Eastern Pomo Curriculum

Unit1:
ThesoundsofBahtssal
Lesson1:Thevowelsounds
Lesson2:Theconsonantsounds
Unit1:
ThesoundsofBahtssal
Introduction:WritingBahtssal
TheBahtssallanguageiseasytowrite.Youwillusethesamelettersthatyouusetowritein
English.
Thereareafewdifferences.
Bahtssaldoesn'tusealltheletters.
Forexamplethereisnof,v,orzinBahtssal.
Afewofthelettersaresaiddifferently.
qandxforexample,don'tsoundlikeEnglish.
YouhavetousesomeaccentswhenyouwriteBahtsaal.
Someoftheselooklikethis:’and`
Youwillsoonseehowthisworks.
Asyoulearnthelanguage,itwillstartfeelingverynatural.
Lesson1:TheVowelSounds
TospeakBahtssal,youhavetobeabletosaythesounds.
Inthislesson,youwilllearnhowsaysomeofthesoundsthatyouread.
Remember,sometimestheseletterslookthesameasEnglishbuttheyaresaidabit
differently.
TheBahtssalvowels
Whenyoureadthesesounds,saythemoutloud.
FirstsaytheEnglishwordsthensaythevowelbyitself,forexamplesay;"father,hall,a,ah."
aandesounds:
aorah
issaidliketheainfatherandhall.
Youwillnoticethatsometimesthesamesoundcanbewrittentwo
differentways.
aa
issaidjustlikea,butyouhavetoholditabitlonger.
Sayitlikesawandlaw.
Noticethedoubleletters.Theyareheldabitlongerthansingleletters.This
willbeexplainedalittlelater.
ae
issaidlike‐ayinplayandstay.
Payspecialattentiontothelettersthatareunderlined.Theysound
differentthantheonesthataren'tunderlined.
eoreh
issaidliketheeinsetandlet.
Practice:
HerearesomesimplewordsinBahtssal.
Trysayingtheseusingtherightsoundsforthevowels.
hah I
ma you
les snot
haal flattule
baekh
they
shal wing
gaa tosit
mer toliedown TherislikeaSpanishr.
paeth thin
isounds:
iorih
issaidliketheiinsitandfit.
iioreee
issaidlikeeeinweekandsee.Holditabitlonger.
iorai
issaidlikethevowelsoundinhighandguy.
Practice:
hai what?
gii
headlouse
shih name
piil tocarryinyourarms
tsits root
diile’ forehead
Theaccentmeansthestressisonthesecondsyllable.
gaai land
eee yes
osounds:
o
issaidliketheoinpotandhot.
ooroh
issaidliketheosoundinspokeandrope.
oa
issaidlikeoorohbutyouholditabitlonger.
Sayitlikesnowandshow.
oii
isaspecialsound.Itsoundslike‐oyinboyandtoy.
Practice:
kol worm
noat grey
soii bread
no
ashes
shoal towardstheeast
shom
toshootonce
tow rafter
oa
ok,agreed
ts`oii packbasketwithopenweave
Youcanignorethisaccentfornow.
usounds:
uoruh
issaidlikeuinsumandhug.
u
issaidlikeuindukeandLuke.
uu
issaidlikeubutheldlonger.Sayitliketheuinrudeanddune.
Practice:
baabu’
thigh,topofleg
Noticetheaccent;stressisonthesecondsyllable.
duuwe’
lastnight
ga’yu up Noticetheaccent;stressisonthefirstsyllable.
gu'ra closeby
liibuu’
whistlemadeofbone
mu'la mule
yiibu’ branch
Review
NowthatyouhavehadsomepracticesayingwordsinBahtssal,let'sreviewsomeofthe
thingsyouhavelearned.
DoubleLetters
Doublelettersareheldlongerthansingleletters.Youhavetomakesureyousaythem
differentlybecausesomewordsarethesameexceptforthesoundofthevowel.
Ifsomeonesaidsomethingthatyoudidn'thear,youwouldsayhai(what?).
Butifyouwantedtosaythewordforgrape,youwouldsayhaai,holdingthea
soundlonger.
Let'spracticelongandshortsounds.
Long Short
haa ma
gii
les
noat kol
baekh
gu’ra
duuwe’
shih
shii no
gaa shal
shoal mer
Accents
Youprobablynoticedthatwordswithmorethanonesyllablesometimeshaveanaccentin
them.Thisaccenttellsyouwhichpartofthewordissaidlouder.Thisisalsocalledstress.
Sotheaccentshowsyouwhichpartofthewordisstressed.
Letspracticestress.Someofthesewordsarestressedonthefirstsyllable,someare
stressedonthesecondsyllable.
   First Second
ga’yu biila’ fishworm
bai’le
husband
duuwe’
gu’ra baabu’
bae’kal
them diile’
mu’la baatin’
big
shae’la
youngman yiibu’ branch
CompleteVowelChart
Lesson2:TheConsonantSounds
InLesson1welearnedhowtosaythevowelsounds.InLesson2,wearegoingtolearnto
saytheothersoundsinBahtssal;theconsonants.ManyofthesearesaidjustlikeinEnglish.
ThatiswhyyouwereabletoreadtheexamplesofwordsinLesson1.Therearealsosome
thataregoingtobenewtoyou.Youwillhavetolistentothesesoundscarefullyfromthe
audiorecording.
BahtssalconsonantsoundsthatarelikeEnglish
HerearethesoundsthatarethesameasinEnglish.Someofthesearewrittenwithmore
thanoneletter,buttheyareasinglesound.Remember,justlikethevowelsounds,these
lettersalwayssoundthesame.
Bahtssalletter
Englishsound
Bahtssalword
b
boneandbaby
baabu’
ch
chartandlunch
chaemal
chair
d
daughteranddown diile’
g
goandbag ga’yu
h
hikeandhome
maahaa’brotherinlaw
j
jeepandjune
jii’wa
k
keepandpoker
kol l
lossandgoal laa sun
m
mileandclam
mu’la n
nearandfun noat p
poleandhop paakoa’
topierce
r
?(SpanishorEnglish)
mer
s
sendandbest soii sh
shootandmash
shoal
tch pitchandcatch
miitche’poundingbasket
t
tomatoandtall
tow rafter
ts
catsandits tsits w
walkandwill waa we
y
youngandyes
ga’yu
BahtssalconsonantsoundsthatareNOTlikeEnglish
AfewsoundsinBahtssalarenotpronouncedthesamewayasinEnglish.Someoftheseare
pronouncedinwaysthatareunfamiliartoyou.Tolearntosaythesesounds,youwillhave
topractice.Usetheaudiorecordingstolistentothesoundsandtrytorepeatthem.They
willalsobedescribedinthislessonsoyoucanunderstandhowtomakethesesounds.
AsoundthatisalmostlikeEnglish
th
thisisverysimilartothethsoundinthesewords:thing,think,thought.
ButyoudonotletoutasmuchairwhenyousaytheBahtssalsound.
Itislikesayingthelettertwithyourtonguebetweenyourteeth.
Practice:
ma’thi
thuunu’
paeth thiiba’l
doe,femaledeer
mouse
thin
near
TwosoundsthatarenotlikeEnglish TherearetwosoundsinBahtssalthatarenotusedatallwhenyouspeakEnglish.These
soundsareimportanttolearntosaybecausetheyareusedalotinBahtssal.Besureyou
knowthesewell,becausetheyarewrittenlikeEnglishletters,buttheydon'tsoundtheway
youexpectthemto.
x
thisletterisusedforasoundabitlikeascrapingatthebackofyourmouth.
xh
sometimesthissoundiswrittenthisway,byaddinganh.
xk
itisalsowrittenthisway,withak.
Youmightmakethissoundifyouweretryingtoclearahairstuckatthebackofyou
tongue.IfyouknowSpanish,itislikethesoundofjinSpanishconejo(rabbit).Itis
alsolikethechinGermannoch(yet).Itisnotadifficultsoundtomake.Listen
closelytotheaudiorecordingofthissound.
Practice:
xa’ka wet
xaaba’
fog
waex paternalaunt
daex eldersister
xhamaa
foot
xkukaal
shoulder
q
thisletterissimilartokbutthesoundismadefurtherbackinyourthroat.
Thissoundisnoteasytomakeanditmightsoundlikeaktoyouatfirst.Spend
sometimelisteningtotheaudiorecordingtolearnthissound.
Practice:
qaawii’
boy
quul driedcookedfish
qoii swan
qaaqo’
valley,meadow
Agroupofsoundsthatincludethesoundh
ThesesoundsaredifferentfromEnglishbecausethereisusuallyavowelafterhin
English.InBahtssaltherearefivelettersthataresaidwithanhsoundinfront.
Thesearewrittenwiththehsoundsoyouknowhowtopronouncethem.
Itisimportanttosaythehsoundsoitcanbeclearlyheard.
hl
taahla’
insideofthigh
hm hmaa
shore
hn
gaahnuu’l totalk
hw naahwa’
shypoke,atypeofcrane
hy
hyul snow
Agroupofsoundsthatare"popped"
ThesesoundsaresimilartosoundsofEnglish,buttheyaresaidwithakindof
poppingsound.Youwillbeabletolearnhowtosaythemonceyouunderstandhow
tomakethem"pop."
Thewaytomakethesesoundsistoholdyourbreathwhileyousaythem.Try
holdingyourbreathwithyourmouthopen.Youwillseethatyouareholdingyour
breathbyclosingyourthroat,notyourlips.Thisishowyouhavetoholdyour
breathtomakethesesounds.
Let'stakethep`forexample.Ifyouholdyourbreathwhileyousayanormalp,you
willhaveto"pop"ittomakeanysoundanditwillsoundlikeap`.Theaircomesout
ofyourmouth,itdoesnotcomeoutofyourlungs.
Atfirstitwillbedifficulttosaywordswiththesesoundsinthem.Asyoupractice
andlistentotheaudiorecordingsofthewordswiththesesounds,itwillgeteasier.
Theglottalizedconsonants
k`
k`aash
yawn
puk` real,true
p`
miip` he
p`okh
tosmoketobacco
q`
q`uusa’
elbow
q`oa todrink
t`
t`aalaa’
tick
dat` wife
th`
loath`
greenbrush
th`o brains
tch` gutch`
young
ts`
ts`aa tobreakoffbytwisting
ts`ae mushroom
Asyoucansee,thesesoundsarewrittenusingaspecialaccent.Theyarecalled
glottalized.Whenyoutalkaboutthemyoucancallthem"glottalizedp,glottalizedk,
glottalizedt,…"andsoon.
Thelasttwosymbols
NowyouknowalmostallthesoundsinBahtssal.Youwillseethatthereareafewmore
symbolsyouwillneedtoknowtobeabletoreadandspeakBahtssal.
Thedot
Sometimesyouwillseeawordwrittenwithadotoraperiodrightinthemiddleofitorat
theendofit.Hereisanexample:
boa.o’(elk)hasadotbetweentwovowels.
Thisdotisusuallyafteravowelsound.Youcanmakethissoundeasily.Youdoitalreadyin
English.
Youmightmakethissoundwhenyoubreaksomething.Youmightsaysomethinglike;
"uhoh,IthinkIbrokeit."Orifyouspillyoumilk,youmightsay;"uhoh,Ispilledit."When
yousay"uhoh"youwillnoticethatyouhavetostopthesoundinthemiddle.Thatstopis
calledaglottalstop.ItisusedbetweenvowelsandattheendofwordsinBahtssalanditis
writtenasadot.IfyouuseditinEnglishitwouldlooklikethis:"uh.oh,Ispilledmymilk."
Practice:
boa.oa’
tohunt
hoa’la.
sack
yii.i’ feather
ke’ke.
crazy
maa.ai’
food Thedownaccent Youhaveseenthedownaccentalready.Itisusedintwoways.Itisusedforthe"popped"
consonantsp`,t`,k`.Forvowels,itisusedforthesamesoundasthedot.Youwillusually
seeitbeforevowelsatthebeginningofwords.
Examples
`uy eye
`ii
yes
`ae.ae.ae
thankyou
CompleteConsonantChart
Unit2:
BahtssalGrammar
Lesson1:MakingWords/Sentences
Lesson2:Makingsentences
Unit2:
BasicBahtssalGrammar
Introduction:SpeakingBahtssal
NowthatyouknowhowtoreadBahtssalandsaythewords,youarereadytospeak.
TospeakBahtssalyouwillhavetoputwordstogether.Thewaywordsgotogetheriswhat
grammarisallabout.YouwillseethattosaythingsinBahtssalyousometimeshaveto
learntoputwordstogetherinnewways.
Lesson1: MakingWords
InBahtssal,sometimesasinglewordhasthemeaningofaphraseorevenawhole
sentence.
Forexample:
Bahtssal:
doa’lakiba.
English:
let'spoundacorns
ThisistypicalofthewaymeaningismadeinBahtssal.Smallpiecesofwordsarecombined
tomakeoneword,whichhasthesamemeaningasanEnglishsentence.
ThisBahtssalwordismadeoffourparts.Theyare:
do‐ thismeanstopoundacornswithapestle
‐l‐
thismeanstheactioniscontinuous,notshort.Itmeanstheywillpoundthe
acornsforawhile.
‐aki‐ thismeanstheplural,italsomeansthatthepeoplewilltakepartinactively
pounding.
‐ba. thismeansthatthespeakerisaskingpeopletojoininontheactivity.Itisthe
let'spartofthephrase.
Anotherexample:
wamehhameansmyfather.
wa whichmeansmy
mehha.
whichmeansfather
ThisisbecauseinBahtssal,youcanaddmeaningtoawordbyaddingtoit.
ThishappensinEnglishtoo.Forexamplewhenwesaychairsweaddthe‐stochair
toaddmeaning.Themeaningisthatthereismorethanonechair.
Wealsodothiswith‐er.Ifweadd‐ertofastwegetfaster.Themeaningisthatthere
ismoreofsomething.
Whatweaddtotheendofwordsiscalledasuffix.
‐sand‐eraresuffixes.InBahtssal,wecanaddmeaningtowordsinthesameway.
Therearemanymeaningswecanadd,aswewillsee.
Lesson2: MakingSentences
WordOrder
YouwillnoticerightawaythatthewordsinaBahtssalsentenceareinadifferentorder
thanthewordsinanEnglishsentence.
Verbs
Theverbisusuallyattheendofthesentence.
Forexample,
Bahtssal:
miith`k`uusqaawiya
shebabygivebirth
English:
sheishavingababy
Bahtssal:
buududokakime
acornspound
English:
poundtheacorns!
Adjectives
Theadjectiveusuallycomesafterthenoun.
Forexample:
Bahtssal:
baekhgashiiwaeqaawimkhmaa
theyhousenew build
English:
theyarebuildinganewhouse
Bahtssal:
miip`gaawkhniseh
hemanbadis
English:
heisabadman
Prepositions
Bahtssaldoesnothaveprepositions.Insteadsuffixesareaddedtonounstodescribe
location.
Inthisexample,thesuffix‐xaamisusedtomeanin.
Bahtssal:
waalhyuulxaamshuutaehe
wesnowingotstuck
English:
wegotstuckinthesnow
MakingNegativeSentences
Thereisawordusedtomakeasentencenegative.Thatwordiskhuy‐.Verbendingsthen
getaddedtothiswordinsteadofontotheverb.
Forexample:
Bahtssal:
Kaachilbuuraqalshaak`a
Kachilbearkilled
English:
Kachilkilledabear
Becomes:
Bahtssal:
Kaachilkhuyabuuraqalshaak`
Kachildidnotbearkill
English:
Kachildidnotkillabear
Notethatthe‐aendingontheverbshaak`isonthekhuy‐inthenegativesentence.
NoticethatthisissimilartotheEnglish:thepasttense‐edonkilltransferstodidin
thenegativesentence.
TellingPeopleWhatToDo
Whenyouwanttotellsomeonetodosomething,youaddanendingtotheverb.
Youadd‐imtotheendoftheverbifyouaretalkingtojustoneperson.Youadd‐emtotalk
tomorethanoneperson.
Forexample:
gup’gim
stand(jump)up!(singular)
buududokakime poundacorns!(allofyou)
Unit3:
BasicGreetings
Lesson1:Pronouns
Lesson2:BasicQuestions
Lesson3:Introductions
Lesson4:SimpleConversation
Lesson5:GoingPlaces
Unit3:
BasicGreetings
Introduction:Inthisunit,youwilllearnwhattosaywhenyoumeetsomeone,andwhen
yousaygoodbye.Butbeforewecanlearngreetingphrases,wehavetolearnhowtotalk
aboutourselvesusingpronouns.Wealsohavetolearnhowtoaskquestionssowecanfind
outhowourfriendsarefeeling.
Lesson1:Pronouns
Tospeaktosomeone,youneedtoknowhowtoaddressthem.Youalsoneedtotalkabout
otherpeople.Thisistheroleofpronouns.Let’slearnaboutpronouns!
Firstwehavetomakesureweunderstandwhatpronounsweneedtouse.Wecantalk
aboutpronounsinawaythatdescribeswhattheydo.Wecansaythattheyaresingularor
plural.Thismeansthatyouaretalkingaboutonepersonorseveralpeople.
Wecanalsosaythattheyaresubjectpronouns,objectpronouns,orpossessivepronouns.
Thismeansthattheydodifferentthingsinthesentence.Thiswillbecomeclearasyou
learnthemandusethem.
Singularsubjectpronouns
Ifyouwanttotalkaboutyourself,youuseI.
hah isI
Soyoucansay:
hahkudii Iamfine
(kudiimeansfine)
Totalkaboutotherpeople,youusehe,she,you.
ma isyou
miip ishe
miit isshe
Soyoucansay:
makudii
youarefine
miipkudii heisfine
miitkudii sheisfine
SingularObjectPronouns Ifyouwanttotalkaboutsomethingthatishappeningtoyou,oftenyouwilluseme.
wi
isme
Soyoucansay:
miitwigarra
sheislookingatme(garrameanstolook)
Totalkaboutsomethinghappeningtootherpeople,youwilluseher,him,oryou.
mi
isyou Notethatthisistheobjectyou,thesubjectyouisma.
miippal
ishim
miirral
isher
Soyoucansay:
miitmigarra
sheislookingatyou
miitmiippalgarra sheislookingathim
hahmiirralgarra Iamlookingather
Practice:
Translatethefollowingsentences.
miipmiirralgarra ____________________________________________________________
hahmigarra
____________________________________________________________
mawigarra ____________________________________________________________
hahmiippalgarra ____________________________________________________________
youarelookingather
____________________________________________________________
sheislookingatme ____________________________________________________________
heislookingatyou ____________________________________________________________
Iamlookingathim ____________________________________________________________
Thenextsetofpronounswewilllookatarethepluralpronouns.Theyworkjustlikethe
singularpronouns;theycanbesubjectorobjectpronouns.
PluralSubjectPronouns
Ifyouwanttotalkaboutyouandotherpeople,youusewe.
wah iswe
Soyoucansay:
wahkudii wearefine (Remember,kudiiisfine)
Totalkaboutotherpeople,youusetheyandyou.
maal isyou(Notethatthisisthepluralyou,thesingularyouisma)
bekha
isthey
Soyoucansay:
maalkudii youarefine (Meaningtwoormorepeople)
bekhakudii
theyarefine
PluralObjectPronouns Ifyouwanttotalkaboutsomethingthatishappeningtoyouandotherpeople,oftenyou
willuseus.
wal isus
Soyoucansay:
miitwalgarra
sheislookingatus (Again,garraistolook)
Totalkaboutsomethinghappeningtootherpeople,youwillusethemandyou.
mal isyou(Notethatthisisthepluralyou,thesingularyouismi)
bekhal
isthem
Soyoucansay:
miitmalgarra
sheislookingatyou
(Pluralyou)
miitbekhalgarra sheislookingatthem
Practice:
Translatethefollowingsentences:
maalwigarra
___________________________________________________________
wahmiirralgarra ____________________________________________________________
bekhamigarra
____________________________________________________________
hahbekhalgarra ____________________________________________________________
theyarelookingatme
____________________________________________________________
youarelookingatthem
____________________________________________________________
heislookingatus
____________________________________________________________
wearelookingathim
____________________________________________________________
PossessivePronouns
Totalkaboutthingsthatareyoursorsomeoneelse'susepossessivepronouns.InEnglish
thesearewordslikemy,your,his,their,andsoon.Bahtssalworksthesameway.
Notethatthesewordsarenotusedtodescribefamilymembers.Forexample,ifyouwant
tosaymybrotherormymother,youcannotusethesepronouns.Youwilllearnhowtotalk
aboutyourkininthelessonaboutfamily.
wax my
miix your
miippibax his
miirribax/miribax her
waibax
our
maibax
your
bekibax/baegiibax their
Theseareusedinsentenceslikethis:
bawaxhaiyueh thatismydog
bamiixhaiyueh thatisyourdog
bamiribaxhaiyuehthatisherdog
haiyu
dog
ba that
meh this
puush
cat
Practice:
Translatethesesentences.
thisisourcat
________________________________
thisisyourcat
________________________________
thisistheircat
________________________________
Lesson2:BasicQuestions
Inthislessonyouwilllearnhowtoasksimplequestions.Thesewillhelpyoufindoutabout
theworldaroundyou.
BasicQuestionWords
ahm/am
what?
chiinissa why?/whyisthat?
chiin what/how?
giiyaa
whom?
WhenyouspeakBahtssal,thereisaspecialwordthatyouwillusetomakeitclearthatyou
areaskingaquestion.
tha thisisthewordthatshowsthataquestionisbeingasked
BasicQuestions
amthameh?
whatisthis?
Vocabulary
bathaam? whatisthat?
yehaela=doing
[more]
chiinthamaneh ?
howdoyousay
?
amtha(hah)yehaela?
whatamIdoing?
amtha(mah)yehaela? whatareyoudoing?
amthahahshohiiba/niiba
whatshallIdo/saynext?
wihthaethaegim. tellmeaboutthis
ba“poh”hehthachiin
tellmeaboutthis/that“poh”
wiithaethaegim. tellmewhattodo
YesandNo
eee yes
k`uyeh/k`uyii
no
Practice:
YoucanusethesequestionswithstudentsandspeakersofBahtssal.Askthemthese
questionssotheycanhelpyoulearnyourlanguage.Thisisagreatwaytofindouthowto
saymoreinBahtssal,andagreatwaytopracticeandcommunicateinyourlanguage.
Lesson3:Introductions
Whenyoumeetsomeoneforthefirsttime,youwillprobablywanttoaskthemafew
questionsaboutthemselves.Inthislessonyouwilllearnhowtodothat.Youwillalsolearn
howtoanswersomeofthesequestions.
Basicgrammarreview:
MeetingSomeoneNew
miixshihhehthachiin? what’syourname? Noticetheuseofpronouns
miriibaxshihhehthaam?
whatishername?
waxshihheh_________
mynameis__________
miriibaxshihheh________ hernameis__________
miibaxshihheh________
hisnameis__________
chiinkahtahthamah`eh chirrmiikahtahthamah`eh
mahthachaega/chaethamahga
mahthachaebax? howoldareyou?/Howwornoutareyou?
howmany—old—areyou?
wheredoyoulive?
whereareyoufrom?
Lesson4:SimpleConversation
Herearesomesimplethingsyoumaysayorhearwhenyouarevisitingfriendsandfamily.
xaahq`odii’ Goodmorning(notatraditionalgreeting)
miigarrsaq`odii`eh
It’sgoodtoseeyou(IfeelgoodbecauseIseeyou)
‐uhuum
tocome/go
gawuhuum tocomein (inthehouse‐come/go)
galuhuum togohome (tothehouse‐come/go)
tchauhuum togoaway (away‐come/go)
xowuhuum togooutside (atthefire‐come/go)
xoluhuum tocomecloser
(tothefire‐come/go)
guruhu
tocomehere (here‐come/go)
gaohuum comein
gaopiiliimae
comein(plural)
gulpiiliimay comeover(toagroup)
gaohuumwiimukiiba
comeintobewithme
guruhu
comehere(close)
xolohuum comehere
guruhuxkawii
comehereson
guruhubuchegae comehereoldman
gaa`gim
sitdown
siimaathamarraa?
doyouwantsleep?
mahthashohuu`iidulitholuugarrmarra
doyouwanttowatchTV?(shaky,moving
imagesinyourmind)alsomovie
kudii good/fine
hahkudii Iamgood/fine
wahlkudii goodwalk
chiinthaeh?
howareyou?
miixmii`ehthachiin
howisyourfather?
miixmiitaethachiin
howisyourmother?
baq`odii(`eh)
that’sgood (couldalsobeusedforthankyou)
marrak’eh Iwantit
Lesson5:GoingPlaces Whetheryouareleavingafriend'shouseorjustgoingsomewhere,youwilllearnwhatto
saytotellpeopleaboutit.
Leaving
shohgal’piiliidaiyeh’
it’stimetogohome
galpiilii‐ba let’sgohome
ahtoh,xaamgaohuum getinthecarandlet’sgo
kuyemwadugii
don’tgo
kuyemokiiwadugii
don’tgoyet
q`odiiduweh’
goodnight.
miihahyippahgarr’baeh
Iwillseeyouagain
ohh!chiinai ok!When?
okhisheh
later
duweh’im tomorrow!
Goingsomewhere
yawaa
key
wadugim
go
chawohuum
goaway
xowohuum gooutside*
xowohum gooutside*
*
Canbepronouncedeitherway
guruhuum comehere
xolohuum comehere,close
chiinissathamaq`oyuhuya
whendidyoucome?
chaewa
whereareyougoing/whereareyoufrom?
ba‐yakuyemwadugii
don’tgothere
xopiiliiba let’sgoout
hahwadugiiyaxa I’mgoingtogo
wihmukwadugim
gowithme
bagiimukwadugim
gowiththem
shohgalpiiliidaiyeh
it’stimetogohome
miitgalohuyaxa sheisgoinghome
miipgalohuyaxa sheisgoinghome
miitgaohoo heisgoinghome
wahgalpiiliiyaxa we’regoinghome
galohum
gohome
galnalpiiliiba
gotowardshome
galpiiliiba let’sgohome
miipgalohuya
hewenthome
hahwadugiiyaxa Ihavetoleave
miitkuyahwadugii
shedidn’tleave
miitkuyahwadugiimarra
shewon’t(doesn’twantto)leave
miitkaehellwadugiiyaxa
she’sgoingalone
miitkaehellwadugiiya shewentalone
hahwadugiiya
Ileft
hahthawalbawadugiiyaxa
Ihavetogotowork
hahgymnawadugiiyaxa I’mgoingtothegym
mahthahmarrakhehbaiwadugiiyaxa areyougoingtotheroundhouse?
Unit4:
Numbers,Family,andKinship
Lesson1:NumberandCounting
Lesson2:FamilyandPeople
Lesson3:PronounsforKinshipRelations
Unit4:
Numbers,Family,andKinship
Introduction:SoyoucanstartspeakingBahtssalrightaway,wearenowgoingtolearn
wordsyoucanuseeveryday.Numbersareuseful,buttheyarealsoeasyandfunto
practice;justlookaroundyouandcountthethingsyousee.Mostpeoplearealsoaround
theirfamilyalot,sowearegoingtolearntotalktoandaboutfamilymembers.Youcan
speakBahtssaltheverynexttimeyouwanttotalkaboutamemberofyourfamilyora
friend'sfamily.
Lesson1:NumbersandCounting
CountingfromonetoteninBahtssalisnotdifficult,andwillgeteveneasierwithpractice.
kallii one
xotch two
xomkah
three
doal four
laemma
five
ts`aadii
six
ku’laxotch seven
xogadol
eight
hadagal‐shum
nine
tek ten
Practice:
WhenusingnumbersinasentenceinBahtssalthenumbersappearbeforethewordthey
aredescribing,justlikeinEnglish.UnlikeinEnglishthough,thesingularandpluralforms
ofthewordsarethesame,soonedogiskalliihaiyuandthreedogsisxomkahhaiyu.
khalemeanstree
moyameansrabbit
Usingwhatyou’velearnedfromthepreviouslessonstheseareourfivecatsismehwaibax
laemmapuushehandmiitdoalkhalegarrasheislookingatfourtrees.
Translatethesesentences.
tentrees
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thesearemyfiverabbits
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thoseareyoureightcats
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Youcanusethevocabularyfornumbersonadailybasistodescribequantitiesofobjects,
evenifyoudon’tknowtheBahtssalwordforthem.Passmexotchcups.Couldyoupickup
ts`aadiigallonsofwateratthestore?
Lesson2:FamilyandPeople
Bahtssalhasmanydifferentandspecifictermsforfamilymembers.Wearegoingtostart
bylearningthetermsforimmediatefamilymembersfirst.
hametgii
relatives
matey
mother
ma’eh
father
qaawae’lip` son
qaawae’lit` daughter
mekah
brother
kaputsa
sister
Practice:
Youcanusethesetermsonadailybasistotalktoorgreetfamilymembers(himekah!)
Youcanalsoaddthesetermstowhatwehavelearnedsofarduringpreviousunits.
Qaawae’lip`galpiilii‐ba Let’sgohomeson.
Usethesefamilytermsandnumbersasoftenaspossiblearoundthehouseandwithother
Bahtssallearnersandspeakers.Themoreyouusethelanguagetheeasieritbecomesto
speakit.
Lesson3:PronounsforKinshipRelations
WelearnedaboutpossessivepronounsinUnit3.Nowwewilllearnthespecialpossessive
pronounsthatareusedtotalkaboutfamilymembers.Theyarespecialbecausetheyare
usedonlyforfamilymembersandbecausetheyareactuallyprefixes.Thismeansthatthey
attachtothefrontofaword.Let'sseehowthisworks.
Relationshipprefixpronouns
wa‐ my
mii‐ your
miippiha‐ his
miirri‐
her
wai‐(waima‐)
our
mai‐(maihami‐) your
bekiha‐(bekihami‐)
their
Hereishowtheyareused,remember,theyattachtothefrontoftheword:
wagaatch wa‐+gaatch
mygrandfather
waimiitae wai‐+miitae
ourmother
maixkawii mai‐+xkawii
your(plural)son
Practice:
DrawlinestomatchtheBahtssalwiththeEnglish.
wabailae
yourmother
wadaahuts myhusband
miibailae myson
wamehha myfather
wamiitae myolderbrother
miimiitae yourfather
miimehae mydaughter
wamehae yourhusband
waxkawii mymother
Sinceyouarenowfamiliarwiththetermsyoucanbecomemorecomfortableusingthemin
context.Writeabriefdescriptionofyourfamilyinatleast6sentences.Youcangivethe
namesoffamilymembers,theirages,thenumberofsiblingsyouhave,etc.
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SpeakBahtssaleveryday!
Nowyouknowyourwordsforpeopleinyourfamily.Usethesewords
wheneveryoutalktoyourfamily.ReplacetheEnglishwordsthatyouuse
nowwiththeBahtssalwords.Yourfamilywillbeveryhappytohearyou
speakingyourlanguagetothem.Teachthemhowtoaddresseachotherand
youinBahtssal.Thiswillreallyhelpyouandeveryoneelselearntospeak.If
youhearitanduseiteveryday,youownBahtssal.
Expandingyourexperienceofthelanguage.
Herearekintermswithrelationshippronounsusedinsomesentences.
Eachsentenceisexplained.Youdon'thavetolearnthesesentencesrightaway.
Theyaregivenheresoyoucanstartgettingfamiliarwiththelanguage.
NoticehowthewordsintheBahtssalsentencesgotogether.
duggah,miixgotchhehmukhhahganul`eh
ItalkedwithyourGrandfatheryesterday
waxmiitaehehq`odiixhaduumhehduweh mymotherhadagooddreamlastnight
waxdahkatshehduggahxkawiik`uusxkawiiheh`e mysonwasbornyesterday
miixthaethahehwaxthaethamukhshabaexma
myunclewentfishingwithyouruncle
miiphiibaxduxkatch/mexahehye.elma
heisjealousofhis(younger/older)brother(aboutawoman)
hahshexmukhgaad
Ivisitedwithmyaunt
hahshexmukhpashalgii Ivisitedwithmyaunt
waxhamii’ehhehmudalla
myfatherdied(justnow)
waxhamii’ehmudalheh`e
mydaddiedrecently
Unit5:
DrawingandArt
Lesson1:Colors
Lesson2:Adverbs
Lesson3:Adjectives
Unit5:
DrawingandArt
Introduction:Agoodwaytolearnalanguageistouseitduringacreativeactivity.When
youmakeobjectsanddrawings,youneedtotalkaboutcolors.Youalsoneedtotalkabout
whereyouwillputthenextpieceofyourproject.Therearemanydecisionsthatyoumake
andwaystotalkaboutthem.Whendescribingwhatyouaredoing,youusecolors,
directions,anddifferentadjectives.Youwillnowlearntousethese.
Lesson1:Colors
Vocabulary:
kiiduk‐iidukh
red
xoshillii
yellow
kiiketch‐iikehk
blue
tsabaht‐tsabakh green
mushuxk
black
piithao
white
`oa’ro gold
shiibahxkal
rainbow(sacredcolors)
Chiinshiiba’thameh?
Whatcoloristhis?
Chiinshiiba’thaba?
Whatcoloristhat?
Practice:
Labelthecolorwheelonthenextpage.
Colorvocabularycanbeusedonadailybasistodiscussobjectsintheworldaroundyou.
Greentreetsabaht‐tsabakhkhale,blackdogmushuxkhaiyu,whiterabbitpiithaomoya,
etc.Youcanalsoplaygameslike‘ISpy.’Ispysomethingkiiketch‐iikehk.Ispysomething
xoshillii.
Themoreyoupracticeusingtheseterms,themoreautomaticallyyouwillbeabletorecall
them.
Lesson2:Adverbs
Whenyouwanttodescribewheresomethingis,thewordsyouusearecalledadverbs.We
usetheseallthetimewhenwespeak.Let'slearnafew.
gaw‐ inside(inthehouse)
xow‐ outside(atthefire)
na
in
guur‐ here
baiya there
xol‐ closer(tothefire)
gath’ae
closeto,by
tcha‐ away
haayuwa
infrontof
nowwa
behind
gal‐ home(tothehouse)
Examplesofadverbsusedinsentences
Newwordsyouwillseeinthesesentences
mehchaxara frog xalae
tree
xabeh
rock buduuwiitah
acornmeal
kaiyan
duck tchoy
basket
xa
lake baegal
dog
kakow
fox baga
house
Noticetheorderofthewords. Wheredoestheadverbgo?
mehchaxarahehxabehyoh`eh Thefrogwasundertherock
kaiyanhehxagathae`eh Theduckwasbesidethelake
kakowhehxalaenowae`eh
Thefoxisbehindthetree
buduuwiitahhehtchoyxkam`eh
Theacornmealisinsidethebasket
wihxaiyuwahkuyemgohm
Don’tstandinfrontofme
baegalxaiyuwahkuyemgohm Don’tstandinfrontofthedog
bagaxaiyukuyemgohm Don’tstandinfrontofthathouse
miitxaiyuwahkuyemgohm
Don’tstandinfrontofher
miitgathaekuyemgohm Don’tstandbesideher
Practice:
Belowareseveralphotoswithmanyitemsandpeople.Useanyofthephotostoanswerthe
questionsbelowinBahtssal.Remembertouseadverbs,bodyparts,colorsandnamesfor
familyandfriends.
Translatethesesentences.
Whereisthedog? ______________________________________________
Whereisthebasket?
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Whereisthegirl?
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Whatcoloristheboy’sshirt?
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Wherearetheyplaying?
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Whatcoloristhegirl’shair?
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Whatisthedogdoing?
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Whoissittingonarock?
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Whatisonthegrass?
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Whatisthefamilydoing? ______________________________________________
Usingyourlanguage
Lookaroundyourhouseandneighborhood.Findwaystouseyournewvocabularyto
describewhereobjectsorpeopleare.Make20newphrasesdescribingwherethingsare
aroundyou.Ifyoudon'tknowthewordforanobject,seeifyoucanfindoutwhatthatword
is.Asksomeoneortrytofinditinawordlist.Havefun!
Lesson3:Adjectives
Sometimesyoucanfindthematerialstouseforyourprojectintheforest,orbythelake.
Theymayberocks,piecesofwood,oranyothermaterialsfoundinnature.Youcan
describetheseusingadjectives.Herearesomeexamples:
bahten
big
k’alikii
heavy
kuk,kuca short/little(sg,pl)
bagil,kula long/tallobject(sg,pl)
gar clean
chotch
dirty
Labelthefiguresbelowwiththeappropriateadjectives.Useeachadjectiveonceonly.
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Unit6:
DoingHomework
Lesson1:ActivitiesatSchoolandatHome
Lesson2:DaysoftheWeek
Lesson3:LearningBahtssal
Unit6:
DoingHomework
Introduction:Youspendalotoftimelearninganddoingactivitiesforschool.Youcantalk
aboutthesethingsthatyoudoatschoolorathome.Thewordsandsentencesyouwill
learnnowcanbeusedeverydayoronceinawhile.Youwillseethattheyareveryuseful
evenwhenyouarenotdoingschoolwork.
Lesson1:ActivitiesAtSchoolandAtHome
Thesephraseswillbeusefulatschool.Youcantalkaboutwhatyouaredoingwithyour
friendsandteachers.Youcanalsotalkwithyourparentsandbrothersandsistersathome.
Youcanusethesephraseswhileyoudohomeworkorjustwhenyouarearoundother
people.
NewWords
duyiiga
school
nowaxolohu
belate
GoingandBeingSomewhere
q`awiikhduyiigana`eh thechildrenareatschool
miipyiipahnowaxolohuba.eh he/shewillbelate
mahyippahnowaxolohuya
you’relateagain
chii`nissathamahnowaxolohu whyareyoulate?
kuyemnowaxolohu
don’tbelate(don’tcomebehind)
SettlingInToDoSomeWork
piithum`kum
turnthelighton
gaa sit
gaa`gim
sitdown
baiyagaam (alreadysitting)sitthere
baiyagaa`gim
(formaldirective)sitthere
FiguringOutWhatToDo amthahahyehaela
whatamIdoing?
amthamahyehaela
whatareyoudoing?
hahkuyahmehel Idon’tknow
walthaethel’gimamyehaekba telluswhattodo
wiithaethel’gimamyehaekba tellmewhattodo
SomeActivitiesToDoAtYourDesk
miixthapencileh(paintingfeather) doyouhaveapencil?
miixshihhehkiilugim
writeyourname.
mehgaxaam
cutthis
mehthek`xham
gluethis
bahyek`eh that’sall
shohxaduts`amim startnow(fordoingparticularthings)
willai rightnow!
shohyehaelim(it’shappeningnow) nowwe’llgoon(startdoingit)
SittingTogether thaya’im
sitstill
wihgathaegaam sitclose
nowgathae sitalittlecloser
wihgathaegaam sitbyme
bekhdiilae I’msittingbetweenyou(two)
ubaigaam (sitoverthere—singular)changeseats
FinishingUpandSharing thamahduxalla areyoufinished?
wahbekhnowa`eh
we’rebehind
wahduxalla we’refinished
bahyeggiidaiyeh it’salldone
mahduxalla/duxalma
you’refinished
wihgarrxhamammahduyahkalheh`e
showmewhatyoumade
wihgarrxhamammahduyahkalkheh`e
showmewhatyoujustmade
shoduweh,wahxomsashokheh`e
welearnedalottoday
shoduweh,wahthawaalsiiyehaek
weworkedhardtoday
What'sNext?PhysicalActivity wahkuyahamyahaekaiya
we’renotdoinganything.
amthawahshohyehaegayax whatshallwedonext?(now)
mahthabasketballtalmarra doyouwanttoplaybasketball?
bapopelhehwaibaxshihhehkiilukmathachae
whereisthesignupsheet?
gup’gim
stand(jump)up!(singular)
gupmum
stand(jump)up!(plural)
baiyagohm’im
standthere
maeyagom`im
standhere
gup`gim
jump(upnow)
gaiyugup`gim
jumpup(high)
FollowTheseSuggestions yaxk’im
lookout/bealert
kuyemgakma
don’trun
kuyembakohmxa don’tpush
tha`xamwallim walkslowly
hyimk
wait
hyim`kim waitaminute
bapu`hyim stopthat!
pu`hyim
stop
pu`hyimkahm
stopit
kuyemmiinkii
don’tdothat
bakuyemmiinkii. don’tdoitlikethat
kuyemmiinkii
don’tdoitthatway
q`odii’im
begood/behave
dushuk’im bequiet
badakoyim (pickthatup!)pickupthetrash
xkohehdalumim turnthelightoff(putoutthefire)
Itisimportanttobeabletousethesephrasestoalertothersaswellastobeableto
understandwhenyouarebeingwarnedortoldtodoornottodosomething.Drawlines
matchingtheBahtssaltothecorrespondingEnglishphrasesbelow.
kuyemmiinkii
don’trun
bapu`hyim walkslowly
hyimk
stopthat!
badakoyim don’tdoitlikethat
q`odii’im bequiet
kuyembakohmxa wait
pu`hyimkahm
(pickthatup!)pickupthetrash
yaxk’im
turnthelightoff(putoutthefire)
kuyemmiinkii
stopit
xkohehdalumim begood/behave
hyim`kim lookout/bealert
pu`hyim
don’tpush
kuyemgakma
waitaminute
bakuyemmiinkii. stop
tha`xamwallim don’tdothat
dushuk’im don’tdoitthatway
Practice:
Usingthephrasesyoulearnedinthislesson,writeadialoguebetweentwopeopleora
conversationamongseveralpeople,usingatleast8phrases.Youcanalsousewordsand
sentencesyoulearnedinotherlessons.
Dialogue
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Activity
Sharethedialogueyouwrotewithanotherlearnerortwo.Learnthedialogueandactitout
frommemory.Afteryou’vefinishedthisyoucanwritemoredialoguesandactthemout.
TheseactivitieswillhelpyourememberwordsandsentencessoyoucanspeakinBahtssal.
Recordthesedialoguesandlistentothem.Thiswillalsohelpyoulearntospeakwell.
Lesson2:DaysoftheWeek
Inthisshortlessonyouwilllearnhowtotalkaboutthepastandfuturebyusingthedaysof
theweek.
kaliimedikii Monday
kilhikiixotch
Tuesday
kilhikiixomkah
Wednesday kilhikiidol Thursday
kilhikiilaemma
Friday
sawulaa
Saturday
domingoh Sunday
saemanogai’yah weekend
amthamahyehael`ehsawulaa WhatdidyoudoSaturday?
amthamahyehaelehsawulaa WhatdidyoudoSaturday?
amthanalyehaelasaemanogai’yah Whatareyoudoingthisweekend?
Practice:
Markacalendarwiththenamesoftheweekandtellpeoplearoundyouwhatdayit
iseachmorning.Youwilllearnthedaysoftheweekeasilywhenyoudothisevery
day.
Lesson3:LearningBahtssal
waibaxganumuchganulim
speakourlanguage
mahBahtssalduyiirxa
youarelearningBahtssal
bayippahnim.
saythatagain
thaxaannim.
saythatslowly
wihthaethaegim/amhahyippahniibax.
tellmewhattosayagain
sho`gim
listen
miipalshiimashiimallim listentowhathesays
wihsho’gim
listentome
chiinhahniiyax’eh
how(theway)I’mgoingtosayit
miibaxxkon’kae youunderstand?
bathamahwiibaxkoh’ doyouunderstandthatfromme?
miihahbaxkoh’ya Iunderstandyou
bayipahnim
saythatagain
mexsiieh thisishard
miiralmiiphinthelganuduyiila
he’steachinghertotalkIndiannow
miiralmiiphinthelganuduyiilba
he’sgoingtoteachhertotalkIndian
miiralmiipBahtssalduyiilba`eh
he’llteachherBahtssalsomeday
miiralmiipBahtssalduyiilayaxa
he’llteachherBahtssaltomorrow
miiralmiipBahtssalduyiiheh`e
hetaughtherBahtssal
Unit7:
GettingDressedandDoingLaundry
Lesson1:BodyParts
Unit7:
GettingDressedandDoingLaundry
Introduction:Itisimportanttobeabletotalkaboutourbodies,notonlysowecandescribe
ourselvesandotherpeople,butalsosowecantellotherswhenwearenotfeelingwell.
Onceyouknowsomebasicbodyvocabularyyoucanthentalkaboutgettingdressed,how
you’refeeling,andplaygamesthatinvolvenamingdifferentpartsofthebody.
Lesson1:BodyParts
Youcanstartbylearningsomeofthemajorbodyparts.
xkukaal
shoulder
chuwa’
arm
q`uusa’
elbow
ye’el chest
k`iidi’ back
khoh belly
t’aa butt
bah’bu
hip
shaako’
leg
xkutul‐xkutul
knee
xhamaa
foot
xhamaa‐xkawik toes
rrik toenails
Practice:
TrypointingtothesepartsonyourbodyasyousaytheminBahtssal,thiswillhelpyouto
remembertheirnames.Onceyou’vepracticetheseandarefeelingcomfortablewiththem
youcanaddtothelistwithmorespecifics.
biihya’
jawill gakae
biiyaxkukii
rrik hand
lefthand
righthand
fingers
fingernails
Practice:
Addthesenewwordstothepreviouslistofbodyparts,andpracticethesetogetherby
sayingthewordswhileindicatingthepartofthebodyyouarenaming.Nowyou’reready
tolearnthevocabularyforfaces.Again,practicingthesenewtermsregularlywillhelpyou
torememberthem.
xkaiya’
head
muusu’
hair
q`oy neck
u’iih eye(s)
u’iih‐kuii
eyebrow
u’iih‐siimih’ eyelashes
laabo’bo
nose
baalu’
cheeks
xatsiidah
mouth
yah’o teeth
bal tongue
k’awaas
chin
shiimaa
ear(s)
diilae’
forehead
Practice:
Nowthatyou’vepracticethenamesforthebodypartswhilepointingtothemonyourself
it’stimeforyoutousethesenamestowriteadescription.Describeyourselforanotherin
aphotousingthebodypartvocabularyandvocabularyfrompreviousunits(i.e.colors,
adjectives,etc.).Yourdescriptionshouldbeatleast8sentenceslong.
UseBahtssalWordsDaily:
Evenifyoudon’tknowallthevocabularyforaphrase,youcanstillusewhatyouknowasa
waytopracticevocabularyonadailybasis.Examples:
• Brushyourmuusu
• Myhurtschuwa’
Unit8:
PersonalFeelings
Lesson1:DiscussingtheBody/Health
Lesson2:Emotions
Lesson3:Friendship
Lesson4:Compliments
Unit8:
PersonalFeelings
Introduction:Talkingaboutfeelingsissomethingwedoallthetime.Youwillnowlearn
howtoshareyourexperienceswithotherpeople.Thesewordsandphraseswillallowyou
totalkmorepersonallywithyourfriends.
Lesson1:DiscussingtheBody/Health
Here'sabriefreviewofbodypartsandpossessivepronounstogetstarted.Payattentionto
theorderofthewords,theuseofthepossessive,andtheuseofcommands.
mehwaxlaboboeh.
thisismynose
mehwaxshiima’`eh.
thatismyear
bamiribaxshiima’`eh
thatisherear
bamiipiibaxshiima’`eh thatishisear
bamiixshiima’`eh
thatisyourear
miixshiima’hehtiiya`eh
youhavebigears
Commands:
miixuyiimohehdasolk`gim
washyourface
miixbii.hyuhhehdasolk`gim
washyourhands
miixuyiimoxaibii.hyuhdasolk`gim washyourfaceandhands
miixshebahdaso`lim
takeabathorshower(washyourbody)
AskingQuestionsAboutHowSomeoneFeelsPhysically
Q.
mahthachiineh? howdoyoufeel?
A.
xahq`odii`eh
I’mfine
hahq`uyenkaeq`odii‐ta Idon’tfeelgood
nisthunkae I’mfeelingbad/I’mnotfeelingwell
GettingSick
Q.
xkoluthataalla? areyousick?
A.
xolutalinkae
I’msick
waxkhohhehdutalinkae mystomachhurts
Q.
mahthasiiyelkmarra
doyouwanttothrowup?
makxaithasiiyelkgiiyaxa
doyouwanttothrowuptoo?
A.
hahsiiyelkmarra Ithrewup
Q.
chiinaithamaxkalal
whendidyougetsick?
chiinkahnkthamaxkalalma
howlongwereyousick?
GettingHurt
Q.
nisthunkaechiinissa
whyareyoufeelingbad?
A.
hahlokxa Ifell
hahxhalaexhaamlokxa Ifelloutofthetree
waxgiinaldutal`dubakheh
Ihurtthebackofmyhead
hahkuyenkaegak(wal)marra Idon’twanttowalk
Q.
chiinissa? whyisthat?
A.
waxxamahehdutal’la myfoothurts
miinissahahkuyenkaewalmarra
that’swhyIcan’twalk
Q.
mahthagaxkalaxomgawohumarra doyouwanttogotothehospital?
Practice:
Describethepicturesbelow.
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Dialogue:
Usingwhatyoulearnedinotherlessonsandthisonecreateadialoguebetweentwopeople
abouthowtheyfeelphysically.Includebothquestionsandanswers.Writeatleast8linesof
dialogue.
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Lesson2:Emotions
Talkingabouthowyoufeelphysicallyisnotalwaysenough.Youshouldalsoknowhowto
shareyourfeelings.Withthewordsandsentencesyoulearnhereyouwillbeabletotell
yourfriendshowyouarefeeling.
FeelingGood
Vocabulary:
iimakon
cheerup,beinharmony
kuwai
tolaugh
hahkuwaiya
Ilaughed
bekhwihkuwaimaxa
theymademelaugh
bekhwihkuwaimaya
they’remakingmelaugh
wahkuwaikma
they’remakinguslaugh
bekhwihnalkuwaima they’relaughingatme
chaahmkokaewihkuwaimaxa somethingcrazymademelaugh
FeelingBad
Vocabulary:
yuxhaa
tears(facewater)
yuxhaa’bahten
bigtears
maxarra
tocry
hahkulmunkeh
I’mafraid
kuyemkulmuh
don’tbeafraid.
bawiikulmuh
I’mscaredofit.
hahnisstha I’msad(nowordforsad,usebad)
kuyemnisstha
don’tbesad.
makxaikuyemnisstha don’tyoubesadtoo!
miitmaxarra’/maxarra’ma she’scrying
kuyemmaxarr’/maxarr’ma
don’tcry
wihxaikiijariikma
sheisangryatmetoo
hahmiima.ashma Ihateyou
mahthama.ashma
doyouhateme?
mahthawihxaima.ashma
doyouhatemetoo?
FeelingTired
pudalinkae I’mtired/tiredofit
siimatexkmahnkae
I’mgettingsleepy
kuyemcosh/coshma
don’tyawn/beyawning
siimathamarra doyouwanttosleep?
diithikba let’srest
diithikmum
let’sallrest
siimaneggim.Willai
gotobed/sleep.Rightnow!
miixduxkatchhehthaokaesiimaeh isyourbrothersleeping?
miixduxkatchhehthaokaemehrra isyourbrotherjustlayingthere?
Practice:
Describethepicturesonthenextpage.
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Lesson3:Friendship
hahmiixwinnawaheh mahwaxwinnawaheh waxwinnawahmiitae
miitmiixwinnawaheh miitmiixwinnawahwaxiiku`ii
miipbaegiibawinnawaheh
wihsiiputchgim Iamyourfriend
youaremyfriend
sheismyfriend
sheisyourfriend
sheisyourfriend,notmine
heisafriendoftheirs
youcankissme
Lesson4:Compliments
mihq`odiibathankae
miixtsumaibahten`eh mahgaokq`odii`eh
mahgaok/dahthomakh`eh
mahq`odiiyehael`eh/mahq`odiiyehae`ga
nathayohpiithaa miiralkiimaiyukhxaya miiralkuyemmaiyukh miipmiralmaiyukhma Unit9:
GoingforaWalk
Lesson1:PlantsandAnimals
Lesson2:SeasonsandWeather
Lesson3:ObjectsintheNaturalWorld
Lesson4:Directions
Lesson5:VerbsofMotion
yousoundgood
youhaveabigheart
youareagoodperson
youareasmartman/woman
youdidwell youlookpretty
heisgoingtoflirtwithher
don’tflirtwithher
heisflirtingwithher
Unit9:
GoingforaWalk
Introduction:Thepurposeofthisunitistoencourageyoutoputeverythingyou’velearned
sofartogetherinaconversationalformat.Byfocusingontakingawalk,youhavean
opportunitytodiscusswhatyouseeincludingitemsinthenaturalworldsuchasthesunor
moon.Youwillalsobeabletodescribetheweather,whatdirectionyouaregoingandwhat
seasonyouareenjoying.Thisunitwouldbeevenmorevaluableifdoneinregular
consultationwithalanguagespeakerorteacher,asitencouragesyoutodiscoverthings
youwouldliketosaybutdon’thavethewordsforyet.
Lesson1:PlantsandAnimals
Youwillwanttodescribetheplantandanimallifeyouencounteronyourwalks.Wewill
startwithsomeofthebasictermsyouwillneedtodescribewhatyouseeonyourwalks.
Plants:
xaalae
tree
gaakkill
grass
tsists
treeroots
so.
clover
haalae
oaktree
tiir
thorn
baku
youngwillow
hihalae
grapebush
tree
(vine)
bachum
youngoaktree
kohum
sedge
bahgo
roundtulepatch siitaal
Leaf
Bu∙dú
Acorn
Animals:
haiyu
Dog
dulad
Mosquito
puush
Cat
ka
Spider
gawa
Horse
thunthun
Ant
jii’wa
Goat
sha
Fish
paga
Cow
chiiya
Bird
tho’ro
Bull
chulii
BlackBird
biisheh’
Deer
shae
Eagle
guunuula
Coyote
tchai
BlueJay
wii’qa
MountainLion
shaxkah
Quail
chiimuu
Wolf
siikomo
Seagull
nupehrr’
Skunk
hlaal
Goose
moiihya
Rabbit
boholot
Turkey
kahlutudoak
Snake
yiiai
Feather
paala
Slug
koh
BirdEggs
chamaal
Fly
thunu’
Mouse
Cî∙kómal Seagull
Du∙kínaša
Salmon
xaass
Rattlesnake
k’aiyaan
MallardDuck
Lesson2:SeasonsandWeather
Themonthofyear,seasonsandweatheraregreatwaystohelpdescribeyoursurroundings
andexperiencesonawalk.Forexample;itrainsoftenduringthewinter,especiallyin
January.
Seasons:
Kâ·y‐xówakâx
Spring
siitaal‐pubek Autumn
mtainal
Summer
xucay
Winter
(central)
Weather:
kikii
Rain
kalol
Dry
Kíw
Cool
liakak
Thunder
Lóc̓ Lightning
yimaw
Frost
xho
Hot
yul
Snow
kaexho
ReallyHot
xak
Wet
xkatchil
Cold
Lesson3:ObjectsintheNaturalWorld
Belowaresomewordstohelpyoudescribethingsyoumayencounteronawalkthatare
neitherplantnoranimal.
Lá
Sun
ta
Sand
duuwe'laa
Moon
hya
Bone
wiiyaho
Star
xabaten
Lake
habe
Rock
konocti
BigMountain
tataa
Dirt
butu
LittleHill
bur
Mud
ya.oh’
Tooth
chiimeh’
Fur
lo
Fire
bidame
Creek/River
qali
Sky
Lesson4:Directions
Therearemanywaystodescribewhereyouaregoingorwhereyouhavebeen.Hereare
severaltermsindicatingdirectionthatwillhelpyoucommunicateyourwhereaboutswith
others.Youshouldalsousedirectionslearnedinunits3and5.
thawil
Left
danol
Upstream
qak
Right
bidaw
Downstream
Lila
Far
nal
North
thibal
Near
yo
South
qalil
Uphill
sho
East
kayu
Up
bo
West
yow
Down
kayuwa
Above
wina
OnTop
yowwa
Below
Lesson5:VerbsofMotion
Inordertodescribehowyouarrivedatyourdestinationandwhatyoudidwhenyougot
there,youwillneedtoknowsomeverbsdescribingmotion.
shog
Hear
gak
Run
gaara
See
gaagim
SitDown
miishae
Smell
siik
Fast
miimuk
SmellPlural
xaqa
Swim
japikae
Step
daxkum
Hide
gahwal
Walk
Practice:
Herearesomecommonquestionsorsentencesyoumayuseduringawalk.Practiceby
convertingthesentencetoBahtssalandselectinganobjectoutdoorstoanswerthe
questions.Ifyougoonawalkwithsomeoneyoucanusethesamequestionsandsentences
tocommunicateaboutwhatyouexperience.
Whatdoyousee?
Isee____________.
Doyouseethe______________.
Look!Lookoverthere.Lookoverhere.
Whatisthat?
chaemalthamahwalla? Whichwayareyougoing(walking)?
mahthaamshog
Didyouhearthatnoise?
mahthahaiyunuwaxhshokh`eh Didyouhearthatdogbarking?
Activity:
Goforregularwalksbyyourself,withfamilymembersandBahtssalspeakersifpossible.
Asyouwalk,describeeverythingyousee;ifyoudon’tknowthewordforsomething,or
howtosayasentence,makeanoteofittoaskyourlanguageteacher.
Trytoincorporateatleastonenewwordoneachwalk.Walkwithalanguagespeakerand
askthemtodescribewhattheysee.Ifyoudon’tunderstandsomething,askthem[inthe
language!]topointtoitortodescribeitfurther.Useoneofthewordsyoulearnasthenew
wordforyournextwalk.
Bynowyouhavethebasicskillstocarryonaconversationinthelanguageforseveral
sentencesinarow.StartaskingquestionsandgivingresponsesinBahtssal,usemorethan
justsinglewordanswers.Themoreyoucommunicateinthelanguagetheeasierit
becomesanditwillbegintofeelnatural.
Unit10: TellingaTranditionalStory/WritingaStory
Lesson1:LearnanExistingStory
Lesson2:WritingYourOwnStory
Lesson3:BringingtheStorytoLife
Unit10:
TellingaTranditionalStory/WritingaStory
Introduction:Thegoalofthisunitifforyoutofeelcomfortabletellingamemorizedstory,
eithertraditionalorofyourowncomposition,infrontofagroupofpeople.Sinceoral
historywaslargelypreservedbypassingstoriesdownthroughgenerations,storytellingis
animportantpartofthislanguageanditshistory.Youmaychoosetolearnanexisting
storyortowriteyourown.Ifyoudecidetowriteyourownstory,havingaccesstoa
languageteacherorspeakerisadvised.
Lesson1:LearnanExistingStory
Inordertobecomecomfortablewithstorytelling,learninganexistingsimplestoryisan
idealplacetobegin.“TheLittleAcorn”bySarahSupahanisagreatexample.
Thestorycanbefoundonlineat:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Eq7drk3wHuc&feature=em‐share_video_user
The Little Acorn Translation:
Adapted from past to present tense
English – Eastern Pomo (Bahtssal)
The Little Acorn.
Buudu’ kutch
Then it grows into a big tree.
Khale bahten buudu’[grow]
There is an acorn.
Buudu’ kuyem è
The tree grows a new acorn.
Khale [new] buudu’ [grow]
The acorn is small.
Buudu’ kuwe? è
The acorn falls to the ground.
Buudu’ ká·y pubek
The rain falls.
Kikii pubek
Then there is an acorn.
Buudu’ kuyem è [then]
The sun shines.
Lá [Shine]
The acorn is small…
Buudu’ kuwe? è
The acorn grows.
Buudu’[to grow]
The root grows.
Cʰícʰ [grow]
Then the leaf grows.
-ENDSiitaal [grow then]
The acorn grows more.
Buudu’ [more grow]
First it is a small tree.
Khale kuwe? bu·húš è
Practice:
Begintomemorizeonelineatatime.Getfamilymemberstoeitherrepeateachsentence,
oractoutthestoryasyoutellit.Actingoutthestoryasyoutellitwillhelpyouto
rememberthelinesandalsomakethestorymoreinteresting.Continuethisprocessuntil
youhavememorizedtheentirestory.
Activity:
Nowyouhavetheentirestorymemorizedandeitheryouorafriendcanactoutlineswhile
thestoryistold.Youarereadytoperformthestoryforanaudiencesuchasyour
classmatesorfamilyandfriends!
Lesson2:WritingYourOwnStory
Ifyoudecidetowriteyourownstory,itwillbehelpfulifyouhaveregularmeetingswitha
languageteacherorspeakersothatyouhaveaccesstohelpwithwritingmorecomplex
sentences.
Youmaywriteaboutanythingyouchoose.Youshouldbeabletomemorizethestoryand
tellittoagroupofpeople.Utilizeyourlanguageteacherorspeakertohelpwithwordsyou
don’tknowandforcomplexsentences.
Practice:
OnceyourstoryiscompleteandtranslatedtoBahtssalbegintomemorizeonelineata
time.Havefamilymembersorfriendsrepeateachsentencebacktoyou.Youmayalso
wanttoactoutthestoryasyoutellitorhavesomeoneelseactitout.Continuethisprocess
untilyouhavememorizedtheentirestory.
Foravariationonactingoutthestory,considerfindingsomepuppetsthatrepresentthe
charactersofthestoryandusethemtorepresenttheaction.
Activities:
Performthestoryforanaudiencesuchasyourclassmatesorfamilyandfriends!
Writeyourstorydown,oneortwosentencesperpageandaskfamilymemberstohelpyou
illustratethestory.Ifpossible,dothisentireactivityusingonlyBahtssal.Ifyouattend
regularclassmeetings,considercreatingalanguagelessonoutlinethatyoucouldteach
yourclassusingthisstoryasaspringboard.