TABLE OF CONTENTS PART I. GENERAL PROVISIONS ARTICLE

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ICopyriglit 1962 by Tlie Ameiican Law Institute.]
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
PART I. GENERAL PROVISIONS
ARTICLE 1. PRELIMINARY
Section
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.OG
1.07
1.12
Purposes; Principles of Construction
Territorial Applicability
Classes of Cri~nes;Violations
All Offenses Defined by Statute; Applicatioii of General Provisions of the Code
Tirne Limitations
Metliod of Prosecution \Wen Conduct Constitutes More Tlian Orie Offense
Proof Beyond a Reasonable Doubt; Affirmative Defenses; Burden of Proving Fact When Not a n Element of a n Offense; Presumptions
General Definitions
ARTICLE 2. GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF LIABILITY
Section
2.01
2.02
2.03
Requirenient of Voluntary Act; Oiiiission a s Basis of Liability; Possession a s aii Act
General Requireinents of Culpability
Causa1 Relationship Between Conduct arid Result; Divergente Between Result Designed or Conteinplated and Actual Result or Between Probable and Actual Result
Ignorance or Mistake
When Culpability Requirements Are Inapplicable to Violatioiis arid to Offenses Defined by Other
Statutes; Effect of Absolute Liability in Reducing Grade of Offense to Violation
Liability for Conduct of Anotlier; Cornplicity
Liability of Corporations, Uniiicorporated Associations and Persons Acting, or Under a Duty to Act,
in Their Behalf
Iiitoxication
Duress
Military Orders
Consent
De Miniiiiis Iiifractions
Entrapnieiit
ARTICLE 3. GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF JUSTIFICATION
Section
3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
3.05
3.06
3.07
3.08
3.09
Justificatioii a n Affirmative Deferise; Civil Reinedies Unaffecled
Justification Generally: Choice of Evils
Execution of Public Duty
Use of Force in Self-Protection
Use of Force for tlie Protection of Other Persons
Use of Force for Protection of Property
Use of Force in Law Eiiforceinent
Use of Force by Persons with Special Respoiisibility for Care, Discipline or Safety of Others
Mistake of Law as to Unlawfulness of Force of Legality of Arrest; Reckless or Negligent Use of Otlierwise Justifiable Force; Reckless or Negligent Injury or Risk of Iiijury to Inriocent Persons
Justification in Property Crimes
Definitions
176
ROBINSON, CRIMINAL LAW CASE STUDIES
ARTICLE 4. RESPONSIBILITY
Section
4.01
4.02
Mental Disease or Defect Excluding Responsibility
Evidence of Mental Disease or Defect Admissible When Relevant to Element of the Offense; [Mental Disease or Defect Impairing Capacity as Ground for Mitigation of Punishment in Capital Cases]
Mental Disease or Defect Excluding Fitness to Proceed
Immaturity Excluding Criminal Convictions; Transfer of Proceedings to Juvenile Court
ARTICLE 5. INCHOATE CRIMES
Section
5.01
5.02
5.03
5.04
5.05
Criminal Attempt
Criminal Solicitation
Criminal Conspiracy
Incapacity, Irresponsibility or Immunity of Party to Solicitation or Conspiracy
Grading of CriminalTAttempt,Solicitation and Conspiracy; Mitigation in Cases of Lesser Danger;
Multiple Convictions Barred
Possessing Instruments of Crime; Weapons
Prohibited Offensive Weapons
ARTICLE 6. AUTHORIZED DISPOSITION OF OFFENDERS
Section
6.01
6.02
6.03
6.06
6.07
6.08
6.09
6.13
Degrees of Felonies
Sentence in Accordance with Code; Authorized Dispositions
Fines
Sentence of Imprisonment for Felony; Ordinary Terms
Sentence of Imprisonment for Felony; Extended Terms
Sentence of Imprisonrnent for Misdemeanors and Petty Misdemeanors; Ordinary Terms
Sentence of Imprisonment for Misdemeanors and Petty Misdemeanors; Extended Terms
Civil Commitment in Lieu of Prosecution or of Sentence
ARTICLE 7. AUTHORITY OF COURT IN SENTENCING
Section
7.03
7.04
7.06
Criteria for Sentence of Extended Term of Imprisonment; Felonies
Criteria for Sentence of Extended Term of Imprisonment; Misdemeanors and Petty Misdemeanors
Multiple Sentences; Concurrent and Consecutive Terms
PART 11. DEFINITION OF SPECIFIC CRIMES
OFFENSES INVOLVING DANGER T 0 THE PERSON
ARTICLE 210. CRIMrNAL HOMICIDE
Section
210.0
210.1
210.2
210.3
210.4
210.5
210.6
Definitions
Criminal Homicide
Murder
Manslaughter
Negligent Homicide
Caiising or Aiding Suicide
Sentence of Death for Murder; Further Proceedings to Determine Sentence
ARTICLE 211. ASSAUL'I: RECKLESS ENDANGERING; THREATS
Section
211.0
211.1
211.2
211.3
Definitions
Assault
Recklessly Endangering Another Person
Terroristic Threats
ROBINSON, CRIMINAL LAW CASE STUDIES
177
MTICLE 212. KIDNAPPING AND RELATED OFFENSES; COERCION
Section
212.0
212.1
212.2
212.3
212.4
212.5
Definitions
Kidnapping
Felonious Restraint
False Imprisoniiieiit
Interference witli Custody
Criminal Coercion
ARTICLE 213. SEXUAL OFFENSES
Section
213.0
213.1
213.2
213.3
213.4
213.5
213.6
Definitions
Rape and Related Offenses
~ e v i a t Sexual
e
Intercourse by Force or Iniposition
Corruptioii of Minors and Seduction
Sexual Assault
Indecent Exposure
Provisions Generally Applicable to Article 213
OFFENSES AGAINST PROPERTY
ARTICLES 220. ARSON, CRIMINAL MISCHIEF, AND OTHER PROPERTY DESTRUCTION
Section
220.1
220.2
220.3
Arson and Related Offenses
Causing or Rislring Catastrophe
Criminal Miscliief
ARTICLE 221. BURGLARY AND OTHER CRIMINAL INTRUSION
Section
221.0
221.1
221.2
Definitions
Burglary
Criminal Trespass
ARTICLE 222. ROBBERY
Section
222.1
Robbery
ARTICLE 223. THEFT AND RELATED OFFENSES
Section
223.0
223.1
223.2
223.3
223.4
223.5
223.6
223.7
223.8
223.9
Definitions
Consolidation of Theft Offenses; GI-ading; Provisions Applicable to Tiieft Generally
Tl-ieft by Unlawful Taking or Disposition
Theft by Deceptioii
Tlieft by Extortion
Tlieft of Property Lost, Mislaid, or Delivered by Mistake
Receiving Stolen Property
Tlieft of Services
Tlieft by Failure to Make Required Disposition of Funds Received
Uiiauthorized Use of Automobiles and Otliei Vehicles
ARTICLE 224. FORGERY AND FMUDULENT PRACTICES
Section
224.0
224.1
224.3
224.4
224.6
Definitions
Forgery
Fraudulent Destruction, Renioval or Coiicealiiieiit of Recordable Instruiiients
Tainpering with Records
Cretlit Cards
ROBINSON, CRIMINAL LAW CASE STUDIES
178
OFFENSES AGAINST THE FAMILY
ARTICLE 230. OFFENSES AGAINST THE FAMILY
Section
230.3
230.4
230.5
Abortion
E n d a n g e r i n g W e l f a r e of C h i l d r e n
P e r s i s t e n t Non-Support
OFFENSES AGAINST PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION
ARTICLE 242. OBSTRUCTING GOVERNMENTAL OPERATIONS; ESCAPES
Section
242.0
242.1
242.2
242.5
242.6
Definitions
O b s t r u c t i n g A d m i n i s t r a t i o n of L a w o r O t h e r G o v e r n m e n t a l F u n c t i o n
R e s i s t i n g A r r e s t o r O t h e r 1,aw E n f o r c e m e n t
Compoiinding
Escapc
OFFENSES AGAINST PURLIC ORDER AND DECENCY
ARTICLE 250. RIOT, DISORDERLY CONDUCT, AND RELATED OFFENSES
Section
250.1
250.2
250.4
250.5
250.9
250.10
Riot; F a i l u r e t o D i s p e r s e
Disorderly Conduct
Harassment
Public Drunlrenness; D r u g Incapacitation
D e s e c r a t i o n of V e n e r a t e d Ol>jects
A b u s e of C o r p s e
ARTICLE 251. PUBLIC INDECENCY
Section
251.3
L o i t e r i n g t o Solicit D e v i a t e S e x u a l R e l a t i o n s
PART I. GENERAL PROVISIONS
ARTICLE 1. PRELIMTNARY
Section 1.02. Purposes; Principles of Construction.
(1) The general purposes of tlie provisions governing the definitinn of offenses are:
(a) to forbid and prevent condiict t h a t unjustifial)ly and inexcusahly inflicts or threatens substantial harm to individual or puhlic interests;
(h) to siibject to piiblic control persons whose conduct inclicates t h a t they a r e disposed to coinmit crinies;
(C)
to safeguard conduct t h a t is without fault from condemnation a s criminal;
(d) to give fair warning of t h e nature of tlie conduct declared to constitute an offense;
(e) to differentiate on reasonahle grounds between serious and minor offenses
(2) Tlie general purposes of tlie provisions governing the sentencing and treatrnent of offenders are:
( a ) to ~weveiitthe commission of offeiises;
(b) to promote the correction and rehabilitation of offenders;
(C)
to safegiiard offenders against cxcessive, disproportionate or arbitrary piinishment;
((1) to give fair warning of the nature of tlie sentences t h a t inay t>e irnposed on conviction of a n offense;
(e) to differentiate among offenders with a view to a just individualization in their treatment;
( 0 to dehne, coordinate and harmonize the powers, duties and functions of the courts and of administrative officers and agencies responsible for dealing witli offenders;
(g) to advance tlie use of generally accepted scientific methods and knowledge in t h e sentencing and treatment of
offenders;
ROBINSON, CRIMINAL LAW CASE STUDIES
179
(11) to integrate responsibility for the atlniinistration of t h e corrcctional systein in a State Departinent of Correctioii ior otlier single department or ageiicyl.
(3) Tlie provisioiis of the Code sl-iall be construed accortling to the fair iniport of tlieir ternis but wlieii tlie language is
susceptible of differing coiistructioiis i t sliall be iiiterpreted to furtlier the general purposes stated in tliis Section an<l tlie
special purposes of the particular provision involved. Tlie discretionary powers conferred by the Code shall be exercised in
accordance witli the criteria stated in tlie Cotlc and, iiisofar a s sucli criteria a r e not tlecisive, to further tlie general purposcs stated in this Section.
Section 1.03. Territorial Applicability.
(1) ExcepL a s otlierwise providetl in tliis Section, a persoii iiiay be convict.ed under tlie law of this Stat.e of a n olfense
coniinitted by Iiis owii conduct or tlie conduct of aiiotlier for wliicli he is legally accountable if:
( a ) either the coiiduct which is an elenierit of tlie offense or the result whicli is stich a n eleriierit occurs witliin this
State; or
(b) conduct occurring outsitle 11ie Stntc is siiflicient under tlie law of tliis State to coiistitute a n atteiiipt to comniit a n offense witliin the State; or
(C) conduct occurring outside t h e S t a t e is sufficient iirider the law of this State to constitutc a coiispiracy to coniniit a n offense within tlie S t a t e aiid an overt act in furtlicraiice of sucli consl~iracyoccurs withiii tlic State; or
(d) conduct occurring within t h e S t a t e establislies complicity in tlie coinmission of, or aii attempt, solicitation or
conspiracy to coiniuit, aii offeiise in anotlier jurisdiction which also is a n offense under tlie law of this S1at.e; or
(e) the oflense consists of tlie ornission to perform a legal duty iiiiposed by the law of tlie State with respect to
doiiiicile, residente or a relatioiiship to a person, tliing or transactioii in tlie State; or
(D the offeiise is based on a statute of this S t a k whicli expressly proliibits conduct outside tlie State, wlien the
coriduct bears a reasonable relatioii to a legitiriiatc iiitercst of tliis State aiitl the actor knows or sliould kiiow t h a t Iiis
conduct is lil<ely to affect t h a t interest.
(2) Subsection (1)(a)tloes not apply wlien eitlier causing a specified result or a prirpose to causc or (langer of causing
such a result is a n elernent of an offense and the result occurs or is designed or likely to occur only in another jurisdiction
wliere t h e conduct charged would not constitute aii offeiise, uriless a legislative purpose plainly appears 6 0 declarc tlie contluct criiuinal regartlless of t h e place of the result.
(3) Subsection (1)(a) does not apply wlien caiising a particular result is an eleiiient of a n offense aritl tlie result is
caused by concluct occurring outside the State which woul(l not constitute aii offense if the result Iiatl occurretl tliere, unless
the actor purposely or knowingly caused tlie result wilhin the State.
(4) When tlie offeiise is Iioiiiicidc, eitlier tlie (Icatli c~ftlie victiin or tlie bodily iiiipact causiiig cleatli coiistitutes a
"result." within the nieaning of Subsectiori ( l ) ( a )and if tlic bocly of a Iioiiiici<lc victim is fountl within the State, it is presuiiied tliat sucli result occiirred witliin tlie State.
(5) Tliis State includes tlie land aiid water and t h e air spacc above sucli land antl water with respect to wliich tlie State
Iias legislative jurisdiction.
Section 1.04. Classes of Crimes; Violations.
(1) An offense deliiied hy tliis Code or by any otlier statiite of this State, for wliich a seiitence of [death or oll iiiiprisonrnent is authorized, constitutes a criine. Criines a r e classified a s felonies, niisdenieaiiors or petty misderneanors.
(2) A criiiie is a felong if it is so dcsignated in tliis Code or if persons coiivictrtl tliereof inay be seiiteiicecl [to tleatli orl
to imprisoriment for a terni which, a p a r t froni a n extended term, is in cxccs&of one year.
(3) A criine s a niistleineanor if it is so tlesignatcd in tliis Code or in a statute otlier thaii this Code e n a c t ~ t subscquenl
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thereto.
(4) A criine is a petty inisdeiiieanor if it is so desigiiated in this Code or in a statute otlier tlian tliis Cotle enacted siibsequent tliereto or if it is defined by a statute other tlian this Code whicli now provicles tliat persons convicted tliereof niay
be sentenced to imprisonnieiit for a term of whicli the riiaxiin~imis less tlian oiie year.
( 5 ) Aii offeiise defined by this Code or by any otlicr statute of tliis State constitutes a violation if it is so designated in
this Code or in the law defining tlie offense or if iio otlier sentence tlian a fine, or fine and forfeiture or other civil penalty
is authorized upon conviction or if it is defiiiecl by a statute otlier tlian this Code which iiow provides tliat tlie offense sliall
not constitute a criine. A violation does not constitute a criine and convictioii of a violation sliall not givc rise to aiiy tlisability or legal disadvantage based ori conviction of a criniiiial offense.
(6) Any offense declaretl by law to constitute a crinie, without specification of t h e grade thereof oi. of tlie sentence
autliorizetl upon convictiori, is a misdenieaiioi:
( 7 ) An offense defiiied by any statule of this State other than tliis Code sliall be classifietl a s provitled in this Section
aiid t h e sentence t h a t niay be iniposed upon conviction thereof sliall Iicreafter be goveriied by this Code.
Section 1.05. All Offenses Defined by Statute; Application of General Provisions of tlie Code.
(1) No contluct constitutes a n offense unless it is a crinie or violation undcr this Code or another statute of this Slate.
ROBINSON, CRIMINAL LAW CASE STUDIES
180
(2) The provisions of P a r t I of t h e Code are applicable to offenses defined by other statutes, unless the Code othenvise
provides.
(3) This Section does not affect t h e power of a court to piinisli for contempt or to eniploy any sanction authorized by
law for the enforcenient of a n order or a civil judgment or clecree.
Section 1.06. Time Limitations.
(1) A prosecution for murder may be cominenced a t any time.
(2) Except a s othenvise provided in this Section, prosccutions for other offenses are subject to tlie following periods of
limitation:
( a ) a prosecution for a felony of tlie first clegree miist be commenced within six years after it is conimitted;
(h) a prosecution for any other felony niust be conimenced within three years afier it is conimitted;
(C) a prosecution for a misdemeaiior must be commenced within two years after it is committed;
(d) a prosecution for a petty misdeiiieanor or a violation must be conimenced within six nionths after it is coinmitted.
(3) If the period prescribed in Suhsection (2) has expired, a prosecution may nevertheless be commenced for:
(a) any offense a material elenient of which is eitlier fraud or a breach of fiduciary obligation within one year after
discovery of the offense by a n aggrieved party oi- by a Person who has legal duty to represent a n aggrieved party and
who is himself not a party to t h e offense, but in no case shall this provision extend tlie period of liinitation otherwise
applicable by more than three years; and
(b) any offense based upon misconduct in office by a public oflicer or employee a t any time when the defendant is
in public office or employment or witliin two years thereafter, but in no case shall this provision extend the period of
limitation otherwise applicable by niore tlian three years.
(4) An offense is committed either when every elenient occurs, or, if a legislative purpose to prohibit a continuing
course of conduct plainly appears, a t t h e time when the course of condiict or tlie defendant's complicity therein is terininated. Time starts to n i n on the day after thc ofyense is committed.
(5) A prosecution is comnienced either when a n indictinent is found [or a n information filcdl or when a warrant or
other process is issued, provided t h a t such Warrant or process is cxecuted without unreasonable dclay.
(6) Tlie period of limitation does not riin:
( a ) diiring any time when the accused is continuously absent from t h e State or h a s no reasonably ascertainable
place of abode or worlc witliin t h e State, but in no case sliall this provision extend t h e period of limitation othenvise
applicable by more than three years; or
(b) during any time wlien a prosecution a g a i ~ i s tthe accused for the s a m e conduct is pending in this State
Section 1.07. Method of Prosecution When Conduct Constitutes More Than One Offense.
(1) Proseciition for Multiple Offenses; Limitation on Convictions. When the sanie conduct of a defendant may establish t h e commission of more than one offense, the defendant may I)e prosecuted for eacli such offense. I-Ie niay not, however, be convicted of more than one offense if:
(8)
one offense is included in the other, a s dcfined in Suhsection (4) of this Section; or
(b) onc offense consists only of a conspiracy or other form of preparation to commit the other; or
(C)
inconsistent findings of fact are required to establish the commission of the offenses; or
(d) the offenses differ only in t h a t one is defined to prohibit a rlesignated Icind of condiict generally and the other
to prohibit a specific instance of such conduct; or
(e) t h e offense is defined a s a continuing course of conduct and the clefendant's course of conduct was uninterrupted, unless t h e law provides t h a t specific periods of such conduct constitiite separate offenses.
(2) Limitation on Separate Trials for Multiple Offenses. Except a s provided in Suhsection (3) of this Section, a defend a n t shall not be subject to separate trials for niultiple offenses based on the Same conduct or arising from the Same criminal episode, if such offenses a r e known to tlie appropriate proseciiting officer a t tlie time of the commencement of t h e first
trial and a r e within tlie jurisdiction of a single court.
(3) Aiithority of Court to Order Separate 'Ii-ials. W i e n a defendant is cliargcd with two or more offenses based on the
Same conduct or arising froni t h e Same criminal episode, the Court, on application of tlie prosecuting attorney or of the
defendant, may order any such cliarge to be tried separately, if it is satisfied t h a t justice so requires.
(4) Conviction of Included Offense Permitted. A defcndant may be convicted of a n offense included in a n offense
charged in t h e iiidictment [or t h e informationl. An offense is so included when:
(a) i t is established by proof of the Same or less than all tlie facts required to establish t h e commission of the
offense charged; or
(b) it consists of a n attempt or solicitation to commit the offense charged or to coinmit a n offense othenvise
included therein; or
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ROBINSON, CRIMINAL LAW CASE STUDIES
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(10) "inaterial element of a n offense" nieans an eleinent t h a t does not relate exclusively to the statute of liniitations,
jurisdiction, venue or to any otlier iiiatter similarly unconnected with (i) the harm or evil, incident to conduct, souglit to be
prevented by tlie law tlefining the offense, or (ii) tlie existence of a justification or excuse for such conduct;
(11) "purposely" has the meaning specified in Section 2.02 and eqiiivalent terms such a s "with purpose," "designed" or
"witli design" have the Same meaiiing;
(12) "int.entionally" or "witli intent" iiieans purposely;
(13) "knowingly" Iias tlie meaning specified in Section 2.02 and equivalent ternis siich a s "knowing" or "with knowledge" have the Same meaning;
(14) "reclclessly" Iias the meaning specified in Section 2.02 aiid equivalent terms such a s "recklessness" or "with recklessness" have the sanie meaning;
(1.5) "negligently" h a s the meaning specified in Section 2.02 and equivalent terms such a s "iiegligencc'" or "witli negligence" liave tlie sanle meaning;
(16) "reasonably believes" or "reasonahle bclirf' designates a belief wliich the actor is not recl<less or negligeiit in holding.
ARTICLE 2. GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF LIABILITY.
Section 2.01. Reqiiirenient of Voluntary Act; Oinission a s Basis of Liability; Possession a s an Act.
(1) A person is not guilty of a n offense unless his liability is based on condiict which includes a voluntary act or the
omission to perform a n act of'which h e is physically capable.
(2) Tlie following are not voliintary acts within the meaning of this Section:
( a ) a reflex or convulsion;
(h) a bodily movement duriiig iiiiconsciousness or sleep;
(C)
conduct cluring hypnosis or resulting froni hypnotic suggestion;
(d) a Iiodily movenient t h a t othenvise is not a product of the effort or deterniination of the actor, eitlier conscious
or habitual.
( 3 ) Liability for the coinmission of a n offense may not be based on an omission uiiacconipanied by action iinless:
(a) tlie oinission is expressly niade sufficient by the law defining the offense; or
(b) a duty to perform thc omitted act is otlienvise iinposed by Inw.
( 4 ) Possession is a n act, within tlie meaning of this Section, if thc possessor knowingly procured or received tlie thing
possessed or was awarc of Iiis control thercof for a siif'ficient period to have heen ahle to terminate his possession.
Section 2.02. General Requirements of Culpahility.
(1) Minimum Requirements of Culpability. Except a s provided in Section 2.05, a person is not guilty of a n offense
iinless he acted purposely, knowingly, recltlessly or negligently, a s tlie law may reqiiire, with respect to each material element of the offeiise.
(2) Kinds of Ciilpability Defiiied.
fa) Piirposely. A person acts purposely with respcct to a niaterial elernent of aii of'fense when:
(i? if the elcment involves the nature of his contluct or a resiilt thereof, it is liis conscious objcct to engage in
coiiduct of tliat nature or to cause such a result; and
(ii) if tlie elenient involves tlie attendant circumstances, Iie is aware of the existence of such circumstances or
Iie believes or hopes t h a t they exist.
(b) Knowingly. A person acts knowingly with respect to a riiaterial element of a n ofrense when:
(i) if the element involves tlie iiature of his conduct or the attendant circumstances, he is aware t h a t his condiict is of t h a t nature or tliat such circumstances exist; and
(ii) if the element involves a result of his condiict, he is aware t h a t i t is practically certain t h a t his conduct
will cause such a resiilt.
( C ) Recklessly. A person acts recltlessly .ivitli respect to a niaterial elemeiit of a n offense when he consciously disregards a suhstantial and unjustifiahle risk t h a t the material element exists or will result from his conduct. The risk
inust be of such a nature and degree tliat, considering t h e nature and purpose of the actor's conduct and t h e circumstances known to him, its disregard involves a gross deviation froni the standard of conduct t h a t a law-abiding person
woiild obseme in the actor's situation.
((1) Negligently. A person acts negligently with respect to a material elenient of a n offense when he should be
aware of a substantial and uniustifiable rislc tliat thc material eleineiit exists or will result from his conduct. Tlie risk
inust i)e ofsucli a nature aiid degree l h a t the actor's failiire to perceive it, considering the nature and purpose of Iiis
conduct and the circuinstances Icnowii to hini, involves a gioss deviation froni tlie standard of care t h a t a reasonable
person would ohseive in tlie actor's situation.
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