Mount Vesuvius: 2000 years of volcanological observations

Journal o f [blcanolo~, and Geothermal Research, 58 ( 1993 ) 5-25
5
Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., Amsterdam
Mount Vesuvius: 2000 years of volcanological observations
Roberto Scandone, Lisetta Giacomelli and Paolo Gasparini
Dipartimento di Geofisica e Vulcanologia. Largo S. Marcellino 10. 80138 Napoh. ltalv
(Received June 26, 1992; revised version accepted November 17, 1992 )
ABSTRACT
Mount Vesuvius had eruptions ranging between ~'El 5 + to 0-1 during the last 2000 years. Infrequent explosive eruptions are recorded during the period 79 AD to 1631. Since the violent explosive eruption of 1631, the volcano has been in
persistent activity, rebuilding the morphology that it had before that eruption. A succession of explosive and effusive
eruptions occurred until 1944, with a predominance of short and violent episodes until 1872 and longer effusive eruptions
since that date. Two factors mainly controlled the character of volcanic activity during this period: ( 1 ) the strength of the
cone, which allowed, in the earlier period, an easy fracturing, rapid drainage, and pressure release of the magma column:
(2) the interaction between magma and water, which enhanced the explosivity of several eruptions.
The volcano appears to have reached a stage of quiescence because it finally attained a shape of equilibrium in which
the height of the mountain is sufficient to counterbalance the buoyancy of the magma.
Introduction
Vesuvius is one of the most studied volcanoes in the world because of its long time interval with historic eruptions (2000 years; one of
the longest eruptive histories in the world) and
its easy accessibility. The discovery and excavation of Pompeii and Herculaneum in the
1700s added to its fame and it became the volcano on which new theories of Earth Science
were tested. Many neapolitan and foreign
scholars described with accuracy the numerous eruptions during this long period, and,
since 1600, several chronicles described not
only the main eruptions but also the slight
changes of volcanic activity.
The aim of our work is to review the volcano's history in the last 2000 years in order to
identify the main factors controlling its
activity.
Vesuvius before 79 AD
Greek and roman scholars (Strabo, Diodorus Siculus, Vitruvius, Vergil) already knew the
volcanic nature of the mountain before the
eruption of 79 AD.
Diodorus Siculus (80-20 BC) reports that
the Campanian plain was called "Phlegrean
('fiery') from the mountain which of old
spouted forth a huge fire as Aetna did in Sicily;
at this time, however, the mountain is called
Vesuvius and shows many signs of the fire
which once raged in those ancients times".
Vitruvius, active between 46 and 30 BC, reported in his "De Architectura" that "once fires
burnt below Vesuvius and sometimes it
spouted flames on the surrounding fields".
Strabo (64 BC-25 AD) gives the most accurate description of Vesuvius of his times:
"Above these places lies Mr. Vesuvius, which,
save for its summit, has dwellings all round, on
farm-lands that are absolutely beautiful. As for
the summit, a considerable part of it is flat, but
all of it is unfruitful, and looks ash-coloured,
and it shows pore-like cavities in masses of
rocks that are soot-coloured on the surface,
these masses of rock looking as though they had
been eaten out by fire: and hence one might in-
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SSDI 037 7 - 0 2 7 3 ( 9 3 ) E 0 0 1 6-U
R S C A N D ( ) N E F I' At
fer that in earlier times this district was on fire
and had craters of fire, and then, because the
fuel gave out, was quenched."
The 79 AD eruption
Precursors of the 79 AD eruption
Vesuvius entered the history of volcanology
with the eruption of 79 AD, described by Pliny
the Younger. The eruption destroyed Pompeii,
Herculaneum, Oplonti and Stabiae and caused
the death of Pliny the Elder among many other
people.
Before the eruption of 79, earthquakes occurred for some time, but were disregarded by
local inhabitants because of their familiarity
with the phenomenon.
Seneca reports that an earthquake occurred
on 5 February of 62 (according to Tacitus) or
63 AD. The earthquake laid down Pompeii,
made great ruins in Herculaneum, and caused
minor damage in Nuceria and Naples, where
the emperor Nero was performing in the theatre. According to Seneca, the earthquakes lasted
for several days (non desiit enim assidue fremere Campania) until they became milder
"'but still caused great damage". We presume
that this earthquake swarm occurred at a shallow depth in the Vesuvian area, given the distribution and the area extent of damages.
In the last sentences of this writing, Seneca
asked himself if this disaster in Campania had
not "made every m a n strengthened and resuited (resolved) against all catastrophes". The
reply to his question probably came 17 years
later, when Pliny the Elder went to the rescue
of the people staying in the area that had been
shaken for several days.
As the younger Pliny testified, "for several
days before (the eruption) the earth had been
shaken, but this fact did not cause fear because
this was a feature commonly observed in Campania" (praecesserat per multos dies tremor
terrae, minus formidolosus quia Campaniae
solitus).
Repair work was underway in some houses
at Pompeii and Oplonti Villa when the eruption occurred. This can be considered evidence of intensive seismic shaking of the
buildings.
Dio Cassius (150-235 AD) also reports
some precursors of the eruption. He tells that
for several days before the eruptions there were
earthquakes and subterranean rumblings and
giants were seen wandering on the earth (giants
are a c o m m o n feature associated with earthquakes and volcanic eruptions, Scandone,
1987).
1"he eruption
Pliny the Younger's letters to Tacitus have
been frequently recalled as the first vivid description of an explosive eruption.
We do not know if the description made by
Pliny the Younger of the eruption of 79 AD is
reliable or not (he explicitly mentions in the
end of the first letter that other persons reported to him most of the facts); we will, however, recall some of the more important points
in his account.
We make use of the text of the letters of the
"Scriptores Classicorum Bibliotheca Ovonensis" translated into italian by Marcello Gigante (Pliny the Younger). When necessary, we
made a literal translation into english.
Figure 1 shows the places mentioned in the
letter as well as the presumed route followed
by Pliny the Elder.
The first letter
The beginning of the eruption is uncertain:
the two Plinys observe the cloud at the seventh
hour of the day (1 p.m., Sigurdsson c t a l .
1985 ). We must presume that the eruption began sometime earlier to allow the arrival, at
about the same hour, of a messenger sent from
the Vesuvian area. Sigurdsson et al. ( t 9 8 5 )
suggest that the event prompting Rectina. wile
of Tascus, to send the messenger, was a phreatic
explosion at the very beginning of the eruption.
M O U N T V E S U V I U S : 2000 Y E A R S O F V O L C A N O L O G I C A L O B S E R V A T I O N S
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Fig. 1. Sketch of the Gulf of Naples and the route followed by Pliny the Elder to reach Stabiae.
The cloud: The cloud was directly observed
by Pliny the Younger from a distance of 21 km,
so that he could fully appreciate its total extent
and behavior. Subsequent scholars of Vesuvius eruptions have frequently used the same
description for other eruptions.
The description gives us the idea of the typical explosive eruption ("It resembled a pine
{Mediterranean pine} more than any other
tree. Like a very high tree, the cloud went high
and expanded in different branches. I believe,
because it was first driven by a sudden gust of
air (recenti spiritu eiecta), then, with its diminution or because of the weight, the cloud expanded laterally, sometimes white, sometimes
dark and stained by the sustained sand and ash
(pondere suo victa in latitudinem vanescebat,
candida interdum, interdum sordida et maculosa prout terram cineremque sustulerat )."
The route o f Pliny the Elder: Pliny the Elder,
on his course to the endangered area, has the
wind blowing at his back, from the northwest.
We do not know where he intended to land, but
he changed his m i n d because a new shoal
formed by the eruption prevented the landing.
At this m o m e n t he observes red-hot stones and
pumice falling on the ships, so he must already
be at the southeast of the volcano as suggested
by the area distribution of pumice (Lirer et al.,
1973 ). We may infer that he was trying to reach
the Pompeii port and that he could not land
because of the floating pumice, so, he changed
his mind and sailed toward Stabiae to reach the
friend, Pomponianus, who could not leave because of the opposing wind.
The decision of reaching Stabiae was a fatal
one because brought the rescuers to a place
where sea escape was impossible. Stabiae was
separated by the center of the gulf where the
shore made a gentle arc and the waves rushed
in ( Stabiis erat diremptus sinu medio nam sensim circumactis curvatisque litoribus mare in-
R,S('~NI)()N,t:LT
fimditur). The ancient coastline formed probably a more pronounced gulf than nowadays.
The northwestern wind favoured the entrance
into the gulf (Quo tunc avunculus meus secundissimo i n v e c t u s - most favourable to the
route of my uncle) but prevented the escape
on the next day during the paroxismic phase of
the eruption ( Placuit egredi in litus, et ex proximo adspicere, ecquid iam mare admitteret;
quod adhuc vastum et adversum permanebat - They decided to reach the shore and look if the
sea permitted the escape. But the sea was still
stormy and did not allowed the departure ).
The second letter
During the time of the eruption, Pliny the
Younger stayed in the proximity of Misenum
from where he observed the eruption along
with his mother (Pliny the Elder's sister). In
the second letter, he describes what occurred
there.
Earthquakes: During the night of the first day
of the eruption, and for most of the morning of
the next day, the houses of Misenum where
shaken by earthquakes that caused much panic.
Pliny the Younger and his mother escaped; they
reached a place from which Vesuvius, Capri
and Cape Misenum were visible. The only
place where such view is possible is the "Monte
di Procida" hill. On the top of the hill, wheeledcharts on flat land were shaken back and forth
even if chocks were placed against the wheels.
Given the distance from Vesuvius, we may
presume that the seismic activity, or a strong
seismic tremor, ranged in magnitude between
4 and 5.
Tsunami: ( Praeterea mare in se resorberi et
tremore terrae quasi repelli videbamus - - Further on, we saw the sea retreating as if pushed
by the earthquakes). The retreat of the sea observed in Misenum is probably related with a
tsunami associated with the climax of the
eruption; a similar occurrence has been described during the eruption of Vesuvius of
1631.
Black clouds at Misenum: ( Ab altero latere
~,i.
nubes atra et horrenda, ignei spiritus lor~z.~ v;
bratisque discursibus rupta, m longas j l a m m a .
rumfiguras d e h i s c e b a t - From the other side.
black and horrible clouds, broken by sinuous
shapes of flaming winds, were opening with
long tongues of fire). The description suggests
strong explosions that - - After a little while descended onto the land, opened the sea, co~ ered
Capri and prevented the sight of Misenum
( Nec multos post ilia nubes descendere ~r, tetras, operire maria; cinxerat Capreas et ahsconderat, Miseni quod procurrit abstuleraz 3 Fhe
clouds reached the place where Plin~ the
Younger and his mother where (densa ~alig~;
;ergis imminebat, quae nos t~)rrentis mod~ i;~!i~sa terrae sequebatur. (. .....) el nox non quah.~
;nlunis aut nubila, sed qualis m locis clau.s;.~ [u.~
mine exstincto - - A dense haze was impending
at our backs, following us like a stream flowing
on land ( .... ) and the night fell on us, not like
a night with clouds or without stars, bu~ Iike
the night in a closed place without a iamp l
After a while they were reached by another
cloud - - Again the obscurity, again the ash.
dense and heavy. We raised some time to shake
away the ash as we could have been covered
and choked by its weight (Tenebrae rursus
cinis rursus, multus et gravis. Hunc ident;dem
adsurgentes excutiebamus; operti alioqut atquc
etiam oblisi pondere essemus ).
We can exclude that these phenomena can
be ascribed to air-fall ash. The distributmn of
the pumice driven by stratospheric winds is to-.
ward the southeastern side of Vesuvius ( LireT~
et al., 1973; Sigurdsson et al., 1985). Low altitude winds were blowing from northwest (as
the course of Pliny the Elder testifies. We have,
to conclude that the phenomena in the proximity of Misenum were due to a pyroclastic
surge as also suggested by Sigurdsson et al.
( 1985 ). If such description is truthful, it raises,
however, some new questions about the extent
of damage caused by the eruption. Any pyroo
clastic surge reaching Misenum, causing
breathing difficulties and obscuration of the
sky must first have passed the city of Naples.
M¢)UNT VESUVIUS: 2000 YEARS OF VOLCANOLOGICAL OBSERV~XTIONS
The damages
We do not have any evidence of extensive
damages in Naples although the contemporary
roman authors were rather obscure about the
true extent of damages. We know (from Suetonius) that Emperor Titus appointed two exconsuls (Curatores Restituendae Campaniae)
to supervise the work of restoration of the
damaged region and to solve the legal questions raised by the death of so many people.
We also know that the import to Rome of
Campanian wine suffered a drastic decrease
after the eruption (Widemann, 1987). We find
an echo of such occurrence in a poem of Martial (40-104 AD) who describes Vesuvius,
once covered by green grapes, now submerged
under flames and lapilli.
Pliny the Younger does not mention any
damages other than those suffered by himself
or the uncle. However, a record of the destruction of Herculaneum and Pompei is found in
Marcus Aurelius ( 121-180 AD) and in Dio
Cassius (150-235 AD). This last author also
reports that the ashes of the eruption reached
Africa (the modern Libya), Syria and Egypt,
and caused pestilence.
Similarly, the poet Papinius Statius (40-96
AD ) made many references to the ruins caused
by Vesuvius in his collection of poems "Silvae". The poet lived in Naples for long time
and was possibly there during the eruption, as
he got a poetry p r e m i u m in the town in 78 or
80 AD. Soon after he left and lived in Rome
until 92. On that date he had to write a poem
(Silvae III, 5) "Ad Claudiam Uxorem" to
convince his wife to come back to Naples
(Paratore, 1992). In this poem we find informations on the state of the town at that date:
Non adeo Vesuvinus apex et flammea diri.-montis hiems trepidas exhausit civibus urbes--stant populisque vigent (The summit of Vesuvius and the fire-storm did not made the anxious cities empty of men, they still live full of
men ); Hic auspice condita Phoebo tecta, Dicarchei portusque et litora mundi hospita," (Here
you will see the temple of Phoebus and the port
9
of Pozzuoli and its hospitable shores) (...)
Nostra quoque et propris tenuis nec rara colonis
Parthenope (Full of citizens and colonists is our
dear Parthenope (Naples) (...) Has ego te
sedes (...) transferre laboro, quas et mollis hiems
et frigida temperat aestas, quas imbelle fretum
torpentibus adluit undis (I want to bring you to
these places where the winter is sweet and the
summer is fresh, where the sea lightly touches
the land with lazy waves). According to these
verses, we get the impression that Naples and
all the region of Campi Flegrei had completely
recovered from the damages of the eruption.
Different was the condition in the immediate
surrounding of Vesuvius. Possibly only Stabiae had recovered at the time of Statius
(Renna, 1992). Renna (1992) suggests that
the important road connecting Nuceria to Stabiae, covered by the deposits of the eruption,
was restored already in 121 AD; this same author suggests that the areas of Portici and Torre
del Greco were occupied between the II and
IV-V century AD, and those of Pompei and
Herculaneum between the III and V century
AD.
The memory of the lost cities lasted for centuries. The vestiges of a lost town called "La
Civita" (from the latin C i v i t a s = t o w n ) were
commonly found by farmers. The systematic
excavation of Pompei started only in the XVIII
century by the order of Charles III, King of the
Two Sicilies.
The period between 79 AD and 1631
We have no information on the state of Vesuvius immediately after the eruption of 79.
The first account of continuing activity is from
Galenus (c. 172 AD) who testifies that "the
matter in it (Vesuvius) is still burning".
Dio Cassius in 203 AD reports a violent
eruption heard in Capua, some 40 km from the
volcano. The same eruption is reported by another source (Manuele) referred to by Gasparini and Musella ( 1991 ).
Two large eruptions occurred in 472 and 512.
l()
Marcellinus Comes reported that, on the 6th of
November, 472, "Vesuvius (...) erupted the
burning interiors, caused night during the day
and covered all Europe with fine ash". This
eruption is also confirmed by Manuele (Gasparini and Musella, 1991 ).
Information about the eruption of 512 is
more detailed. Cassiodorus, an officer of king
Teodoricus, wrote a letter to ask the exemption
of taxes for the people affected by the eruption;
in his letter he reports that "a burnt ash flies in
the sky, and, forming ashy clouds, it rains with
ash droplets also in the provinces beyond the
sea (...). It is possible to see ash rivers flowing
like liquid, bringing hot sands and ( .... ) the
fields grow suddenly up (the fields are covered
with sand) to the top of the trees ( ..... ) and are
ravished by the sudden heat".
Several other eruptions are reported in 685
(Paulus Diaconus), 787 and 968. Gasparini
and Musella ( 1991 ) suggest that the first testimony clearly referring to a lava flow is for the
eruption of 968. Leo Marsicanus reports in a
chronicle of the Cassino Monastery that
" M o u n t Vesuvius exploded with flames and
emitted a great amount of gluey and sulphurous matter that formed a river hurriedly flowing to the sea".
Several authors report other eruptions in
991, 993 and 999 (see in Alfano, 1924) but
they must be regarded as suspicious because of
the belief of the end of the world in 1000 AD.
Leo Marsicanus refers of another eruption on
the 27 of January, 1037, that lasted for six days.
The chronicle of the Cassino monastery records an explosive eruption between 1068 and
1078 (Gasparini and Musella, 1991 ).
The last eruption before a long quiescent period occurred on the 1st of June, 1139. Several
sources refer to it as a strong explosive eruption (Falcone Beneventano, the Chronicle of
the Monastery of Cava dei Tirreni, John of
Salisbury). It lasted eight days and ashes covered Salerno, Benevento, Capua and Naples.
No reliable report of volcanic activity is
R ~ ( _ A N I _ ) ( ) , ~ , r , t" [ -\t
available until 1500, when Ambrogio di Nofa
reports a small explosion.
From 1500 until to 1631~ no eruption or>
curred on Vesuvius. Records are good during
this period, and nones mention v~lcanic
activity.
The period between 1631 and 1944
The great eruption of 1631 is the largest ex~
plosive eruption of Vesuvius since those of472
and 512 AD. It occurred after 131 years of qui-escence. Large trees covered the Gran Cono.
the cone within the Somma Caldera, and local
people did not remember it being a volcano,
-['he mountain was called "La Montagna dl
Somma" (the Mountain of Somma. a ~mali
town on its northern side ).
Several months before the beginning of the
eruption, people near the volcano felt some
earthquakes (Braccini, 1632). They were not
particularly scared because earthquakes from
the nearby Apennine chain were often tell in
the area (a large one had occurred three years
before in Apulia, in 1628 ). The seismic activity became more severe in the few days belbrc
the eruption.
Nevertheless, the awakening of Vesuvius i r~
1631 surprised the inhabitants. A strong ex.
plosive eruption started in the night between
! 5 and 16 December of 1631 and its paroxysmal stage lasted two days. We will not deal with
the details of this eruption as Rosi et al. discuss
it specifically in this issue.
The eruption started a period of persistent
activity that lasted, with a few breaks, for more
than three centuries until 1944.
After the violent eruption of 1631.. the m
habitants living at the base of the volcan~, be~came accustomed to its activity and were inclined to record only the most notable events.
However, a few individuals (mostly belonging to the ecclesiastic or noble classes) started
to maintain detailed chronicles of its activit~
only sixty years after the great eruption, l'he~
describe, since 1694 not only the main erup-
M( )U Nl" VESUVIUS: 2000 YEARS OF VOLCANOLOGICALOBSERYATIONS
ent activity, intermediate eruption, final eruption). The transition probabilities from one
state into another were determined by the observed times of permanence in each state. Their
model described well the activity between 1694
and 1944, but was unable to explain the long
repose since the last eruption of 1944.
The idea of cycles of activity was also used
in the most recent compilation of the Vesuvian
activity (Arn6 et al., 1987 ).
We report in the Appendix a detailed chronology of the entire period 1631-1944 based
on the accounts of contemporaries. In Figure
2, we show this schematically.
We use the same terminology used by Carta
et al. ( 1981 ) shown in Table 1.
We use this classification because it mostly
reflects an increasing level of violence
(R--, A ~ I E ~ FE ); however, there are some intermediate eruptions more violent than final
eruptions and persistent activities stronger than
the intermediate eruptions.
The major discrepancies among the different lists regard the permanent activities and
intermediate eruptions. The other available
lists (Baratta, 1897; Alfano and Friedlander,
1929; Carta et al., 1981 ; Arn6 et al., 1987 ). are
slightly different from ours.
The two lists of Baratta ( 1897 ) and Alfano
and Friedlander (1929) are not complete as
tions, but also the slight changes of volcanic
activity. We list the most important chronicles
used for the reconstruction of the record: Paragallo (1705), Sorrentino (1734), Serao
(1738), Mecatti (1754, 1759), G.M. Della
Torte (1755, 1761 ), De Bottis (1768), Hamilton (1774, 1776, 1779, 1795), Monticelli
( 1841 ), Monticelli and Covelli ( 1823 ), Scacchi (1850), Palmieri (1859, 1862, 1865, 1870,
1874, 1895), Matteucci (1891), Imb6 (1949).
These careful descriptions of the volcano activity permitted to Baratta ( 1897 ), and Alfano
and Friedlander (1929) to formulate models
of activity between 1631 and 1906 based on
recurring cycles of activity. Each cycle was
characterised by the succession of:
(a) A period of repose (generally not exceeding a few years ).
(b) A phase of strombolian activity with the
building of a conelet within the crater, and,
eventually, the emission of some lava flows
( either within the crater or outside it).
(c) A violent eruption usually with a lava
flow and strong explosions followed by a new
repose.
Carta et al. ( 1981 ) made a statistical model
of the activity similar to that proposed by A1fano and Friedlander (1929). They reproduced the pattern of activity with a Markov
chai n of four states of activity (repose, persist-
VEI
Beginning
effusive
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of
activity
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Fig. 2. S c h e m e o f the e r u p t i v e p e r i o d b e t w e e n [ o~ t a n d t 944. l h e h o r i z o n t a l b a r s i n d i c a t e p e r i o d s o f p e r m a n e n t activity.
T h e height o f the vertical b a r s i n d i c a t e the I "El o f I n t e r m e d i a t e or Final E r u p t i o n s ( F ) .
I 2
R. ~(',ANI)~ ~rx.} I [ ~,1.
FABLE 1
States of activity identified by Carla et al. ( 1981
State
Symbol
Descrlptmn
Repose
R
No activity, other than fumarolic emission
Persistent activity
A
Mild slrombolian aeuv~t3, occasional lava effusions, and building ol one ,.)r ~r~,,.,
conelets within the crater
Intermediate eruptmn
IE
Conspicuous pouring out of fhc crater of lava-fiows, sometimes accompamed ~,
explosive activity
Final eruption
FE
Rapid em~ssmn of magma ~s characterized by a fast lava flow, reaching the it~,
outskirts of the volcano, usually accompanied by notable explosive phenomena: thest
events last a few days. and are sometimes followed by the collapse of the cratc~ "~he?
are termed "'final" because are followed by a period of repose.
.....................................................
they were made before the last eruption of
1944. The differences with those o f C a r t a et al.
(1981), a n d A r n 6 et al. (1987) are due to the
interpretation of old sources as it is not always
unequivocal to assign, for example, the beginning or ending of scarcely observed eruptive
phenomena.
We found that the compilation of Baratta
(1897) is the most reliable among the older
ones. Our compilation (see Appendix ) differs
only slightly from the one of Arn6 et al. ( 1987 ).
In our compilation, we assigned a Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) (Newhall and Self,
1982) to most eruptions based on their qualitative description. We also provided a brief
volcanological description of most events as the
relevant chronicles of the activity are available
only in italian and the lists of Carta et al.
( 1981 ), and Arn6 et al. ( 1987 ) provide only a
scheme of the activity.
Although we use the same terminology of
Carta et al. (1981), we have not made any
subdivision of the entire period into different
sub-cycles. We do not observe always the same
recurrence of events ( R ~ A--) I E-~ A--, FE--. R ),
and we believe that the entire period 16311944 must be considered in its wholeness to
understand better the trend of the activity.
This activity was characterised by a sequence of effusive and explosive eruptions
which affected differently the morphology ol
the volcano.
We counted 99 magmatic eruptions, followingthe 1631 one; 5 F E h a d a V E I o f 3 + !1737.
1779, 1794, 1822, 1906), and 12 had a ;L'lol
3.53 eruptions were accompanied by (or were
entirely) explosive phenomena. Explosive activity was predominant until 1872 (49 events ):
since this date, effusive eruptions became more
numerous and there was a slow accumulation
of lava either on the flanks of the cone ( building of several lava domes between 1872 and
1899 ) or filling of the crater and outpouring of
lava from it. Since 1872, the length of' IE became longer (Carta et al., 1981 ), and there ~
the suspicion that a new magma batch became
available (Cortini and Scandone, 1982
At least 41% of FE and 21% of IE were preceded by a collapse of the conelet inside the
crater before the eruption; 77% of the FE. and
31% of IE started with a fracture of the main
cone or of the near areas at the beginning of the
eruption. Since t913, no more fracturmg of the
cone was observed.
The FE (occasionally also the IEs) are char-acterized by a peculiar trend. They often begin
with an effusive phase with lava outpouring
from a fracture in the cone, and end with an
explosive phase.
The lava emission is accompanied by strom-
MOUNT VESUVIUS: 2000 YEARS OF VOLCANOLOGICAL OBSERV-XTIONS
bolian explosions, and occasionally intermixed or followed by violent episodes of lava
fountains (in some cases, up to 1-4 km height:
as, for example, in 1737, 1822, 1872, 1906,
1929, 1944).
A collapse of the crater generally occurs at
the end of this phase (for example in 1737,
1779, 1794, 1822, 1834, 1839, 1850, 1872,
1906, 1944), and is often accompanied by
strong earthquakes. The crater is then hundreds
of meters deep (216 m in 1822, 285 in 1839
and 1850, 250 m in 1872, more than 250 m in
1906 and 1944).
The last phase is characterized by the formation of a sustained eruption column, 5-15
km high, eventually with p h e n o m e n a indicating magma-water interaction (wet ash, or pisolites and relevant lahars: for example, in
1779, 1794, 1822, 1906, 1944).
Obviously, such a scheme is highly simplified and the different phases may alternate each
other during the same eruption; however, there
is always a progression from a purely effusive
phase toward a more explosive one.
Perret (1924) has asked if the crater was
formed as a result of an explosion or of a collapse. In this respect, it is worth citing the
words of Breislak and Winspeare ( 1794 ): "One
may question if the lacking parts of the mountain have fallen within it or were thrown outside the crater by the strength of the explosions. However, as in its environment there are
no new hills nor the shape of the mountain is
changed, it is more likely the first opinion. The
giant hole, formed in the mountain after the
emission of two large lava-flows, weakened so
much the vault on which was the crater, that it
had to collapse."
We believe that this explanation is still plausible and those phenomena, observed during
the explosive eruptions of Vesuvius, can be explained as a result of a chaotic collapse (Scandone, 1990 ) resulting from the fast drainage of
magma from a reservoir or a dike emplaced at
the level of the carbonate basement.
]3
Discussion and conclusions
The last 2000 years of activity of Vesuvius
show a variety of eruptive styles similar probably to those of its entire lifetime. Eruptions
with VEI ranging from 5+ to 0-1 have occurred during this time. The most violent have
occurred after long periods of quiescence, but
important explosive eruptions have also occurred after short quiescence (512 AD) or
during periods of persistent activity (1779.
1822 and 1906 )
Many of the phenomena, observed during
the period 1631-1944 (as for example, explosive activity, collapse of the crater, lahar and
water emission), occurred with an enhanced
character during the eruption of 1631. The immense emission of water from the volcano.
during the eruption of 1631. troubled very
much the contemporary scholars, and manx of
them invoked the entrance of sea-water into ~he
volcano.
We suspect that much of the explosivit~ of
Vesuvius is related with an important aqmfer
in the carbonate rocks below Vesuvius. A relevant amount of water can gain access to ~he
magma only if important collapses of the hvdrothermal system of the volcano occur during
the eruption. An evidence of this mechanism
may be the relevant amounts of xenoliths ranging from sub-volcanic rocks to metamorphosed marbles found in the deposits of 1he
explosive events (Cortini and Hermes, 1981 ).
Large explosive eruptions reshape the x olcano with the formation of a caldera. We do
not know the age of formation of the Somma
caldera, but it is likely that it was the resuh of
several eruptions similar to the one of 79 \ D
(Delibrias et al., 1979).
After such eruptions it is likely an acti~ ity
that tends to restore a hydrostatic equilibri~m
shape of the mountain through a sequence of
explosive and effusive episodes.
Dio Cassius reports, in 203 AD, that Vesuvius had an amphitheatre shape. Already in ~he
VIth century, the volcano had a shape similar
to the present one, as shown in an engraving
with Saint January in between the Somma rim
and the Gran Cono (Gasparini and Musella.
1991 ).
Before 1631, Vesuvius was higher than the
Somma, and after the eruption it lost at least
168 m (such estimate is a minimum, see, for
example Nazzaro, 1989 ). The slow rebuilding
phase took the following 313 years with a predominance of explosive events in the beginning and of effusive ones in the end.
The explosive eruptions during the rebuilding phase may be the result either of an influence of external factors as the arrival of a tensional pulse produced by tectonic earthquakes
(Marzocchi et al., 1993-this issue) or of purely
morphological factors. The opening of a fracture on the cone or a lateral intrusion may cause
a sudden drainage of the magma column and a
decrease of pressure propagating downward.
Such pressure decrease produces a sudden
water-exsolution and bubbling at the exsolution level so driving the start of the eruption
with rapid magma emission. The sequence of
fracturing of the cone, or conelet collapse, and
following rapid lava flow formation indicate
this phenomenon.
We are, however, uncertain if such mechanism alone can explain the occurrence of very
high lava fountains, as magma exit velocities
of the order of 140 to 200 m / s are required to
produce lava fountains 1-2 km high. In this
case, we suspect an early water-magma interaction that may provide the necessary
overpressure.
The fracturing of the cone has been more
likely in the first period because of the weakness of the newly formed cone. The slight accumulation of lava on its flank progressively
strengthened the edifice. Since 1906 no more
fracturing occurred and the explosive eruptions became more rare thereby favoring a
more rapid lava filling of the crater.
A dike injection probably started the last
eruption of 1944 (Imb6, 1949). The dike did
not reach the surface but caused the initial col-
lapse of the conelet. The crater tbrme~l alier
1944 was less than one third of that tbrmed
after 1906 ( 2 5 × 106 m 3 compared to 80× 10~'
ra ~). The eruption was not able to destroy
enough of the mountain to allow an easy pathway to upcoming magmas. Besides tins. the
previous effusive activity had also raised the
bottom of the Somma caldera, so that the voF
cano finally reached a height comparable with
the hydrostatic head of the magmas erupted m
the period 1631-1944.
Notably, its shape is again similar to that observed before 1631.
Acknowledgements
We gratefully thank Tom Simkin for a careful and thoughtful review of the style and contents of an earlier version of this paper
Appendix
We show in Figure 3 a topographic map o~
Vesuvius with the names of the main localities
cited in this Appendix.
In the following table, we use the termmob
ogy proposed by Carta et al. ( 1981 I to cha>
acterize the different states of activit~ in the
time period between 1631 and 1944.
We report in the table:
- The beginning and ending date of tlae state
( D ay- Month- Y ear ) ;
- The duration of the state in days:
--The type of activity ( F E = F i n a l eruption
IE= Intermediate Eruption, A = Permanenl
Activity, R = R e p o s e ) and, when possible.
the volume of the products estimated b~
contemporary authors without any transformation into dense rock equivalent:
-- The Volcanic Explosivity Index ( l'E/1 assigned on the base of the qualitative description of the eruption;
---The Volcanological Notes describmg the
main features observed in the period
MOUNT VESUVIUS: 2000 YEARS OF VOLCANOLOGI('AL OBSERVATIONS
Fig. 3. Topographic map of Vesuvius.
[5
16
R. S C A N D O N E ET AL.
BEGINNING
(d-m-y)
la,m~;
1
Vo]canologlcal Notes
Volume
~tlon occurs a f t e r 150 years of quiescence. Height of eruptive cloud is estlrnated at 3 0 miles. I
:lc f l o w s and lahars d e s t r o y m a n y villages ( u n c e r t a m lava f l o w ) . Earthquakes and a t s u n a m i
ny the collapse of t h e crater. It loses 1 6 8 m of the orlgmal height. A b o u t 4 0 0 0 casualUes. It I
:)St relevant e r u p t i o n of V e s u w u s In the last 1000 years
15-12-1631
3-1-1632
1-7-1637
28-11-1649
3
27
1
11-3-1650
31
1-1-1653
25-2-1654
2
eports an image w i t h the cone smolong, in 1 6 3 8 (Alfano, Fnedlander)
Jds t o w a r d Naples d u r i n g D e c e m b e r and J a n u a r y 1 6 5 0 , i n t e n s e on
Sa~d lah~ars ~ n ~
!r and December.
Ash ~
~
~
~
~
_ _ ~
1S-1-1650,15q-2,9~
an~ M a ~ 1 6 5 2 ~ e ~ 1
of ash =ntense dU~lng March 1 6 5 4 (Viola In 8aratta)
2-3-1654
3-7-1660
!
2
scoria emission to 3 0 0 steps f r o m three v e n t s w i t h i n the crater. L i g h t n i n g and rumbhngs inj
] . The cloud is a b o u t 2 rr~les high. Damages In Resma, Torre A n n u n z t a t a , Torre del Greco. On
ing avalanches on the cone. (Lava f l o w ?) (Baratta). On 1663, the cone had a circumference of
2
2
Ilan a c t i v i t y m 1 6 7 0 ( S o r r e n t i n o )
)n Ottavlano and Solrgna
29L3-1680
1
T~-8-1682
2
23-8-1682
3-10-1685
2
10
~lctlvlty smce the beginning of A u g u s t . On 12, volcanic cloud w i t h electric discharge. Ashes o n
I Greco and Ottavlaoo. On 2 1 - 8 increasing violence and ashes on Nocera, Paganl, Cava,
lano. Lava w i t h i n the crater. 1 casualty In Torre A n n u n z ~ t a , 3 m Castellammare
n smoke" (Sorrentino)
1 6 8 5 , volcanic cloud, ash and scoriae on the cone.
11-10-1685
9-12-1689
8
16
:) 1685. £mlsslon of scoriae. S t r o n g seismic a c t l v l t y . Uncertain duratlon.
17-12-1689
]3-4-16q4
1
2
the crater is filled of lava and is In s t r o m b o h a n a c t i v i t y ( B o t t o n O
kes in March. On 12-3, hth~cs and ashes t o Benevento. Earthquakes in Torre del Greco. On S-4,
Is and collapse of the conelet. On 6-4, incandescent scoriae w i t h i n the crater, 13-4, lava flow
ule :~alvatore. The lava is 5 palms h i g h and 1 S wide. T w o branches t o w a r d
Ptetrablanca and
~lorglo. It halts after 1 S days.
30-4-1694
ice 3 1 - 7 , explos{ons and e a r t h q u a k e s tdl 4 A u g u s t , w h e n a lava f l o w occurs lasting 10 days (Della
rre) on the same p a t h of 1 6 9 4 (Sorrentmo).
iescence until S e p t e m b e r 1 6 9 7 ( S o r r e n t i n o )
15 September, a c t t w t y and earthquakes. On 18-9 at 2 2 . 0 0 , lava f l o w t o w a r d Torre del Greco f r o m
ee fractures on the cone. On 19-9, new lava f l o w s t o w a r d Torre del Greco. On 20-9, lava m Fosso
F Cerw and Fosso Btanco. On 26-9, the lava stops at 1 k m f r o m Torte del Greco. On 15-11, 2 0 - 1 1 ,
-11 and 30-11 lava flows (Sorrentmo)
iokmg ( S o r r e n t i n o )
14-5, retreat of the sea for 5 times. On 19, earthquakes and rumblings. On 2 5 - 5 , a lava f l o w t o w a r d
s.~a. On 28-5, fracture on the SW, of the crater, lava t o w a r d Fossoblanco and Taghapletra ( t o w a r d
rre del Greco). The lava halts on 2-6 at 2 k m f r o m Torte del Greco. Explos~0ns u n t l 7-6 (Damages,
)duced by lahars in Capri, Sorrento, Castellammare, Gragnano). Since 8 and 10-6, new explosions; or~
-6 h=gh volcanic ctonds. (Sorrenttno)
15-8-1696
15-9-1697
10-1-1698
19-5-1698
16-7-1698
1-7-1701
icture on the E base of t h e c o n e l e t and lava t o w a r d O t t a v a i a n o and Viulo ( 1 5 palms h i g h , 5 0 steps
Je); On 4-7, the flows end. Increase on 5-7 and 6-7. White ash at the end of the erupt~on.(Sorrentlno)
16-7-1701
19-5-1704
19-5, smoke and fires. On the 20, lava fountains 2 miles high; on 2 1 - 2 2 / 5 ,
24-5-1704
20-7-1706
29-7-1707
rthquakes felt f r o m 1 9 - 1 - 1 7 0 5
2 8 - 7 , a lava f l o w f r o m t h e SW flank of Gran Cono t o w a r d Resma o n t o t h e one of 1 6 9 4 . Great
rnages for ashes at 8osco, Torte A n n u n z l a t a , O t t a v i a n o , Nocera. On 2 9 - 7 volcanic cloud lasting 1
ur On 30, explosive a c t i v i t y w i t h scoria eJection. On 2-8, ashes on Naples. Great d a m a g e s for
qes and lahars a t Lettere, Sarno, Nocera, Cava, S. Severino, Nola, Benevento. (Sorrent~no)
i 1 4 - 8 - 1 7 0 8 at 9 o'clock, Sorrentmo reports "a small explosion w i t h ash for 15 rrmnutes".
t w R y and emission of lava f r o m 5-2. Since 2 1 - 3 , intracrateric lava which o u t f l o w s on 2 6 - 4 , 2 9 - 4 ,
i 12-5, lava t o w a r d Torre del Greco until June.
23-8-1707
5-2-1712
11-6-1712
25-10-1712
9-11-1712
strombohan activity.
until 2 0 - 7 - 1 7 0 6 .
2
t t v i t y o n 2 5 - 1 0 . A lava flows on the 2 9 t h t o w a r d Fosso Bmanco. New f l o w s on 8 - 1 1 . ( S o r r e n t m o )
]7
M O U N T V E S U V I U S : 2 0 0 0 YEARS O F V O L C A N O L O G I C A L O B S E R V A T I O N S
-BKGINN-fNG [
(d-m-y)
E:Nb
":~I
[ d - m - y _ : .. I . . . . .
/
Type "~:ti:
Volu . . . .
. .
.L L _
25-5-1713
12-4-1713
R
IE
exl~oslve
144
R
15
IE
effusive
ex p~os,ve I
21-i-1714
15-6-1714
14-6-1714
30-6-1714
I-7-1714
6-6-1717
5-6-1717
18-6-1717
19-6-1717
22-12-1717
21-12-1717
26-12-1717
26-12-1717
3-9-1718
2-9-1718
9-7-1719
25C
A
30q
IE
effusive
10-7-1719
7-5-1720
6-5-17201
27-5-1720!
301
2C
28-5-1720
1-5-1721
30-4-1721
7-6-1721
337
A
IE
ex~oswe
8-6-1721
20-4-1723
19-4-1723
14
3~
3-9-1724
2q-9-1724
422
30 9-1724
10-1-1725
9-1-1725
15-8-1728
101
1313
25
26-2-1730 I
1-4-1730
24-12-1732
10-1-1734
11-1-1734
1-7-1735
30-6-i735
30-7-1735
1-8-1735
14-5-1737
13-5-1737
4-6-1737
tOn 1-5, la~a f l o w t o w a r d
Torte del Greco (same p a t h as June 1 7 1 7 ) , again on 5, 6 and 7 June
-~
q
IE
effusive I
explosive
S.Severlno, Salerno, Vallo
Z ISmce 4-9 untd 7-9, ash explosions, then, the first lava flow; on 1 ] - 9 , black smoke (up to 2 0 0 0 steps)
:On ] 7-9, lava flow; On l 8, s t r o n g explosive and effusive a c t i v i t y .
A
IE
effuswe
e~ploslve
651
A
21 FE(17371 : L
effusive
exposure
volume =
10^106
m3
J
I
Z i A c t l v l t y since 10; on 16 January, o u t f l o w to the North and t h e n t o w a r d Colle del Salvatore until 20-1.
'Explosions on 24-1. On 20-5, new lava f l o w lasting until 7-9. On 13 and ] 9 - 9 , t n t e r r ~ t t e n t effusions
l lasting till the f o l l o w i n g year. intensifications on ] 7 - 4 - 1 7 2 6 , lava t o w a r d Salvatore and Fosso glanco
' o n 2 2 - 4 - 1 7 2 7 : on 23, volcanic cloud, e x p l o s w e a c t i v i t y until 2 7 - 4 ;
increase on July; decrease in
A u g u s t 1 7 2 6 , and increase on ] 9
A u g u s t ; smoke u n t d 13 December; o n 16 e 12" January 1727.
e×ploslons; on 26 May 1728, new lava ; 3-June 1 7 2 7 , hre and water: a lava f l o w m July 1728; 1, 2.3
S e p t e m b e r 1728, explosfons; ash o n 14 and 15 S e p t e m b e r
528
A
smoke
33
FE
ZOn 27 February 1230, activity at the crater (Sorrentlno); On 2 7 - 2 - 1 7 3 0 , intracratenc f l o w ( S t o p p a n 0 ;
(1730)
on 2-3,explosions until 1 7 / 3 , w h e n the first lava f l o w begins and lasts until 2 3 - 3 ; o n 24 and 25 March
effusive
s t r o n g explosions: on 25-3, crater collapse and lava w i t h explosive eJecta on all vesuvlan district.
exl~oswe
997 R or A
smoke
381
IE
Z Fire on 2 5 - 1 2 ; explosive a c t i v i t y on 1 - 1 - 1 7 3 3 .
On 8-1, lava f l o w t o w a r d O t t a v l a n o and T. del Greco.
effusrve
Lava o u t f l o w f r o m the crater f r o m 2 7 - 4 to 5-5; again on 1 0 - 7 , 2 7 - 8 , 4 - 1 1 , 2 7 - 1 2 ; f~om ]-1 to 10-11734
535
A
29
IE
I On July 1735, lava flow t o w a r d II Mauro. (uncertain d u r a t i o n )
effusive
5-6-1737
2704
1-11-1744, 24-10-17511 2548
!
A
iE
7~FE(1723) - ~ + S m c e 2 8 M a r c h 1723, e a ~ h q ~ k e s . On 1 8 - 3 - 1 7 2 3 , v a r i a t l o n o f t h e w a t e r t a b l e at £orre d e l G r e c o . On
effustve
! 2 9 - 3 - I 723, selsrT~c a c t l v l t y ; since 20 Aprd u n t l l 25-6: explosive a c t l v l t y . On 26-6, lava o u t f l o w to the
e x~OSl v'~
i North. A t 13h of 2 6 - 6 , t w o v e n t s w l t h exploslve a c t l v l t y . A t 1911 , increase of lava flows into Vallone
!dr Ottavlano. E×ploslons o n 26 and 27-6. On 2 9 - 6 at ]Oh, scona ejectlon to Macchlonl, lava t o w a r d
!Mauro. 30-6 and I - 7 , e x p l o s w e a c t w l t y and 2 lava flows t o w a r d O t t a w a n o and V~ulo. On 30 June
, s t l o n g selsmlc a c t l v l t y . Slnce 2 Untll 4-7, exploslve a c t l v l t y w l t h very h l g h columfl ( M e c a t t l ) . O11 4-7,
11Sh. r
D~il~ges ~t O t t a v l a n o , Nola, Palma, S~rno, Gragnano. Castellammare, Nocera. Cava
9-7-1723
4-9-1724
2-4-1730
25-12-1732
I On 6-1, s n a k e s and explosions unt)l8 - 9 / 1 0 . On 11, lava fountains. Since | 5, ash fall for several days.
2 On 16-9, lava f l o w to t h e n o r t h e r n side of t h e cone which brances into t w o f l o w s t o w a r d Reslna and
Bosco. Since 17, lava t o w a r d Mauro. I n t e r m i t t e n t lava emission u n t d July of the f o l l o w i n g year
I(Sorrentmo)
~ _ m o M ng ( S o r r e n t l n o )
i o n 7 - 5 - 1 7 2 0 , s t r o n g exploswe a c t w l t y w t h ashes o i t o O t t a v ano On 24 and 25, ash cloud.
effusive
68C
A
8-7-]723
16-9-1728
27-2-1730
]
Slrlce I 5-6,explosive a c t i v i t y until 2 1 - 6 . A t 16h of 21, lava fouotaln and volcanic cloud, several mile
htgh. Lava f l o w t o w a r d Bosco and T . A n n u n z l a t a . O n 23, e×plos]ve a c t w t t y and new lava flow.On 24, ash
and lava.
107C
A
Intense a c t i v i t y on 2 5 - 6 - 1 7 1 5 . ExplosK)ns d u r i n g March and April 1 7 1 6
1,: !
IE
2 ~ Oil 6 - 6 - 1 7 1 7 , f r a c t u r e s on t h e S ed E flank of t h e cone w t t h lava f l o w s t o w a r d Boscotrecase
effusive
T.Annunzlata and TorTe del Greco. One f l o w reaches the E side of Camaldoh della Torte. On 10-11 /6
; e×l~oswe
voloanJc cloud. On l 3-6, lava flow t o w a r d Torre del Greco.
18~
A
tE
I New f l o w o n t o the one of 1 3 - 6 - 1 7 1 7 .
effusiv@
!
L
I
224
5-1-]7141
20-I-1714
Notes
Since 12-4, new lava; it o u t f l o w s f r o m the crater oil 9-5 t o w a r d Fosso del Cervl. Torre del Greco. f r o m
11 7 u n t i l 2 0 / 5 , e x p l o s t v e a c t i v i t y , and lava f l o w s t o w a r d O t t a w a n o . Torre del Greco, Reslna.
(Sorrentmo)
¢ ~p~OSlVeI
26 5-1713
6-I-1714
Volcanological
R
A
I
14 15 May, smoke and fires. On the n i g h t b e t w e e n 15-16, a lava flow t o w a r d E (Bosco) on 1 7 - 1 8 - 1 9
[tncreastng srr~ke. On 20 May at 13h, scoria eJection and w h i t e smoke, at 19h, e~ploslon and fracture
: o n the SW flank of the m o u n t a i n w i t h lava t o w a r d Reslna and f r o m central v e n t to Bosco. On 2 1 ( 4 h ) ,
I strong explosions; at Sh la~a to E and W t o w a r d Reslna, Fosso 81anco and t h e n to Torre del Greco. On
23 May, explosions. On 24,one explosion t h e n smoke. Damages In OttavLano, Nola and d e s t r u c t i o n of
[ o r r e del Greco by the lava flow. Gran Cono lowered of [ 2 m (Serao)
Uncertain dates
S t r o n g a c t i v i t y in N o v e m b e r ] 7 4 4 ; In ] 7 4 5 , active conelet; During 1 7 4 9 , t h e c r a t e r is being filled.
IDurrng O c t o b e r 1 7 5 0 ,
s t r o m b o h a n a c t i v i t y f r o m t h r e e v e n t s In 1 7 5 1 , one conetet On 1 9 - 1 0 j 1 7 5 1 , D e l l a Torte reports s t r o n g vapor emission.
18
R. SCANDONE ET AL.
~
GINNING
d-m-y)
25-10-1751
I
END
(d-m-y)
Volcanologlca]
,~-I I VOI.... L ~
25-2-1752
26-2-1752~'i-12-1754
1009'
A
2-12-1754
15-3-1755
~03
IE
effusive
exp4oslve
16-3-1755
27-'3--1759
1472
A
I
Notes
I
1
On 2 5 - 1 0 , at 4am, fracture on tile SE flank of the cone t o w a r d Bosco. Lava t o w a r d Boscotrecase and l
t h e n to ii Mauro. New v e n t s on 2-11. On 2-12. ash. On 5 - 1 - 1 7 5 2 new lava t h a t come to an halt on 2 5 - 2 - i
1752. A c t i v i t y w i t h i n t h e crater after the eruption. (Baratta, Mecattl, Della Torre)
I
In Febrtrary of 1752, the crater rs 255 feet deep. On 2 1 - 3 - 1 7 5 2 , there were 3 v e n t s and in May, only
t w o During 1753, s t r o m b o l i a n a c t i v i t y u n t d January 1 7 5 4 . In Middle O c t o b e r 1754, one conelet t h a t
breakes up err~ttlng an tntracraterlc lava f l o w which lasts until 6 N o v e m b e l ( B a r a t t a )
On 2-12, fracture of the cone t o w a r d Boscotrecase and t o w a r d O t t a v l a n o . Lava f l o w o n t o the one of
1751, another one t o w a r d Bosco. Several v e n t s acUve until 2 2 - 1 - 1 7 5 5 . Increase of a c t l w t y on 10-12
December. On 1 4 - 1 6 - 2 4 December 1754, 5 January 1755; on 1 9 - 1 - 1 7 5 5 . explosive activity; on 20 arid
21, s t r o n g explosive a c t i v i t y w i t h ejection of b o m b s of t w o feets up to three mlle. On 2 5 - 1 , new lava
in the A t n o . On 31-1, t w o vents on the cone t o w a r d Ottavlario and a lava flow t o w a r d Ottavtano. On 282, collapse of the conelet and, on 15-3, a small lava flow.
10-4-1755,
explosive activity, minor from 22-5-1755
t o b e g l n n l r / g of 1 7 5 6 . On 9 - 8 - 1 7 5 6 .
. i t r a c r a t e r l c lava. O u t f l o w on 12-8 to SW, t o w a r d T. del Greco. Two flows on 13-8 t o w a r d Portlcq o n t o
the flows of 1 1 3 7 . A g m n on 30-9, lava t o w a r d T del Greco. New flows on 2 0 - 1 0 , 8-11 untd the end of
the year.During 1757, o u t f l o w s on 20-1, 9-2. 28-3, 23, 2 8 - 4 arid 2 9 - 4 until 14 -5, 2 1 , 2 9 - 5 ; 2 3 , 2 5 - 6 ; I
1 , 2 2 - 7 , 1 6 - 1 0 , 8 , 1 2 - 1 2 During 1 7 5 8 , s~rr.lar a c t t w t y . On 20-1 1 7 5 9 , lava f l o w to Fosso Vetrana
(Baratta)
On 2 8 - 3 , light explosive a c t i v i t y , and one e a r t h q u a k e ; at 2 4 , 0 0 of 29, coFlapse of the c o n e l e t ( o f
1 7 4 4 ) ; on 30, lava o u t f l o w t o w a r d Torte del Greco (rapid) al~l t o w a r d Ronitor~o and Ottavlano, the
f l o w stops after 4 rrmle. Explosive activity ends on the 31st. Total damages for 2 8 0 0 0 ducatt ( 1 1 0 , 5 0 0
according t o Sinlscalchl)
1
Fu m a r o l l c a c t i v i t y
1 Opening of a fracture on t h e flank t o w a r d Boscotrecase; lava for seven days. (Mecattl, Baratta)
___
Strombotian a c t i v i t y durra 9 June 17.59.
Since 6-11-}759
u n t i l March 1 7 6 0 , increasing a c t l w t y . A b u n d a n t lava on t h e s o u t h e r n rode w i t h
extensive dama@es (De Bottis).
h l t r a c r a t e n c lava d u n n g March 1760; d u r i n g A u g u s t and S e p t e m b e r , s r ~ k e ; f r o m rraddfe November to~
December, s t r o m b o l i a n a c t i v i t y ; rumblings on 12-12 . From 2 0 to 2 3 - 1 2 earthquakes (Baratta)
On 2 3 - 1 2 a t 5,00pro, felt earthquakes. A t 7 , 3 0 pm, s t r o n g earthquake and t r e m o r , fracture at 1 rrMe ~
n o r t h of Boscotrecase. B u l l d l r ~ of 2 conelets at 1,5 mile f r o m the royal [oad, smoke , ash and scoriae, I
therl lava t o w a r d Torre A n n u n z l a t a t h a t makes 1 /2 mile in 12 hours. A t 8 , 1 5 prT~ a n o t h e r earthquake I
and a t h i r d conelet; at t h e crater, ashes, lapdll and smoke.In t o t a l there were seven main conelets
( p r o b a b l y t h e y were 1 S) w i t h volumes: A=O.6 x l 0 6 m 3 B
small, C - 0 . 1 5 5 x l 0 6 m 3, [9=-small. E- small:
F=0 036 x 1 0 6 m 3 ; G=0.149 x 1 0 6 m 3 ; at 1 1 , 3 0 pro, flow f r o m G, at 0 . 0 0 f r o m A; Lava flow until 1-1-1 Z61, i
Ion 2-1, e a r t h q u a k e s and collapse of buildings; o n 3 - 1 , e x p l o s i v e a c t i v i t y at t h e crater and s t r o n g
e a r t h q u a k e s On 3,4-1, explosive a c t l w t y ; on 5-1, collapse of a p o r t i o n of the crater. On 6 - l , end of
a c t i v i t y . Small a c t t w t y on 17 and 18-2 w i t h smoke f r o m A conelet; Conelet F smokes until 1 7 7 9 .
Damages for the ashes a t Nola. Sarno, Nocera. Damages for 3 0 0 0 0 0 scud1 (De B o t u s ) or ( 1 , 2 5 7 , 0 0 0 hre
Smtscalch0
Uncertain date of the end.
Since 1764, smoke. Since b e g l n n l n ~ 1 / 6 6 . s t r o m b o h a n activity.
On 2 8 - 3 - 1 7 6 6 . o u t f l o w of lava t o w a r d Reslna.Oo 10-4, fracture on t h e SE and SW flanks and new o u t f l o w
t o w a r d O t t a v l a n o and T . A n n u n z l a t a , lasting until the end of N o v e m b e r . Since June 1 7 6 6 , explosive
a c t i v i t y w i t h ejections to 3 0 0 - 4 0 0 meters .
Since March 1767, small explosions. On 7 A u g u s t , intracrateric lava w i t h o u t f l o w on 1Z-8.
Lava
fills the crater and o u t f l o w s orl 12-8,
explosive a c t i v i t y ; on 1 9 - 1 0 , s t [ o n g explosions and
fracture b e t w e e n N and NW near the t o p of t h e cone, smoke and, at 1 5 , 3 0 , fluid lava to Canteronl and
Fosso Grande; at 1 8 , 3 0 , ash, smoke and lava t o w a r d Reslna, Portlcq S.Glorgio. A t 2 2 h , t h e lava is at II
Salvatore. A t 15 h of 2 0 - 1 0 , n e w feeding and explosive activity w i t h ejecta u p to 7 0 0 m;collapse of t h e
conelet and explosions; at 20h of 2 0 - 1 0 , new lava; f r o m 2 , 0 0 a m to 6 , 0 0 a m of 21, t r e m o r and ash fall
untd dawn. On 2 2 , v i o l e n t e x p l o s ~ n s , a t 1 2 , 3 0 eruptive cloud w i t h hghtnlngs: o n 2 6 - 1 0 . new lava f l o w
t o w a r d S.Giorglo
[
2
IE
effusive
ex~os,ve
41
7
A
IE
effusive
29-3-1759
31-3-1759
1-4-1759
13-5-1759
12-5-1759
20-5-1759
21-5-1759
6-11-1759
5-11-1759
30-3-1760
168
145
31-3-1760
22-12-17601
266
23-12-1760
7-1-1761
1-7-1764
28-3-1766
b-i-1761
30-6-1764
27-3-1766
15-12-1766
A
IE
effusive
A
14 FE(1760)
explosive
I effuswe
Lateral
volum~
9 8 ~1,56
m3 dalai
127c
634
262
3o61
81
R
A
IE
effusive
e~p{oshve
16-12-1766
19-10-1767
18-10-1767
27-10-1767
28-10-1767
15-2-1770
14-2-1770
30-4-1770
1-5-1770
1-5-1771
30-4-1771
30-5-1771
364
29
IE
effusive
expleswe
1-6-1771
28-12-1773
941
A
~E
L1767}
effusive
explosive
volume 11~106
m3 lava
1 4x106
840
m3~yr
74
iE
effusive
explosive
R C~>
/
Explosive a c t i v i t y since 1 5 - 2 - t 7 7 0 w i t h t r e m o r and decrease of t h e level of the w a t e r table at La
Volla and Torre del Greco.ln March, s t r o n g s t r o m b o h a n a c t i w t y . On 14-3 at 2 2 h , v i o l e n t explosions
w i t h ashes, scoriae and e a r t h q u a k e s . A t 2 . 0 0 a m of 16-3, v i o l e n t e a r t h q u a k e s , e j e c t i o n s f r o m the
crater. A t 3 . 0 0 prn, fracture on the E flank of Gran Cono w i t h ejecta and a lava f l o w into Canale
dell'Arena, t o w a r d II Mauro and Boscoreale. On 17-3, the first flow comes t o an halt. On 18-3, a n o t h e r
f l o w o n t o p of the previous, it s t o p s on 20-3. Since t h a t day, until the end of April, several lava f l o w s
into Vallone dell'Arena. (De B o t t l s )
No i n f o r m a t i o n .
A t 16h of 1-5, lava f r o m a fracture of the cone to Vallone dell'Arena for 8 days. On 9-5 at 24h, new
lava w h i c h branches, on 12-5, t o w a r d Portlci and Torte del Greco. S t r o m b o h a n a c t i v i t y at the cone.
Lava until the end of May,also t o w a r d il Mauro. Since 15-5, ash u n t i l Noverrfaer w i t h d a m a g e s to
cult~va t e d land.
S t r o m b o l i a n a c t l w t y and emission of ash and scoriae untd AprjI 1776. (De I~ottis)
19
M O U N T VESUVIUS: 2000 YEARS OF V O L C A N O L O G I C A L OBSERVATIONS
~ B~ E- m
G I- yN)N I N G
["
(d-m-y)END
I~,~'~T`T-ype
[ ( v,~ I volume ~1
L [[L
34]
IE
effustve
29-12-1773
I-2-1774
2-2-1774
4-8-1774
3-8-1774
]-12-1774
182
119
2-'12-1774
20-12-1775
19-12-1775
3-4-1776
382
105
4-4-1776
29-7-]779
28-7-1779
13-8-]779
14-8-1779
17-9-1783
1495
18-8-1783
31-10-1785
~o5
A
1-7-1785
30-11-.1787
882
IE
effuswe
mlidly
e×pFoswe
31-7-1788
243
1-12-1787
1-8-1788
A
IE
effuswe
A
IE
effuswe
volume
48 7~
106m 3
lava
1770 to
1776
A
1210
15 FE(1779)
effumve
explosive
votume
=3 5x106
m 3 lava
6 lx10 6
m 3 pyr
15-8-1788 --14'
A
IE
effuswe
mildly
718 e ~pl~slve
16-9-1788
4-9-1790
5-9-1790
16-11-1790
17-11-1790
16-6-1794
15-6-1794
5-7-1794
130~
A
l~ FE(~794)
effuslve
explosive
Lateral
volume _
23 5x106
m 3 (lava)
6-7-1794
15-1-1796
14-1-1796
11-8-1804
557
3~3C
72
[E
effuswe
expioswe
R
A
__
Volcanologlcal Notes
......
}
I A lava flow f r o m the NE side of the crater to Canale dell'Arena flows untd 1 6 - 1 - 1 7 7 4 . On 16-1, a new
v e n t w i t h a n o t h e r flow to the North until Februal~/ 1774.
S t r o m b o l i a n a c t i v i t y (De 8 o t t i s )
| The lava f l o w s cover the fracture of 1 7 6 7 and 1771 and go t o Canale dell'Arena untJI December. (De
Bottls)
S t r o m b o h a n a c t w t t y and smoke (De BottlS)
1 l O u t f l o w at SE t o w a r d Ottaviano until 2 - 1 - 1 7 7 6 . On 3 - 1 - 1 7 7 6 , new fast f l o w (1.5 mile in 14 n l n u t e s
t o w a r d Fosso della Vetrana. On 4-1, new fracture to the NW of the Cone w i t h smoke and lava t o w a r d
Canteront. It stops on 1 2 - 1 - 1 7 7 6 . Lava again f r o m 15-1 to 16-3. On 15-3, collapse of part of t h e crater
w i t h a new fracture to N-NW w i t h lava err~sslon until 3-4. (De Bottts)
Collapse of the conelet on the beginning of May 1776.
Lava flow, since May 1779, f r o m a fracture t o N-NE. Strombolian a c t i v i t y until 29-7. On this day, lava
m t o Canale detrArena and, on 2-8, mto Canteronl. On 2-8, n e w f l o w m t o A t n o . On 3-8, at 7,30pro,
s t r o n g rumblings w i t h t r e m o r . Cloud of reddtsh colour w i t h ash and sands o n t o O t t a w a n o . Fracture on
the n o r t h side of the crater w i t h lava t o P~ano delle Gmestre.ln t h e n i g h t , t w o small lava fountains a t
the crater. On 5-8 a t 6 p m , collapse of t h e c o n e l e t into a fracture t o w a r d O t t a v l a n o and S o m m a .
E r u p t i v e a s h - c l o u d , sands and scoriae o n t o O t t a v l a n o , S . G l u s e p p e , T e r z ~ g n o . Lava f l o w s t o w a r d
O t t a w a n o and Fosso della Vetrana. On 7-8, s t r o n g earthquake w i t h cloud and hghtnings; at 24 h lava
fountains unttl 4 , 4 S a m of 8-8. The lava flows again into Vatlone dl Ottavlano. New lava fountain at 8pro
of 8-8. EJection up to 2 0 0 0 m. Scoriae o n t o PortlCl and T. del Greco. Earthquakes f e l t at Somma, T.del
Greco, Resma and Portici. A t 1 , 3 0 a m of 9-8 h o t scoriae w i t h p s e u d o - f l o w s . Fall of p r o d u c t s o n t o
O t t a w a n o , Cacclabella, Nocera, Palma, Lauro, Nola, Avetlino, M o n t e f o r t e , M o n t e v e r g l n e and as far as
Pugha. Extensive damages as far as 26 mites and a f e w casualties. A t 9 a m of 9-8, new cloud. On 10-8
ram and tahars in the n o r t h e r n p a r t of the v o l c a n o . 1 1 - 8 , s t r o n g e a r t h q u a k e s w i t h explosions. A t
I 1,30prn, lahar in S. Gluseppe. Ash fall u n t i l 1 5 - 8 . D a m a g e s at O t t a w a n o ( 1 2 6 0 0 0 d u c a t i ) , Somma
i ( 5 0 0 0 0 ) , Cacctabella ( 2 2 7 7 ) . A l b e r t m l ( 4 4 3 4 ) , Palma ( 2 0 0 0 0 ) , Santopaolo ( 2 2 4 8 ) . Nola ( 2 0 6 5 0 ) , A v e l l a
( 1 1 9 2 0 ) . S e n o u s d a m a g e s at Lauro, Mugnano, M o n t e f o r t e , M o n t e v e r g i n e . around Benevento, Avelhno,
Ariano, Foggla, Lucera, Manfredonia. Ashes as far as A l b a n y ,
Earthquake f e l t in the vesuvLan d i s t r i c t as far as Sorrento on 2 O c t o b e r 1779, w i t h smoke at the
crate[.; on 4 October, ash mixed w i t h rain; on 1 November, a b u n d a n t smoke; on I 3 December 1 7 7 9
a n o t h e r earthquake;no a c t w i t y b e t w e e n 1 7 8 0 - 1 7 8 2 (De B o t t i s )
Mild explosion on 18 A u g u s t 1 7 8 3 ; increase of a c t l w t y on S e p t e m b e r w i t h a new c o n e l e t (Alfano and
Frtedlander)
[ Smce 2 October, there is a mild s t r o m b o h a n a c t w t t y , increase smce 31 O c t o b e r to 6 November 1 7 8 6
On 21 A u g u s t 1787, lava ms witnessed into Canale dell'Arena, forrrnng a fall tn Fosso della Vetrana into
Fosso del Faraone and, on 21 A u g u s t , it was a t I mile f r o m Massa; on O c t o b e r 1787, this f l o w
destroyed
R o m l t o n o dei Padrl 8asiliani.
A c t w l t y m the first seven m o n t h s of t h e year (Baratta and Alfano and Friedlander)
I White smoke at the end of July 1788; Jn A u g u s t : 6 0 smokers on a fracture of the crater 1.5 miles f r o m
the top; t h e n lava, t w o rr, les long, f r o m the fracture; strornbohan a c t t w t y f r o m 6 to 15 S e p t e m b e r
On 5 S e p t e m b e r 1 7 8 9 , there is a r e p o r t of an explosion f r o m 5 v e n t s w i t h e x t e n s i v e d a m a g e s
(Baratta)
Intense a c t w i t y sance May 1790. Collapse of the conelet in September . On 5-9. lava o u t f l o w s t o w a r d H
Mauro u n t d 17-9. On 2 3 - 9 , black s m o k e , ash fall, sconae and lava flow. Same on 24. On 2 5 - 9
explosions. Two flows t o w a r d W and S. On 27, the lava stops at I Canteronl. A n o t h e r branch into fosso
Cocozzelh and fosso dl O t t a w a n o , O t h e r flows on 1-10 and 3-10. On 9 - 1 0 , ash until 10-10. E×ploslons
on 11, 12, 14 ( v i o l e n t ) , 1 6 , 17 and 19-10. On 20, new lava f l o w . On 24 and 25, explosions unuI 16-11.
Strombohan activity durlt~ 1792-1794 (Baratta)
~, On 12-6, earthquake f e l t aH over Campania . A t 2am of 16, s t r o n g earthquake w i t h an explosion and a
fracture m the cone at SW and N£. Emission of smoke at t h e crater. A lava f r o m the SW fracture
invades
T o r t e del Greco, and reaches t h e sea. The lava f l o w f r o m t h e o t h e r f r a c t u r e t o w a r d
T . A n n u n z l a t a and d Mauro. Fall of ashes a t Resma and Torre del Greco (1 mch), at O t t a v l a n o (3
palms 75 c m ) . Roofs collapses in Somma, O t t a v i a n o and S.Anastasta. On 17, increase of ash emission
and collapse of the cone. Explosions until 18. On 20, s t r o n g e a r t h q u a k e and a n o t h e r collapse of Gran
Cono. Lahars f r o m 2 0 - 6 until 6-7 at Ottaviano, Sornrna, Bosco, Terzlgno and T. Annunzlata. A t T o n e del
Greco, 6 0 casualties. Ash emJssqon until 5-7 and lapars m the f o l l o w i n g days. Damages for 1 . 0 9 4 . 0 0 0
hre. Crops d e s t r o y e d for t w o years. S. Gluseppe, O t t a v l a n o and Sornrna c o m p l e t e l y d e s t r o y e d . Total
casualties: a b o u t 4 0 0 . The Crater, after the e r u p t i o n , had a circumference of 2 2 0 0 m and a d e p t h of
150 rn; it lost 121 m of he~Jht (Brerslak and W~nspeare)
Landslides in O c t o b e r 1 7 9 5
A c t i v i t y during January 1 7 9 6 w i t h increments m 1 7 9 9 and S e p t e m b e r 1802; on 2 November 1803, the
crater is 130 m e t e r s deep w i t h three conelets (Duca Delta Torte)
20
R. SCANDONE ET AL.
~BEGINNING
(d-m-y)
I
END
(d-m-y)
12-8-1804
28-11-1804
29-11-1804
12-8-1805
11-8-1805
19-10-1805
20-10-1805
31-5-18061
10-6-1806
4-9-1809
6-9-1809
11-9-1810
I .... I T y ~
Volume {
108
IE
effuspve
exl~oslve
Volcanological
l
Notes
J
On 22-5-I 804, two earthquakes and smoke. On 31-7, decrease of the level of the water table in
Resina and Torre del Greco; r e t r e a t of t h e sea b e t w e e n T o r t e del Greco e T . A n n u n z l a t a . 1 1 - 8 ,
e a r t h q u a k e s felt in Restna and emission of ash, scoriae and lapilli. Since 1 S°8, a lava f l o w t o w a r d
Carnaldoli whpch stops on 3 0 Septerrlber. On 2 S e p t e m b e r , t h e lava f l o w ts at i Monticelh. On 16, t h e
lava stops at 0,3 n i l e f r o m the royal road. A new lava flow, on 22-11 at 4 . 3 0 am, t o w a r d T.del Greco.
Damage for 6 0 0 0 0 ducatL
255
A
Smoke until 1 3 - 2 - 1 8 0 $ . On this day there m a tara o u t f l o w (Stoppa).
68
IE
2 3 On 12-8 a t 2 am, explosion w i t h lava fountains 3 0 0 palms h~gh. Fast lava f l o w t h a t makes 4 miles in
effusive
1 / 2 hour. A t the middle of t h e path, it branches Into 5 flows: t w o t o w a r d Camaldoli; one t o w a r d T. de(
explosive
Greco and t w o t o w a r d the royal road. One flow into the sea a t 9 . 4 5 of 13 A u g u s t . The f l o w s come to an
h a l t m t h e evening of 13. On 1 7 - 1 8 - 1 9 a f l o w t o w a r d Boscotrecase. A new feeding of the flows on
24.On 26 and 27, explosions; on 28, e r u p t t v e cloud and a lava flow.On 5 S e p t e m b e r , n e w f l o w t o w a r d
Torre del Greco. On 12 October,an e a r t h q u a k e , very h i g h lava f o u n t a i n s and a fast lava flow reaches
the houses of T. det Greco. On 16, a new f l o w follows t h e same path; i t arrives t o 1 / 2 mile f r o m
Purgatono Church on the 17th.
222
A
On 2 7 - 1 - 1 8 0 6 scoria ejection. No o t h e r a c t i v i t y until 1 - 5 - 1 8 0 6 .
9
IE
Z Earthquake on 31-5, explosion and lava fountain at 2 , 3 0 am. Strong explosion at 3 . 1 5 p m .On 1-6,at 4
effusive
am, lava flows to SW and W; one t o w a r d Camaldoli make 3.5 miles in one hour. A n o t h e r f l o w reaches
explosive
the sea near Torre del Greoo. Eruptive cloud d u r i n g the evening. New lava flow, 7 rrnles tong, o n 2-6 On
3, explosive a c t i v i t y . A c t i v i t y u n t i l 9. Damages in O t t a v i a n o and Torre del Greco. Ash as far as
Benevento.
1181
A
|
On
4 S e p t e m b e r 1 8 0 9 , fracture on t h e SE flank of the crater and lava f l o w i n t o A t n o del Cavailo.
1
IE
effusive
(Phllhps)
30-5-1806
9-6-1806
3-9-1809
5-9-1809
10-9-1810
36@
A
IE
effusive
exl~oslve
464
A
58
IE
effusive
] Lava f l o w t o w a r d Reslna, since
actwlty
8-i0-1813
28-10-1813
886
Persistent actlvtty d u r i n g 1 8 1 2 and 1813. S t r o n g explosive a c t i v i t y on 8-9 A u g u s t 1 8 1 3 (&aratta)
1 9 October, intracrateric lavas. On 28-1 0, small lava f l o w t o w a r d il Viulo (Pilla and Phillips)
29-10-1813
28-2-1814
122
1-3-1814
22-12-1817
21-12-1817
1391
27-12-1817
1-12 1819
30-11-1819!
1-6-1820
14-1-1822
15-1-1822
28-2-1822
44
IE
effustve
28-2-1822
2]-10-1822
20-10-1822
16-11-1822
234
A
17-11-1822
2-7-1824
1-7-1824
20-9-1831
592
2636
R
14-8-1831
23-12-1832
497
[E
24-12-1832
25-5-1833
24-5-1833
15-6-1833
151
21
22-9-1810
11
23-9-1810 31-12-1811
28-2-1812
1-1-1812
1-3-1812
9-10-1813
16-6-1833,
1@
26-12-1817i
31_5-1820
26-11-1833
!
A
IE
effusive
IE
effusive
explosive
A
4
IE
effusive
703
A
IE
effusive
182
892
2~ FE(1822)
OffUSlVe
ex#oswe
A
effustve
13-9,toward
Boscotrecase
S t r o m b o l i a n activity o n 2 0 - 1 2 - 1 8 1 1 .
} Fracture on the SE side of t h e cone and several f l o w s t o w a r d
and Reslna.Between I 1 and 2 2 , e x p l o s i v e
Torre del Greco
A t 1 0 , 0 0 a m of 2 5 - 1 2 , t r e m o r s and r u m b l i n g s . A t t 4 , 0 0 h, explosion w i t h e r u p t i v e cloud and lava
t o w a r d Fosso Bronco; a n o t h e r f l o w t o w a r d V~ulo; explosive a c t i v i t y and lava f l o w s in January and
i February 1 8 1 4 .
S t r o n g a c t l w t y on 14-5-1 8 1 6 w i t h strornbohan a c t i v i t y and mtracrateric lava. (Baratta).
I On 2 2 - 1 2
, fracture on the NE flank of the cone, lavas t o w a r d =1 Mauro and, a t t h e SW. t o w a r d
T. del
Greco
S t r o m b o h a n activity since October 1818. On February 1819, lava on E flank of Gran Cono.
2' Since beginning of December 1819,lava f r o m 6 v e n t s on the NW side of t h e crater (Coutrel v e n t ) . On
January 1 8 2 0 , new fracture to W and lava t o w a r d il Salvatore.lncrease d u r i n g March,April and May
1820.
A c t i v i t y , on 7 O c t o b e r 1 8 2 t , f r o m t w o vents; i n t e r m i t t e n t l y in N o v e m b e r and December. On 7 January
1822, collapse of the Coutrel v e n t (Monticelh and Covelli).
On 15 January, o p e n i n g of t w o v e n t s . 1 1 February, emission of scoriae, p u m i c e s , and s m o k e .
earthquakes. On 22 February, an explosion and a lava flow
Explosions and r u m b l i n g s until S e p t e m b e r , w h e n there is t h e opening of a new v e n t
During October, lavas f r o m t h e S e p t e m b e r vent. On 2 0 - 2 1 , small earthquakes; 22 (1 am), fire c o l u m n
on t h e crater, 2 0 0 0 f e e t high; fracture of the cone to the E w i t h a g l o w i n g avalanche. O u t f l o w of lava at
d a w n , t o w a r d SW. A f t e r t h e lava errass~on, ash c o l u m n t o w a r d SE. Decrease d u r i n g the morning, and
increase at 13b, w i t h t r e m o r s and a high column, at 16h, s t r o n g explosion w i t h en~sslon of lava frorr
E side. During the night, opening of new v e n t s In t h e crater and on t h e flank t o w a r d i Camaldoh; o n 23
O c t o b e r (1 h), new explosions w i t h high e r u p t i v e c o l u m n and s t r o n g t r e m o r ; collapse of part of the
crater; 2 eruptive columns; w h i t e a t W and dark at E . On 24 October, ash fall; c o n t i n u i n g acttvrty w l t ~
decreasing i n t e n s i t y until 16 N o v e m b e r (Montlcelh, Covelli )
1827;
,
S t r o m b o l i a n a c t i v i t y on 2 - 7 - 1 8 2 4 and slow filling of t h e c r a t e r w i t h lava; major a c t i v i t y d u r i n g Marce
mild a c t i v i t y in 1 8 2 8
increase durin 9 1 8 2 9
- 2 Earthquake on 14 A u g u s t , and intracrateric lava; o u t f l o w on 2 0 - 8 t o the SE t o w a r d Bosco; again or
2 0 - 9 to S-SE and same for all 1 8 3 1 ; on 2 0 November, t o w a r d Torre del Greco; 2 5 - 1 2 , t o w a r d Resma:
o u t f l o w s also on 2 7 - 1 - 1 8 3 2 ; 2 7 - 2 - 1 8 3 2 (8oscotrecase and Ptano delle Ginestre) ; July 23 (Ottavianc
and Ereme), 8 A u g u s t , t o W, and f r o m O c t o b e r until 1S N o v e m b e r (Bosco); 16-23 December, ( Torr~
del Greco)
A
IE
I 2 ~ a c t l v l t y
on 2 5 - 5 - 1 8 3 3 ; on 2 8 and 29 May, lava f l o w to Pedamentma, 1.5 mile t o w a r d Torr~
effuslve
del Greco; on 12-8, t w o lava f l o w s t o w a r d Torre del Greeo.
163
A
On 13 A u g u s t 1833, t w o lava f l o w t o w a r d Torre del Greco (Phillips and 8aratta)
]
t
21
MOUNT VESUVIUS: 2000 YEARS OF VOLCANOLOG1CAL OBSERVATIONS
V o l c a n o l o g l c a l Notes
1
27-11-1833
16-1-1834
acture at the SW base of the c o n e l e t and o u t f l o w of lava, since 28, t o w a r d rEreme.
16. 2 0 and 21 D e c e m b e r and January 1 8 3 4 , t o w a r d R e . h a and Torte del Greco.
17-1-1834
21-8-1834
yard Atrio, Boscoreale and
22-8-1834
2-9-1834
3-9-1834
1-1-1835
31-12-1834
31-12-1838
1-1-1839
3-1-1839
4-1-1839
20-9-1841
19-9-1841
4-2-1850
5-2-1850
16-2-1850
17-2-1850
14-12-1854
1-5-1855
13-12-1854
30-4-1855
27-5-1855
28-5-1855
19-12-1855
18-12-1855
26-5-1858
27-5-1858
12-4-1861
13-4-1861
8-12-1861
7-12-1861
31-12-1861
on 5 - 1 2 - 1 8 6 1
icreasing setsmE a c t i v i t y . A t 1 6 , 0 0 h, fracture at 2 k m f r o m Torre del Greco at 2 9 0
e t r e n d s £NE-SSW and e x t e n d s i n t o t h e sea. Conerets in the h i g h e r part of t h e
f l o w t o w a r d Resma and Torre del Greco. Smoke and mild explosions at the crater.
fildmgs of Torre deJ Greco because of t h e fracture; inflation of the coast (1 m at
irthquake on 11-1 and 16. On t h a t day, a t 8 am, boiling of the sea at ] 500 m in front
• Same p h e n o m e n o n on 17-12, a t 9 am. On 17-12, a t t pro, e r u p t i o n c o l u m n at the
the n i g h t of 2 3 - 1 2 , ash emission lasts until 3 1 - 1 2 . Collected funds for damages:
1-1-1862
10-2-1864
9-2-1864
14-11-1867
uary, May, and June 1 8 6 2 (Baratta)
~=nlng of the crater and s t r o m b o l i a n a c t i v i t y . Rebuilding of the c o n e l e t during 1 8 6 5
lava d u r i n g 1 8 6 6 , 1 8 6 7 (.lava f o u n t a i n s on 12 N o v e m b e r , 1 8 6 7 ) and March
15-11-1867
31-5-1868
1-6-1868
15-11-1868
14-11-1868
26-11-1868
27-11-1868
1-12-1870
33-1-1871
30-11-1870
12-1-1871
30-4-1871
Torre del Greco.Slnce 7 June 1 8 3 4 , lava f l o w t o w a r d
thquake and collapse of crater ; volcanic column; on 2 4 A u g u s t , 4 vents on E flank of
9 , a lava f l o w t o w a r d P o g g m n ~ n n o (Caposench0; o n 28 A u g u s t lahars.
January 1 8 3 5 to 26 July 1 8 3 5 ; 1 - 4 - 1 8 3 5 , esploslons, lava f o u n t a i n s ; Phillips
on 6 - 3 - 1 8 3 8 .
1838. A t d a w n of 1 - 1 - 1 8 3 9 , dark eruptive c o l u m n , lava f l o w toW . Between 1 and 4
: the cone to E and W, on 2-1 h i g h w h i t e cloud; t h e n lava to £ (Boscotrecase) and W
luntains up t o 4 0 0 m, and black ash on Boscotrecase and Casteltammare. A f t e r t h e
was funneFshaped w i t h a d m m e t e r of 7 0 0 m and a d e p t h of 2 8 5 m (Pllla, Baratta)
February 1845, the c o n e l e t is visible f r o m Naples• In the fall of 1845, the crater of
lied w i t h lava. Variable s t r o m b o l i a n and effusive a c t i v i t y . .
feet higher t h a n the rim of t h e crater (Punta Palo, Phillips). Fracture along N side of
350; rapid lava flow into Atrio del Cavallo and t h e n to £. On 5-2 another fracture a t
.'one w~th small lava. On 7 and 9-2, Increase of lava f l o w t o w a r d d Mauro and
9-2
dense sn~oke f r o m t h e crater w i t h ash-fall on T . A n n . S t r o n g explosions•
¢ on t 0 - 2 ; f r o m 12 to 15-2 lapilh and, on 16-2 at 12,30, t w o s t r o n g explosions. The
, t w o craters•
,n 1 4 - 1 2 - 1 8 5 4 , f o r m a t i o n of a funnel 80 m. deep. Smoke in April 18.55.
h t b e t w e e n 3 0 - 4 and 1-5; lava in the crater• Opening of v e n t s on t h e N side of t h e
isslon and mild s t r o m b o h a n a c t i v i t y . Lava f l o w into A t r l o del Cavallo t o w a r d W to
del Faraone. During the n i g h t it reaches S. Sebastlano and Massa di S o m a . New
'-5 reach S. Sebastlano and Somrna. On 8-2, the lava flow arrwes a t 1 / Z mile f r o m
~ter on 1 9 - 1 2 - 1 8 5 5 , w i t h smoke
357; new collapse on 2 4 A u g u s t
Ioslons, collapse of t h e cone and
o delfe Ginestre (circa 11), lava
of 1861. Damages for 2 . 7 6 0 . 7 0 0
and lapilh. During 1 8 5 6 - 57 m t r a c r a t e r E actpvlty, i
and n e w o u t f l o w on A u g u s t 1 8 5 7
On 11 and 201
lava fountains. (Smlscalco).
emission f r o m several v e n t s m d i f f e r e n t periods,
hre.
t h q u a k e s , and since 8 t o 12-11, continuous t r e m o r . On 12 and 13 November, scoria
-11, t h e lava ernissJon rapidly fills the crater, 120 m deep. O u t f l o w s since end of
)er and January 1868, t o w a r d SE i n t o Piano delle Gtnestre. On 26-1, new o u t f l o w
3 and 12 March, earthquakes and ash emission up to 1 0 0 0 - 1 6 0 0 feet. On 11 March,
k of t h e crater w i t h lava emission. 11-13 March 1868, s t r o n g explosive activity and
SE flank of Gran Cono w i t h a lava t o w a r d Boscoreale lasting 8 days.
¢ w i t h an o u t f l o w on 8-11 (Baratta)
E°ss° t
On NW flank near the 1 8 5 5 vents: lava f l o w into Fosse della Vetrane and
lays. Eruptive c o l u m n particularly s t r o n g on 2 4 - 1 1 .
t
N side of t h e cone, increasing since March, d u r i n g April, n e w lava f l o w into Fosso[
t h e Osserva torio.(Palrnierl)
I
22
R. S C A N D O N E ET A L
~ dB_E mG I N N I N G
(d-m-y)
I--I
tybe
(a,,7,i Volume
358
A
Volcanological Notes
i
J
On October 1871, slight collapse of the crater. On 3-4 November 1871, small lavi flows. On March]
1872, fracture on NW side with a few lava In the Atno, lasting a week.
(NW~. A t ~ , 3 0 ~ a m I
6 FE(1872)
3 Since 23, seismic activity. On the evening of 24-4 lava flow from die active fracture
24-4-1872
30--4-1872
effusweof 26, new fracturing of the Cone (NW) w~h explosion and lava. Three casualtms and 10 wounded m a I
ex~oswe
v i s i t i n g party. Another fracture on the S side of the cone and lava toward Camaldo[i.
lava flow [
volume
=20
into Fosso della Vetrana and into Fosso del Faraone, again two branches toward Piano delle Novelle I
xlO6m ~
and Foseo del Faraone. This lava flow reaches Massa and S. Sebastiano making 4-5 km in 10 hours. Onj
27 and 28, ash emission with ejection up to 1 3 0 0 m. (Palmierl)
.
.
.
.
i - 5 - 1 8 7 2 1 7 - 1 2 - 1 8 7 5 z325
R
The crater of 1872 was 2 5 0 m deep with a volume of 1 7 x 1 0 6 m 3. Landshdes during 1 8 7 4 fill it for 1271
rr~
1 8 - 1 2 - 1 8 7 5 1 5 - 1 2 - 1 8 8 1 2189
A
Collapse of the crater on 1 8 - 1 2 with formation of a new vent in strombolian acti~ Ly. Dunng 1878,
outflow of lava along an existing fracture on NW side of the crater. Fdhng of the crater at the end of
1880. Collapse of the conelet on December 1 8 8 1 . (Palrraen)
16-12-1881
31-i-1884
776 --I-[----~-~ Outflow from E during 1882 and 1883. On 9 - 1 - 1 8 8 4 , lava flow on NNW.
effuswe
1-2-1884
I-5-1885
455
A
2-5-1885
I-7-1886
425
IE
l Two fracture toward T.Ann. and Boscotrecase (NE and SE). A lava flow msumg from SF reaches the base
effusive
of the cone and lasts all the year with increase on 2 8 July, and 12 to 14 Septemb
Since January,
until June 1886, similar activity, also on 4-5 February and s l n ~
Ju~/, toward O t t a w a n o ~
15-4-1887
287
A
2-7-1886
Increase of activity on 2 7 - 2 8 / 8 - 1 8 8 6 .
19-4-1887
3
IE
l On 16 and 17 April, explosions and a lava flow on 18 and 19 toward SE.
16-4-1887
effusive
30-4-1889
741
A
20-4-1887
Strorr~ohan actlwt)/ since September 1887 to November 1888, on 24 July, and 11-12
~gust 1888.
30-9-1889
252
IE
l Collapse of the crater on the beginning of May 1 8 8 9 , crater several hundred meter wide. Lava flow
1-5-1889
effusive
lastinQ until September. (Baratta)
6-6-1891
613
A
1-10-1889
,Mild activity until the end of October 1890, with an outflow to SE during May 1891 .
3 - 6 - 1 8 9 4 1o92
I~
2 A t 5.45 pm of 7-6, fracture on NNW side of the cone, and big smoke emismon fro
7-6-1891
the vent. New
effustve
lateral vents on the N flank at 9 0 0 - 1 0 0 0 m asl. Then other vents down to 8 3 0 m ale g the fracture of
volume
1868. Bulldtng of a lava dome. Lava flowing during 1892, and forming a lava tube. On 3 June 18941 end of
=36
106m3
the external flow and hlling of the crater, 2 0 0 m deep. The lava dome was called Colle Mafgherlta.
(Baratta)
2-7-1895
393
A
4-6-1894
Rupturing of the cone on 2 4 - 5 - 1 8 9 5 , with lava flow into Atrlo; A t the beginning
July 1895, the
conelet is 150 m h~her than the crater r ~ (Baratta)
7 - 9 - 1 8 9 9 1527
IE
3-7-1895
and 7 5 0 m asl. 4
2 On 3 - 7 - 1 8 9 5 fracturing of the WNW side of the cone with new vent at 1185, 1100, 9
effusive
Lava flow from the lower vents into Fosse della Vetrana. Lava is errutted for all the year. Collapse of
volume
the conelet on 3-4 July del 1895 . On November 1895, the crater is 2 5 0 m deep. Dunng September
:50x106
1897, the depth of the crater decrease of 1 0 0 m due to landshdes.. At the beginning
July 1898, the
m3
crater is 6 0 m deep.The lava dome formed during this period is called Colle Umberto
i
2 6 - 8 - 1 9 0 3 1447
A
8-9-1899
Strombehan activity, particularly vie(ant on 9 - 1 0 / ' 5 - 1 9 0 0 . Increase of exploslvity during 1903. The i
diarnetre of the crater, in March 1903, is 148 rr~ with a depth of 6 0 m.
30-9-1904
400
IE
Z since ~
27-8-1903
Onn 2 ~ o ~ l ~ t f - ~ w ~ w
to ~ .
On I
effuswe
26, fracture on WNW, explosion and lava flow onto Colle Umberto. On 27, fracture trending ENE at 8 0 0
explosive
m
asl
with
lava
flow.
Collapse
of
130
m
of
the
crater
with
vulcan(an
explosion.
Lava
flows
from
14
to I
volume
--05
16 September, 15-19 October, 2 0 November. During March 1904, the new lava dorn( is 4 0 m h~h. On I
xlO 6 m 3
21 and 2 2 - 9 - 1 9 0 4 , explosions at the crater. Tremor during 2 3 , 2 4 - 9 . On 25, ash al Boscoreale, 26,
collapse of the conelet and explosions. On 28, ash as far as Ave(line.
489
A
1-10-1904
2-2-1906
Mild explosive acttvtty in November and December 1 9 0 4 , January 1905. On ] 905 Ma~ vent on the NW
side of Gran Cone at 1245 m asl and at 1 1 8 0 m with lava emission also during January 1906
59
IE
3-2-1906
3-4-190(
1 Explosive activity during February 1906; since March, lava from vent at 1180 m
effusive
volume
=1 8x106
m3
18 FE(1906) 3+ On April 4, black smoke and partial collapse o f the cone ( 5 , 3 0 am); new vent at 120 ] m on S flank of
4-4-1906
22-4-1906
EffusiveGran Cone; lava; seismic activity; ( 1 4 h ) collapse of cone(at; explosive activity fro
strombolian to
exploswe
vulcanians; ( 2 4 h) vent at 8 0 0 m, pounng lava. On 5-4, violent explosions and lava e= " " ; on 6, at
volume
=20
8 am , vent at SE at 6 0 0 m ask lava; intense activity at the crater; ( 2 4 h ) increase of seisr~clty. 7-4,1
xlO6m 3
new vent toward E, and lava toward Terzigno; outflow at the central crater; at 7 pro, explosions with
lava
incandesent ejecta up to 1-2 km above crater; 9 pro, explosion with fragmentary material; 11 pro, new
lava emission; 8, at 0 3 0 am, strong explosons and earthquake; ( 2,30 am) v o e n
~uake with
explosion and emission of ash, ir~andescent material and lithics; 8 (after 4 am), as column 6 0 0 m]
wide; (afternoon) column 1 3 0 0 0 m high: (evening) decreease; 9-10, gas and asl emission ( with I
plsolites) ; 1 1 - 1 ; ), grey ash; 13-14, white ashes; 2 0 - 2 1 , mild activity. Since April tahars for many
months after the eruption. Volume of the c r a t e r : 8 4 x 1 0 6 m 3
4 - 7 - 1 9 1 3 2629
R
23-4-1906
Collapse of the b o t t o m of the crater on June 1911, and 9 May 1913. Since July 13 fire in the bottom. --4
A
5 - 7 - 1 9 1 3 2 6 - 1 1 - 1 9 2 6 4892
Since 1 7 - 9 - 1 9 0 6 , conelet. Filling of the crater with lava; particularly "relevanl dur~ng l ~ t(W
September 1919; July 1920. In 1925, the crater is filled by 3 / 4
: 27-ii-1926 28-11-1926
1
IE
Outflow on 27 toward E-NE
effuswe
29-11-1926
30-7-1927
2431
A
Intracrateric lava flows
1-5-1871
23-4-1872
23
M O U N T VESUVIUS: 2000 YEARS O F V O L C A N O L O G I C A L OBSERVATIONS
I BEGZSSZNG ]
(d-m-y)
,
ESD
(d-m-y)
i-8-1927
2-8-1927
3-8-1927
11-8-1928
10-8-1928
12-8-1928
13-8-1928
3-6-1929
2-6-1929
8-6-1929
9-6-1929
11-7-1930
]0-7-1930
30-7-1930
1-8-1930
2-10-1930
1-10-1930
9-11-1930
]0-11-1930
1-6-1933
3]-5-1933
19-11-1934
20-11-1934
12-2-1935
11-2-1935
31-3-1935
~ - ~ q : ~
[ I'~',"l I Volume i i
1-4-1935
8-7-1935
8-7-19351
21-8-19351
22-8-1935
28-3-1936
27-3-'1936
24-9-1936
24-9-1936
4-6-1937
3-6-1937
7-7-1937
8-7-1937
7-8-1939
8-8-1939
9-8-1939
10-8-]939
25-6-1940
26-6-1940!
1-8-1940
22-10-1941
31-7-1940
21
10-1941
15-12-1942
16-12-1942
6-1-1944
5-1-1944
23-2-1944
24-2-1944
18-3-1944
17-3-1944
V o l c a n o l o g l c a l Notes
29-7, intracraterie lava o u t f l o w i n g , on 1-8, t o E
373
1
A
IE
Outflow
e,uswe
293
A
5
IE
2 3 Since 27 May, no a c t i v i t y . On 3 1 - 5 , m o d e r a t e s t r o m b o l i a n a c t i v i t y until 2-6. A t 3 p m of 2-6, f r e q u e n
effuslve
earthquakes, On 3-6, t w o s t r o n g e a r t h q u a k e s w t t h collapse o f t h e c o n e l e t and rapid lava emission
explosive
o u t f l o w i n g to E. Scoria ejectton up t o 3 0 0 r ~ Since 0 . 0 0 a m t o 1 am, of 4-6, s t r o n g exploswe a c t l w t ]
volume
-12
w t t h new lava flow. A t 3 , 3 0 am, lava fountains 3 0 0 m high lasting half an hour. Increase a t 6 , 3 0 a m witr
~106m3
new lava and ejection of scoriae inclined t o W. Since 8 am, lava flow, outside 5 o m m a caldera, towar(
Terzigno. A t 2 , 0 9 p m of 4, new lava f o u n t a i n , 4 0 0 m high, lasting 26 rrunutes. D e s t r u c t i o n of th~
conelet, carried a w a y by the lava flow . A t 3 , 3 0 ' p r o , e x p l o s ~ n s . A t 7 , 3 0 pro,third lava fountain, lastin(
39 minutes, 4 0 0 m high. Eruptive cloud 3-5 k m above t h e rim. On 5-6, b e t w e e n 0 , 3 0 and 3 , 4 5 an
increase of actrvity and 4 t h lava fountain at 4 , 3 0 a m , 500 m h i g h , w i t h smoke u p t o 4 k r ~ Lava outflo¥
to the W.
396]
Rare explosions on 13-26 July, 2 3 - 2 4 S e p t e m b e r and 4 October. Since 2-11 new conetet.
i~
rE
Since 1 1 - 7 - 1 9 3 0 , lava flow on NE flank of Gran o n t o the lava of 1929.
effusive
6]
A
3~
IE
O u t f l o w to E.
effusive
932
A
S t r o n g e r a c t i v i t y on Apnt-May 1933.
536
IE
2 1-6, collapse of conelet w i t h o u t f l o w t o NE
effusive
83
A
On 3 0 - 1 1 - 3 4 , m t r a c r a t e r m lava flow.
47
1E
I Lava o u f l o w on 12-2 to E.
effusive
98
A
44
IE
I F r a c t u r i n g of the c o n e l e t and lava o u t f l o w since 13-7 into Valle d e I H n f e m o .
effusive
218
A
Intracratenc lava flow on 8 - 1 1 - 1 9 3 5 and 2 3 - 2 - 1 9 3 6 .
180
IE
1 Fracturing of the conelet and lava o u t f l o w on 3-4. On 2 8 - 4 , new o u t f l o w t o E Into Valle dell'Inferno.
effusive
252
A
September-December,
m t r a c r a t e r i c lava.
33
IE
() Lava o u t f l o w into Valle dell'Inferno.
effusive
760
A
Intracratertc lava since 1 0 - 1 - 1 9 3 8 and 3 0 - 8 to 9 - 1 - 1 9 3 9 . O n 9 - 1 , f r a c t u r i n g of e o n e l e t and new lava
flow.
1
IE
() Lava o u t f l o w into Valle dell'Inferno.
effusive
320
A
35
IE
l) Fracturing of c o n e l e t and lava o u t f l o w ~nto Atrio del Cavallo, until etld of July.
effusive
446
A
Continuous m t r a c r a t e r E lava d u r i n g A u g u s t - O c t o b e r until 14-11, and since 2 5 - 1 2 t o 6 - 1 - 1 9 4 1 .
419
IE
] Z New m t r a c r a t e n c lava o u t f l o w m g on 2 3 - 1 0 .On 26, the lava f l o w Is at 1,5 k m f r o m the crater rim. 1-11,
effusive
collapse of conelet and new o u t f l o w to S, SSE and ES£. On l O - l - 1 9 4 2 , t h e lava flow ~s at 9 0 0 m as,
forming t w o domes on the s o u t h e r n side; a t t h e h e g l n n i r ~ of July is at 6 0 0 m.asL
A
385
IE
48
(I On 6 - 1 - 1 9 4 4 , f r a c t u n n g of the conelet and lava outflowLng to W.
effusive
A
22
Mdd act~vtty
1--
effusive
exploswe
volume
=10
xl06m 3
lava
On 13- 3, co apse of the conelet; 14-3, m o d e r a t e explosive a c t i v i t y ; 18- new collapse of conelet;
18-3 at 4 . 3 0 pro, lava f l o w o u t f l o w l n g to N ; at 1 0 . 3 0 pm, t h e velocity in t h e Valte dell'Inferno Is a b o u t
10 m / h . A t 11.00 pnm o u t f l o w to W. New lava flow to SW a t 11.00 a m of 19-3. Northern f l o w into Fosso
delia Vetrana. New f l o w into Fosso della Vetrana. On Z l at 1-2 pn3- San Sebastlano and Massa are
reached by the lava flow, Velocity of the lava: a b o u t 5 0 - 1 0 0 m / h . 2 1 - 3 at 5 p m - Lava fountains: . I
fountain 1 7 . 1 5 - 1 7 . 3 5 , II fountain 2 0 . 1 0 - 2 0 . 3 0 , III fountain 2 2 . 0 0 - 2 2 . 2 5 ; 22-3 IV fountain 0 1 . 4 0 - 0 2 . 1 0 ,
V fountain 0 3 . 4 5 - 0 4 . 0 3 , VI fountain 0 5 . 3 5 - 0 6 . 1 5 , VII fountain 0 6 . 3 0 - 0 7 . 0 5 , Vlll fountain , 0 7 . 3 1 - 1 7 . 5 0 .
A t 9 a m fall of scoriae of 5 0 0 - t 0 0 0 g m on Pogglomarino. Since10.00 am, scoria fall on S.Gluseppe A t
112.48 p m , t h e lava fountain turns ashy w i t h a sustained c o l u m n 6 ed 7 k m asl high, srrmll g l o w i n g
avalanches. A t 8 pro, ash-fall rln~xed w i t h w a t e r on S.Gluseppe. 9 . 0 0 pro- discrete explosions f r o m t w o
l ed ri frf~eer de dn et d craters ( t w o eruptive c o l u m n s ) . 23 -3, explosions and ash fall on Torte del Greco; lapilli
In ice (S.Gluseppe). SeBmic crisis b e t w e e n 11 and 12 am. A t 2 pro, red lapilh and loose
Icrystals fall on Pogg~omarm0. The new crater has a v o l u m e of 2 5 ×106 m 3 and is 3 0 0 m . d e e p
l
5-4-1944
-
- 2 5 - 4 - 9 2 ! 173S-~
24
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