gesondheid - MSD Animal Health

vee
VERNUF
stockSENSE
2013
ISSUE 3
3
Understanding Conical
Flukes in Ruminants
Jacques van Rensburg
6
Zoonoses:
Campylobacteriosis
Dr Mats Abatzidis
KALFGESONDHEID
– Dr Adél de Haast
Wat is die belangrikste siektetoestand
in kalwers?
8
KNOPVELSIEKTE
Dr Brand van Sittert
10
LIVERFLUKE
& Decreased
Milk Production
Kalwerdiaree is die belangrikste siektetoestand in veral
suiwelkalwers en het die grootste finansiële verliese
tot gevolg as enige ander siektesindroom. Afhangende
van die oorsaak, kan kalwerdiaree enige tyd voorkom
van die eerste paar ure na geboorte tot ‘n paar weke
van ouderdom.
Kalfgesondheid
Dr Adél de Haast
Rotavirus
Coronavirus
Coccidia
spp.
Cryptosporidium
spp.
Ouderdom
5 – 14 dae
5 – 28 dae
2 -3 dae
3 – 12 weke
2 – 3 weke
1 – 4 weke
Diaree
voorkoms
Waterig
en groot
volumes
Waterig met
slym, en groot
volumes
Waterig geel
tot grys-geel
Stink en ‘puttylike’, baie slym.
Sag en
bloederig
Geel en waterig
Baie skielike
siekte,
depressie
Nie so depressief
as met Rotavirus
nie, drink nog
melk.
Dehidrasie,
swak, koors
en dood
Koliek, swak.
Geen eetlus,
swakheid,
geen koors
Geen eetlus,
depressief,
gewigsverlies
Ander
simptome
Daar is ’n paar faktore wat nie onderhandelbaar is as dit
by die voorkoming van kalwerdiaree kom,
Reg. No. 1991/006580/07 20 Spartan Road Isando 1600 R.S.A
Private Bag X2026 Isando 1600 Tel +27 (0) 11 923 9300 Fax +27 (0) 11 974 9320 www.msd-animal-health.co.za
Salmonella
spp.
E.coli
Hoe kan ons kalwerdiaree voorkom?
Intervet SA (Pty) Ltd.
Bakterieë, virusse of parasiete heg aan die selle van die
ingewande van die kalwers vas en beskadig die selle sodat
geen absorpsie van vloestowwe en voedingstowwe kan
plaasvind nie. Waterige diaree is gewoonlik die gevolg
en die kalfie dehidreer. Indien die lading van infeksie baie
hoog is kan die kalfie doodgaan, maar selfs as die kalfie
oorleef sal die kalfie nie goed prestreer as volwassene nie.
Wat is die hoof oorsake van kalwerdiaree en hoe kan ons die oorsake onderskei van mekaar?
Dr Johan Cloete
12
Hoe ontstaan diaree?
1. Higiëne van kalfhokke
Goeie higiëne verminder die risiko vir verspreiding
van siekte tussen kalwers. Droë en skoon
beddegoed is noodsaaklik in kalfhokkies. Moenie
‘ou’ beddegoed net omdraai nie. Organismes
vermeerder baie gou in “ou” beddegoed. Verwyder
siek kalfies so gou as moontlik na ‘n isolasie
eenheid apart van die res en behandel. Ontsmet
klere, hande en skoene na die siek kalfies hanteer
is om verspreiding na ander diere te voorkom.
2. Biesmelk (Kolostrum) kwaliteit
Korrekte voeding tydens die maand voor geboorte
wanneer kolostrum gevorm word, bepaal die
kwaliteit daarvan. Goeie kwaliteit biesmelk is die sleutel tot
goeie immuniteit in die kalf en bied beskerming teen die oorsake
van kalfdiaree.
3. Verminder stres voor- en naspeen
Kalfbehuising behoort droog en vry van trekke te wees. Die
temperatuur daarbinne behoort so konstant as moontlik te wees.
Wanneer kalwers op ongeveer 6 weke ouderdom gespeen word
moet hulle minstens al vir ’n week 1 kg aanvangsrantsoen per dag
ingeneem het en minstens 60 kg weeg. Kalwers wat nie hierdie
teikens behaal het nie, sal dit moeiliker vind om na speen aan te
pas en word makliker siek as gevolg van die mindere tot meerdere
mate van immuunonderdrukking wat die speen proses tot gevolg
het. Voldoende skadu en beskutting, drinkwater en gereelde
lewering van ’n kwaliteit rantsoen sal verseker dat die kalf die
teiken teelmassa betyds bereik (15-18 maande ouderdom).
Hoe verseker ek dat my biesmelk ’n goeie kwaliteit is?
’n Kolostrometer behoort roetinegewys gebruik te word om kolostrum
kwaliteit van elke vers of koei wat kalf te evalueer. Die kolostrometer
meet die proteïene en dus teenliggaampies in die biesmelk. Die
soortelike gewig (SG) moet meer as 1.045 wees. Hoe beter die kwaliteit
van die biesmelk , hoe beter is die beskerming teen diaree. Beskerming
teen spesifieke siektetoestande kan aangehelp word deur die dragtige
droë koei 4 – 6 weke voor geboorte te ent met entstowwe soos,
ROTAVAC CORONA®, BOVILIS® S, RESPIRAVAX®.
Hoeveel biesmelk vir hoe lank?
Die kalf moet ten minste 2– 4 liter biesmelk binne 4 – 6 ure na geboorte
ontvang – waartydens die dermwand se deurlaatbaarheid opname
van teenliggaampies toelaat. Die beskerming (teen die besmetlike
oorsake wat die eerste dosis biesmelk bied) werk net vir 3 – 4 dae,
terwyl dermkanaal infeksies kan voorkom tydens die eerste paar weke
van ouderdom. Daarom is herhaalde dosisse van biesmelk (ten minste
2.5 liter elke dag vir twee tot drie weke ) belangrik. Die teenliggampies
word nie meer betekenisvol na 6 ure vir sistemiese beskerming
geabsorbeer nie, maar bly op die oppervlak van die dermslymvlies om
plaaslike beskerming te bied teen infeksies.
2
Kan ek biesmelk vries en dit weer later gebruik?
Ja, indien jy wel gevriesde biesmelk gebruik is dit baie belangrik om
dit reg te ontdooi. Dit moet in warm water ontdooi word en nie in die
mikrogolfoond nie, aangesien die teenliggaampies in die biesmelk
vernietig word in die mikrogolf.
Rotavac Corona (Reg no. G2955 (Act 36/1947)) contains inactivated bovine rotavirus, inactivated
coronavirus and inactivated E.coli K99 antigens.
Bovilis S (Reg no. G3763 (Act 36/1947)) contains organisms of inactivated Salmonella Dublin and
organisms of inactivated Salmonella typhimurium
Respiravax (Reg no. G3867 (Act 36/1947)) contains inactivated BHV1 (IBR), PI3 and BVD type1, as well as
Mannheimia haemolytica
236A/1305
UNDERSTANDING
CONICAL FLUKES
in RUMINANTS
– Jacques van Rensburg
Conical fluke belongs to the family Paramphistomatidae (recently changed to Calicophoron)
and presents itself as small, red pear-shaped, parasites found in the rumen of cattle,
sheep and goats. The adult conical flukes cause little or no physical damage, however
the young stages found in the intestine may be very harmful and can even cause death if
present in large enough numbers. Conical flukes (Calicophoron microbothrium) are found
worldwide but are most prevalent in the warmer regions of Australasia, Africa and India1. C.
microbothrium seems to be the most important fluke in domestic ruminants in South Africa1.
Life cycle
The life cycle of the conical fluke is similar to the gastrointestinal
trematodes or liver flukes (Fasciola spp). They both require water
sources and a water snail as an intermediate host. One of the main
differences is that the immature stages of the conical fluke causes the
majority of it’s damage in the small intestine (duodenum), and not in
the liver, as with liver flukes. The adult parasites attach to the lining
of the rumen2.
In the host animal the adult conical fluke will pass it’s un-embryonated
eggs into the environment through the hosts’ faeces and will hatch
within 12-26 days if the eggs are deposited into water. After being
freed from the faeces the miracidia hatch from the eggs within 12-16
days and penetrate the intermediate host snail Bulinus tropicus (Fig.1)
Only snails less then three weeks of age are infected, older snails
do not become infected3. These snails multiply very rapidly in warm,
watery environments and can be found on pastures
prone to flooding, on herbage in and around ponds,
streams and other water sources. Due to the
adaptability of these snails they occupy a
far more diverse habitat than the lymnaeid
snails which are the intermediate hosts
for Fasciola spp (liver flukes). Endemic
areas for conical flukes and liver flukes
therefore do not necessarily coincide.
mucous membrane with their posterior sucker. It is in this part of the
small intestine where they will feed from the hosts’ stomach contents
for 5–8 weeks before crawling back into the rumen and reticulum to
become adults. Adult flukes may start passing eggs from as early as day
56 in calves and day 70 in sheep following ingestion of metacercariae.
The entire life cycle, from egg to egg, takes a minimum of 110 days in
sheep and 132 days in cattle1.
Distribution
The infestations of cattle, sheep and goats with flukes are very
common. These parasites may survive for years providing a virtually
constant source of infestation for successive generations of snails. The
intermediate hosts are extremely adaptable and prolific breeders, which
ensures a widespread availability of the snails within infested areas1.
Clinical signs ascribed to severe conical fluke infestations are usually
confined to the drier months of the year (autumn and winter months
in summer rainfall areas) due to concentration of snail populations
around smaller concentrated water resources. The latter areas may
also provide the last available green grazing. A more constant but
lower challenge may be seen during periods of higher rainfall, due
to the infested water snails being distributed over a larger area and
a resultant lower concentration of parasites per potential host3. The
moisture on irrigated pastures is often adequate for the survival of
water snails and metacercariae. Outbreaks of conical flukes may occur
throughout the year on irrigated pastures3.
Fig. 1 Bulinus tropicus
Within the snail, sporocysts are formed and release free swimming
cercariae which encyst to metacercariae, on water plants which will
later be ingested by the ruminant host while grazing in these watery
marshy areas. Cercariae, if kept moist and cool, may survive for
two months but metacercariae die off if they become dessicated or
completely submerged in water.
Young conical flukes are released from the metacercariae when in
contact with digestive fluids and bile in the duodenum and attach to the
Recorded studies showed an extensive distribution in KwaZulu-Natal
Province, the Limpopo Province, the coastal areas of the Eastern Cape
Province and the south-eastern part of the North West Province.
Several investigations have shown that mild temperatures and frequent
rainfall throughout the year are suitable conditions for the infestation of
cattle with trematode parasites like conical fluke2.
Clinical signs1,2,3,4
Adult conical flukes are found in the rumen and are not responsible for
the clinical signs seen in the infested host animal. Clinical signs of conical
3
fluke infestation are caused by the immature flukes that attach in the first
3 meters of the small intestine. These immature flukes attach themselves
to the intestinal mucosa and may even penetrate as far as the intestinal
muscular layer. A plug of mucosa becomes drawn into their posterior
sucker, with potential strangulation and necrosis of the mucosa causing
severe discomfort and loss of appetite leading to progressive weight loss.
Severe enteritis is associated with high numbers of migrating flukes
in the duodenum. A drop in food consumption may occur from around
day 8 after initial infestation and could progress to complete anorexia
by day 21. Water intake may also drop to about half the normal level.
A characteristic and persistent foul smelling foetid diarrhoea is caused
by the decomposition of intestinal mucosa and intestinal content. The
diarrhoea is seen in adults and young animals. Leakage of blood protein
into the intestinal lumen may also lead to the plasma protein levels
dropping and may lead to signs of anaemia, pallor of mucosae and
bottle jaw. These signs could be accompanied by weakness, intestinal
discomfort, reduced appetite, loss of weight, rough dry coat, a drop
in milk production, depression, dehydration and eventually anorexia.
Bleeding from the rectum may be observed in heavy infestations.
Mortality rate in heavily infested animals is high and may occur 5 – 20
days after the first clinical signs appear.
Reinecke (1983) reports that cattle develop a strong immunity to
C. microbothrium which may be dependent on the presence of adult
parasites in the rumen. Sheep were reported to be less resistant after
attempts to immunise them by artificial infestation1.
Diagnosis1,3
The clinical diagnosis of conical fluke infestation remains challenging as
immunological techniques and serum antibody detection is usually not
conclusive. Therefore a diagnosis in live animals still depends on faecal
detection of eggs, in conjunction with a typical clinical history and
clinical signs. In some cases one may not find eggs, or only very few,
due to massive infestation with young flukes and the relatively long
pre-patent period before adult parasites start to produce eggs. Another
drawback is that with many standard flotation methods of faecal egg
identification, it may not be possible to detect conical fluke infestation.
Currently, post mortem findings combined with the presence of flukes in
the affected intestines serve as a confirmative diagnosis (Fig. 2).
Treatment and control
Effective treatment and control of conical fluke infestation is
challenging. Immature flukes cause the physical damage in the host
animal that should be addressed, while adults are mainly responsible
for laying eggs and contaminating the environment again with potential
future reinfestation of available hosts.
The control of most trematode infestations, including
conical fluke, should be two-fold:
1.The strategic use of an effective and registered chemical
product for the treatment of immature as well as adult conical
fluke.
2.Adressing the environmental impact and potential ways to
manage and limit the contact between the intermediate and final
hosts.
A sound knowledge of the historical parasite prevelance, environmental
conditions and effective farm management guidelines will assist the
farmer to better understand the various management guidelines
and methods available for managing fluke infestations successfully1 :
1.Prophylactic treatment of animals towards the end of a
period of reduced activity of the parasites and the intermediate
hosts (eg. during a prolonged dry season, or extreme cold). The
latter removes adult conical flukes and reduces the pasture
contamination levels with eggs before favourable climatic
conditions for larval development and snail activity resume during
the summer months.
2. Curative treatment is applied one to two months after expected
peak host infestation to remove the residual fluke burden acquired
from metacercariae which have survived. Animals showing signs
of clinical infestation and with a history of grazing on infested
pasture, should immediately be treated with a reputable product
registered for the treatment of both adult and immature conical
flukes and moved to uninfested pastures. The treatment will
prevent egg laying from adults, thus breaking the life cycle of
the parasite and will also treat the clinical signs by killing the
immature flukes.
3.Additional treatments should be considered in highly
contaminated areas where seasonal variations do not
significantly affect the life cycle of the flukes. These strategic,
additional treatments may be required when the seasonal climatic
conditions are favourable for parasite and snail development, or in
areas where high metacercariae intake often occurs as a result of
restricted grazing of wet areas during dry seasons.
4.Prevent snail habitats from developing by regular clearing
of drainage channels of vegetation which provide suitable sites
for snail development. Good drainage and the building of dams at
appropriate sites in marshy and low lying areas may reduce the
snail problem.
Fig. 2: Adult conical flukes in the rumen.
4
5.Fence off infested areas where possible to minimise contact
with infectious, swampy water areas. Younger animals like
calves, lambs and heifers are more at risk for severe infestation
and should be kept away from these infested areas if possible.
6. Establish proper watering facilities to prevent animals from
drinking from lakes, ponds and streams. It is also important to
repair any leaks in dams and water troughs. Leaking dams and
troughs can create an ideal habitat for the survival of water snails.
7.Chemically controlling water snails in marshy areas is
potentially toxic to livestock and the environment, but also often
unsuccessful and impractical.
MSD’s anthelmintic answer to conical fluke infestation:
The choice and implementation of the correct chemical product into the
overall herd health program of each herd should be discussed together
with your local veterinarian and your MSD agent.
MSD has two active ingredients available for the control of conical
fluke. Oxyclosanide and Closantel. These actives can be found in the
following two well-known and regularly used anthelmintics, namely
Nem-a-Fluke® and Tri-Dose® respectively.
Nem-a-Fluke®, with it’s broad spectrum of efficacy against major
economically important internal parasites, including liver fluke, seems
to be the product of choice for the treatment of conical fluke.
Nem-a-Fluke® contains Levamisole hydrochloride 2,5 % m/v PLUS
Oxyclozanide 3,4 % m/v which gives it its efficacy to control both adult
and immature stages of conical fluke (Calicophoron spp.), wireworm,
brown stomachworm, bankruptworm, cattle bankruptworm, longnecked bankruptworm, large-mouthed bowelworm, hookworm, nodular
worm, lungworm as well as both adult liver flukes (Fasciola hepatica)
and giant liver fluke (Fasciola gigantica) in cattle, sheep and goats.
Nem-a-Fluke® is widely used in dairy cattle as there is no milk
withdrawal, which means you may treat cows before, during and
after lactation without the loss of income due to the loss of milk.
The convenient dose rate of 15 mℓ / 50 kg live mass for cattle and
3 mℓ / 10 kg for sheep and goats makes Nem-a-Fluke® just as
popular for use in a variety of species. Specific strategic treatment of
conical fluke infestation can be done at a dose rate of 3 mℓ /10kg live
mass for cattle, sheep and goats and to ensure optimal efficacy against
both adult and immature flukes a second identical dose 72 hour later is
recommended. Nem-a-Fluke® comes conveniently packed in 1 ℓ, 5 ℓ
and 10 ℓ containers.
Product information:
Nem-a-Fluke® (Reg. No. G3563 (Act 36/1947), Namibia Reg. No. V05/18.1.8/46)
contains Levamisole hydrochloride 2,5 % m/v and Oxyclozanide 3,4 % m/v.
Tri-Dose® ORAL (Reg. No.G3103 (Act 36/1947, Namibia Reg. No V02/18.13/654)
contains Closantel 5% m/v.
References:
1. www.cpdsolutions.co.za, CONICAL FLUKES IN RUMINANTS. Dr. J.H. Vorster, BVSc, MMedVet
(Path), Vetdiagnostix, Veterinary Pathology Services and Dr. P.H. Mapham, BVSc (Hons) Veterinary
House Hospital.
2. www.fivetanimalhealth.com, Flukes in Cattle, Sheep and Goats | Fivet Animal Health.
3. www.afrivet.co.za, Conical Fluke (Calicophoron microbothrium)
4. www.merckmanuals.com, The Merck Veterinary Manual, Paramphistomes in Ruminants:
(Amphistomes, Rumen flukes, Conical flukes).
5. Reinecke R.K. (1983), Veterinary Helminthology 1983, Butterworths, Durban/Pretoria.
235/1305
2013
ISSUE 3
5
ZOONOSeS
– Dr Mats Abatzidis
MSD Animal Health would like to take this
opportunity to inform you, the reader, regarding the importance
of gaining knowledge on zoonotic (diseases that can be transferred from animals
to humans) diseases. These diseases will be dealt with in alphabetical order.
CAMPYLOBACTERIOSIS
Synonyms:
Previously “vibriosis” in animals and man and previously referred to as micro-aerophilic vibrios.
First recognised over 70 years ago by two veterinarians McFadyean and Stockman, Campylobacters remarkable
association with disease is only now becoming appreciated. The breakthrough came when human microbiologists accepted from
veterinary microbiologists that a difference can exist between surface mucosal and general luminal flora. Campylobacter
organisms are amongst the most frequent causes of bacterial diarrhoea in man, enzootic sterility in cattle and sporadic abortion
in various domestic animals.
Classification: Direct
Distribution:
Widespread, but not yet positively identified in all countries.
AGENT DETERMINANTS
Gram NEGATIVE bacteria, characteristically curved, S-shaped or spiral
morphology and highly motile. The catalase POSITIVE group c o n t a i n s
those Campylobacters n o w recognised as pathogens in humans i.e.
Campylobacter fetus subsp. fetus and Campylobacter jejuni.
HOST DETERMINANTS
Immune status and age are important determinants.
C. fetus subsp.fetus attacks debilitated people with impaired defences
against infection and rarely causes disease.
C. jejuni attacks the healthiest people and is one of the most common
causes of acute diarrhoeal illness - even more predominant than
Salmonellae, Shigellae and enteropathogenic Escherichia coli. It is
frequently isolated as the SOLE presumptive pathogen.
C. jejuni is an important cause of diarrhoeal illness in all age groups
in developed countries, but in developing countries the prevalence of
infection amongst children (2-5 years old), regardless of climate,
is greatest. There is, however, a BIMODAL tendency in developing
countries, with a high incidence also occurring in the 20-30 year
age group.
ENVIRONMENTAL DETERMINANTS
In the RSA there is a definite summer time peak of Campylobacter
infection (season or temperature).
6
So far, sero-epidemiological studies support the thought of a relationship
between Campylobacter infection and occupation, and in particular
carcass and meat handlers and abattoir workers.
The major identified reservoirs of Campylobacter are animals
and products obtained from animals. C. jejuni exists as a
commensal in the intestinal tracts of a wide variety of wild and
domestic animals. The species of animals and handling practices
pertaining to them are important environmental determinants. These
are as follows:
Poultry
intestinal content contaminates carcasses during
slaughter.
Bovines
carcass contamination from intestinal
contents: INFREQUENT unpasteurised milk is
a problem - origin faecal or mastitis.
Pigs
Campylobacter coli more common than C.
jejuni. Carcass soiling during slaughter spreads
the organisms. Sausage casings can also be
contaminated.
Sheep
C. jejuni causes epizootic infectious abortion:
common in the intestines.
Dogs
found in stools MORE in puppies and kennel
populations.
Cats & birds
also harbour Campylobacter - unlikely to be a
major reservoir or vehicle to humans.
Humans
play a role in developing countries in the
transmission due to a carrier state.
CAMPYLOBACTERIOSIS
Inanimate reservoirs: C. jejuni is NOT adapted for free living
in water. If it is found in water (usually with Escherichia coli)
then this suggests FAECAL contamination.
4. Person to person transmission: faecal - oral and birth
canal transmission is suspected. There is strong evidence of
diarrhoeal disease in families where a neonatal gastroenteritis
was found. Sexual transmission has not been proved.
Campylobacteriosis is a principal cause of bacterial diarrhoea in
humans and appears to be an emerging zoonosis of importance.
Mode of spread: Usually from animal reservoirs to humans,
but it can differ.
1. Direct animal contact: There is increased RISK from contact
with diarrhoeic puppies (also kittens - less important),
farm animal stools (especially in summer), pregnant sheep
and laboratory animals - especially primates. Regular
contact results in high seropositivity.
2. Ingestion of contaminated foods: Campylobacteriosis has been
associated with uncooked or poorly cooked meat or poultry
products, uncooked foods contaminated by meat and
poultry products, unpasteurised dairy products (particularly
RAW milk) and seafood contaminated by sewage. In such
cases, isolations of campylobacter are often sporadic and the
history of transmission is vague.
The world picture of travellers’ diarrhoea suggests MULTIPLE
vehicles with intermittent contamination.
5. Perinatal transmission: C. jejuni bacteraemia has caused
in utero foetal death and neonatal meningitis has been
reported. Generally, however, neonates acquire infection
from faecal contamination at delivery.
SYMPTOMS
The incubation period is about 1-5 days. This is followed by a
moderate to severe diarrhoea but less acute and more prolonged
than Shigellae or Salmonella. It can become protracted in infants
and children. Apart from diarrhoea and abdominal pain, symptoms
are mainly afebrile with occasional vomiting and blood in the
stool. The course of the illness is usually benign and the patient
recovers spontaneously in a week to ten days.
More severe symptoms may resemble ulcerative colitis or
salmonellosis and may even lead to a suspicion of appendicitis.
Septicaemia has developed in some cases, either simultaneously to
the enteric disorder or afterwards.
Complications are rare, but consist of meningitis and abortions.
3. Ingestion of contaminated water: This can occur indirectly,
in the case of eating shellfish which are taken from
contaminated water, or directly where drinking water
was involved. RISK of disease is highest in rural areas
where surface water is used for drinking.
PREVENTION AND CONTROL
Control is based on good hygiene principles (especially in the
handling of animals and animal products) and is identical to the
control of Salmonellosis. Introduction of some BASIC HYGIENE
swings the picture from that of a developing country to that of a
developed country.
NB: Pasteurisation effectively eradicates Campylobacter from milk
and chlorination of water helps eradicate campylobacter from water.
Reference:
Prof. B Gummow and Dr M More O’Ferrall-Berndt, Veterinary Public Health and Applied Epidemiology
Course Notes: Zoonoses and Food Associated Diseases, BVSc, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, 2000
edition, pp 15-17.
Photograph: ©iStockphoto.com
2013
ISSUE 3
7
KNOPVELSIEKTE
– Dr Brand van Sittert
Perseel veearts – MSD Malelane Navorsings Eenheid
Knopvelsiekte is een van die belangrikste erosiesiektes van beeste in Afrika.
Dit word veroorsaak deur ‘n pox virus wat simptome soos permanente huid skade
en skerp dalings in die vrugbaarheid en produktiwiteit van die kudde veroorsaak.
Hoe kan jou beeste knopvelsiekte kry?
Daar word vermoed dat die siekte hoofsaaklik deur bytende insekte soos
stalvlieë oorgedra word1, en kan dus oor ‘n groot gebied versprei vanaf
‘n enkele besmette dier. Die meeste gevalle kom gedurende laat somer
en vroeë herfs voor, gewoonlik tydens jare van bo-gemiddelde reënval2.
Binne in kuddes versprei die siekte ook waar diere drink- en voerbakke
deel deurdat besmette diere se speekselafskeiding in die voerbakke
beland. Koeie skei die virus deur die melk af en kan hul kalwers ook só
besmet. Die mens kan ook die siekte versprei deur naalde tussen beeste
te deel indien geënt word tydens uitbrake, of deur beeste kunsmatig te
insemineer met besmette semen3.
Watter diere is vatbaar vir die siekte?
Alle ongeënte beesrasse is vatbaar, en tussen 3% en 85% van ‘n kudde
kan geaffekteer word4. Kalwers van ongeënte koeie is ook vatbaar,
maar kalwers van koeie wat geënt is word beskerm tot op ongeveer
6 maande. Sover as wat vasgestel kon word speel wilde diere nie ‘n
betekenisvolle rol in die verspreiding van hierdie siekte nie1,4.
Watter tekens wys beeste met knopvelsiekte?
Beeste ontwikkel eers ‘n koors en wys tekens soos verhoogde speeksel-,
traan- en neusafskeidings. Soms kan daar ook bindvlies ontsteking
(konjunktivitis) in die oog en vergrote limfknope op die lyf voorkom.
Daarna begin die bees uit te slaan in vel knoppe van ongeveer 1 tot 5
cm in deursnit4. Op korthaar beeste kan hierdie knoppe veral prominent
vertoon en is gewoonlik oor die hele lyf teenwoordig. Letsels strek soms
dieper as net die vel en kan tot in die pees/sening skedes op die bene
strek waar dit dan ook mankheid en onderhuidse wateraansameling
(edeem) veroorsaak. Verswering van die bek, lugpyp en pens kan ook
voorkom. Sekondêre longontsteking kan ‘n nagevolg wees in gevalle
van waar lugweg verswering plaasvind. Letsels kom ook op die skrotum
en peester voor, en kan lei tot ontsteking van die testes wat weer
tydelike of selfs permanente onvrugbaarheid veroorsaak. Speenletsels
lei dikwels tot mastitis en gevolglike verlies aan uier funksie 4. Skerp
dalings (tot 50%) in melk produksie kan verwag word in koeie met
knopvelsiekte2,4.
Behandeling
Behandeling is slegs simptomaties, en dit is baie beter om eerder
die siekte te voorkom (sien hieronder). Simptomatiese behandeling
hang af van hoe erg ‘n bees geaffekteer is en sluit rehidrasie, antiinflammatoriese middels en antibiotika in. Melksalf/agriflaviengliserien kan ook oor letsels gesmeer word indien dit versweer 5.
8
Is daar ander siektes wat soos knopvelsiekte lyk?
Ja; die belangrikste hiervan is skynknopvelsiekte (Pseudo-lumpy skin
disease). ‘n Veearts kan in samewerking met ‘n laboratorium jou help
om te onderskei.
Hoe voorkom mens hierdie siekte?
Beheer is eerstens deur enting. Beheer van bytende insekte soos
steekvlieë kan ook help om verspreiding te beperk. Vatbare diere
moet jaarliks geënt word, verkieslik in die lente voor insek populasies
drasties toeneem. Omdat die entstof ‘n lewende (verswakte) entstof
is, kan daar ‘n tydelike afname in melkproduksie wees in melkbeeste.
Diere jonger as 6 maande van geënte koeie moet nie geënt word nie,
terwyl kalwers gebore van ongeënte koeie so vinnig moontlik geënt
moet word. Dragtige koeie kan ook geënt word met LUMPYVAX 6.
Omdat siekte uitbreke in siklusse van ‘n paar jaar kan plaasvind, is
sommige produsente geneig om op te hou ent gedurende die ‘goeie
jare’. Die gevolg is dat groot dele van die nasionale kudde onbeskermd
gelaat word wat tot massiewe uitbreke kan lei, dikwels met ‘n tekort
aan entstof gedurende sulke tye as gevolg van laer entstof produksie
in die vorige jare2,7. Beplan dus vooruit en moenie onverhoeds betrap
word nie.
Kan diere steeds knopvelsiekte kry na enting?
Dit is moontlik dat daar steeds gevalle van knopvelsiekte in ‘n geënte
kudde kan voorkom, maar dit is meer dikwels as nie, die gevolg van
sekondêre redes 4:
• Indien diere alreeds die siekte inkubeer tydens enting (soos wat
dikwels die geval is wanneer ‘n produsent eers ent wanneer
sommige diere simptome toon).
Verwysings:
1. Coetzer, J. A. W. Lumpy skin disease. In Infectious diseases of Livestock; Oxford University Press
Southern Africa: South Africa; Vol. 2, pp. 1268–1276.
2. Hunter, P.; Wallace, D. Lumpy skin disease in southern Africa : a review of the disease and aspects of
control. Journal of the South African Veterinary Association 2001, 72, 68–71.
• Onbehoorlike entstof hantering (bv. verbreking van die koueketting vanaf die verskaffer tot by die dier, blootstelling aan
sonlig, entstof wat vries in die yskas, vervaldatum wat verstrek
en klaar opgemaakte entstof wat nie dadelik gebruik word nie).
3. Annandale, C. H.; Holm, D. E.; Ebersohn, K.; Venter, E. H. Seminal Transmission of Lumpy Skin
Disease Virus in Heifers. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases 2013, n/a–n/a.
4. Tuppurainen, E. S. M.; Oura, C. A. L. Review: lumpy skin disease: an emerging threat to Europe, the
Middle East and Asia. Transbound Emerg Dis 2012, 59, 40–48.
5. Blignaut, D. Re: [ruralvet] Disease rapport - LSD. Ruralvet Yahoo Group 20110610.
6. Malan, F. S. FW: [ruralvet] Lumpy skin. Ruralvet Yahoo Group 20060421.
• Verkeerde toediening van entstof (bv naald steek per ongeluk reg
deur vel en nie onder die vel nie of verkeerde dosis word gebruik).
• Enting van kalwers gebore by beskermde koeie voor 6 maande
ouderdom.
• In enige populasie diere is daar ‘n baie klein persentasie individue wat nie
‘n goeie immuniteit opbou ten spyte van enting nie7. Verder kan baie groot
virus ladings (baie hoë besmetting) sommige diere se immuunstelsel
oorweldig8
7. Du Preez, E. Re: [ruralvet] Disease raporting October 2012 - Drs Eben & Shaun. Ruralvet Yahoo Group
20121105.
8. Van Vuuren, M. Re: [ruralvet] Lumpy Skin Disease. Ruralvet Yahoo Group 20110312.
Produkinligting:
Lumpyvax, G3673 (Act 36/1947)
Bevat 104 TCID50 gevriesdroog, lewendige, verswakte virus (SIS type).
VCN 214/1304
• Jaarlikse enting word aanbeveel; indien nie is dit moontlik dat
sommige diere hul immuniteit kan verloor.
Wegneemboodskap
Knopvelsiekte kan ‘n ekonomiese verwoestende siekte wees, maar kan
voorkom word indien entings jaarliks en korrek gedoen word.
2013
ISSUE 3
9
LIVERFLUKE
& Decreased
Milk production
– Dr Johan Cloete
Similiarity between South Africa and Australia
Regrettably in South Africa we do not have significant dairy production
trials related to the loss of milk production in dairy cattle due to the
effect of liver fluke infestation. When one takes the climatic conditions
and the geographical zone in which Australia and South Africa occur into
consideration there are many similarities. It could then also perhaps be
extrapolated as a fair comparison that the challenges in Australia could
easily be found present on many dairy farms in South Africa. Fasciola
hepatica and Fasciola gigantica do occur in both regions.
In interesting work conducted in Australia by the SADRI (South
Australian Research and Development Institute) they have illustrated
the importance of controlling liver fluke infestations in dairy cattle.
Impact of Parasitism on Dairy Production in South
Australia Trials (1)
In recent years the Parasitology Group of SARDI Livestock Services has
examined the transmission and economic implications of roundworms
and liver fluke on dairy production in South Australia.
In the 1994–1995 season 560 adult cattle on 7 properties were
included in a drench productivity study. From 60–120 adult milkers on
each property were alternately allocated to either a drenched or an
undrenched control group in order of expected calving date. Treated
animals were drenched once in the dry period for roundworms and for
liver fluke and twice for roundworms in the first 80 days of lactation.
Milk production data (including total milk, protein and fat) for each
cow were obtained over a 200 day period from herd testing records.
Increased production responses to treatment for fluke and roundworms
in 6 of the 7 herds ranged from: [milk], 2.3 - 9.2% (mean 4.9%); [butter
10
fat], 1.3 - 14% (mean 4.9%); and [protein], 3.1 - 9.6% (mean 5.8%), and
were consistent at both 100 and 200 days of lactation.
Another productivity study was conducted the following season
using 630 cattle from 8 herds. The same drenches were used, but this
time animals were only treated in the dry period for liver fluke and
roundworms. Consistent, but lower, average production responses of
2% - 4% were again recorded in 7 herds.
Using a modified ELISA test developed in NSW for the detection of antibodies
to liver fluke a bulk milk survey of all 753 South Australian commercial dairy
herds for antibodies to liver fluke was conducted, followed by field visits to
every farm with unusual or unexpected results. The following positive tests
were recorded by geographical region: Meningie (Murray) Lakes 39%;
Murray Flats 34%; Fleurieu Peninsula 25%; South East 10%; Mid-North
8%; Adelaide Hills 6%. The bulk milk ELISA is not quantitative but can be
used to identify herds which merit further attention because they may be
heavily infected. It can also provide peace of mind where the geographical
distribution of liver fluke is discontinuous and the infection status of herds
is uncertain. For these reasons it has been immensely valuable in providing
the appropriate directions in the SA studies.
Do not forget to control roundworm infestations in
your dairy cattle
Do not forget the concomittant effect of roundworm infestations in
dairy cattle. In recent local trials conducted by MSD Animal Health on
the weight gain of beef cows and heifers in 2013, it was found that
roundworms occurred more frequently than liver fluke in the sampling
conducted. The conclusion was also that it was strategically important
to remember to treat simultaneously for roundworms and liver fluke. (2)
The effect of roundworms in beef and dairy cross cattle in Brazil (3)
Table 1.Egg counts in feces from cows during the prepartum, calving and postpartum periods, in the rainy and dry seasons, at Pesagro-Rio from
2008 to 2009.
Season
Prepartum
Eggs per gram
Calving
Eggs per gram
Postpartum
Eggs per gram
Rain
210
605
500
Dry
285
590
550
Table 2.Egg counts in feces from cows with annual milk production of less than 1500, between 1500 and 3000 and greater than 3000 kg/cow/
year, during the prepartum, calving and postpartum periods, at Pesagro-Rio from 2008 to 2009.
Milk production
Kg/cow/year
Prepartum
Eggs per gram
Calving
Eggs per gram
Postpartum
Eggs per gram
<1500
190
420
380
>1500 a <3000
240
510
359
>3000
656
982
1090
MSD Animal Health roundworm and liver fluke
treatment products
References:
1. Dr Ian Carmichael, Chief Veterinary Parasitologist, SARDI, Australiaend_of_the_skype_
highlighting)
2. MSD Animal Health, local trials 2012, South Africa, data on file.
3. Silva, J., Rangel, C., Baêta Bde, A. & Fonseca, A., 2012. Risk factors relating to helminth infections
in cows during the peripartum.. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet, 21(2), pp. 92-96.
Do not forget the concomittant effect of roundworm infestations.
Combat the roundworm and liver fluke infestation in your dairy herd
with one of a number of the MSD drenching remedies i.e.
1.Roundworm and liver fluke combination drench with NEM-AFLUKE for lactating cows with zero milk withdrawal or any age of
dairy cattle.
2.Roundworm and liver fluke (from earliest immature liver fluke
stage) for non-lactating cows, heifers older than 4 months and
pregnant heifers with FLUXACUR NF
3.Roundworms in lactating and non-lactating dairy animals with
PANACUR BS or any age of dairy cattle.
Product information:
NEM-A-FLUKE Reg. No. G3563 Act 36/1947 , Namibia Reg. No. V05/18.1.8/46
Composition Contains Levamisole Hydrochloride 2,5 % m/v and Oxyclozanide 3,4 % m/v
FLUXACUR NF Reg. No. G3202 Act 36/1947, Namibia Reg. No. V03/18.1.8/679
Composition Contains 0.2% m/v Abamectin and 10% m/v Triclabendazole
PANACUR BS Reg. No. G1481 Act 36/1947, Namibia Reg. No. V03/18.1.1/655
Composition Contains Fenbendazole 5 % m/v.
SOVEREIGN Reg. No. G3831 Act 36/1947, Namibia Reg. No. V09/18.3.9/195
Composition Contains Ivermectin 15 g and Triclabendazole 240 g/l.
234/1305
4. ELISA tests can be conducted for the detection of antibodies to
liver fluke in individual or herd group animals. Contact the local
MSD agent for more details regarding this service structure.
2013
ISSUE 3
11
KALFGESONDHEID
– Dr Adél de Haast
Ons het gepraat oor die bakteriese en virale oorsake van
kalwerdiaree, maar watter wurms is belangrik in kalwerdiaree?
Die melklintwurm (Monïeza spp) is ’n belangrike oorsaak van slegte
kondisie in kalwers. Kalwers word geïnfekteer met die melklintwurm as
hulle begin wei op die lande en dan neem hulle die klein geïnfekteerde
grasmiet in. Hierdie miet bevat die lintwurm sist wat dan vrygestel
word as dit die kalf se spysverteringskanaal bereik. Diaree is die gevolg.
Watter produkte is beskikbaar vanaf MSD vir
ontwurming in kalwers?
1. Panacur BS – Effektief teen onvolwasse en volwasse haarwurm,
bruinmaagwurm, bankrotwurm, knoppieswurm, haakwurm en
longwurm.
2. Gardal 10% – Effektief teen onvolwasse en volwasse haarwurm,
bruinmaagwurm, bankrotwurm, knoppieswurm, haakwurm en
longwurm. Ook effektief teen volwasse melklintwurm en volwasse
lewerslak (Fasciola hepatica)
Watter effek het wurminfestasies in kalwers?
Kalwer wurminfestasies veroorsaak ’n verswakking van die immuunstelsel
wat dan weer tot bakteriële en virussiektes kan aanleiding gee.
Wat se rol speel Bees Respiratoriese Siektes in kalwers?
Dit is ’n sindroom wat veroorsaak word deur infeksie en inflammasie
van die boonste lugweë en longe. Kalwers is baie vatbaar vir Bees
Respiratoriese Siektes en baie omgewingsfaktore, soos stof, onhigiëniese
hokke en koue lug soos trekke maak hulle meer geneig om siek te raak.
Hoe sal ’n kalf met Bees Respiratoriese Siektes
simptomaties voorkom?
Kliniese simptome sluit in – slegte eetlus, lusteloos, afskeiding van neus
en oë, moeilike asemhaling, hoes en koors. Die simptome kan verskil
van bees tot bees. Dit maak egter nie saak hoe subtiel die simptome is
nie, dit sal groei en produksie negatief beinvloed.
Wat is die algemeenste agente wat Bees
Respiratoriese Siektes veroorsaak?
Virale infeksies
1. Herpes Virus wat Infektiewe bees rhinotracheitis veroorsaak (IBR)
Draer diere is ’n belangrike bron van herhaalde infeksies
Kan ook aborsies veroorsaak in dragtige diere
2. Bees Virus Diarree (BVD)
Veroorsaak immuunonderdrukking en lei tot ander kalfsiektes
Die ontstaan van permanente draers, is altyd ’n belangrike aspek
en kan ’n konstante bron van infeksie wees in die kudde
3. Para – influenza tipe 3
Maak die kalwers meer genieg tot sekondêre infeksies soos bv
Pasteurellose, ’n aggressiewe vorm van longontsteking deur
Mannheimia haemolytica bakterieë.
Bakterieë – gewoonlik sekondêr tot stres geïnduseerde virale infeksies
Mannheimia Haemolytica (Pasteurella)
Dit vorm deel van die normale flora van die boonste lugweë van
gesonde diere. Virale infeksies en ander stressors bv. ontwatering,
stowwerigheid, koue lug en vervoer van diere, veroorsaak dat die
bakterieë oorgroei en dan siekte veroorsaak.
Hoe kan ons help om hierdie siektes te voorkom in kalwers?
Kalf se immuunsisteem is nog nie ten volle ontwikkel met geboorte nie, en dus
is die enigste manier hoe ‘n kalf siekte kan beveg deur die teenliggaampies wat
die kalf ontvang van die ma d.m.v. kolostrum. Om te verseker dat die kalf die
korrekte en genoeg teenliggaampies ontvang teen die belangrike siektes moet
die dragtige bees met die korrekte kombinasie van entstowwe geënt word.
Watter entstowwe, stel u voor, moet die bees mee
ingespuit word en wanneer?
Naïewe diere met onbekende inentings geskiedenis, asook nuwe
kalwers wie se ma’s nie ingeënt is nie, moet eers ’n eerste enting
ontvang en dan gevolg word deur ’n skraagdosis 4 weke later. Daarna
kan enkel jaarlikse dosisse geskied in die droë periode.
Die volgende entstowwe moet ten minste 2 maande voor kalwing aan
dragtige diere gegee word:
1. Rotavac Corona – beskerm teen Rota- en Coronavirus sowel as E.coli
2. Bovilis S – beskerm teen paratifus.
3.Respiravax – Beskerm teen die hoofoorsake van Respiratoriese
siektes, IBR, BVD, PI3 en Mannheimia haemolytica.
4. Multiklostridiale entsowwe soos Multiclos en Covexin.
Produkinligting:
Panacur BS Reg.nr G1481 (Act 36/1947) Fenbendazole 5% m/v (Benzimidazole).
Gardal 10% Reg.nr. G3201 (Act 36/1947) Ricobendazole 10% m/v (Benzimidazole).
Rotavac Corona Reg no. G2955 (Act 36/1947) Contains inactivated bovine rotavirus, inactivated
coronavirus and inactivated E.coli K99 antigens.
Bovilis S Reg nr. G3763 (Act 36/1947) Contains organisms of inactivated Salmonella Dublin and
organisms of inactivated Salmonella typhimurium.
Respiravax Reg nr. G3867 (Act 36/1947) contains inactivated BHV1 (IBR), PI3 and BVD type1,
as well as Mannheimia haemolytica.
Verwysings:
1. Bovine Health and Production BVSc IV notes, University of Pretoria.
2. Respiravax brochure, MSD Animal Health
3. Rotavac Corona brochure, MSD Animal Health
4. A practical guide to diagnosis, neonatal health, MSD Animal Health.
236B/1305
Intervet South Africa (Pty) Ltd, Reg. No. 1991/06580/07
20 Spartan Road, Spartan, 1619, RSA
Private Bag X2026, Isando, 1600, RSA
Tel: +2711 923 9300, Fax: +2711 392 3158, Sales Fax: 086 603 1777
www.msd-animal-health.co.za