th. nculon imdi.rior
ofpalbdim in a E*ror povi.l'6 !
.nd if th. i@diared hrg.t @lcrial is @Ld
for.
day o.
mG
s@ ofrc-€ner_eddcd
onty
,,,A8
29
dpelcd ro b.
pllgr.
cspecdvely. ii As
ruPd and
'6?d
@ llso b.
sepanled
G
fom.d vi. rdPd (n,, and rlpd (nn) Mcrion
fon umim tsion
prc{ruor
Scvml mdo<,!, h.v. ben rponcd in liid?irr., slch
.xl@riodr, cdpeipit liorrl
in did.d palladim, If
n
rrrAS
ed
q)
bc
s
ion dchas€r',,
Edjocolloid fom.lion for rhc scpMrion
pod@d in
lEgG
qMriiy
aod
linl.d
lo lhe
of
$twd
I'Ag lion
mi.r
&ribo<ty
nly Eple r,I ir lMy @s'r.
oirdi
1.6
In |nc 6dioi$!op.
mjrg
@ins, @ cdtrnrty ri6lo idcrle
if th. chDoind
r
Edionwlid! iEetfof.F
lod .xelior.l
Fdionuclide ha a 6?.5
t! Th, deay
disint !6tion in v.ry hish
kll3uitcd
ued
a
for
w
lllodare
wiol
!n agcni for
oGnrara,in
eilina
bone
e
bw
tis .in
fdh
loog/o by E.C, yiclditrg two
in mind,
ddi.tion do* or
"'h
. This very d.riablc
elut phoo6, ir e*ad., p.r
t V_ Th* dr8i6
@d ldiun I r chlorid. ia
with 89% .r | 7l tev ad 9t% !r 24?
sl!l@
di
*tllilarion
r)r@w nugjngt, Indim ac$vny ldDinisteFd
s
ctrtoridc
lmor s @tt s in boE ft. upiik. of ddioindih hs ben
.tribut d to d. ftuion of rrl! l''osf.rin. A rqba of inwrig.l6"e h,ve ndno s|rdicd
ionic rrrln !s
cnrnG
l$
a
son tis@
polbdal tumor loc.tizins snd botu ,|:@w inssjna agcnl Reendyr [email protected]
b€e, used in pari.nt for bon damw imgjng.&
a
adv&r!8e_
lndium-ttt is podled 6y rhr qdion of'6Ag (d-2n)
becn
rh. pholon ouplr
agdr whiL rld*ine lll. ab$d.d Fdiaiio! do* to ih. p.tiol, Vith
n.w adiolab.l€d onpounds d€ cotuideEd only ifihc ratiat Fccivcs
e
Dixlu€.
II
.30
IndiM-l I I btElLd cottoidd fftjc hrduidc hs bcn ucd for lyhph nod. s.eing,(
wh.n
the ircn
corcrnlrion ed pH ofrh.solurion i! Ried, bigSo panict4, mrcrcaggEgal.s,
m fom.d wiich e rr.biti*.i
l.<li!n-l
I
:
II
widr A.lo$, &d wlich haE uen
bbdt..t e,ith DTPA (didn Lrc
I @nplcx al pH 6-7, This compt*
a l.alc in .hi6nned ed
Indim-
lI
rhe rorB*t singlc
in
hs be. s.rt ir vsiou cdbdspD,l ,!id di$rdd
chetare hrs
dd knoe *rot
non ncoptsric
Ir Ecdl yaB,
lks sindgRphy.!
ttihim !.nac(c &jd) (iii) fom . stlone
ber
uscd
such
fd {E sinriSnply di.gmsis ofohor
cxFrimdl witn ,,,td Bt@drcilr r god @@|aron
wrili.d
rdr
[email protected]
I Btohycii
*inrigdphic findi.g
tcunui.rion
in
wd
of ih. tutur in ?oy.ot
6
obiaitud
t.
bd*r.n $e
css ed in r O% rhc€ w6
r6ion..
shon tiv€d r_diding ddioaklidc clut
d
liln
chorubgpphjc
colunB comdinjng lon8.r tited patur iucli& hlw [email protected]
@nrdcdblc int@sr in h.dical
applicotior
Fnio|fly
co.tu. B@e
pd,.nt w'lhour
irfomtion
for rtc vbutiza
o. of inLrndl org@
Dy
smilariotr
s..eR ..d
of lhcn tion n tflit€, torg. doF of Edioerivity
nay b. adoinilrGd
qc*iv.
@nr€n1r
mdiadoo doaee,
oft6t,InEs6,
@il, uapon 4 nrrilS rh.t
b
lbu ohainjnA high pholon ,lu.s whicb ihorcvc the
TtE Dcs sldcly
shon-titrd
u*d ni&in8 sysran of rlri. ry!.
mr.ri.l, lsdty oql.brc
ro
m
ey horpiLt f*jtiiy
ehich R!fils |he h(nsing RquiEharj.
AmonSst tne noet pomising
rysrerB fo, ih.ging lppti@ljons sugs€stcd by O@n.
MW.hl d tlE Bet h!rc. Nlrioo,t t bodlory,,r i5
,rltn_ Th.
"'sn ch@tcrirrics which
cnission
oflgl
',rtn possss
kev by
j$;oic
e
a slbn
,rl
hdf_iife
of
tOO
dBinbtc
oin, a oono en4gclic,t.
lrbsiiion sd rc p hision lo conr.ibur€
b
rh. Fdiaton
JT
dossc.
Il.
prodwd: a
halHif. of
tn pc.r
nEtidc "rsn b Ehtiv.ty tong
Gult, lh.
gen€raror
syd€6 is ccononical for rcu,ine doily .lulion
d
nDndE. ftc sinil&iq of rh€ eNAy oI
'r t p€nDirs rtE
t'hdldEE
itr vivo
only
tlpply of
sm. d.rdroi
and
.
dalelu.r cohparEd ro rlE @Hy
ws ,t$r
my
b€
nillcd $wEl dms pq dly
&liviry in obtlircd,
nuclr o.dicine
s
prbciDot
r,o be
di$ion
u$d for ,,,LIn,
6e&,
oB
sev..sl
of 164
t.V of
bur
prchjbir
Ilt
.t htoFd
p(nwnBr
p€r
of
yc& to obhin
hTc
o conrinuous
s
_
s.n@tor. Thc ,,rsn
sbr.q6dy.
milk.d opiitully .v.ry cisht er nour (ot €qujlibriuh) bui
fo.
tuptc, .v.ry
rc b C@wing n@bo
iddging
prchsed
be
ourlined in orc ofoak Rjdg. Narionst labontory rcporr
by
hi(hg sytu @
Tle e.nmlor
$.
is
@uri.g of rrLIn ed 'rl.
" '''lo geneoror syslem
Cilld.l
io
sysrcn incrudini colrimros
f.w s*&t<)B of ibis mleridl rc.d
o
tlt
[email protected],io.
(ll8 dayt 6d
I_7
of@n
n! al rvtuch tihc 50% of
ouads
of',r"tn which
e
cs
be
leinm
b.ing ued jn
as. ed skdt. kjrs @ .v.jtabt. for rh€ exrcnFebu,
Ptpanhonsnrptybyoddirionof rlEsr€,jt'r"tnclute.
'rrln,as
n"Tc cmor
! pordd.ll, Btut r.<tiodiw ori6 fo.l.b.Iins conlbunds
wn.n e diodc
be ircorponred. rhc phy,ical chaFcredsdc
of,,!!i olrlbugh hiehty suii.d for
inagins apptiorion m tun ctnetcss. Dot d opriDd
6 rlto* of qlc fbn d. si.dd point of
ddi.dor do*, whe@ ir! haiflif. b shon& ( t,73h
emjsion ro
lest
.iae'
dcpdirion rhreugh
McV pq disinksdion - cfo.ol48)
ed
its
- cf_ 6
ircd
lf
for
hTc th. @ntribuion
)
ofis
@nB,on
,s
sEGr
1-
(!,=ol 15 or 0.138
rEdiarion do* Er. is trigh* (T=l.45 r/nc p€, hr
.l
32
Ih. @
in
'.je|.d
of
IndiMl I lh s .
@iq fre
nar ed
ionjc
c2- Slobulin?i, Th. labell€d
trm. .o
ttus&ri,
m!i6
jD
Idiu;
m e;pby.d pd@ily
coloid!
eu
,i61
dtisibcdr in
bpidly io rqsfcEir and
oftr@r &d
couoidll
Eldit
bound
Fmr *@ing
br als luw
srsrch
blood.poot sgdr
v@qls
space
ro
1966. TIE
I
. hucn ks4 qt
ti/ nrrnci.,lly
r,tr
is
nd ro
of
to!8 p.riod
pt4nre
{or irDgilg rhe
o.se of
redcuto-odorhelier
b.cn u€d in EdiolEtid. cistq,og.pbyan
Forud,
a Cctatin
"r"h hrdbnd. w4 u*d, howva
,lrbitizd
e€larin ,inbitied coltoidal ,,,.,tn phorpha&
h
adlptablc io kn pEp@rion.
Colomb.
i
.r.ol,, bovc rcponed $!I ih. addirion of
caid iDn Esulis in a
dliophel:.@dcd wifi sig.i6otty gH.6 .ccmubrion
iI srt@.
-,I.,DI?A (dier\yterc trilmin€ pdrledc
&id) i, u!.d 6 b6in ed kidn y jtugins
.saar' ,,Ltn DTPA i5 pEpad by t addirj@ of.tuc LLID
inro scritc vial co.t i,ins
DTPA, I % .celic acid dd $diun ph6ph.rc. lr
"ln rag8.d wtn jmn hydexide
is
scein8 asd! p.nicb fo.
tuns
tui,s e edily fomutd..t
.,rd
ofq
u*d s
a
lbe
@Nid.r.bte
,dverl8c ove.'r,I.MAA-,'.
T1E
avaihblc a
adw
of
dbuin
ndiopnlodulic€l
pdrcis ar
maraboli2lbte and
Th. jhon tiv.d ,-ro
,
cGph@ t.bclcd MO
cily
tiv.d ddion@iide hs
for tunA sc@jry &d fof sr$d, ot Eeional
ciEuta.ion
e!
r,,
n
de
Tne
unifom in si4 ,!d sb4c!.
lT'r+j l!) js 6Fid@r! !, a good c&di&l€
puqros. Deaue rhe patient
@uld b. subjared
bc otlaincd
s,nort
by ,|1@ of a
",Cd/
"'cd Esrion in @ror, r,,cd cM al$
b ! tokr Edi.rjon do*. Thk Edioisolop. @
,'-h s.,Rrr. Uql,
hc
aor diag.osric
,,rcd
is pE<tuc.d by
,kcd(nj
prcdu€d on pholonuctd Erc(ior ,i.cd (r
n)
rcdr
.33
Vaio6 n€lhods
for
epdlbn ofrrbln
Epod€d. I'JCd ptrduc.d b, (nrr) or
having hish
m
spaciry for Cd,
T€cnnedw.99D
d.v.loFnenr! of
has
qMo/*rc
0,!) @tior hB d*!ys low speific &rj!iry,
tEs
tt h.iElly
is
.rFci.tly
os rlE
{,'
MoE
ndionuclide,for
@d
bcqus of
its
nwld
Thjs
ss.sqr
t
m.dicinc
rulc !d
btfti& ed
1si$bn 6f*,rc,
|[email protected]
diciac erer siace thc
E@!lr, ietop.s of
ro the
EdioplEm@uriclb ro bc rcldity @nnoEd Birg
hploi.d for LTc .8qrs.
Accoxling lo th.
n
t950s Duing rlE pr5t d@d. ino,gldc
nuclid.s $ill! FoFad€ lbal
ataacriv.
essnially rl€ enE ercr8y
qch&8.
ion
tc ieioF to cxplier ed d.vctop tehErim
hile b€6nc of inr.Bt
[Rc ed '!Rc N ! dtuirg
r&Re
of dir€Gric nucled
lb.l.r.
g€nmior in
ed te.llErih 6dioph@ceu{els,,
A @n3o.r of tcch&dun,
b.Gn
rh€dfoe prtfaad.
ch€Dis$ have utilied th. rclariv€ly $aU.
cbemisry
Mhdeeru ed etvcdr *b!cnon, ho
Ning ion
V
Rc, the soup
@muny.
aoth
tuibble for [email protected]
rh. frcr rh.| n
cnft
a
y,my at
a!o$ !F biodhribuio! ofr.Rc
sr ,<jn@ itrr.luMotior
by W€sch
ad Ro8B,
rcgarding
idql
u* s
a radiotab.l in codu&tion Bio [email protected] 4nlibodies aor
ndioinm@olhoshy. r.R. b6 bd shown lo b. oE of .ne m4t prcmi.ins
c&didlr , 11!.
wid. spad
r
of
'it
fo. rlE tabeninsof
sull€6 $bs|ldddly A.m
rapid
ed
hod .ssi.Ed ortbodj€ hs
eEEl u!d6i6bt.
Eedbly
csntdly snguld I l? t.v
Mtid.
phy3icd.nr! bioloeicll.prcFnj.s, prjncitElty !n.
ps6istrn! in-vivo dehatogemtion of the
ch.turerired by a
3hoM 6at |his
dibod, ndiolab.l.
Rh€.ium-t86
i3
lons physicdl h.tf lifc of 90 tu, slrene Boision0.OT McV),
imaging
y
mison
(9%),
.rd dd.y hro ! sbt. &ughh pro<,ud.
_
34
w
Rhcniw
rh.nphy
with
purplF
hTq rtR.
rrRc
3uch
is
cn
s 6tn, nY sd
*ior
rd?d,
si@ ir dEc
trcduc.d &d thcFfoc @
bc uscd
n
Edwins !8qr, md 3oduim
cr.rc
w
liditr
Eg..dcd
s
sui$r.
for
grcup ch.nicat lDpcnics
rttRc
dd csi.r
s.litrs ssc wn6 n b
bon.
lyophiliscd kir @.l.ining HEDP (l-hydoxy
is
@
clccr€d ovo orhd ddiorwlidc wnich
I.bGIGd
wirb HEDP, whjch
ir
s
.Uytida!) diphosplbdr., SnCl:. 2Hp
pcpdld urd{ in n.rtuphrrc lElirg p|l 6.7, t ra ir
l.h.lLd with'rR. ari i! @d s borc scking .gctr
r'R.
dt ini'3 .lorbic eid &d g.l!,riE s. 3Libitiza, k BGd for
ofl.r8djoinrs (ctbow, tc) in i6,hy3i6t ch.trkrilric n L @mp.6bt. ro
@tloid
ndj6)er€.romy
'-atr . @ltoid.r.Rc(DMpE)l'
RhaiM -
188
is
@rhd ndioph|r'@uictl qfiich js us<t fo..hc in
(rn -
16.9h)
gina
of
j! of clrEnr inia61 for ! !r.i.ry of rh.EFuric
lPplisrioc, ircluding hdio i@uerlEnpy. n<iioElidc ryroElomy ed boE pain
Flli.don. SiM 'l'Rc ir obrlin d *id &e filD doy of lhc tong-tivcrt
'r\v p.tut (T% -.69
days), lhc dpeEd tov o3n will b. 6 inpori! f*ror virh
ie@irg .rt. b. !o rcdsjr8
hallh
@ qi Anr*dE
.negy of
764
t.V (Ei
prDp.ni.. of
= 2.t
IncE!.d incd.r
in
I M.V)
'*e imtud. rhc milsion of & Fnict. wirh e .Edg.
rd lh. oilsid of . j5 r.v )-Ey5 (15%) suir.bl. fd
l
rc ue of g.!u0or _ prcdued
optimiation of scror producrior &d ch.micd
,tr@*ing of r.W
pbduction
and
a
ofrlw irvots
doublc n.ur.on
c.ptu
on '.W,
6i., tic
plcft
h od.,
!o
.Rc Equi€
ddioisoropc, R.ador
optimia dE &b,istior
ue of l!'ec. ctini.at.*.I (> 500 hci) ,rwr{R. gci..dor, ovaitabihy
of
rFcilic rclivity 'W
is
dBiEd, Du.
to doubtc tuur&D
optr4
rhe hishcn
pbs, ed rb. a$r
lon. ,qW
35
holflifc, hoEv.r pod@tion of {W
lhs Elatively long
iaadiation poiod sG cluircd cvcn in hidr nux @cror (i,e 2-3 monttE in
nE yRc 6 b.
mlogc
lion
ro
proponiodl lo lh. squ& of ihc neuuon nux (i.. :d) and
is
eMoF"Ic
previd.d
s
no cMi.r .ddcd
SocEior. HiSh sp..ific eriviry, 15.98 hour
69.4 days rugsren-I88 in a @owniol geom{or
Edionrclidc fom
iradi.d ts8sro
'5w(41)rDw(n,r)
isrop. tbm ttw,{Rc 8d.alor
wilh eullon. Th.
hllftifc'!R.,
sysrh. tr is bsed
n*lo
@rion
is
upon
obbiae<i
epMrion of
6 follos.
''w ___p+ ,"R. -_-0r.-'"O..
Th69_44
Th t?h
Th. .lMim bas ruw/rrRc g.n@ior 3rd.m op@t6 simitdy to
gen@ror
'll
cludo" of
*c c Na tco;
s sysr.m ir
plrFEd wirh
;rd
fi.
rMoATc
pl du..d r.w s lugilic cid. Sinilu b s,lim
fF6 ,Mofrc g.lmror, clutlo. qrh no@t s.rin. llovidd
elurionoftui*ierrRcssdi@!a .ur,(N.'iR.OJtrenrlE'.w'.R.stuErorM.
ra[Fe
hav. !n &riv.
poFnjs
for Fdiodcdpy
advmLgc ofbolr! ddionrclirLs is rhcir loe dbuda@
vi. &ritody mcdiard ta|8.ring. An
gd@ misio.
of fsvo@bte i,Esins
me.g'6 lhat dlow ncaNncnr of tMor sd orho orge Ddioetiviry,
hence dtimare
ddiation dosim.ay whit. clulring h ninim.t contdbudo! io non
speilic ndjadon
An esp€cirlly a&@rive feruE ot rh.F
l4hnerm.
This
povi&r
o d€nn for
ndto.wtid* i, th.ir sh4.l srrucruol
*'Tc t.b.lt d dlibodiB or
of
qpGE,
p@peni€s wirtr
rhcn f,asme s ro b€ usd for
*leclion ofpalient with lpproprhl€ runof !ar8cdo8 drd prdicrion
of coftspordins Fdiarion
dosimerry for tuDor
&d no! tegd or8a!, tjroly. rh. ch.nisfy of rbenjM do6 not suh in
sFcific oree r€icDtion
bon€
s b *n
for orhd rlt,sphy ndionuctidcs such
baliation ed Ernton, hocc
borc
nlmw 6di
ion
qpoluE
4
is of
ynqium-9o in which
@rcm.
Rhdlw follos GcMtrim
cbenical popcnies of rhcnim
ben dd€loped for lh.
penh@r. (R.-vll)
tu
nm$rcs.
in goup VIIB of
dd l.clD.tim dc aidile.
anochncnr
apprcpriole modincatioo
md
ol
t'fc
ile pqiodic tabl. ed $e
ClEmical cchniqles which nlve
lo v{ious ligmd csh polmlidly be ued with
for rh.niunBrcrors Alrhougl morc Fsisranr b
Edwd ltc p.ri.chrctll! (IevI)
b.
Thc "sinilairy" of ch.bicll
wirh corconir!fl atbchhenr ro
pdFni6 of p.nhcnar ed p.n ltDebrc
chcmisl rcrlod for a$ching rlRc
r€ducdonr6,'o
io rh.nFltic agcnls,!. !n
suEe6rs rhe
lttdidon
Edbimud$dphy, rrR. is cxpe|.d to h.vc jnpoltor rppliorion fo.
!o
Edijrion
V@veromy tatlnh1 oa.nluiris, p.lli.iirc Glicf of bo@ pdn fton c.@. tud losibV boE
nmw
rblNtion prim ro
'!Rc
@
tuor risus
b. us.d
thar
3d.6tor @ b.
tr.atne
hav.
in
s
*lerivc
b€ onach.d
tr..lndt
inrra
dier injdion ddiopheeudcjls i,
of nuligner |mor for ti.tncy,
an{id inj.djon h tl!.
p€spetirc for in!6-joinlidl inj.dion
or plcud cmsion,
bd
colloidll eluri@ for rh.
is for inrlrislrat h.E y, Rldiophlmau$cd on rtre bais of
'!R. -
us.d for rh.
pelvic cavny ar rhc
ofpEp@rion
ttisplebdd,
dcveloFcd for
r,[email protected]
d*its,
blood
al thc
R.c.nlly N,S: &d
6'Tc md
'&',Rc
s
forddioimhlrodE
v*.ts
tis,
stomrch, orgd
supplyio€
lmor,
inflhnarory p,ftessq .nd
\S
for
u.
ln.
amid. thiotaE ligrnd sylrens
biiiDcrioial ch.taiing as.nt. Ldr.r on
py.
The
of
l,\s. wirl
t,8
h is
u!.1
ro
sclrr
rhe
mn .fpilFiaa lrgcr m|l.dd5 .nd
d.Gnnining rhc indiarion
6 iddidjo. poed@ by
cNid.rinA rh. bch.viou of pan'culr rsrA.r turid *tEn lh. c;ie of dE r.'Ld b timir.d
&d FodErion pDed@- Ir ruy
dd
m
ir foEld
!o
lrd
d!.
odE |h0 i<!at l'r8ct
Gen.r.l r||lc! for !.lccting r.rgct
h *Lqio8
tlE rrSd
h. po6ibt. ro dr.blbh
dE ril8.l maEid!
r!.taid!,
nrt rt.l
fori p.nicde P|rd*tion
madd i. aliil, .vdt.bt. cd|fuFi.lly,
cb.ni6l chrsc duing n didid,
physicd or
t|M .ld6rr e drm.lly
trabtc
.!d
!o
i.4a tulai.t
3hodd
et udago Dy
n i.ltic d d.ns !.y nd6, &d
rlDuld b. h&dt.d wirboul
nt
oll
itrldi.don bu n ah.orb
hydond.. Duing ilr.djlrid
ofdE imdi.don tEiliry, &d
by cr€i.i Fquri@ i.a cddD
clE
t
ouu!
sl
@kr& ulda odiury cddirioB
Et.eof wrqtioD rt .dcim
a presr inc@
itr rh.
mln b. h.rdlcd ir . d.y box ad @ b. sd.d h r! .n
@bona|.
de
not
EqdE 5uh
rhat or cdlciM oxid.,
@
e
oxidc
shliliry
its
rlE
ro
ro fom c.tciw
h.y ralc
da,nd
To avoi.t rl)jA catcim oxidc
dghr co.|.ind. rhndting
ofcdciM
d|d its dlbitiry duilg in dilrior b mr mNh infaio.lo
Thu cllcium elborr.
prcdwiio! tho cdci@ oxid..
hyJtu\ide
i,ldiatid @nuiM.
of
ld.qualy ltdtc Th*,
@y b. @Eidcnd lo b. bclr Lrgcr mrsi.t for th. podudbo oflrc! be.@ of
tF.r
on<|.3
d.dmi* tn. id..l imdi.rion cddid@.
gatrm- hdina v.luq th.mi! @nd*dvity, han movd
TiE
rnodd b. k.!r in nind rhlr
rrga n&n.t
qtofra c Sdnly
h od;
tlEEtoG sh@ld h. cdlid@d fi6r.
dE
T1&
n
h. tuc $ir.bt
rdrslr
m|djd for.rC.
ll
A.fc
Thtu
d6
rct only
th. qd@ tud
dcnd
nEla @liG
inldi.rioo, .ll posibl.
nl4
eid
BinS th.
nE
rh.
l
BJi*rivity
in U.
sdc
ofd.
pr
. u.8cr tutdi.l 3h4ld b. 3'rey.d
imrcduc.d by clEnicd inprritLs, bu
de
lhrr dE to
dt
llrgcl
si*
diEct
In m61 c$s, r.dioedvltion .ttltsis ot
in di.tion po.irio.
inaondjon abolt tl* quditt
iD
s thll fd rtu.l
pt duation
wrt
will
nnd plDdl|cL
ffiidly lv.iLblc.nd puinodoi of
Mtsi.l b.fc E i! !.c<Ld, th. foloeing n tlodr o bc wd: el4aolysi3, .lblimrio\
wl'.n ruflicio{,
tgsa ml.d.l i. mt
distilbrid, @ry{dliztion dd ion scna|aa Ir i! Eudly tldio€ io qtryou
N*
bd ir i! nwh bcr&r io do lhis md( in
o!.6ri6
Sracry
with
pcni6
F
r;psdw
sirg
rh.
Th. @id
in
e
whictidE
l
n4.r roldilt
in tlE @ror JFuld h. Blitrlr.d. A
onn€<l
!,e
md.
of
mry
rEtr duin8 ir6dr!j@ !t rh. intcid.d
lFti!8 a.r.of n fl rhlr LdrFElG
mrai.l i! qudty mpp.d i. Ft al@ dEdddMj.iM
io th. iE dir.Iio!
F{ .xmpl., vtEn
thc
3hodd b.
sliry
iftdi.tion @nGil6 trld. of Dolrr\.e d
difid dardilg
ofddiorcriviry rh& to do rh. s!fu
rdiolatiw mrairl..
bv-tlA..lo! oa.rri.r o.acrt
Th.
rh..Dce
sh Frilicrdd
dwi.iM.
foit &d i!
t
Dr
TIE lyp. of cMpclhlion witl
@liilioE.
itr di.tioo of Elluic
rt
.id i! p.'fooncd
to
pldue trl,
0r
i!
!
tr\qd rmy r.r*outof dG [email protected]
rhis ce rhc Elluic &id JDltd b. !-t.d in s .n dghl @t iM ro pEqr thc sr. oa
I'l
Fsibiny
Ost
6di*(E
ioditu wpou. On
lclluric
*id
tu
FDducGd by
*Eitirc
io
(qr) D'T.t
llt otd
. rir.
in t
h.nd,lhi! D.t Fsibty inm<t@ !m0Fr prebth. A!
mFnrw b.iq @vBrd
wtq v.louq th..ir - dsntlEs ord Giiu@
to
!o
l.luic diqid.,
by
El.@ of
inr.nd FESE of rlE 6binq wil h.
tl*
l9
nd
impotht f&tor in &@nplbhing lhc s& i@<lialion of lelluric rcid, &d thi! dusl b.
insri&t
d
b.foE iRdiltion.
|rlduic oxid. dc mlcri.l nNt
WlEn imdiltitrg
mpoutc wEpp.d in
duiniM
@otriM mlos.d in
e
En-ddt
flux.s of l0rr
n.rcuic
n
/cn:-S.d
oxidc hls
conlimd. A
n
siuhiw @hiM.
of
.M
ldng Gsr on
pEesw
d@ugh rh.
irclle
g.'miion of
nlfuic oid.
did mr
dccdpositid rqnFn@ (-50fc) qs E!ch.d, b{r
i4|.e
|!Mn
Th.
d
s .ucuLd qunz
an-dgh
stristd-ltcl
for srci @ntoiMcni is $at
long pqiod of ioadirtion
.l
sugges.r ihar deomposition
of
irt m.l pr!s@ duing
aor l8o-200h, Swh a
@!Ed
&
foil !trd lh.n lh. mp6'rL ir put inlo
h inc@.
m.rury oxidc h.s shoM
bc sal€d irto
helaUic m@ury
rlrw dy
hs rct b.d
deonposition
ulil
ir!
irEdiadd csr dwys produe m
!(dE. nc 6di.lion &c@Fsilion of mauic ond. *s ufoFs.
6til rl| imdiation ter on ir 6 Frforn d,
So, iraliation r.sr should t 6i.d out, nadirS sirh smrlt mounls &d srcaditt
incrcaing !o thc oaiftu EquiEd lo gun{ ilri6t fie possibiliy of radiation-ind!€d
in
hr.tul
decohpositiotr o.
obw. &y
dct@tabl.
t Mrdid fo! ir.dilrioA n is lwl']l@d.<t rhd th.
fouowing
$v@ h€r Soeration, tn
this
r.4
o@ shoutd lry !o
Pnp.nlio. olr!8.r ua..ir&
'Io pcpar
Ascdw
be
thc
adoF.d.
t
rE
Fid
rhc
&cilitlt .ay posr-ir.dilrio
mcrid, cre nut b. klen
h als
a
rorcnat
hqr
hnndlang, As
nor
b. w6ppcd
th.s coqirgs
c
diErty
in
su$
J
qy e 6 ro
jn @n@r with lhc
lss.t
tn$ b ituod@ sy Elio&rivc o chemi€d impsiri$, Thcc
possibiliry thd lhe tarSct mterisl may bc
is 6hov€d froD it, and fiis
d @Fulaled
Elj&d
€f.ct nay h. lq8. in th.
on the
ce
@vsir8 wbd iorgct mit rial
of po*der
Mptd.
tn ihis
q*
40
mouldisg of
ehicv.d
by
ro
Fwd*
tl@r
of
a
podk. p.ll.t, tlbl.u
or
pilb wiu b. sry
.i€ml innwns. Tnir coit in4 o
smpl6. vh@ s.wdl r,or8.'r
containn hs |o b. mldc
e
@filly
r&o
pur into a
al$
cont
etul
lo
iB
a
do6 mr
rcrt fd
IGA t[c hrg.r ed it!
to
aof
p6bld.
cy.l6 i.
h
sucn
onc
f*ility
i.*sr
Th.
E
tlE
fiid @nr.iE
if dr
liz
of rh.
orgd !trlldlrior, mun b. ceicd our in rhc Ltohiory in ord6 ro
@drq d6.
dmnr
lhc
i.
or tEnf.dine t@1. This third @nbind is
lh. cnnitrg lelor ondiiiorst lnc
y*.
lcatlgc of srs or poqdcr
|n. r!rg.r,
l:or cxmpl. *hcn {Cs is rude
-o.18 nci/s of
flon
pEv!fl p.nub.lid ol rht mutron flq.D
wh.n ddioieropc peducls of high speific &rivily
obtaincd und.r
to porccr it
limull.@urly irFdiaG4 th. arugcmnt of Ggcts
rh. iF.di||ion
pddrion
oucr
TlE *nob
ft
@ dB
wc a ,totctid.eeiG|
Fi.allr, d! 3@nd contsier vill h.rc !o b. pL.!d i!
snd
Mouldi4 c.. b.
hdd-lns.
mpp.d or cMFBUld.d tor8.l i!
S€condly, thc
'6ctuL
b pmduc.d for
ilEific edvity
e
witt
E
c
dcdDd.d
of dicn d jerop.
ed ceol
b.
my $|rc tn.
f6o dnht cddm etdcnt . rpc.ific edvny of
iddidion in !
b..v6 t6
flu of to[rl/h, r'
for t]0SOh)
if rlE iEldi.rion @ndiio6
of2o% cr.ich.d {C! wilt 8iv. . lpeific &rivjr,
rcn
c w_
fircg hrgci
inrldldio ofe cricn d i$!op. *il Fmii pDdErio. of! ndioisropcs in hish
ndiehoiql puiry whcD rh. dturalty ruit$lc ct@cnt5 i!4il!l,t) prcdue a totrgtircd by
Ttu
pmdrct. ro' .imDlc n.tuEl iron siv.s . mixr@ or,'F. (rn-2.7rr) &.t
,F. O,{-45d).
c
Edich.d iloroF3
dpeBi*, ce mst
od
irLn
b.
comcrci.lly !Eil.bL'r'.
in pcpeinS
ir wilt bc non d6ihbl. ro
Chdtu .fr..r
in
Fod*rior
e
B..!e
ded for imdiaion
in
tuich.d isroFs @ Eully
ord.r lo obtain sood
dich.d i$toP.s cpc.l.rlly
dov.ry,
by lpplying dG SziLrd-
Frl,
1.9 Blcc&Llllllrctr!
Rcmior
ftutdn @ convdiotly b. cldifi.d inlo lhr aFups, mrding to $eir
lic .rcr8i6. Th.
kin
.quilibri$
soup
with UF
l:m. Th.@i ftoton' dcrcc!
dt
ri.l of @nshFriotr of dr. @ior,
@ b. r.Dlwnt.d
lppoxiDat ly by
@d rhc
eid$'
of thc slryins doM
mub6 *id e
m.dih.
eut!.
IE 'cpirlml' d "!g!l!@
cn 19, disEibulior\ obcying a yE law'
rhE souF @ difi.Ent .t cvd, pqi i!
rhc
Scwnl physicd ed [email protected] mdln;d!
nu
distribltion of
i5 rhc
lElor NuloG.
hul 0E hosr
&rivadon m.lhod. Ir i! bs.d on
Fd d.lcminin8
.k. 6udly
rhin foils
nuclidee prcduc.d
e
rhc
&pcn& on lh.
Esjon @v6 rh.
&d rh. fst ndroN h.vc rtE sc
tur8y distriburion G thlt of $. fision rc!r@. Th. Btio of d. tru$.6
in rh.
di$rib{rion of this
. Mlxw.llie distribltion of vcl@ity, *hi.h ii
Fp@nrcd by E-l/2 k. wlich shos rhr .wng. liEtic drSJ' of
icmFl!|w
d in th.rdl
rcultoN which
oa
n.uolG
Fenl
ebr,
e lEil$lc
ptulicd om
n*la !*tioB
ao.
ofrtE ryp.
tor
llBuiry
rtE
*rgy
ndionslid. poducdon
(nr(qp) &d
atrd
@t
(n,2.).
euton fte3, pias of tuios tjfib of Dcrd. tu. Ni. Al,
Co, Au
tl@d !t . eftin pori(on in 0E @ror, th. @ou s of Edio.criE
m.@Ed @udld, od tlE n.u!!a ttux @hutard uing thc folowins
O- Nr"Noo(l{ !)....................................(7)
't'
42
No
is th€
ndbd
of rlrg.r aroB odgimlly
pFsr,
(h is
s@cd
rhar No
E&aiB @,sr&r
dmuglDut th. jmdiltion)
I
N
is
rh. d@y @osrant
is dr. n@ber
'h.
T
o
ofnelid. poduc.d br the imdiarion.
ofatohs ofddionuclid. pbdrc.d by rE itrldiarion
0i is calculaled
nssuEd divn, W cocrrns
is rhe
for
&sy,
fen
ctc.)
iradi.tion p€rjod.
is
rtr *tiv*ton ossixrion &rd!.
Fnicut.! nEl@@rioir qed.
Itr
onying
out rlE
ncuror
0q
c.lcutorio[ lh. v.lE ofd ptars d!. doni@r
d.
6
n is
aMjon of no&!n .Rrg)|. IncSEt cro*3.cnor
n@[email protected] with rh. fi$ior ncum,
spectih fren rru(nr,D
irself a
hrv. b€r di!.s!.d by
tleFdciJ @id.,'rion
|gi
puE
cxFrinqls,r.,B RlllF b&,oq
@rion
*vcrl supa.,**
!'U fBio 5F.r,
sp@rr.
havr h.cn
prcc€.djrss
,!h
vsifcd by Bqc[,Ert
@y b. u!.d if olc dcihrion fbdion of lh€ EfeEne
is v.ry simild lo tn t or
[E srudi.d 6.dotr|., L uE p|eDr eorl ,,
K-facb,' concep
of mGuinq sF.run .tcvi|tioc
I n!d. Ec oi wllicn E inrcD.diate b€leen th. lbove
nentioned possibiritiB (K is
d.rrcd s $tjo ot |rt&@r/oJ.
This concepr rcquies rhe
del.mierion ofK-vola* for
a sel
of
flu
stardqd GetioB ofvarying rhGhord
enereies.
counriru M.thods.
Mqr of
thc
ndio&cljd* por.niidl, ulcnjl &r i,_vivo
appticarios enl suiblte Els.
r
ms stion rc* rh€rcfoE, hi8rr Esoturio.
l-r.y 3!cc@py
ce of P'min6, or de o6er he|d if no
In
chliciai3jc
s@lry rEd. of
7_ay E
rn
6hod,
LEd.
mttLd (.€ 'F,rD
b ln.
e
is
5t| lev @inltsior r.di|tio, .ilh r
u r6y siEt@opy q vi!'r @ieid.@ @uri!s. rb\cwi, si@
mihiLliotr ;nrion b oiir.d by cEry p.
airc., n is
E
-
lbslui.ly ncss.rr io.!n, our. tu .n t
h,liliB e
simile
l.t0
sL of
d. dqy cre. If re
qFcrot a p rF.r,Dm|Iic !.at'sb
is
diG6
p,
of
athsr
*nri,l
, Inorganic chemistry atrd lome reactions ofthe elements
involvcd in the prepsration of g€nera tor system s
pa rdium
Tn chmisry of Fltadim j! sinil&
omd
ond.tion stat . Sihpte p.Iadium qdon* pd,,
aqNoc $tutio4 eionic conptq*,3wh
Palladim,tt @mptcG':. @
.bo rhu.,pdtadiu
uq
Paltodim m€t
oq@ ESia lo
G ho*r
is Crcy, luslous, ducrit.
bur drcy
@
no3r
nor imponsr in
bur
Gxhpl6 of d.lEdEt @optrc !E
nir,oao ard levy donor dons in iL
lad sllo rhc bFM
ed chqiely
deliq*s
drh&.
inen. Tle nerat is @dily
Civ. hexacdobp. add. (tV) ion!, pdClr .nd rehachloropa
€darc0t)
The fin ly divid€d mdal, paladiun
rhe
pbM
( ) slDs ! F.fca@ fd
t
dis!
$.
s rn y.Iow pdct,r bcias lne pEpond€el sp..ia.
y sq!{c
@opl€xs. AI fou panadiu (II) hatidq
$luble in
!o ihd of pbtinum. FalladiuD (II) G
btsli,
i3
.th.t
d by hydr@hbnc
&id. esF.ially in
paace ofoxygeq b
8iE paltadilD (I) chtodd.,!.
Pattadih cl,tonde h dturc hydrehtdic
rcr@Noopairada& (rD
@mi..
Fllrdiu
8irc Pd(NHJ.'].
crrshllim
io4 pdcL-l @rs with
ei4 h
which rh. pre.roEi@t
.rmtrh $lurioq pint pE,pirr& of lc|n
0r),lpd (N4).1p.rct,l, b fo.n d, whicn B $ruhte in
rkltnqr
dildri.e
sFci6 i, ihr
qc6
[email protected] ro
of rh. EstrinS $hdon wnh nydEll]o.ic
lcid p,eipira&s ,eltow.
dichrobpa
(jD pd (NH,!C!.
diu
Silv.r
SilE mlrl ir
silv*
jn @nporIdr
roru @mpld ion
whirc.
$n &d lsl'!ur. SitE (t) j! lh.
@npla6 lAsOlrL'&tAs(cN).,1
hdvi-
domr
!
fom
e
i@tubl. .jhtorid., b6ni.t
.llmni.
Gr.,.
Ir
c@orl, fo@ lilw
&d h squoa $tudon.
wirh cyhid.,
.roN, 3!d
s
only coMon oxidatior st G
hut
$re droi3 cddqjrs
sulfu ard pl|olphos
"t
tonrc u'a
pqclto.c
c
a i! As(I,lo-plE,)r.:
n@dd., AgFl r.llc
qi&
(Agru,,
,.llo*
(ASFI
AtOco.).l8H,O
Silvd
'!d
wr.bt. i. .4eB $lur@! hr6
w[ kDM s q
Th. orly
which hs
i5
copiriet
fmdr
Agq
is
(tr)
compd! i,
*Bnivq od
rbc
srbnsty
d!* btrM
p6b.bly Ag' AsO,,,,.
bur ir
quE
,n
rh. Fdodstc ,rd
@dity in ditui. o, conqrrii.d nitric ..id, Dituc sotulion of silve,
wirh djturc hyd$chtoric tuid o. lolobL chloridc! plEipilarc
wnlc.
s'lv.r chloridc. AgCI. &on
lisht
conEin
c[6lc eei.!, *.H, Ag(IO.),IOH!O, jt.H,
|tlp.crivclr. Sitvd (U) ad (rrr) cmpLs.c
s.Edly sq@ prref or
dislq
niit e vlFn @c
q!.try
ru{nio@) SilE(t)
Silrc(lll) L vqy monh6 erd d$ @Ebtc in oqF; $tuti6,
ACO,
2{@!diErG
trbddr.ty stubrc h sr.r.
SilE{It)r' is rlDng oxide! bu n
@hpr.x.d,
od
fon r.rlit ddt rt @dtior. .sj.s
t&(sclo",l &d @ioElly, Figoid 3{.odiEc @hplcg
nlurr,
.scnr! wbich
. io<tid.
of
muftl
or .cidic
crdy
stulior. Lik oon sitv.r etB. ,ilvd chdrid. h
dowty h.pon$ viot.r on
*pore b tighr, Chlorirc od sitvcr m.6l e
fomed.
Sils
fonMiion of
cl orid. is $ncwbit $bblc in @[email protected] hy.lrochbno eid, owing ro lhe
cnloo{io8.
srch
s
ale diselvet io almoda slulioh
Agcli md [Agclrf dmild lo coppr (l). Silver chbnd.
a
thc
diminc cdplcxi
wb.n monia solurion, add.d drcpwb.,
htdonde, As Oll, whi.h chss.s mpidly b brom
rh€ p@ipiiar.,
s ! 6utr
E€3.nt). O. standing, tlE
s'lq,
which
violcndy,
$
of rhe fodadon of
$h
@B$ Minly
on of AgO in
o(
suc! Flurior should
'.E
b.
8is lisr i
sil€
whne
oxid., A&O,
peipibre of
a
bl&k
sitv€r
Er6s ofNE di$olv6
tn dillMie conptq, As(N4t)
monj. giB
sil6 aid.,
Ag(NHJ,' bur p@ipnale on
pdipilar
Gono's
of fidDiraring
AgN} This sbsi!@ is pmn. ro dccoDF$
sE4
bur 3b.otd
b. dMnFD*d by itm€<tiar
Tin
Er4en&l lin.xisls in two.rrsiclti.c hoditieliG br:low
'Il'c whne p-fom
ti.
is m€rsllic
ed
is sbblc abov. I trC, At
is fomed, wnich has a non nersllic,
soe
wnal
iLs
ftclrins poinr al 232.c.
to@ rcmpemrw, sEy a-
dihond lik. srrucrE. TID nrcraltic ton
is shiny
ed
nalleble bur is nol soft cnoueh ro mok p!p.r It is srnble in aif and mrer at nomd
Fo' ri., oidadon srlGs (rr)
sp.cies in
aqb6
hydrelyscd,
Jds
od (rv) @
etudo., including
tumci.n lcid
Md Hr gd, t'n 0t' cl orid.
is
Sn'?
p|!$r.
src.srialt,
borh
rq, In
w.I ch@re
red.Tin (lt)
!q@s elulion, ritr 0t)
Tin diselvd Eprdly in hor HCI
covotdr conpouJ rx blr dry
c
fom
c.donic
is €xl€BiEry
ad sive
Un (tr)
tairty etdbtc in
,46
wr.r. ir a9u.ou lotlrjoa coDpt* eiotr !u.h !.
ahlorid.
i' .l$ shbl.
in
orgeic elrcnr suci
SnCl,
ed SnCl.
e
at$ fom.d.
th (!)
s @ion {d .Ayl &aat..
'
Hq
n
@l.
'nE chGniary bfd(tv),
i.volv6 @hrtcri! 6rh.! d!& sihpl. @doN. wilh
6pi4y. Thc Djor lpeiB h sllrio. ! rh. hq!.htoct'nr4v)
adoa Srcti..
C.dmirIn
CadmiD
tur.l i! r rnic, El.drct, $n had, eirh . bw nEtril8 poi
boilirg pour (765.C). It disotvB
nitic &id wirt .voturion
qdity
oarillls
in
oxid.
.
rcnqididlg ..id
t fomador
nffir. $hrion. Cldmih, !,lilc 2iB, d..s mt di!$trc
B ! Er* cdcllnr d& zirc tariog
D dygln
in
wirh
@tlrion of
orlmorih
.tt
ior,
!d
(320oC)
hy.t
ogqr
jr
sd e!!oni@
ti luct t hyd.o\i& $turio..
ed
Siw! bre*r oidc CdO,r.
C.dnjm in .qu.os $ltrio4 dEy! lE! D
did.rio $!i. of 0 r) ad fom3
onpr.rc jr ehclt lhc @rdjft ion .qh.r ii a
Ct4nim h.lid6 n,rErc, ,urr.t.:,
Fmr@r. ed @t.r. e @djty $toblc in q,ad, bur
o&d., nydrexidc,lurtd., cyoid.r
@boErq pncpbr., mlybdri: ed
hrdbcl dic &i.tgirc cl
om
ndsr@faFt.
@nd.srr
c
ot y ,F,ingty $lubtc. Rc..tior
si6
which @ CdCf, CdCIr Cdctr.Cdcl.r.
AnaiDony
El.hmld edmony i, sitvcry f,,iil.,
brjnt h.id,
fomcd by hpid @oling
anumony
sl.c (IrI)
otolhony v!!6uri.
*cuE Inox,da onltrc0tt), (v),Jd
is &lariwty ,noc s|lbtc for
The eliDony oxidc
io4
SbO.. is
edmonyl $lphrtc, (Sbo)gq.
^
vq, un!U. yclow llloisp. jr
esio.dty
t-xl) ald rt),:,.o{id.rion
&dhory lh& for !edc. tuunFny (lll)
foms qdons.
foud h $tid! luh
s
,r.monyl qhlo.id.,
SbOCI, or
47
AU four
stioony (lll) holid.d' .€ bow. s wll .r mix.d halid.s. AI rh. hslid* aE
eluble in non-pol& elvents dd
ol
rhc
d.
Bpidly hydolyad in aqu.ou elution, wnh pEcipnadon
cotrstDnding ermohy h!lid., for.xmplc.
SbCl. +
ln
@enri .d
H,O tSbOCl+2H'
hydrcchloric .cjd, horcvd, hydrctyss do.s nor
lolmtion of @npld sions, s*h
Anrimoiy
+2Ct
s rctr&htooa immrc
(9 qidc in
hqmlDlol@timoEr. (V)
@u. ouns
ro rhc
(tU) SbCf.
@@orarcd hrd,whtoric
lcid
Fobabty foms
ion SbCt;
rDdiu|n
lndim
md i! efi.r 0w
tod ed silEry wt
rdpq!turc bd n is llowly oridied ro tiro,
on
rc. 'I1
is orMishcd b, dry ai. al
heting'1 h
dielv*
mn
fairly slowly in @t.r
nftEl eidr or oxalic eid salurion, wjdr crctltio! of hydFao, horc slowly in hrdmfluoric
&id ed
morc F3dily
in hor djt
Hydrcchloric acid solulions
indim
in
,
.q@ue soluion
.,
or coMnrli.d nin.rrt rcids
, i.
aqu
Egia.
e *jd ro gjrc, Inr iniiiluy. Thc orty srablc oxidadon srare of
is (llD. Thc
lowq oxjfltion 3t!rc, (l) b ftoE srablc tMn Al
od cs.
W!€n E&ling wilh hyd@htodc did, In (Ut) foms rhc followinS @mpldes
wirh chloid€ ionsr,.
h (H,o).''+ cl
=+
In (H:o)'/ cl + cf €
In (H: O)c!'+ Cr @
rn(H:Olcfl
+ H,O
l(H,orclrt
+
H,o
rI (H:OlCl, +H,O
48
Rhenium
Thc
,lE.im
dissolvd in 4ilure
sno.8c
t
sitEry gr€t mdal, ir do6 mt diselvc in hydrcl o.ic lcid
d ct]lr6alled
bl@ eldily to fom
ed,c. reural o' rrl(,l rft tq.
nirdc
eid
lhe volalil.
h)
or
conmlFl.d $lphuic &id. Rhdiun povd* or
fi.nilo
(VII) oxide md dissolv.s fanly eldily in
drcsq p.@xid. elurions r'.'II
The comtun ond,rion sl|G
but
ro
lorN
h (VII) a in th. y.llow
pmh6k aid,
HReOr.
heplaoxidc Re.O, srd
$.
cdodslRco,lmion i! kDM a tn.Mr (vU), Ir n Ery !r!bl€ in aq@s $turim &d
'vg*
@r
ondd.,
Iow
ondarion
wnh carain ors&ic
sl6
eg6r
lo
(!v) ed (v)
e €dil, fomcd in $llnion. Th*
is
sF.id
gi€ ch@lcdnic @106
PeEh.nic .cid HReOr'" is srFng acid
ed i! fom.d
by lhe diselution ot rhc hcpbxid.
TuD!3fet
Tu$tcn
metal is silvcry
vinully inclr
t()
a
hieh ncldng poinl
( ,rao "C). It h
hydrahbnc acid, bydo0@dc Ed dituc sdphu.ic &id. ed |@ts erlEn.ty
slowly wirh niEic &id
fom
sry, wirh m .xr.rcty
blw splu.ion,
ad
bur
!qu.i egia.
!r&.k
by
Conqr
.d rlphuic eid slowty aracb
! nntuF ofni[ic dnt hrdronbric dd
T!. onlr @Im@ qidariotr t6r. of ftD8lr.r b (vt),
tungs.n eion wO, I
dd
thc oxid.,
Vq.
for
is
l[. mbl
ro
Epid.
exmpt in
rhc
6tout*
R.d@lio! of rug$€n (VI) is noE dimculr
lhd
Gdktotr ofholybdcnm (it), brr O.
o
.
uE
,rnw,cc)rrlo$n9fli
Uk holybd.!
ionr,
IoE oijidio!
(t\0 btl w(cNr,
.Aei.Iy
tuD8la, {rU,
s
folrd
.l! wn ci.n r..iad.
ortsr.E i@ pohaiE, ftnd.t v.rio,r, ilopot tun8!rd.,!.
TIE
min .quilihi. bc$@r rtr Eiou 3pocilr
6WO.{ +
sdc,
7rl
in
q|&ou !oMio!, G qNidald b b.,!
3tlo+H%O,,j(p.nt!rssal.A)
FrTHp
+ rv,0i,! Gbdunsrbi. z)
t2wo.n+ l8H, _r.94O +t,ro,. (m!t6gac.)
r2vq{+
t4H.
Distuim orN.Jv'O,. 2sitp in hl6
Hw.qr{. Ar
hiShcr
ALrli mr.t i.. tu
Er.s
wuo.,i!, wnich ,to*ty ttydDtrs
ro
sidiri.r, Vn O,. i! fom.t
cr-id.
N.
fow N.rrvo.
d!t&r.im foirB n.s'rdon ru|i,irr. eti.h
.dd
c
@du!r etlrim
,o@ (Nt{}Wq
i..rrobty !d.r .oluu.,
!d
:,
l.1l
Sbparation of metals by ion exchange
chromatography
Ion ExchaDge Method
Ion
€&heg. h.s aitaiicd @Nid@btc importae. 6
iMusrrial cn@islty. Ttre ecthod hls bcM of
qrr@c
a toot jn borh
inporlance
fuddaral ed
in $e *pahtjon of
ddiclemenc. Ion qchaie is rhc Evc6ibtc inr.Eh!:8. or ion
bere€n s liquid ph.s
(elulion) ard n etid tul€riat which dG nor
involv. a subchnrial clErg. iD sr$cn4 of lhc
pbF
$lid. By
cffet d.
Oe
mipulafion of rh. .xchogc pr@ss,
dE
a6 a
hct.t on
*Fdlbn
of ttE d6iEd im
lh. @llm of dE GxctErga, fi.y @
he
oh b.
moEd
by
p&qsc ora sFially rcpacd $lunoD, cdl.d
.luaq rh@uSt rh. @t|@.
Th€
rlF ron qchtuse
ch.rscd,
Both
.ho
ut
$lid
hall,
rirl
is a potyDaiad. high
6in. ftij et.cblyrc usutt, he oe v.ry Iery.. heavy ion od an opporiEt,
simple ion
vhkh ce bc ,,!xchmg.d" for iotu h tiquid in conbcr
wi$ Esin.
nltudl md synrhetic nlrerial oc avaihbh
claifi.d 6
eirh€r
In* ci6
ca on exchds. BjDs or
as ion
*c@8. Bns,
s hioa
R6in - H - N.Ct
6
(sh d Dow-jo
&.iEdvq @boxytic ddiv.tiE lrd eitiqr6.
- ---> R.sin_ Nr +HCl,
ton qchange
di6
sre
.xcharye asiro. deteding upon $ei.
@Bbl ofsnau, sihpt. clrlonJ which
molaule wight si@_ R6iB of lhis ryp.
sulfoni. &i.l
@tedlr slahr, ,roorlbL .l*r,!'i. crl€d
D. Gxcndg.d and
l.rgq high
.nd Arbatirc IR-IOO) irctrdc
A iyp,cd c,rioD
eh.,g. @rion
is
5l
Ado. d.h.n8.
Consisl
wigh
cadotr
rsilt
'nD* of
b6$. Th.s of poly
rhc
0eugh
a
'or
a
-+
olum oiijrine
(..S
t4!.t bsa
d
A typiel
. $lution
dif.lll]B
in
lediad
ditf.Mr t.vcls
al
6Dm
j
rrE
on,rhc
d(n roy b..
cn*n e
Bin,
r€in
rd
lhar rh.
Ih. sihpldt tind
ioE
Eh.otustA
or
G
bufi.r etuton who$ pH
!
.nc.nd.
my
p8*d
a| |h. ioB of
To hrinS
FmiB . EFrrcd
of sMtr
jd
b.@h.
utt
dE
of tllc @hnr in
s.qw,
ctr!,8d, Acid, Albli
or.lMr
our
ofr.Dr@ru
io b.
b. .d!o,bc<t wil .pF& in |
of$lrnrion em.
ionic
bc
or [email protected]. bull.B
spei6 wil
u*d in *Fdlion
cot|e dindio!, ad
!)ew
M
bond
owugh
vr,
orte
cLm.oIg
*!@@ 6 tu llllugh a @thr
!d$ib.d. For.mpt. Ni([) ed C(U) my b. sp€ncd
$lution of thc
is
ur,llE crer
is hutdpli.d
elshld
@ndirioE ($tutior @npoBitioa
ro
*paEr.d
cs,
tiquid (ctud.) js u*d, wtri<.h
0!c floein8 thuid_ la rhis
p.adie. $turion anujring rh. ioB
!d
In rhc uuat
bc
idic q.hea. ald @ ndd he* o! lh. @t|m.
o
onn aid othd fasion prd@Ls ed in thc i$t.do,
fDclr dividcd Bin,
is
@h o$d.
b. a @mplding .gan skh
In
eio. Grclegc @lion
.inilg dE ms 6
rh..fbity of$. Bin fd.tilEenr i@
onpicct, sPlard
Tnc
o
suir.bt. ion dchDg.
$purion of th* ioN ! suiribl. vsh
bdlh
(RA400 and Dowx) @ ,rrorg
R€in - Ct r N.oH.
clrio) otcr
dchosc orih. ioE
mr
e
b. .xcheg.n ard lrgc, hisn noleular
which c5r
allmniM @ryoud
oarJ
cxchlrgc chrcmroaEphy,
sinite cnlrgc
qtour
qut
mirc ryF
R.sin - O8 + N.cl
l.
.ioE
of mrlt. simpl.
i.nr rtc
rhc
of rhc
oow 6rc)
d
|(lp of @tMn. ln
@lmr whit. orhq e
@djty by psrirS a
12
M HCI
rw cldors drcurh . Dorcx-t cotw: tn C(lt) fdd n.grtiv.ly ch!4cd
52
chloride conplexe
ed i!
;d app.s
complex*
a
sepaEred subsequody by
nonb.r of ioDic sp4ics m.y b.
dc
u.
ft
u$d
,om
such
cd@n
and
does nor
ad$rM 6gctn
r on rhe
of.luring $l!lion, ditIqin! jn @mpositior fDm
inplt soluion. &cquotly cohplqing
ios
Ni{lr) .ppdcdly
in amutn!.
MoE comonty.
€ios
s
hcld on coltimn, wh@
!86r! O.t fom @opj.xd
or
the
oricinst
djn@d nabihy willr
a .runt.
Th. md slrilins appticdio. [email protected]. @tunn
n in lhe ep@rioi
o.rhr 6om om @rhq, borl
on a
r4r $d. .,!d in qm
gM
or too
olle
lori. Elurion wirh
a
hydoxyl a$blrrric rcid giks,ctn i.fi, cLq.rd
Ftarv.ly ftn (_ l2n) e.ani $pdrion.
-llF
@ andre ft .lur.d in Ewe odd of dEn lidnic nhbq,
and if yuih is Flqr n is
€lur.d h.r@n dyspMid atrd tDtojum.
Simihrty elid_ .r.h&gc
srye
s@tullr
rmcdc
for rhe s.prdliotr of rh.
fw
atilid. .t.hors
.sn o$cr
Complex ions in lon Erchangc
In
*pasrins ,Erd! b)
jd .xchog. n i
@@on p@de
,bmins comptq ion, Cmplcr fomins
Eag.nb.$
pul n€rrls o. an
b lax.
4ion cxchdSq
hetals off
!
by
!. B.d
rn
ro
idpDw rlc cl€civny by
!w Mys ft.y an
fomj.r n.sa vcl, chlrg.d @mptcxcs,
@do, .xctsngq. Ttc
or
rlcy
dti.5r D{jor rihph bf ie.geic
chronabCEphy, rhc seplhtion of
mE c.nh mctaln
*s
!.h,cved by
*t€.
h. u&d ro
cd
u€J
b€
ion ex.hege
ve eludon from a
cdion - exchege Esi. cotuhn by
cjEorc etutioN. Thr Mslresr mE
@nh cllion, lha! 04
rutetlub , fomed the nost cittlre
cohptq qd
ws clu.d Lsr
Anorhef eoly appticlrion ofcarion
qchll8c
*6
to mequre th.
sinph negalvety cheg.d complexcs.
Th. sr.ondm cirr.t cohplq, for
qmnr
iun ion .nd cn,ot..
end rhe
Si) ce
be
hl.n
up by
foftllion
corounrs
dmplq disociar,
lh. corion d.ho8c mrn. rwwins
of
to
rhe
5',1
coGdtradon ofihe conp€ting jols (N!')erd
nr6E
E col1mE rion
appla.d |o moE
oa
lhc
tn equilibriu @Nrer
@npt.r.d
Sr'r in
for lhe excbmgq onc
qn
ln. elulion'I. TIE n.thod n s b.o
@npli.!t d ca6, wh@ noE thd oft lolublc omplcx is plwnr in
mod.
sigoifiml
Anion exchange of Eetsl complexes
aniotr €xch;ss h ue<l
d6s1
by
sesful
f&;ore
widety
lhe
cadon
op@lioN of hrdmnd.llur&, ir th.
dchegc |o *pamL mcl{js. o.c or lhc
@v.ry
of uMjun lron low gbd.
l@ling with $lphuic !.id.ed ddorbing i[c eglriwty ch.racd
complq on
d
bion €xcl@g.!, Thoriun cm Iikc wi* be
Md
,nendor
ntu)
mcbtr
howE hB hen siva
fbn
nark.dly on th. cid
(i) .
McEl
ufuiu
ah€orbed as
(Vt)
dph.r.
ir! .n6r. conpLx€.
@bpt.g. Arion qch.,u.u
ro cudidc
oc
!b6o!bcd
hrddhloric eid elusoN wirh dilFibulio @mcicnrs lha d.Fnd
@e
rdtion. Some
rcl.b$rb.d
on dE
ex$pls @ sil!)lffiiad 6
eion - qch.Dgc
rlkdi ad .lLlinc clrth reral{
A
(ii)
Mctlls Mally lberb.d (D < r 0)r
(iii)
M.r.k modd.t
ly
t, y,
Sc,
air
fotowsD',
fiEm any
@ dils.
ongr,stion of HCt:
Ac, Th Ni.
Ti OD, v (rv), Cf (rB),
Mi.
.bsbcd (D-lo !o I oo): Ti (lv), fc ([), cq cu
(rr), cc, As,
s., Mo, Rh{ul) In, w (vD, lr (rrD, pb.
(iv)
M.iars srronsly absorbqi
R!(tv) p4 A& cd,
(D
s{Iv)
100):
sb,
(II), c\(t)
Zn, c^, zr,
r,(r9 }r (N)
H8, Bi,
V(V) cr (vr) F.
T{ru
R., 03,
^u
U(VD.
c.ndin mctlls, &6blyth.$ otlh.
Hi Nb .!d
Ta,
fruorrde ion
@ ber
$!e
is, ird.cd, dre
i|lriud &d vu4rim
.d rhreugh ih.ir ouod&
mptq6
lubs,ouF dd caFcidly
in
a,
hrdmnDric eid etulion;
oily conplq fon r rhat.o sucqsfuly @mpde wnh waro
and
54
pEvctrl hydrolris oI
hove thc
adveL8. a
@oplct fofrcr a
ths
io,N in
.lEdi
dm !d
oq@s $lutioN
th.l they
6
b.
Both hydocbloric
ltmlrd 6ily
dd hydnfluoric .cid
by cvaporation, in
onl@r
|o
seh
EDTA.
Lig.ld Erchrrg.
I.sl€d of .xchlrsing d. rc|.| io$ in. Bin @lllm, orc my lavc 6eD ari.chcd lo
lhe colum
&d dchoge
rhe
ligdd!,
rhe
oohculB @odbd.
o.ly faiblc witlt uclurged lig&ds, and msl
6mpld6. A col|m
wl
ro the
ne$l
h€oDe c@rdiEr.<! with
e &rirc is plaed o. $.
tricll, dhpl&dg llrmnia
Ith
rh.
moni.
col{mni
conplcx ions,
dire
ofmin6
mdx dd rh
abc;6cd lis.Jds. A
lon&r hydr@dbon chains, ed dpeidlt
pEa.cntidly, bindr hydrcphilic
Dhosphate
th.
is ro sepane
by clulioo chrcnatoAar'hyrr,
By varying lh. Dd@ ofrh. cxchag.r, o@ v&ics rlE nonionic inl@riobs
exchngd
moldul€
hirc i! disptm.d doM
@lLm by pssog lqu@us mnon8 fircugh ir, An dmjon of rtls etwquc
mixtuc
fd, rhis is
h3 ben dorc *id mcr.t almoda
of calior - dchege Esin is lo.ded win niclcl -
for exdple, .nd a elution contoini.g
ions, So
ha . eleriviry ordd
tDttsrttu D?. Bin tunglt
emtic min*,
wn @s
&
nickel"load€d sdphoEcd polystyener',
uiB
whjch is cxrctly rlE
miG
wlh
inor8hic exchango
min6 tit .rhmtmiBt . nictc!
for €rbnr
binds
betw $.
load.d zimnium
Ev.e
ofthat in
.
Typical Analytical ApplicatioN: Inorganic
S€prr.aio! olAniodc Metal Complex6.
Msy @t'Is. ind..d
mosi
ruals, fonn rceadrly .hraed
&id $lutios, 6d lhe€ oodcx4
ftrals irc
ft
l!16
up by
liul ri* opidly a
a
lhe chlorid.
A
lhc addnion of
6in
@
ioE 6mp€Ic virh 0!c n€r.l chlod.L
6mpld6
lilc
on rh.
this
@
!d
v€ry cled, provid.d
|lc lerl e
cx@lldr. Thut!.
O.5
poFl
for
sn
rhcn fall a8|in
on (hc Esin.
th. *paelion of ion, cob,lr &|d
M HCI or
IMHNOT .tur.s Fc (llD,
O,0
t
M HCt .tutd Zn
sd wr.r
13
coirqu.led
by
lM
HCl. Callilm
ec$
in
68 M
Mpl.x
fominA dions, hlw b€.n
of tlrcF howv.r, hlve found nE b@d
is @dit,
EDTA,
6 MI rt
ltcl.
Besid* chloride md fllorid€ ioff, phosphlrc rhi@ydL, Dirr
orh.r
!*d !o.b$6
genfll
Cd,
od
in Ire.s eith alwinium in bauxirc
eion qch&gc, wirh D=10r,
rh.
cluEs Cd.
lndim m.y b. epomtcd fFm cldmiM, rlE h wirh D=7 b.ing ctucd rlEld of
wilh D=353, by
ed
arllntion is giv€n ro t4hniqks,
$p6.dis *ho. u$d fo' rihcr $tdcr
aollowiag.r{ 6M HCI clulas Ni, I M HCI €lur€ Cu,
thc
ro l2M, the disributiotr coemci.nr!
aur vai.ry or$podtioG @ po$ibl., fd .mpl.,
Separatios
in ch@Eristic Mys. Ar
cl oidc ioB stlbiliG th. eionic conpl€r.s,
nickel: 9M HCI clur6 Ni, 4M HCI Flulerco
tMvhs
stong-bed eionic .xchege ein. Th.
di.rributcd belwcn dE eturion rnd dtc
conce.traion of hyd@hloric ocid b inc@scd frcm
complexcs in hydmhloric
mcld on
e
ed
lnioNehlruc ciro.
us. tbal ln. cnbrid. @optqes neve.
Nooc
56
I[organic Ion Exchanger
j
Alut!|inodlicrt
lor htuy ycs tlE only synlhelic ion cxclEng6 avdlablc
by F&ing
$lutioc of almioim $lpb.L ald sodiin citrsL.
blol6
mlE4 &d
up,
dmoniM,
or othq
dri.d. Thc $ditlln ioB
ir
w
The E$lring
Na'xq:
2
..vorert N.lqrlEls,
ions in
e
w
elciw,
rhus,
ca &@+2N!'eb
Th. dumi@ilietc qchoess brvc 8o.d @peiry, i...,
epleeable qtrcN, bq
nitr gcl
ihc gcl @uld b. dnpl4.d by
io6 by a sloichiomeric .xch&ge rrrll Day b. &nula€d
c.'r6&d+
'lmonim
almiro siliotes mad.
eosily d.smpos.d by aids
.
s*l rlkrlrx
ih6..rchoga h.E foud r8lylictl e
nigh @nentrarion of
whjch lihrls rhen
us
in lh. d.r.mi6rion of
uire.
nE "molauld ricrc",,syoth.tic alui.o liliqc D$d s qr.ly$s adl dryin8 agdis@
i@
dch&Ed
hou lnc
IrEy @ c.ysollim
rld
hav.
! aliric slrEtuF
wirh
cn,@b .nd €viri6
thar
cpl4ablc ioE.
Hydrou! Oride
th. prFipnard nydros oxid6 of ion ald al@inim ony !
th€rcfor€,
et a eio.
€xchMg.s, tloe€vr $qir ion
positivc ch.ec
sd.
qchsg. clpacity is smll dd
rhen
physir.l fom is udeiEbL, .nd dEy @ b. u$d onty in .
Thc
uscl.ul.
.ithd
hyd@
oxid€s
Bricr.d
tugd
oflclhvd.llr melol! (zi@riur! 0Ddm, dIlnim .nd !in)
Zi@niun oxide, for cxmple, is iBolublc in O0l M HCI
@tion
pH
d eiotr dcb,ngc
dcp.ndirg on pH,
e
ed I M NIOH &d
noE
e\nibils
51
zienim
phosphlrc
c&
be Esard.d
furctiord phorphoric &id 8o!ps. In
witi
phoehodc
eid elulion,
crystalliae ztconiab plcpharc
m.g,/e
d highd
pH. Ar
lo*
its
it
D
. lins Flyds
comDsirl lom
ir
[-z4l:PO.!-O-]., haviis
ii gruul8
and
amrPh6. Renuad
beone crys&llic. 'If!c ior-r\chdgc clprcirr of d.
h hightr rhlr lhal of uorphous fom ed
pH wh.e ln.
slcdivity ir e@lcsr,
rhc
app@cbes 6.6
qclene. .ap&iir
is
l@r.
Hydr!ted Atrtimony PeDioxide
10
A@rding
cldlire
!o
idiu
Oiwdi
ioG dd
6
and
sbbionir'', hydalcd slimony penbnd. GAP) ij hidly
bc ur.d
d cftetiE s.p.r.rirg lgcnl for tn.r ioB.
isoope hd oRcn beD th. @usc of difnculti.s
ir 80j:1m Ey sp.ciE
mlysi. of biologicd mlerilis. Ai pl!s1, ttA!
is
u*d
n4mm.nt
IrE
fu
esFcislly in
s a ete.liE absrh.nt
for sodiw
Inorydic io. €&hagc6 hrve rh@ major advdrlg.s ovcr orSeic ion exchdB€6,
SMer 6i5rocc
ro Ediarion nnd
ed B@rf eldlivity
qadm
towoat sinplc
of
imryaic iod.
ed e6ily
on colum of zirconium lungsht ,
n'@im
molybdrc. ln
@ncqftrion @ ued
l.l2
rlDF uq highs @paciry on t vdw.
ah ol E
Ilu'
3rrortih, beiM
s.FmdoN,
.|mmiM
N
ed
Ca
and
edim,
K, Rb
chtGjdc
ba.is,
scput.<! cle!,ly
on
. cotmn of
sturioB of smd.d
6 elMnt..
Radiochomical SeprrrrioN
Aner dislvins
lh. rdrg.l in a suir.bt $lveni
phrs'@haicd pdcdlE G opplid
onc or 6oG of rh€ nmcrcs
. flDl prodEr
io
'Dvidc
of
ecphbtc puiry.
53
ln
nfu, ndi@tldiol *Fenti@n 6
Eaciotu phy
@vdion l @lytical sch.n6, peipibtioa
io
domimt olc. Ifihe d6iEd Fdioouclide
a
is
s.l.Detrt diFer.r! thu
the
ldg€!
pEf*ntial prcipnarion of Lrs.t My b. po$ible. Then thc lllgel @ b. ,epanEd
@nrrituglrion
!d f lrllrion.
A radionalide qpsbl. of€xhl€me in
p€ipitldon
.lmr
of
in
@ oidation stnc folloEd
by
!m ond.tion
us
dsnumimtior nob olh.r oclivili$
C{lll), deoniM
Wlten $e
€op@ipitation
^
cu
be
effttivdy puilied by
.Mpl., a Nnn pc.rle h! qjM
rlpo0cd cyclca of .eric iodot pruipibtion,
atom
b
[C(llr) it'yins in soluion] dd
loo s6all lo .xc.ed the solubility Foducr
h !*d. A nicro .onpomt is dMys @i.d dom by a elid lbmcd b,
cryshUizario or
conpon€nl.
nmbs of ladio.udide
For
pdipibrion
iodale
slal.
@vaEing pteipit don for imD{ritiB whne ln.
inlc6t ir in @rh.r oxid,rion sbr..
EdErion ro
by
pEipihlid\ .if n fo@
$lulion
ofd
cryslals wtich
@ isonoDhou wirh lhosc of
@D
clemcnt that is iso.hctrodc with thc dcsied Edionuclide is addcd
[email protected]. Oqirg ic pdipir.tion it will clrry rlE .t .iF<t p6dwr. S.pa6lio. of poducl
dd
fmn
ihe additiv. is lhen
Fquicd
Feni. hrdrcxid€ na ah.dy
been
dd
@tion.
on a
fmic hydFndc pFipird.. lon
foh
the
m.n!io!.d s
Thu @icF&.e adioi$loFs of
finll
producl,
is
a
Dlrg.re
svcnSing 6gcnl for a laddy of dion
and
@b.lt @
mowd fom elurion
psniculdly ls.tuj for this plrpos
s
n
q
bc
edoved
by.xt2ction tom elution in 6M hyd@hloric rcid with .ih.r o! by
p.slge thmigh e eion cxchiig. Gin colwn,
59
Som.
thoud filler
cdia fc odioieiope d b. mov.d
il
lhougb
is
cilciM4?, sediuma? k poduc.d by p
pap.r o. sint Ed glas. tn $hdon of
dccay of ihe calcium4T, Filration thrclBh pdpcr
pEs
th.. b.hav. in rhc
in iNumcieor
sc sy e
efer.d b in dE lircdnE
dout
&on rculdl elurion by filtntion
will Enov€ lhe bllk of sMdim4?, cvcn
lo .xcc.d rh€ solulilily poducr, Orher ndioisolop.s
bsyllim-?"'ed bisuth206'". Tnir ph.mn6on
6 'Rdi@[;id fo@tio"
bur
is
ollcr
stu b b. dE drlEr 10 rn.
adsoQtion ofhydalcd ioo on suiabl€ su!fa..,
Liquld.Liquid ErlEctton
This
qh.lion
involv.s
fi. flv()ubl.
ponitid of a pdicubr cncniel sFci6
bcrcn
imdieible solvmls. Or8ei. @gsrs lEh s! Laonc!, cih6, al@hols, &idi dd dincs
us.d rs one
ph6. .id aqu.os eids, boss ad
Th. d6iEd EdiorNlid. is usully
t!4.1 6
a
Hrdl
rcpoded .s tla
thc
@mpld,
dt &t
chclate, or
d inlo lh. orsdic
pr!d@
pne
@ lsd a olhd phtr$,
r@m
e .q@us eludon ot
orgdic sdr Th. elfici.ncy of th. dracrion pl1l.s js
qe&rion @.lIci6t, K, defircd s thc @ncotrarion of d. .xLact€d sFci.s in
oreuic pha. diyidcd by concenlration ofth.
cemci.trls
complex sdi soludoN
d
bd€n ld
rnd lop
!p€i*
in rh€ aq!@!s
phe.
Exr@don
e @hhon.id t@ qrelion e ulally
sufici.nr ro
puirt. Th! d.snd ndioElid. is suur b.ck- .xftt.d foh
'epbblc
org.nic phae jnlo & aque$ solu{on ditrcdng ton 6c on8iml llleet sotulion. Tt.
o pm<tuct
of
indepe.dent vdiabhs th6t must be conholled
e
rh.
rlaive phas voluh.s, conposilion, pH,
@
Liqujdliquid
i.
po@rul r@l
dbidioi
pep.radon of
wirh or witbout speinc or8Mh complexins agflts is
ceia fE
include drc cxr@rion of gold. | 95
lN lydehloric
@id,
tn
ddioisotopG. Ei&rpl.s
fEn d.uLDn-iddiated Dlalnrm
od
very numcmu
by ethcr
cxt&tion
sd
lon
ol al.ium45 no6 no rcn iradiatcd $ddim bt
.xtraclion
.xl@lion of hy.lehbnc &id elulion wnh a solutio! oflhcmyl
h.naner{
&
I
|he extetion of st6nliun-90
lion n$ion
'riiluoo
e.tonc ( "nA")
i.
prcdocl soluions using o.seic
solu ons ol sdium di(2a$yll'cxyl)-plEsphot.,
A ftw odi@ldenls cD
leclDiques. Wet
epmGd fon lhen epetive tsBet by usirg distillaion
8id dry distillation le.luiquca hs beo wd.1b*e poccss irclud€ th.
€xr@don oa phosphorcl2
ext@rion
be
lrcn .cuton ir?dilr€d cl€mslary $lfur by dis Uriio. 'r'. the
ofiodi.el3l lon
exFaction of cdbon-I4 6om iFldiat d
@ll{rina
rhc
sb..l4
dioiide tDm
Disliuorion ha been
$lurioN,
ad
or Ndc-74
ddgaes-54
lsd
alhinim nini.L b, bming
the
gd
-|
26
fon
ten !lph!
lhc lqgel in oxygm
dd
'llE6'".
also for lhe $p.ration
*pranion of iodirc,l32 non ir! pGDr
rhe
1211 24,125,
|cllunui dioxide by disliuarion ir oxyg.n 'r{ md rtc
inodiared
ofiell!riuo-132 6oh li$ioh
l.ltuimt32
prc<tuct
an.t s€p,6rion of iodire-
bombltd.d dtinonr- Orha .xdnpl.s i@tudc lhc ppsdioo
pro'on bodbaded
semdim'ir dd rlE
fmm d.urtun, bonbad.d ion by distiuation
sep.raron
s Fnn rlgdic
of ceier rE.
acidrr".
in distillalion pd€duxe pbp€r conrrol of oxid.tion srat. of volalile lnd non volalile
clmdts
is
inponur
Thc volarile
od fuihd puifiodon ofdE
spei6
is
fi.qEody @lt6t.d in a suilade rippine elution
my
be
Equidd.
producl
6l
l.l3
Oualif.v Coptrol
is
Qmlny conbol
Edioth@uticlt
pyma.ni.ary
ro
sE
.!d cd&rniry
s
defincd
thos.
r* ed
hesu@cns rccuiGd tbr
ch.miql ndi@h@ical, ed nd,o.Eridic puiry, srntiry od 6
!o srat d
r.rjviry
rd
sir.bitiry fd lhc purpo$ inrcndcd.
Phy!i..| Qurlify Colrrol
ltu fi6l $.p invotv.s @fin .rmimtion
lakls. ha @EEd, rbo
rhc
asy
of ric shipping @nlaimrs lo
of tobl shjpmcd (vid) in a $itrbte
chek ontomiry wnh tnc bbcl aId ilrc Equilitioa, A "Wip.
individul .onrdiM wirh
o sbeel
drrdd con.lini.lrion fDo
SFc|llnclry
6
b€
!s.d
A quick visul
ord
lhc
m.iiM
Min$ion
gle tuIct r tlgftnl!,
[email protected] eludor su.h
s
tb€
of
e dr6 if !F.t
rldionu.tjd. .!d
ew
peddsl $lurion
aad suir.bte
vilibtc
irEtf
Ms6
fitrtdio!
or
dotr
clmb6 b
p.rfomcd by wiping lhe
of ri$u. whilc hotdi!8 €ach @fiaii.r witt
i&n(if,
ro
l6f,
idn
lgdlin if
qill
0on8s,
<t in the
s.
indicaG
ship|ndr
of uoiunimdon.
should bc hade tor rb€E, panict*,
Ffod.d
@ld.h,rg6
if ,s3grry. AIGEd
in 8otd
'iAu
4Dad&
itrdjaic spoit.gc.
R.dio.udidc puiry
Th. qulir.tiv. idcnrifiqton ofrhe bdionEtid.
q
s
BEll
6 &y
ndionrctidic impqirje
b. Ffodncd by d.lgminatM of (a) [E h.lf lifc O) iort trrifisdon of 0E
ryF oadjncd
ddidtion
od
irs
*rgl, ed (c) conpaison of rhi! dd! witb rhd of GfcEne el@!r,,
ofspeclra orc .vailable for
h
h; b€r
sdtu @lloid,
ndly
@nlsisorrr'.
Epotu! $!r, b
thc @ltoid
limly .dbcB io rh.
tre do*. It ha.l$
pEpatllid of re.hnaim ,Tc
tu dlarFl!@;
glt!
vial
So
possss th€ !.acrion of rhe rohl activir, th@foF n is
syrihSc for th.
Chds
b6
shou
ttEr
d.r e ltjq@r Emov.d dG
ndN.y
(o
,say
Oe
noi
dos jn lhc
ir Bina i.chetiuD *Tc sUtu co
oid,
62
ul€s
lhe sy.inge
wa [$hed with patienls
blood, 3.3 lo 38.6% of tn€ dosc
i.haired in th.
ry.ingeot.
TIEpdiclesibof
eMin
@lloidal
d durinS th. @use
Th.
p@du€s
of$cir "Shelf-Li&"
.mhd of!6rlicl.s
o
rhi5
nmb.r
himaggEg .edmcro.8g@ealepspadionsshould b.
6
!o
sc€rr,jn chsges
lur
rcsuh in dh@d
oigd
ol @oaegEgat6 nay bc sigiific$r in $ne nucl@ medicdt
b. eenain.d by coulbg rhcm ir a defDne vohD. uing
t
ncn@tloDcrd.
Thc
of
black
clrity of elutios md ih. abMc. offodiS! p.nicl.r cs b. Bcetuin.d
&d whi& box"
for visudl
by thc
u$
exmiotionr!,
Cb.niel Colttul
Ch.mic.l
ed
6di@hdi@l puity may bc serrdn.d by chromrography md/or
autoEdioSnphy ald $e
dccmin d'r. As
iododpp@lc
rEqMrly usd
b €'MpL, @! rrdioiodohippuic &id impuitiB @
!odiu''''.
!o
q@tifielio! of ih. Ediophmuli.al n*lf &d 6y
*p9*
Colunn ch&halognphy
uirg
!
v{i.ry of
od cruE Fdiehdic,l impuiris
or
imp|niri.s
bc dcrcmin€d in
support narqirls is
lo fi"clioDrc
a
nixnE
inro
individurl @inpoMts
El*rophoeir mic@lcctrodcis ed i|ruoddrophcis
th.
Ediehmidl puity
of largc, charg€d
edml6 sh s
poicin,
e
usd to a$rrlin
mrig6, &d &tib.di6.
6l
Quality Cootrol of cenerrtor Eluras
SodilD p.ftech&talc
*Tc My b.
P'.p@d by.xlering
lMo soluio, wilh
@rhyt .rhyl t@tft by liqlid-Uquid
.vapoding dE
elht.nd
soeEbr in,which tne
distving
Dotyb<tar€ 6Mo
84dled pqtehElai! hTc
Thc'Mo
conloin orhs
spata TIE
musr nol
rhc
is
p.nehndare in
lMo
aluninA fron wbich ln.
ir may
by tn
i.7
Comision dgqtdiotu rp@ificd $al bTc frco goeEior
s
scnqab. @niAjh nEh
6Mo or O.Ot%
nT. &ld B!.trr
'oRu
le, $e rh.s ameIl.
dE ,Mo @nt nl of pcrt che0.rc
ey
at$ pcpd€d by
@ h. iddlifi..r
U.S, Aronic Endgy
trom
is
utj ,r a E&ror, in whi.t 6e
fisi@ FD{rucls s
ben d.visd ro
Te
lomd dinc. tl
chr.d wih rcmd !ati!. elurion,
may be prodled by $e tision of
Md &Tco. .tukd
puirying rh. rdorc etudoa
b !d$rb.d i! a bcd ol
enlain morc dre 0.1% of rhs sdio&liviry
s'nl'U.tion
*n&do,
it from sodiud @lybdarc
tc ujlg
a dlin
A oclhod has
tqd
fitIcr
ed
wll coutef ,.
olhs @nroeim6
e
mo
ndior.ljw..lMira ddiv.d Aon
l]@ e€nmloa &d nolrb.hnh. Thce @cu
rh.
alwiE
bcd
of
e damjn d by
st rd.d o.lyricd t chniquB. Th. bear lhFuglt
of rMo, tn pent m b. dddin d
speEoiFlri..llt, r rr'I ad '!Ru e prlsr in ctu& rh.y @ud po$ prebtd
a
h @nrDl
b.€e
ofdcir pbFnja
The
4umiliu
lria.bo\ylic acidl
and in
pddor ndiafion
contors h dcrmined by
o orseic
EaE
kil lbalder@ik lhc prcscc
in
hj@g@u q@riris ed
dc.F.
. @lorircEic
mcrhod usins
il .ld @p.dng . studlrd
otduinim quodl.tirly
$tution of
in eoeEror
almi,on (Auir
atmi,iu,
elut
A
r&
is avoitable,rt.
64
Th. i.st is p€rfomcd by conp&ing colo! spot! podu..d by lhe Eag€nl with unkrown Md
sbrd..d!. Tlis cst indidr.s l5
nc ptt3@
upoa
Exc6siv.
rhc locl
of
a
of
rbniriur my !trcl tb.lrb€tlms
olnobilily of
th*
fl*lldr plEipiLi. indiel6
h
a
tulfir @lloid
cxe$i@ .lunir
tuininsl bnsr iheusl otstablc eMo, dE l6t h bsed lpon
of
mlybd.nM qith potaim
6Mhijon.
Ifa pbk @lor
is
alwiD
45
obsed, th.
drio ofeMo/ft'tc is l€s ihe
of i.€griry of
tc
um,
the senerator.
O,OOO5,
lilt.
cthyl
(OqHJ) siich
compl.x @npound Mooj2{sC(SH)
d.pqdins ui.n dE
of
duinS
of tl@infun indi€lc th. b@tdoM of thc inlegrity of olumina collDn and
micogm qumlilie
Foms
Fene
llkriintaii@ a $,bitBh
moat
Whilc
d hoi pq 6iuili[!.
.lminim in.lulc roy c.e.gelutiration of ayrnMyla
of
llbdting wilh LTc. Tlf,
*hd,
Fs
G 2Fs
bdure
has a
oamlybdom
ro d.cp
Ed-blu. @lo.
olnTc cllr c eill cae
cluat. lhould bc tcai.d Bdion&icatly lo vcdry
ASai; cxeisiv.
G*tion
SC(SK)(OC:H) which
pinl
/r
thc
d4
eours ofeMo indiqr. a beat
rhc
dowD
qMo.
collum of dr. gc&dor ed los of dr. paml
tndiln ll3EG.!.ntor
Tn*
.b$ru
'rlln
gctrdroE @Bie of hydreB ziMnim oxi& o. sitie scl malric6
rrtsn in sLrnic
is .lutcd
wi$
fon The mrric e @r.i..d
O.OsM HCt.
ZiMniu
lnd ilg dguSht
dEse
r
''7rTe (T%=58d)
ftdionuclid.s.
in ! Cl6s or rlGtic @luM, Thc
oxjd. mirix yields a
lhm silha Datur!. Thc tujo. conlmidlion
h.luL
dd poFr
upotr which is
js of
'rrsq
loE
tewl of@nLnimlion
l@sof
':,Sb(T\4-2.71
yr)
qusljry contol woutd include exmination for
Thc rr'sn bMk thmugh
ar lclsl 48
wth
nred
puEnrs,
'rr
43
thcn
B4aM ofis
cneg6 il
qccld
0_2
shon
lcihci
h.lftif. ofonly
IO()
mi., oll $e ,jr,In.lut€d
oEr 6@l @tu Aon lnc,,rsn
is left
zjMd. hd
rlE
is d.cay€d
"rtn. lf
dBie
tud disturion &d
ooud
Eto$
'tlE contror rar for bEat 6rcu8h
ofrhbl. tn
color @clion
b.NEn rin in bcid
deFnding on
lhc.nout
of dn.
sotution
of
,,
hjr.g.
jsn
of r,rsn inlo
tu
is
duing ctudotr
peqt
in
.tur.
Tn
flrsn
Tn ziEoaih b@k lhrclsh
nliariD S, whicl
cq
be njixed
Anolnr n.rho.t coEisrs of
No.
!d
is
b.$d
oa <t
tux.d on
a spol
qsitile
to rcd @toaron
ptal. wirh
!
ditulc
sp@rrcphoromcri€Uy ar 520 mF,a.
rhc
d.v.topn.d of a @lor sFt r6t
on
\vlErne
sd
tiltcr rap€r
dn.d. Spois
of indi@ .lulc ed dmps of 2J,tO
W ZJ/mt @ &icd a,!d rlEn dn&d wirh hor ! M
hrdqhbnc eid. Th€ r.d otou or {E
lEFr is hoEd tavibg omry.-b,oh 5pob oa $.
untrown ed slodlrds. Zi4oniu @.6[aton
of
.tur. $ e@lly
bclow 2rc/m1. it shoutd
Biolosiol r.rr for ea.tiry Conrrol
jn
ce
of
a
qollMl of aGd coto, by neonih
I impcgnor.d wirh p1p-din.rhy! mho ph6rLb)
o.llzfu aen,c &id
Sr€.ili9: Sr.rilny
b
ir is duc
d.simble. This is bs.d on dc
aG
duins
etuc.
qd lr.@lorytu lo fom a pinl
Tm .lrcF, of duc
d€cay
alohotic-aidic $turi@ of hdoroxyli! pint-Ed
A
@lo indier. atplxiDat.ty O. t ppd or
ndio.@tidic puiq aDsn/'
'rrn) of 4FoxiNrcty o,oo3%, No @td; indiqE3 toE vd&.
a|ld
for
lh. smplc is countcd tor I'htn Mr euld bc io lrqsienl
cquilibriue
br&d h.M. whal*r
shoutd mr
@ rcr b. dcrlclcd by r_rFcrohetry, $. .tut.
Ediophe:reudcd,, b idduclt
10
rhar of
orh* pb.m|diicals
d n.t b. detn.d s dE ,hqe of t.blc ory&is seh 6
bocicr,o, funei, hd ]Ar
ffi deterlblc ed pDlif@G in srandld cult@ n.dia !'airjarion,
which
6cr, Ef.6 lo d.
66
deslrdclion or Emoval of $cse
rh.
cllcd prcd*t
is
orsoisnr, It h!5 6 its aim,,
nsiL withou 6ring
dh
individurl
Tle tuc$od ofst riliaion or Ediophmcaticals
ofthe prodat
ilglf,liE $lvent, sy
rhc
elutre.
liB
@
vill
i.
or ccrrificdion
d.r
rh. tol.ro
be deterjlined by rh€
addiliv., bullds, elc lnd rhc cfecr
ofh.
otr
cbmcre!
&y ofth.s.
mrerials dd llE @ntrin{.
Thjr Gtlod
@nsisls
g.rerally th. us. of srtu
themNtlble
ediun
such
@ b. tr5.d on orry dEd6ribL ddiophm4udot.
un&.
otliophlmeu&rl @ sodim
rS. An.@tc
$lllr.
bwr ldp.Elw
6 eduih iodobippwL
'r I whicn
6
pBrw .r t2llc
F
thor cha.sc
for 5 nin. Exmple of
ieltlelal. fuTc, edium phosphaE'p, &d
stdiliz.rion my h. fGiblc for em. @opourd
bc arditized
Among |he h€al- ltrbih ediophaM.udcds
mcrugges.t.s
This nclhod
al IOOIC tor 60 nin.
@ (t)
colloids
micoaggEgc ed
pdicl€ siz &d mly ch&sc h @mposnion e) lEat.*6idE
orB&ic mol.culd slch as &diun roF beielt ri,t
dd (j)
biochenicak euch
$
clrbohydEtc
&d por.in lilc tul@u|*.
Sr.riliurior
by
altE.i.t
This proc.$ d€peds upon th. physical snovdl
by the
fillqing ncdi! or by a simple siding
$e poB
h!
rhc
oforgdis
meh4is *h@
by aGoryrior tud
b, thc liquid
@ noE
orgebn qa@t, Filolrion is u$d for Oc $ditjzlion of h.!l
frention
{r,ouslr
sitive
61
Caurion must h.
ba.e
.xdis€d
lili.r h.di. my
cohpornion of1he solution. Fillcr nay b. @mpo*d of
plu bind.r, 3irkr.d EfEclori.s,
M.nb!re 6lld
wnh
lhortl
eoimE
rlcd forrhc
lodni6
&nl size rnd
but thc mo$
plasdc
@
be
A
een
.nrraprDdt
loss of
Tn E is a
rupuft or poor
E
bc
Efiller.d. A
Gclatin
tion and
e
of c.lhlosc esteE or od.r plsdcs
of
.ssbli6
0.22
in a vqi.ry
pqr€rilizd dd
of
$el,
of Sbss pl.sric or sr.inlcss
ptetcll€d,
p is
dispoebl€
lek/Lq rs!.r inl.r for thr anacthot
to m
filrr uir
which
lE
a
for sldilizing
sall volm. ns. ata
ddd spe of
l.s
tn n 0.5 ht ro avoid
[email protected]
Fsibilily
61. The
plstics.
and
slip oudcr
vhul isp.ction
o@iodttr ! m€mble lilrer nDy hlv€ d.fels
r.\al
opdllor nun dddop. lerue of "&ct,! of
thrcush a no!r@-vir.@ elution
6llr
i! a nMbd
y avaihbl.. ncw dEp.sbh
plGtic upper sc.ion lor
potelain, dialonrc@B cann
@lldof8eis@ I1E nlt6 c.uilabL
eits. Th€ 6nin8 @ h fdEtc Lwr
nd. Lu
&d cn nge lhc chmi@l
uad for cl&iliqtion or 3teritiadon. A porc siu of
wfin in tn. ladiopbm&y e $all,
appDrrialc syringc ed r
.holld
ni@poou n@bl4
of dE
b. rs.d
ud@d
ryith
orgeic m.mbru. suh a cdlllos. .stm
or
@nsist of
d.nnik poe sia sd osy
l*t
mc
&y loo sliShl
.laboEc t6r po.odw
$lulio$ of lign
con
e
lation
p[su
h!
..g
bc* slcriliad by €o@ lildrion !o
pEsE
Equn.d
such
b
6
force
i.quiEd is sNper &d $lution
b.cn E?od.d,!.
10-20% by
Mo€
wi8hr,
e
loo
vi*o$
for
p4ticlcs folowEd by alio.hving.
.66
Th. obja! of sr€rilianion is lh. dlstrucrion or rcmolt,t
ol. virbtc org!,isn and llle
appoprist r.sls e .xpered to show {El Oi, hls
oeq.d lo lhe exEnr rhar lb.se oradjs@
@no loo!.r grcw.rd nolriply in sii.blc outr@
D.dia unds ravoMbL @ndnioN.
TIE iDrori.nl nedi. sues6kd in ric uiicd
srlr€ phm@Fei!
€nploy.d for $ditny Fs.inB. Th.y
di86r medu;
c
(l)
fluid rhioetydrak
ecdim
!E ;mody
(2) loy b..o
_
cein
.
Anothc. ne$od for dercding
;rilny
is $e
gs
chbnaroEraply.
By E
Be or rhis
lqhniquc. rr app.B posibl. to dekct
A.obrcr.r
@8.b due ro lh. 3ynrhes8 of d@h
(aceryt d.thyl erbircl) .nq
s nin of incub.don in ! lwug
eI sBFEio jf onty
@s
e ptgnt, h my b. quiE posiblc lo @Er.u.r . mI .u6nEr.d
a4 chrcr,r,tognphic uir for
I
idenritins qd q@lifrinS
A dcq y
conr@rnalion
i.he
h@bo!.c pEds! of b4rcrE
d.Eloped subnfl.d turhod for rhe etut)
dekctioD
ulilia
rhc prcducdon
th. olsaims od @r.Ls rhe
Et.d
roded
orgdis wh
.dded
nDotl
Dro srituts a.d n@
mu
ro
qw
cl'ffic1tr aftachcd
ro
tE
sli tc
of
gtlE$ b;
@nEoDe 0.5
na.k ilcubd.d d
of lhe grolvrh
dbdir.d
bocrerial
$. d.r.botis of
rci
d lhal
ir
a
of ,rc-D,sl@$
lrc ud rn Erof,.CoEt.e
qd @rdlxs
s Bacl4,q.
or
mjc@4eis,
rh!i, *$en
lo &r on rtE hFmru,u @nrbt cdrd
. rj$ ir.body rDFmuEr{ Chchicalry
lrEy @ lipid
! poty
of
Edion.sicsly,!. Det&d &d Wagc Epon
co.rinuousty the inslronor u€d for
lhjs l.s! i, knoM
I)rgos e U. poducl
'q€cl€d
of'rCOr tioD !C" h!€lLd
stuccc by
of
cnne ncdium of thiogly@llare bolh
(36 lrg), I0
OOO
chtrid€ or mino ocid o, poly
Fploe
oa dE
or phosphotipid
cera ed
e
Lss
in
rho on
69
m'cmn
b
panrcl. s'2. Allho!8h
i@y or8misb pF<t@ pyr8ln
prodG lhe Don potlrl prmSea rl!. pyog6 iniiid @ibn rot
&d
pupils, hyperL8ion
dd
l€gs.
lcukop€nia. The
dd
2
lo 3
after injeclion
a day),
.
prcpdarion
t
rdld ld a re
on
t !t. For diagnoslic adiophmmdricd!
th. Biitish [email protected] specili.s
!o
be flushing
e
body
orisiMl ndi@rive
pEst
of pmducl,
the
mour
dd
swalinS,
slgg.'live of a nild
l..rpeEr@ of dbbil
dd
thc
on gold
$is @uld ralc up
posible
efer of
of radjoadiviry invotved is
ndbphm@u$ah ir nsy
$.t pybg.n l6t b. tri.d
sa@ albmin in rh. mrrul mal1ff bul
The
ski4 dilacd
fcvcr md pain io b6ck
Mufetuire ciElmrorcs
6. vd!. of! b.td
likely ro b€ sistrincdx, wh.ft rs lor th.epeulic
rbe
@l
f@ fbn pyrcsds. Th.
pmdUcl
d.ooroltlt d by a de id the
( in p@dcal
tlE cosr of t!9 in Ehnon ro
ddioelivity
@ t€r
- ncsdLiv€ bacilli
ofth. poducl. Fomal pyog€n rcling ofadiolhenaceutiqls off€ls dimcultiB
b€caw of dE lihc
b
io
ed th€E my
l.ukocytolis. All lne syoploms
s.tuiblc p@urio6 duing ndufdcl@
preg€ orpyDg.n
htr
GM
bc chills,
@mon synptoG ar slighl
Lad.r 0F tevo nay t ach a pedt !t
oonstict d plpils, hytDtdsion
thc
wclt be
out on jodina!.d
ItAu injerion ody
.n r d*ay
$.
'r'l
Thus
humm
ro r/r00h of
otrcnhrid.
pEcricc mong adiopbmac.utical
Mls foi injcclion ed
'@ut@luE6
ir 6 3uppty py6g.n rcsl
lo stets of ertain m8a1s knoM io be prcrc lo
pyrc8en
contdimlioh (for cxqplq ealain @ploy.d in th. pE ohlion ofcouoid.t eold,Au'lg8) d<t,
in addil'on. .o iupply etrs
b
sd6 slcrd
.r mdon fiDm lh. tuBc of pDdud.
70
l.t4 Dltrllrillda!-slAl4ob
l.
coss
*tior
undd in*lrigttion,
work
k
ed Fdionslidic puity d.t mi@tion rhc ndioeriv. qodrcr
mlmonly
&ilmird qu itatirly vi.
spccaospr, TIE trd,lEd @ul nG ha lo
lb$luL
a.l tlE
oul 6t . Tb. oEctiod du. to d..d tim., p dp .fd oircid.G tc*r
d@y
!bud!s! &
co@tion
is
r.1e of a
Edionrcli.L b dilint sntion pq sond (dpt sno
.xprcsd by,
f
,'\
nBuEd @ur nl.
.l,iad
l"
"
-
f.
-
Coieid e loss
t
-
.llicifty
ld
=
fo.
ab$lu&ly impoild.
'nF abeluc @bt
17 -
vaio6 f&ror
@lurion rny
in ordd !o
ord r.ny
"
f,,
!i @ctcd
hig|r
......................... (8)
io cla
ri@ cotedon faclor
Pilcup cflecl
of
@rotion trclor
@nedon frclo!
.hraior
7-dy
.bu|]e
d@y
@sia
of
ndiotuclid.
ddy tiD.
dcciy @cciion factor
vlrios
l| is ritu Ltr.n for rlE
outirs
cofring duing Ihe dcnd {me wilt b.
b, thc
te e@
iftEina
lo*
rhG
i@nins siEDl. Aly o$d sigdt
Suppo$ T ie the dqd r,ne which cm be dcEftindd
=
tct de
dcad
lin
is
__l_............................... (e)
I,NT
.rl.r
ro pileup
eabur (Mca)
Ds@o comlug nle,
depdd oa Uc
@udna Erc. for low cobrin8
nulrjchmct
le*
m.rbod'., r}.o lh. cxpBion tor mBr.nd.ble
ft
Pules
syn D lo
di. 0oE
wirh ctak-tim. (cT)
rh,n
!
incejsjng with
fcw hhded cps) Bing lh.
ed tiveriD.
(LT) rhe pitap erat
@Gtjon feror i3.,.'
t, = :___L_ _---'-'-'- (ro)
r-0.51(cr&D_rl
bu {E
dead
lrel
@hring sysr.n includ.
! put* piLlp Ejer.r &d tilr_rim cotu.on dFEfoE,
rim. ed pit.up @ftcrjon facloF
havc nor !o bc
ryptid rn cqur@n(s).
Dct..nb.rio! ot@i!.itc!.. Lo$d
oEl. @tMtioro for lhc @ieid.mc l(eg
,nrch c6 de io r.esj on
@.d€, c.s. in {cq .bc &; }N; o.
of rh. D.ri.ds i, b @der . c.tibEtion
To
in
cum from
m6urcmo|s ofo *t ofNctd *ithoul
'nNb, 'F.,
6zn, 11!i
ed .k
(ac@rdiig
Lcd, ,co
1-
@sd.,
ro
&cn ," cndgj.s)
c.g.
t l 4. 6do of @unriru Er.s (@cr.d for <lcc.y D6ed
)
dNlslcc
be
coliba on
R, for
a nuct€us
withoul
cll* i! onsdEr.d
rqsd.
&d & to,
by ptoni.g rh.
lrio
&ob
diedy ad
nucreus
vith
R, 01@h of nslei
ar lO
@
rqqria TIE
wihout y@de
12
tg.ist i|! 8.|l@ - nt d..&'. Si@ 6. Flh.liliry ofdined!€ @i*id@ ircid.nr. !r
di$,ft.
i
very
*ull, rh.FfoF
th. Elio R, of d!. c.libnrion
by coDDeing th. brio
crM,
0E @imidaE
IO
o
& of a aE[s wilh ldncid.@ l6s
|o
lo* fd rlE MLN urdd .o4idqrdon h
&rsirct of6. D.tFtot
In @uin8 ndietive d!.!y dFdtMrdy n i! vcry @
@Mted.
Howr I
prponioMliry
atcolut dilitric8.lid EL A!
!d l[.
N=rA.
Wb I
*jns
for
oy Flrrold
d.ccrion
.,,,,,,...,._,.......
i! rl'. t olonioqtiry @8l.!r
lyF
rnd .n..gy
oflh. ddio&riw
Tr'. cffciqEy 6cls E
eulB
ltrcd in Tabt+3 .tong
0
lynm b.rwo
rh.
j)
teu s couti|g .6cicfty. ThG tudng.fici4y
it
@uring,n De.|Ml
dccay,
@ b. it Eihio.d dFiDot [y srig
wiU!
di5iri.glrion i!
@6t DL
d.pddl o. lMy fsroB i!.lldirs lh. l|G1dor lrp.,lh. g.on ry of
@d the
t r 4.,
th.ir d@y dara
calibdlcd n&d,td
73
IdrLo3
srandlrd
am. sud
and th€n
dMy dab u'lcn lisr
Rcf
-|
90
(lBq)
2 26y
Ill
ta1At90
5lr
t8r.00
t214
89.95
I2.5d
t85
r6trvt92
815
99.98
272d
)14
22t08^992
122
85.60
136
|Ll0
|73
,9,88
ti32
100,00
35,03J.8
716
303
156
23.20
1,50
t.26y
lov
18.5
J1
04/09n986
2v09r't9a0
1t,60
67.00
383
3ov
555
t7/06 978
13.52y
t29
14r'05 9El
62
t2l
245
84.62
33,20
1,20
3
t.40
t.l0
118
1035
I
lt2
1408
| 1600y
102
o1tu^yf2 | t86
liii
t;;
lit:
I
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15,20
17.30
10.00
r6,40
24 30
3.51
7.t2
r8.t5
35.t0
4.16
3.07
5.78