BRITISH CHEMICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL ABSTRACTS

BRITISH CHEMICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL ABSTRACTS
A ., I .—G eneral, Physical, and Inorganic C hem istry
JULY, 1942.
I.— SUB-ATOMICS.
Absorption spectra of gases in the extreme ultra-violet. T.
T akam ine a n d Y. T an a k a (A strophys. / . , 1941, 93, 386— 300).—
A bsorption sp e c tra of H , H e, N e, a n d A a rc p h o to g rap h e d w ith a
20-cm. g ra tin g a t grazing incidence in vac. R e su lts a re discussed.
E . R . R.
Blank and background effect on photographed spectral lines.— See
A„ 1942, I, 249.
Improved source for the Lyman continuum in the vacuum ultra­
violet— See A., 1942, I, 212.
Rydberg corrections for D terms in He I. L- Pincherle (Physical
Rev., 1942, [ii], 61, 156— 157).— T he in te rac tio n betw een th e norm al
lsnd- a n d th e 2p2p-configurations in H e I is e v alu ate d . I t s c o n trib ­
ution to th e difference betw een th e R y d b e rg corrections of th e o- and
p -term s is v e ry large, a n d th e th eo re tic al vais, of th ese differences
are too sm all. ”
N . M. B.
Influence of sample composition on magnesium, cadmium, and
lead intensity ratios as radiated from a spark source. G. O. L angstrotli a n d K . B. N ew bound (Canad. J . Res., 1942, 20, A, 39— 47).—
A ddition of foreign su b sta n c es can cause m arked variations.
L- J- J-
First spectrum of antimony. W . F . Meggers a n d C. J . H u m p h rey s
(/. Res. N at. B u r. Stand., 1942, 28, 463— 478).— AA a n d m easured
intensities a re given for 466 n e u tra l Sb lines betw een 1388-91 a n d
12466-75 A. A lm ost 80% of th e lines are classified as com binations
of 60 even energy levels arising from 5s’ 5p2 ns, 5s25p 2 nd, a n d 5sC>p*
configurations a n d 31 odd levels from 5sJ 5/>5, 5s25/>J up, a n d possibly
5s25p2nf. T h e sc a rc ity of visible lines a n d th e h igh in ten se u ltra ­
violet a n d in fra-red ra d ia tio n s a re due to th e re la tiv e vais, of v ario u s
groups of leveis. Several sp e c tra l series of th e ty p e 5ss 5p*-5s* 5p2ns
are proposed a n d a n abs. val. of 69700 cm.-1 is deduced for th e
ground sta te , 5s25 p3., S l . T h e p rin cip al ionisation p o te n tia l of Sb
is 8-64 v .
A. R . P .
Zeeman effects in the arc spectrum of nickel. C. H . L indsley
(J. Opt. Soc. A m er., 1942, 32, 94— 97).— Z eem an d a ta for 171 lines
of N i I in fields of 85700 a n d 81300 gauss are ta b u la te d , g vais, are
determ ined for even energy levels arisin g from th e 3d14s2 a n d 3d* 4s
configurations a n d for m ost of th e odd levels arisin g from th e
3(2* 4s 4/> a n d S d 'i p configurations.
O. D . S.
First spark spectrum of neodymium ; preliminary classification
and Zeeman effect data. W . E . A lbertson, G. R . H arrison, a n d
J. R. M cN ally, ju n .‘ (P hysical Rev., 1942, [ii], 61, 167— 174).—
Classifications from th e co m b in atio n principle a re ta b u la te d for 367
lines of N d II arisin g from 30 low er a n d 57 u p p e r levels a n d are
checked b y Zeem an-effect m easu rem en ts a t fields u p to 87180
oersteds, a n d b y o th er d a ta . Q u a n tu m nos. a re assigned to th e
levels h a v in g ap p ro x . L S coupling, a n d g vais, of all know n levels
are d eterm ined. T he low est term is 4 /4(5/)6 s —a 61. All low term s
found arise from 4/*6s a n d i f'5 d , a n d all identified u p p e r term s
p ro bably arise from 4/*6/>. T h e stro n g e st lines belong to th e
se x tet a n d q u a r te t su p er-m u ltip lets arisin g from 4 f i (iI)Qp—6s.
Curves a re given show ing th e v a ria tio n , in th e progression L a II,
C e il, P r n , a n d N d i i , of th e b inding of te rm s arisin g from th e
configurations f*s, f" p , f*d, a n d , w here know n, / " +1.
N . M. B.
Theory of complex spectra. I. G. R acah {P hysical Rev., 1942,
[ii], 61, 186— 197; cf. S later, A., 1930, 126).— M ath em atical. A
closed form ula is developed w hich, for tw o-electron spectra, e n tirely
replaces th e prev io u s len g th y calcu latio n s b y th e diagonal-sum
m ethod. A pplications are m ade to som e configurations w ith th ree
or m ore electrons a n d to th e p " configurations of th e nuclei.
N. M. B.
Results with the Coudé spectrograph of the Mount W ilson Observ­
atory. W . S. A dam s (Astrophys. / . , 1941, 93, 11— 23). E . R . R.
Solar hydrogen vortices. R . S. R ichardson (A strophys. J ., 1941,
E . R . R.
93, 24— 28).
Ultra-violet emission lines in spectra of Me variables. P . W .
Merrill {A strophys. ] . , 1941, 93, 40— 46).
E. R. R.
Continuous spectrum of stellar atmospheres consisting of atoms
and negative ions of H. R . W ildt (Astrophys. J ., 1941, 93, 47— 51).
E . R . R.
221
g (a ., i .)
Spectroscopic binary 29 Canis Majoris. O. S tru v e a n d F . S herm an
(Astrophys. J ., 1941, 93, 84— 91).
E . R . R.
Some line intensities in [the spectrum of] ft Lyrse. J. R . Gill
(Astrophys. J ., 1941, 93, 118— 127).
E . R . R.
Spectrum of jS Lyrae in the visual region. J . L. G reenstein and
T. L. P age (Astrophys. J ., 1941, 93, 128— 132).
Ii. R . II.
Luminosities of the non-variable c-stars. R . E . W ilson (Astro­
phys. J ., 1941, 93, 212— 229).
E . R. R.
Physical processes in gaseous nebulas. XI. Strengths of for­
bidden lines as a function of coupling. G. H . S hortlcy, L. H . Aller,
J . G. B aker, a n d D. H . Mcnzel. XII. Electron densities of some
bright planetary nebulae. D. H . Menzel a n d L. H . Aller. XIII.
Electron temperatures of typical planetary nebulae. D. H . Menzel,
L. H . Aller, a n d M. H . H ebb. XIV. Spectrophotometry of typical
planetary nebulas. I - H . Aller. XV. Statistical equilibrium of
neutral H e. L. G oldberg (-Astrophys. J ., 1941, 93, 178— 193, 195—
201, 230— 235, 236— 243, 244— 249).
E . R. R.
Recent shell spectrum of y-Cassiopeise. R . B. B aldw in (Astrophys.
J ., 1941, 93, 333— 336).
E . R. R.'
Spectrum of the night sky. C. T . E lvey, P . Swings, a n d W .
L inke (A strophys. J ., 1941, 93, 337— 348). '
E . R . R.
Spectra of two peculiar stars [MWC 17 and CD—27° 11944]. P .
Sw ings a n d O. S tru v e (Astrophys. J ., 1941, 93, 349— 355).
E. R. R.
Evolution of a peculiar stellar spectrum : Z andromedse. P .
Sw ings a n d O. S tru v e (Astrophys. J ., 1941, 93, 356— 367).
E. R. R.
Planetary atmospheres and water-cell temperatures. A. A del and
C. O. L am p lan d (A strophys. J ., 1941, 93, 391— 396).
E . R . R.
» 1914 shell spectrum of £ Tauri. R . B. B aldw in (A strophys. J .,
1941, 93, 420— 424).
E . R . R.
New type of emission in the L a group of heavy elements. (Mile.)
Y . Cauchois (Compt. rend., 1941, 213, 121— 124).— C ertain new
sa tellites a re observed in th e L a sp e c tra of elem ents of a t. no. 62— 92.
T hese are n o t due to im p u ritie s or to m u ltip le reflexions. T h e
difference in v b etw een th e satellite (a,) a n d th e m ain line (a t)
decreases ap p ro x . lin early w ith increase of a t. no. T h e a, lines a re
re la tiv e ly in ten se for T h, Bi, H g, A u, a n d P t, b u t a re less in ten se for
lig h te r elem ents. T h e e xistence of lines of low er frequency th a n th e
prin cip al line suggests a ty p e of in te rn a l R a m a n effect.
A. J . M.
Precise determination of the fine structure constant from X -ia y
spin doublet splitting. R . F . C hristy a n d J . M. K eller (Physical
Rev., 1942, [ii], 61, 147— 152; cf. A., 1941, I, 2).— M athem atical.
C orrections to th e Som m erfeld form ula for th e L n — L m AT-ray spind o u b le t sp littin g , ta k in g acc o u n t of d e p a rtu re s from a p u re C oulom b
field for h eav y elem ents, a re calc, b y using D irac w ave fu n ctio n s for
a C oulom b field a n d d e te rm in in g th e term s in th e electron in te r­
actio n of ord er e2, i.e., of re la tiv e o rd e r 1/Z , com pared w ith th e
S om m erfeld sp littin g . A pplication to ex p erim e n tal d a ta for
elem ents Z = 60— 92 gives th e fine stru c tu re const, a s 1 /a =
lic/e2 = 136-93±0-18.
N . M. B.
Optical properties of thick magnetic lenses and application of the
lenses to /J-ray spectrometry. R . E . S iday (Proc. P hysical Soc.,
1942, 54, 266— 277).— M athem atical. T he v a lid ity of expressions
giving th e focussing p ro p e rties is exam ined, a m eth o d of ra y tra c in g
fo r good im age fo rm atio n is developed a n d applied, focal len g th s a n d
p ositions of th e principal p lanes a re deduced, a n d re su lts are general­
ised a n d ex ten d ed .
N . M. B.
Electron microscope.— See A., 1942, I, 213.
Photophoresis and its interpretation by electric and magnetic ions.
F . E h re n h a ft (J. F ranklin In st., 1942, 233, 235— 256) .— E x p e ri­
m en ta l d a ta reg ard in g longitu d in al, electro-, a n d m agneto-photophoresis and th e " tr e m b lin g e ffe c t” a re sum m arised, a n d th e
in ad e q u ac y of e x is te n t theories to explain th ese phenom ena is p o in te d
o u t. I t is show n t h a t irra d ia te d p a rticle s behave a s if charged a n d
m agnetised, a n d hence i t is p o stu late d t h a t lig h t causes or induces
m agnetism as well as h e a t a n d electricity.
J . W . S.
Electron polarisation. C. G. Shull (Physical Rev., 1942, [ii], 61,
198).— 400-ke.v. electrons sc a tte re d th ro u g h 90° b y Au foils (suffi-
222
223
A., I.—ii, MOLECULAR STRUCTURE.
cien tly th in to ensure single scattering) were counted in parallel
an d a n ti-p ara lle l d irections to th e in cid e n t beam . Corr. resu lts
show ed an a sy m m etry of 8% , th e re a lity being confirm ed b y a val.
of 1% in th e opposite direction w hen a n A1 foil was s u b s titu te d for
th e second Au foil. T h e reflexion transm ission a sy m m e try (cf.
Chase, A., 1940, I, 387) w as 1'¡16 for th e Au foils. T h ere is a tr a n s ­
m ission polarisatio n asym m etry' ~ 2 % > th e 8% a sy m m e try as
d istin c t from a reflexion p olarisation a sy m m e try w hich is <g eith er
(cf. B a rtle tt, A., 1939, I, 594).
N . M. B.
Threshold field studies of various positive-corona phenomena.
K . E . F itzsim m ons (Physical Rev., 1942, .[ii], 61, 175— 182).
N . M. B.
Investigation of isotopes in 1941. S. Flügge a n d J . M attau ch
(P hysikal. Z ., 1942, 43, 1— 5).— A review .
A. J. M.
Depolarisation of neutron beams by magnetic fields. O. H alpern
a n d T . H olstein (Proc. N a t. Acad. Sei., 1942, 28, 112— 118).— T he
q uantum -m echanical m ethod described enables th e average no. of
neu tro n s in individual spin sta te s to be calc, in transm ission th ro u g h
ferrom agnets, a n d show s th a t th e d e polarisation depends on ra tio of
m agnetic m om ent to spin.
L. J. J.
224
m ax . for large show ers lies a t a g re ater th ick n ess th a n t h a t for small
show ers. N o second m ax. (cf. A ltm an n , A., 1941, I, 09) is indicated.
N . M. B.
Frequency of proton and a-tracks in cosmic-ray “ stars.” M. M.
Shapiro (Physical Rev., 1942, [ii], 61, 115— 120; cf. A., 1942, I,
80).— > 9 0 % of th e " s ta r " tra c k s on a p h o to g rap h ic p la te k e p t a t
4300 m . for 239 days are produced b y protons, a n d m ost of the
rem ain d er a re p ro b ab ly due ttf a-particles of energy < 9 M e.v.
N . M . B.
Cosmic-ray theory. B. Rossi a n d K . G reisen (Rev. M od. Physics,
1941, 13, 240— 309).— A q u a n t, th e o ry of cosm ic-ray effects is
developed b y th e e x tra p o la tio n of th e ordinary', law s of q u a n tu m
electrodynam ics to cosm ic-ray energies. Collision processes, the
C om pton effect, ra d ia tio n processes, p a ir p roduction, a n d scatterin g
are considered a n d th e resu lts a p p lie d to a d e ta ile d discussion of the
p ro d u c tio n of show ers.
O. D . S.
Origin of the soft component of cosmic rays. B. R ossi a n d Ii.
Greisen (Physical Rev., 1942, [ii], 61, 121— 128; cf. A ., 1940, I,
187).— M ath em atical. T h e no. of electrons from m esotron decay
(cf. Schein, A., 1941, I, 289) is calc.
N . M. B.
Second maximum in the Rossi curve. C. B. O. M ohr a n d G. H .
Stafford (Nature, 1942, 149, 385— 386).— E vidence for th e existence
Elastic and inelastic scattering of last neutrons. H . H . B arschall
of th e second m ax. h a s been ob tain ed .
A, A. E .
a n d R . L ad en b u rg (Physical R ev., 1942, [ii], 61, 129— 137 ; cf.
D unlap, A., 1942, I, 127).— T h e 45° a n d 90° sc a tterin g of 2-5-Me.v.
Introduction to wave mechanics. G. Glockler ( / . Chem. E duc.,
d -d n e u tro n s b y C, Al, Fe, Cu, Zn, a n d F b is stu d ied b y analysing
1941, 18, 418— 423).— A tre a tm e n t of a t. s tru c tu re problem s on th e
energy d istrib u tio n of recoiling a-particles in an ionisation cham ber.
basis of th e B ohr th e o ry is o u tlin ed . I t gives a con sisten t develop­
E lastic sc a tterin g show ed a stro n g a nisotropy, b u t inelastic scatterin g
m en t for such cases as th e H ato m , th e lin e a r h arm o n ic oscillator,
is roughly th e sam e for 45° and 90°. T he ra tio of e lastic to inelastic
a n d H ..
L. S. T.
sc a tterin g in C, Al, and P b exceeds t h a t in F e a n d Cu.
N . M. B.
Theory of the electric charge and the quantum theory, m .
Mean life of neutrons in water and the hydrogen capture crossH . T. F lin t (Phil. M ag., 1942, [vii], 33, 369— 383; cf. A., 1940, I,
section. J . H . M anley, L. J . H aw o rth , a n d E . A. L uebke (Physical
280).— T he a u th o r's classical field eq u atio n s (Fisher a n d F lin t, Proc.
Rev., 1942, [ii], 61, 152— 155).— O bservations of th e tim e v ariatio n
R oy. Soc., 1929, A, 126, 645) are used as th e basis for q u a n tisa tio n .
of slow -neutron d e n sity in a large vol. of H , 0 d u rin g a n d a fte r
A n o ta tio n is developed for th e expression of d ifferen tiatio n of
irrad iatio n b y D -D n e u tro n s show a n expon en tial grow th and decay.
m atrices a n d extension of th e co n cep t of various op erato rs.
A nalysis of results and of d a ta on th e sp a tia l d e n sity distrib u tio n ,
L. J . J .
which determ ines th e effect of diffusion, gives 2 0 5 ± 10 fi-sec. as th e
Tensor forces and the theory of light nuclei. E . G erjuoy
m ean life of n e u tro n s in H 20 . T h is leads to a cross-section of
a n d J . Schw inger (P hysical Rev., 1942, [ii], 61, 138— 146; cf.
0-33 X 10~24 sq. cm. for th e c a p tu re of slow n e u tro n s b y H.
R a rita , A., 1941, I, 236, 289).— M ath em atical. A tre a tm e n t of th e
' N , M. B.
influence/of th e existence of non -cen tral ten so r forces in nuclei on
Rupture ol homopolar bonds under the influence of particular
th e b in d in g energies of 3H a n d 4H e. T h e ten so r forces w hich
emissions in selenium compounds. K. D audel (Compl. rend., 1941,
p roduce a ll th e b inding in th e d c u te ro n a re re la tiv e ly ineffective in
213, 479—481).—W hen radioactive Se is produced b y n eu tro n
b in d in g 3H a n d ‘H e. T h e assu m p tio n of o rd in ary a n d ten so r forces
b om bardm ent of N a 2SeOj th e a c tiv ity can be conc. b y p p tn . w ith a
of th e sam e range does n o t re p re se n t th e p ro p e rties of aH a n d 4He.
v a rie ty of carriers, ind icatin g th a t it is p re sen t as free atom s.
N . M. B.
F . J. G.
Reynolds’ number for extragalactic nebulae. F . Zwicky (AstroResonance scattering of neutrons in helium. W , E . S te p h e n s ' p h y s. J ., 1941, 93, 411— 416).— A nalysis of stru c tu re s a n d in tern al
a n d H . S ta u b (Physical Rev., 1939, [ii], 55, 235).—T he nos. of
m otions of nebulae, in te rm s of h y drodynam ics of m odels com posed
forw ard recoil p articles produced in H e a n d C2H , b y neu tro n s from
of viscous, com pressible fluids, is outlined, a n d th e a p p lic atio n of
Be bom barded b y 0-6- a n d 0-9-Me.v. deu tero n s h ave been d e te r­
s ta tistic a l a n d p a rtic le m echanics is discussed.
E . R . R:
m ined in a cloud-cham ber. F o r ~ 1 -M e .v . n e u tro n s th e re is a rel­
a tiv e ly large p ro b a b ility of backw ard sc a tterin g in H e. T his su p ­
II.— MOLECULAR STRUCTURE.
p o rts evidence for a 0-8-Me.v. un stab le s ta te in H e (W illiam s et al.,
A., 1937, 1, 389, 593; S ta u b and Stephens, A., 1940, I, 383).
Electron
diffraction
method of determining the structure of gas
A. J . E . W.
molecules. R. S p u rr a n d L. P au lin g (J. Chem. E duc., 1941, 18,
Structure ol the electronic bands of OD. D I. M. G. S astry
458—405).—A review.
L. S. T.
(Indian J . Physics, 1941, 15, 455— 474).— A t 3105— 3295 A., approx.
360 lines of th e (1,1), (2,2), a n d (3,3) b an d s of OD h ave been m easured,
Secondary K absorption spectra of ferric cfcide in the solid and
and th e six m ain branches of each b an d h av e been identified.
colloidal states. S. Sen (Indian J . Physics, 1941, 15, 433— 436).—
R o tatio n al consts. in good agreem ent w ith e xisting vals. h ave been
B o th sta te s e x h ib it e x te n d ed secondary stru c tu re b u t th e positions
calc, and those for u" = 3 are given for th e first tim e.
W . R . A.
of succeeding m ax. a n d m in. are n o t id en tical for th e tw o states, nor
a^e th e position a n d w id th of th e prim ary' edges. E vidence is n o t
/3-Ray spectrum of 13N and mass of the neutrino. E . M. L y m an
sufficient to decide th e stru c tu re of th e colloidal p articles.
(Physical Rev., 1939, [ii], 55, 234).— T he positron spectrum of 13N
W . R . A.
(produced b y bom barding g ra p h ite w ith 5-3-Me.v. deuterons) is
Importance of certain carbon dioxide bands in the temperature
stu d ied w ith a highly resolving m agnetic spectrom eter. I t s end­
radiation of Venus. A. Adel (Astrophys. / . , 1941, 93, 397— 400).—
p o in t energyj(.E) is 1-198+0-006 M e .v .; since nuclear d isintegration
COj in th e e a r th ’s a tm . absorbs com pletely th e fu n d am en tal em issions
and m ass-spectrographic d a ta give 13N - > 13C + e+ -f - («-) - f >> -fvt (14-97 (i.) a n d
(4-27 ¡i.) from th e large CO,2 com ponent of th e
1-21 ± 0 -0 9 M e.v., th e fa ste st /3-particles have th e to ta l available
a tm . of Venus. T h u s th e u pp er-stag e b an d s of th e ty p e s v3->-{i'1,2vjj
energy, and th e observed is th e tru e end-point. T he m ass of th e
(near 10 ft.) a n d (vj, 2vs)
vt (near 13 n.) determ in e th e q u a lity of
n eutrino is 0 + 0-2m . A K onopinski-U hlenbeck curve consistent
ra d ia tio n received from th e a tm . of Venus.
E . R . JR.
w ith m ost of th e d a ta p redicts too m any h ighrenergy positrons and
Resonance bands of NH in spectra of class R. R. W ildt (Astro­
a n E val. 25% > the observed val.
”
A. J . E . W .
phys. J ., 1941, 93, 502— 504).— In ten sities of u ltra-v io let resonance
Production of penetrating cosmic-ray particles by photons. M.
b ands of N H , identified in R -ty p e stars, a re com pared w ith those of
Schein a n d V. C. W ilson (Physical Rev., 1939, [ii], 55. 233— 234).—
C., CN, a n d CH . S c a tte rin g of these in te n sitie s suggests large
E x p erim en ts a t 25,000 ft. show t h a t a n average of tw o p e n etratin g
differences in th e relativ e abu n d an ces of H , C, a n d N .
E . R . R.
p articles (b ary iro n s ?) per m in. a re ejected in th e forw ard direction
Grating infra-red solar spectrum. I. Rotational structure of
from a P b p la te (38 x 5-2 x 2-2 cm.) b y non-ionising ra y s (photons ?).
HDO band v2. II. Rotational structure of NNO band vl . A . Adel
A t 25,000 ft. th e electron (and hence th e photon) intensity' is 37
(Astrophys. J ., 1941, 93, 506— 509, 509— 5 10; cf. A., 1941, I, 319).—
tim es, a n d th e in te n sity of p e n e tra tin g ra y s is 2-9 tim es, th a t a t sea
T h e a b sorption b a n d i . of H D O a t 7-12jx., w hich a p p e a rs in th e
level. T h e derived cross-section for b a ry tro n p roduction b y p hotons
g ra tin g infra-red solar spectrum , is ra re ly observed since it lies in a
in P b agrees approx. w ith H e itle r's th eo ry .
A. J . E . W .
region reduced to zero in te n sity b y H H O v a p o u r in th e a tm . T he
ro ta tio n a l stru c tu re of th e a tm . b a n d v1 of N N O a t 7-7S /<. is o btain ed
Transition curves for electron- and photon-produced showers.
w
ith a 2400-line echelette g ratin g .
E . R . R.
N . N ereson (P hysical Rev., 1942, [ii], 61, 111— 115).—A ir-to-P b
tra n sitio n curves show- t h a t th e m ax, for p hoton-produced show ers is
Continuous spectra of hydrogen and deuterium. H . M. Ja m es
displaced to ~ 3 m m. g re a te r thickness of P b re la tiv e to th e m ax. for
a n d A. S. Coolidge (Physical Rev., 1939, [ii], 55. 234).— H 2 a n d D s
electron-produced showers. T h is agrees w ith show er th eo ry . T h e
c o n tin u a arising from tra n sitio n s from th e low er v levels of th e
225
A., I.— ii, MOLECULAR STRUCTURE.
lscr2sa 3E , sta te to th e u n sta b le \so2po 3E„ s ta te h ave been com pletely
calc. F ran ck -C o n d o n a p p ro x im atio n is avoided b y d irec t calcul­
ation of electric m om ents of th e tra n sitio n s as functions of r \ the
m om ents decrease ra p id ly a s r increases. S p ectra a re c o m p u ted for
transitions from each of th e v levels, a n d abs. m ean lives for th e
levels are determ ined. R e la tiv e p ro b a b ilities of e x citatio n from th e
g round-state by electron im p a c t are e stim ated , a n d th e sp ectral
in te n sity due to such ex citatio n is d e te rm in e d fo r a range of electron
energies. R esults disagree w ith observations b y S m ith (A., 1936,
537) b u t agree w ith those of F inkelnberg a n d W cizel (cf. A., 1031,
779).
A. J . E . W .
Infra-red absorption of 13C‘cO at 4-60 f t . R . T. L agem ann ( / .
Chem. Physics, 1942, 10, 193— 194).,—T he ab so rp tio n curve of CO
shows w eaker lines belonging to th e R bran ch of th e fu n d am en tal
band of 13CleO in tersp ersed am ong th e lines of th e fu n d am en tal
band of i»CleO a t 4-66 ft.
L. J . J .
C-H bond spectrum in relation to molecular structure. N. R.
Tawde (J. U niv. Bombay, 1941, 10. Part 3, 137— 138).— V ariations
in vals. of th e C -H frequency correspond w ith a classification in to
linear, te tra h e d ra l, a n d p la n a r mols. (~ 3 2 9 0 , 3020, a n d 2980 c m .-1,
respectively).
F . J . G.
Reversible discharge tube.— See A., 1942, I, 213.
Clean-up of mercury vapour in discharges through hydrogen,
helium, and nitrogen.— See A., 1942, I, 213.
Optical transmissibility of quartz glass. A. S ch rau b (Physikal.
Z., 1942, 43, 64— 69).— F u sed q u a rtz , in c o n tra st to c ry st. q u a rtz ,
begins to absorb stro n g ly a t 260 m/z. T h e fluorescence rad iatio n
lies in th e v io let.
’
A. J . M.
Absorption spectra of potassium permanganate in different media.
M. P . M ur th y a n d J . Singh (Current Sci., 1942, 11, 52).— T he
absorption b a n d s of th e M n 0 4' ion a t 5495, 5255. 5060, a n d 4900 a .
disappear sud denly on a d d in g H 2S 0 4 (> 1 1 -2 n .) or K O H ( > 1-Ox.).
W , R . A.
Vibrational structure of electronic transitions for some complex
ions. M. L. Schultz ( / . Client. Physics, 1942, 10, 194).— G roups of
equidistant a b so rp tio n b ands of Co, N i, a n d F e ++ aquo- a n d am m inor
complex ions a re ascribed to electronic tra n sitio n s in w hich th e
vibrational stru c tu re c h ara c te ristic of th e com plex ion is resolved.
The sep aratio n of th e b a n d s is c h ara cte ristic of th e ion a n d is approx.
the sam e in aq. solutions a n d in th e solid h y d ra te s a t liquid-air
tem p. R a m a n sp e c tra of C u(N H 3)4++, Z n(N H 3),++, a n d C d (N H ,),+ + .
give d isplacem ents of th e sam e ord er a s th e v ib ratio n al se p a ra tio n s of
Ni++ aquo- a n d am m ino-com plexes. Solid CoCl2,6 H 20 gives a
series of 5 b a n d s th e se p a ra tio n of w hich leads to a val. 22 kg.-cal. for
the h e a t of dissociation of C o(O H ,),++.
L. J . J.
Light absorption of the cobaltic complexes. II. Cyanide and
thiosulphate complexes. A. von K iss [w ith G. A uer a n d G. M ajor]
(Z. anorg. Chem., 1941, 246, 28— 34).— E x tin c tio n curves from 200
to 700 m /i. are recorded for th e follow ing com plex sa lts in H 20 a t
room
te m p .:
[Co(NH3) s(S80 3)]Cl,
<ra»iS-Na[Co(en),(S20 3)2],
N a5[Co(S03)2(CN)4], K [C o(H 20 ) 2(CN)4]. K 4[Co(CN)s(Sa0 3)],
Ag2[Co(H20 )(C N )5] (in presence of KCN), K 4[Co(CN)6(S20 3)3] (in
presence of N a 2S20 3), a n d ¿so-H4[Co(CN) s(S20 3)]. Possible in te r­
p re ta tio n s are discussed.
F . J . G.
Light absorption by unsaturated compounds in the near ultra­
violet and visible due to electron cloud oscillations. A. H enrici
(Z . physikal. Chem., 1940, B, 47, 93— 126).— An a tte m p t is m ade
to calculate th e c h ara cte ristic v ib ratio n s of th e -electron cloud,
associated w ith th e mol. as a whole, in mols. co n tain in g co n ju g ated
double bonds, a n d to calculate th e red sh ift w ith increasing no. of
c onjugated double bonds. T h e calc. long-A lim it of a b so rp tio n of
C ,H , is 3000 A. F a ir ag ree m e n t w ith know n ab so rp tio n vals. is
o btained for h y d rocarbons from a n th ra c e n e to pcntacene, a n d for
dephenylpolyenes. A greem ent is im proved b y ta k in g polarisability
and dielectric const, in to acco u n t. In C „H , t h e b a n d s a t 2000 and
2500 a . correspond w ith electron v ib ratio n s perp en d icu lar a n d
parallel, respectively, to th e rin g p lane. T h e band 1 7 8 5 a . is an
overtone p a ralle l to th e rin g plane.
L. J. J.
Association of electron bands in solution spectra. V. Light
absorption of aliphatic and aromatic azo- and diazo-compounds.
G. K o rtu m (Z . p hysikal. Chem., 1941, B, 50, 361— 381).— D a ta for
absorption sp e c tra of aq. a n d E tO H solutions of several azo- and
diazo-com pounds a re discussed w ith reference to electrom eric
formula: for th e com pounds based- on resonance theories.
C. R . H .
Analysis of absorption spectra. V. Effect of substituents at the
olefinic carbon atoms on the physico-chemical properties of chromoPhoric vinylene and divinylene groups. E . H e rtel a n d K . A. Hoff­
m ann (Z. physikal. Chem., 1941, B, 50, 382-—402).— T h e induced
effect of su b s titu e n ts on th e basicity , th e re a c tiv ity to w ard s M el,
a n d th e a b so rp tio n c h aracteristics of a no. of X H S-, X 0 2-, a n d CNsu b stitu te d derivatives of (CHPhC), a n d (C H P h X H )j is in v estig ated .
No sim ple relation betw een ab so rp tio n a n d th e o th e r p ro p e rties
a p p ea rs to ex ist. T he p rep , a n d solubilities in org. solvents of
V’-dimethylam inocinnamylidene-, m .p. 150— 151°, ■p-nitrobenzylidene-.
226
m .p . 160— 161°, a n d p-tiitrocinnam ylidene-inalononitrile, m .p. 184°,
p-dim ethylaininocinnamylidcne/ihenylacetonitrile, m .p. 187— 188°, a n d
r>-dimelhylaminobenzylidenenitromcthane, m .p. 174°, a re described.
C. R . H .
Investigation of organic substances with the aid of electron excit­
ation in the glow discharge. H . Schuler a n d A. W oeldike (P h ysik a l.
Z ., 1942, 43. 17— 22).— T he u ltra-v io let em ission sp e c tra of PhM c,
P h E t, P h P r“, P h P rf, a n d o-, m-, a n d /¡-xylene excited b y electron
collision in a discharge tu b e are sim ilar to th e ir ab so rp tio n sp e c tra .
N ew em ission b an d s are found a t 3900— 5700 a . T h e sp e c tra do n o t
change in in te n sity if K r is used in ste a d of H 2 as th e c arrier of th e
discharge, a n d are therefore a p rim a ry re su lt of th e ex citatio n of th e
m ol. by electron collision. T he v a rious m ono-derivatives of C ,H 5
give th e sam e sp ectra, a n d tw o spectra, green a n d blue, a re o b ta in e d
for each su b stan ce in th e visible. T h is is ex p lain ed b y supposing
t h a t th ese mols. can fall b a ck from th e excited sta te , a n d still leave
th e CsH 5 rad ical excited. P u re ly spectroscopic d a ta give 2-48 e.v.
or 57,000 g.-cal. p e r g.-m ol. a s th e u p p e r lim it of th e 'w o rk of se p a r­
a tio n of Me from th e C ,H 9 ring. Com parison of in te n sitie s show s
t h a t th e efficiency of th e electron collision process depends on th e
p ositions of su b s titu e n ts in di-derivatives. N o visible sp e c tru m is
o b tain e d in th e case of C ,H #, PhCl, P h B r, P hO H , PhCN , or N H 2Ph,
since th e falling b a c k of these mols. from th e excitcd s ta te does n o t
s e t free sufficient en erg y to excite th e P h radical.
A. J. M.
Reversible quenching by oxygen of the fluorescence of polycyclic
hydrocarbons. H . W eil-M alherbe a n d J . W eiss (Nature, 1942, 149,
471,—472).— D ifferences in fluorescence in te n sity ex h ib ited by
3 : 4-benzpyrene dissolved in te tra lin o r C6H J4 are a ttrib u te d to th e
q uenching effect of dissolved Os. O th e r polycyclic hydrocarbons
behave sim ilarly. Self-quenching is in te rp re te d b v a n e le m en tary
process : (HC)* + (HC) - > (HC)+(HC)~ ^ (H C ),.
A. A. E.
Loss of efficiency of strontium sulphide [phosphors]. E . Strcck
(Z. physikal. Chem., 1940, B, 47, 220— 226).— T he discoloration of
SrS phosphors, w ith consequent loss of efficiency, is in v estig ated .
P u re SrS gives no coloration w hen irra d ia te d w ith u ltra-v io let
lig h t o r w hen k e p t in th e light for several* weeks. L ig h t .affects
S rS -B i phosphors if tra c e s of H 20 a re p resen t. T h e effect of d ry
gases is in v e s tig a te d ; o n ly C 0 2 has a slight effect, w hich is m ore
m ark ed in th e presence of 1I20 . T h e phosphor is also affected b y
H 20 even in th e d ark . T he reaction occurring is SrS + 2 H sO =
S r(O H )2 + H 2S ; th e H 2S m ay be oxidised a n d th e S form ed m ay
give rise to polysulphides. T h e p re p , of varn ish es to p re v en t
decom p, of th e phosphors is discussed; th e y m u st preserve th e
phosphor a g a in st H 20 , a n d m u st n o t give rise to acids b y hydrolysis.
T w o varnishes w hich satisfy these conditions a re a p olystyrene
v arn ish a n d (better) a n a tu ra l resin.
A. J . M.
Application of new method of analysis of molecular spectra to
saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons. H . D eslandres (C om pt. rend.,
1941, 213, 98— 102; cf. A., 1940, I, 8, 55).—T h e R a m a n sp e c tra
of h y d rocarbons C„HIn + 2 u p to n = 12 are analy sed b y using th e
form ula
v = q d l ls'r' (v — frequency, s ' = no. of energised
e le ctro n s,' d j = const. — 1062, q a n d r‘ a re integers). C12H 2, is
ta k e n as a n exam ple.
A. j . Si.
Thermal energy of crystalline solids,
(a) Basic ideas.
(Sir)
C. V. R am an. (b) W hite phosphorus. R . N orris, (c) Lithium,
tungsten, gold, silicon, and grey tin. B. D ayal.
(d) Diamond.
V. B. A nand. (e) M agnesium, zinc, and cadmium. B. D ayal.
( / ) Quartz. R. N orris, (g) Alkali halides. C. S. V enkatesw aran
(Proc. In d ia n A cad. Sci., 1941, 14, A, 459— 467, 468—472, 473—
483, 484— 491, 492— 198, 499— 505, 506— 515).— (a) T h e th erm al
energy of cryst. solids is considered from th e view point of a t.
v ib ratio n s.
T h e energy associated w ith e lastic v ib ratio n s is
negligible. M ost of th e energy is associated w ith la ttic e frequencies
a p p e a rin g as m onochrom atic infra-red lines. T h e residues w ith
su p e rlattic e frequencies of different orders, w hich a p p e a r m onoch ro m atically in th e fa r infra-red, becom e increasingly im p o rta n t
a t low te m p . T h e th eo ries of D ebye a n d B o m la c k th eo re tic al
ju stification a n d observational verification.
(6) T h e sp. h e a t h a s been calc, b y considering th e u n it cell of
fo u r P 4 mols. Of th e 48 degrees of freedom , 24 a re identified w ith
in te rn a l v ib ratio n s of th e P 4 mol. characterised by R a m a n vv, 12 are
a ssociated w ith th e in ac tiv e v of a trip ly degenerate ro tatio n al oscil­
latio n of each of P 4 mol., 9 w ith th e observed low-? v ib ratio n due to
th e hin d ered tra n sla tio n s of P 4 m ols. in th e u n it cell, a n d 3 w ith
sim ple tran sla tio n s of th e u n it cell in th e lattic e . T h e E in ste in
te rm s of each h ave been e v alu ate d a n d th e calc. vals. of Cp agree
w ell w ith observed vals.
(c) A pplying th e th e o ry of (a) th e nos. of la ttic e frequencies
associated w ith body -cen tred cubic lattic es, face-centred cubic
lattices, a n d diam ond-like stru c tu re s a re 1, 3, a n d 7, respectively.
T h e calc. sp. h e a ts of Li, W , Au, Si, a n d grey Sn agree well w ith
ex p erim ental vals. L a ttic e frequencies ~ those given by L indem a n n ’s m .p. form ula.
(d) T h e a t. h e a t d a ta of P itze r (A ., 1938, I, 184) agree satisfac­
to rily w ith a form ula containing E in ste in term s corresponding w ith
observed vv.
(e) M onochrom atic E in ste in frequencies m u st be p re sen t to
227
A., I.— II, MOLECULAR STRUCTURE.
e x p la in th e shape of sp. h e a t curves of m eta ls h a v in g hexagonal
stru c tu re . One, th e sm aller, corresponds w ith v ib ratio n s of th e
ato m s parallel to th e h exagonal axis, a n d th e o th e r is associated w ith
m ovem ents of th e ato m s in th e basal plane. T erm s corresponding
w ith su p erlatticc frequencies m u st also be included. Vais, for
Mg, Zn, a n d Cd in good accord w ith exp erim en tal d a ta a re ob tain ed .
(/) T he D ebye lim itin g frequency of q u a rtz is calc., from u ltra sonic-vibration d a ta , as 189 c m .'1 A D ebye function for th is
lim itin g frequency, even a fte r allow ing for m onochrom atic la ttic e
vibrations, does n o t agree w ith sp. h e a t d a ta . R e-ex am in atio n of
R a m a n sp e c tra of q u a rtz revealed lines corresponding w ith su p er­
la ttic c frequencies of 145 a n d 69 cm .-1 Inclusion of E in ste in term s
for these yields acceptable sp. h e a t vals, for th e range 53— 296° K.
(g) T h e ch ara cte r ta b le for rock-salt, derived b y gr<j»up theory,
gives 8 trip ly degenerate no rm al m odes of v ib ratio n ; 1 corresponds
w ith tran sla tio n of th e cell as a whole, 2 a re active in th e infra-red
b u t in ac tiv e in R a m a n effect, a n d 5 are in ac tiv e in b o th b u t th e ir
overtones a p p e a r in R a m a n spectra. A general expression for th e
th erm al energy of cubic crystals, developed in term s of la ttic e a n d
su p erlattice frequencies, gives vals, for Cp in reasonable agreem ent
w ith ex p erim en tal d a ta .
W . R . A.
R a m a n spcctrum oí m ercuric chloride in relation to its stru ctu re.
K . V. K . R ao (Proc. In d ia n Acad. Sei., 1941, 14, A, 521—-528).-—
R a m a n sp e c tra of solid, liquid, gaseous, a n d dissolved H gCl2 all
c ontain a displacem ent of 314 cm.-1 in d ic a tin g t h a t H gC l2 is a
non-polar, lin ear m ol. A displacem ent of 377 cm.-1 in th e sp e c tra
for th e solid a n d liquid is a ttrib u te d to a n o v ertone of th e forbidden
frequency. L a ttic e oscillations give rise to d isplacem ents of 73, 95,
a n d 124 cm.-1 T h e effects of tem p , on th e sp e c tru m are discussed.
W . R . A.
Effect of tem perature on the intensities of R a m a n lines. I.
Crystals. K . V enkatesw arlu (Proc. In d ia n A cad. Sei., 1941, 14, A,
529— 534).— T he in te n sity ra tio of th e Stokes a n d a n ti-S to k es lines
a t different tem p , is in v estig a te d for q u a rtz , N aN O a, a n d HgCl2
crystals, a n d agrees w ith t h a t p red icted b y ex istin g theories.
\V. R . A.
R a m a n effect and hydrogen bonds. I. M ixtures of esters and
acceptor molecules. G. V. L. N . M u rty a n d T. R. Seshadri (Proc.
In d ia n A cad. Sei., 1941, 14, A, 593— 603).-—H -bond form ation
betw een esters as donor mols. a n d P hO H , E tO H , M eOH, a n d CHC13
as acceptor m ols. is stu d ied b y R a m a n effect, p a rtic u la rly changes
in th e C :0 frequencies. F o u r groups are distinguished : (i) the
C.O frequency is d isplaced; (ii) th e ap p ca ran c e of a m odified CIO
frequency w ith th e original o n e ; (iii) diffuseness of CIO frequency;
a n d (iv) no change. T h e stre n g th s of H -bonds d e p en d on th e
anionoid pow er of th e donor a n d th e c ationoid pow er of th e acceptor
mols.
W . R . A.
R am an spectra of acctylenes. VI. Aa-B utine, -pentine, and
-hexine, Av-hexine, A*-octine, and a-chloro-A °-heptine. F . F . Cleve­
land, M. J . M urray, a n d H . J. T aufen (J. Chem. Physics, 1942, 10,
172— 176; cf. A., 1942, I, 83).— D a ta are recorded for th e 2200
cm.-1 region. A“-B utine shows a second strong line a t 2158 c m .-1,
a n d A8-octine shows no line n e a r 2245 cm.-1 In tro d u c tio n of Cl
radically modifies th e spectrum of A5-octine.
L . J. J.
R am an spectra o! sugars in the solid sta te and in solution. I.
R a m a n spectra of a- and (3-d-glucose. F . H . Spedding a n d R. F .
S tam m (J. Chem. Physics, 1942, 10, 176— 183).— A m ethod is
described of photographing R a m a n sp ectra of cry st. org. pow ders
an d solutions of poor sc a tterin g pow er, involving th e use of s a tu ra te d
(CH2-COjH), solution a n d a H g v a p o u r a b sorption cell as filters
for AA < 2 3 0 0 a . an d for A 2537 a ., respectively. 36 lines are recorded
for a- a n d 32 for ^-¿-glucose, as well as a no. of new bands.
L. J . J.
Spectrophotom etric term s a n d sym bols. A non. (A n a lyst, 1942,
67, 164).— R e p o rt of a P a n e l a p p o in ted b y th e P ub licatio n Com­
m ittee.
T. F . W .
Spectrophotom etric studies. R eaction of cyanide w ith nitrogenous
derivatives of ferriprotoporphyrin.— See A., 1942, I I , 208.
E lectric strength of dielectrics, ( a ) A. E . W . A usten a n d S.
W hitehead, (b) A. von H ippel, R . J . M aurer, a n d G. M. L ee
(Physical Rev., 1942, [ii], 61, 199— 200, 200).— ( a ) A discussion of,
a n d enquiries concerning, w ork rep o rted b y von H ip p el (cf. A., 1941,
I, 328), w ith reference to available d a ta .
(b ) A brief reply to th e above.
N . M. B.
Electric breakdow n of ionic crystals. H . Fröhlich (Physical Rev.,
1942, [ii], 61, 200— 201).— M athem atical, von H ip p el’s experim ents
(cf. A.. 1941, I, 328) confirm F rö h lich ’s th e o ry of dielectric stre n g th
of ionic crystals a n d th e behaviour of m ix e d c rv s ta ls (cf. A., 1939,
I, 551; 1941, I, 454).
‘
N . M. B.
Dipole m om ent and m olecular structure. I. Dipole m om ents of
ethyl esters of phenyl-substituted acetic, m alonic, and glutaric acids.
N . I-. P h aln ik ar, B. V. Bhide, and K, S. N argund. ü . Dipole
m om ents of ethyl esters of ^-substituted benzoic acids. A. H .
B h atk h an d e, N. L. P h aln ik ar, a n d B. V. B hide (J. U niv. Bombay,
1941, 10, P art 3, 48— 52, 53— 55).— I. D ipole m om ents are recorded
as follow s; C H jP h-C O .E t, 1-82 d .; CH PhM e-C O ,Et, 1-818 D.;
228
C H P h 2-C 0 2E t, 1-761 D .; C H P h (C 0 2E t) 2, 2-543 D .; C PhM e(C 02E t)„
2-52 n .; C P h 2(CO„Et)s, 4-433 d . ; CH Ph(CH „-CO ,F.t)„ 2-505 D.';
C P h 2(CH2-C O jE t)2,'2-43 D.
I I . D ipole m o m en ts a re recorded as follow s; E tO B z, 1-93 D.;
£-C „H ,C l-C 02E t, 2-24 D.; £-C 5H 4B r-C 0 2E t, 2-31 d . ; pJvO.-CijHj-COjEt, 4-05 d . ; £ -N H 2-CsH 4-C 02E t, 3-41 D .; th ese vals,
in d ic a te t h a t th e average angle betw een th e m o m en t of th e COsE t
group a n d th e G-C line is 79“.
F . J . G.
Molal volum e nom ographs for aliphatic hydrocarbons. D. S.
D avis (In d . Eng. Chem., 1942, 34, 351).-—-From Egloff a n d K u d e r’s
d a ta (A., 1941, I, 329) nom ographs re la tin g th e m ol. vol. of a liquid
h y drocarbon a t its b .p . w ith its b .p . a n d th e no. of C ato m s in the
m ol. h a v e been c o n stru cted .
J . W . S.
In direct estim ation of critical tem perature a n d of m olar refractivity.
R . L ivingston (J. P hysical Chem., 1942, 46, 341— 343).— F o r m em ­
bers of a hom ologous series a n d over re stric te d ranges th e crit.
tem p , a n d m ol. re fra c tiv ity v a ry lin early w ith b .p .
C. R . H .
Optical properties of diffusing m aterials. S. Q. D u n tley (J. Opt.
Soc. A m er., 1942, 32, 61— 70).— A general th e o ry of th e optical
p ro p e rties of non-hom ogeneous non-isotropic m aterials bounded by
reflecting surfaces is developed. T hese p ro p e rtie s m ay be defined
b y a n e q u atio n c o n ta in in g e ig h t consts., n am ely, tw o surface
reflexion factors, tw o ab so rp tio n coeffs., a n d four sc a tte rin g coeffs.
T h e necessary o p tic a l m easurem ents a n d a g raphical d eriv atio n of
th e o p tic a l consts. a re described. T h e m eth o d allow s com plete
specification of th e o p tic a l p ro p e rties of diffusing m aterials, e.g.
p lastics.
O. D . S.
Dispersion of optical glass. M. H erzberger (J. Opt. Soc. A m er.,
1942, 32, 70— 77).— A n em pirical dispersion form ula is developed
w hich closely fits p u b lish ed d a ta for m an y silicate glasses for AA
dow n to 2-6 fi. T h e form ula suggests t h a t silic a te glasses have
tw o ab so rp tio n b an d s in th e n e a r ultra-v io let, p ro b a b ly ~ 2 0 0 0 and
1600 a . A m ore com plex form ula is developed for th e dispersion
curves of c erta in e x tra o rd in a ry glasses, e.g., dense flint glasses.
O. D . S.
F a r ultra-v io let reflectivities of m etallic films. M. B anning (J.
Opt. Soc. A m er., 1942, 32, 98— 102).— R eflectivities of ev ap o rated
film s of Al, Cu, Ag, a n d B e w ere m easured spectro g rap h ically in
th e region 1200— 2200 a . before exposure of th e films to air. T he
reflectivity of Cu films falls o n exposure to a ir b u t th e o th e r m etals
show no effect. T he m in . in th e reflectivity of Be previously
re p o rte d (A., 1939, I, 407) is n o t confirm ed; i t w as p ro b a b ly due
to a th in film of W e v ap o ra te d o ver th e Be surface.
O. D . S.
P olarisation of light diffused by m ercury vapour. R . L ennuier
(Compi. retid., 1941, 213, 120— 121).— D eterm in atio n of th e polaris­
a tio n of lig h t diffused b y H g v a p o u r show s t h a t th e iso tro p y of th e
H g a to m is com parable w ith t h a t of th e in e rt gas atom s.
A. J . M.
R otation of the plane of polarisation by organic com pounds.
Optical activity of terpene com pounds. Influence of solvent on th e
ro tatio n of th e plane of polarisation. W . H ückel [w ith K. K iim m erle, G. L egutke, C. K ühn, H . N iggem eyer, F . N erdel, S. E skola,
H . P ietsch, H . W eidner, W . Doll, I. Schneider, F . N eum ann, W .
T appe, a n d H . Sowa] (Annaleti, 1941, 549, 95— 186).— Cyclic te r. penes are selected as possessing non-m obile stru c tu re s, a n d th e
o p tic a l a c tiv ity of c am p h an e deriv ativ es (cam phor, e/ucam phor,
fenchocam phorone, etc.) co n tain in g C O , X H ,, a n d o th er groupings
to confer a sy m m e try is stu d ied . E ffects ascribed to stereoisom er­
ism (e.g., in th e m enthols a n d m enthylam ines), induced a sy m m e try
in C:C bonds, th e effect of p rim ary , sec., a n d tert. n a tu re of O H
groups a n d th e ir a tta c h m e n t to p rim a n ', sec., a n d tert. C atom s,
a re described. K u h n ’s calculation of o p tic a l a c tiv ity b y assigning
in d iv id u al co n trib u tio n s to each c en tre of a sy m m e try is e x a m in e d ;
i t a p p ears to be satisfacto ry fo r CO! a n d u n sa tu ra te d com pounds,
of d o u b tfu l v al. for s a tu ra te d alcohols, a n d in applicable to sa tu ra te d
hydrocarbons. T h e influence of solv en t on optical a c tiv ity of
terpenes is discussed. G eneral influences are difficult to tra c e b u t
v a ria tio n is m arked am ong alcohols in C ,H , o r E tO H a n d o th e r
solvents (PhCN, PhN O j, C ,H ,, C>0H 12, e tc .) ; a n in tim a te sp a tia l
relation o r a no. of a lte rn a tiv e sp a tia l relatio n s b etw een solvent
a n d solute is assum ed.
A. H . C.
M odern valency form ulae and the elem entary student. J . C.
S peakm an (Chem. and In d ., 1942, 227).—Copley’s ru le for th e abs.
v alency of a n a to m in a n electronic form ula (A., 1942, I, 196) is
u n sa tisfac to ry .
A. J . M.
Flow of energy in therm al tran sp iratio n for a Bose E instein a n d a
F erm i-D irac gas. D . V. G ogate a n d D. S. K o th a ri (Physical Rev.,
1942, [ii], 61, 349— 358).— M athem atical. T w o cham bers a t differ­
e n t tem p, a re connected b y a n effusion orifice. T h e energy flow
fo r,a relativistic a n d non-relativistic gas is considered in th e th ree
possible cases w hen th e cham bers are assum ed to c o n ta in a gas
non-degenerate in b o th , degenerate in bo th , a n d degenerate in one
a n d n on-degenerate in th e oth er.
N . M. B.
E ffusion phenom ena in a degenerate B ose-E instein gas. D . V.
G ogate a n d Y. V. K a th a v a te (Phil. M ag., 1942, [vii], 33, 310—
229
A., I.—in , CRYSTAL STRUCTURE.
314).— T he expressions for effusion of no., m ass, a n d energy of
particles a re show n to d e p en d o nly on tem p , in degenerate B o seE instein sta tistics, w hilst in th e n on-degenerate case th e y d e p en d
on concn. as w ell. T h e effusion of a single gas b etw een tw o cham ­
bers a t different te m p , is calc.
L. J. J.
Quantum theory of the chemical bond. C. A. Coulson (Proc.
Roy. Soc. E din., 1941— 42, 61, A, 115— 139).— A su rv ey of th e
mol. o rb ita l a sp ect of th e problem . A n e x p la n atio n of th e H a rtre e
theory of a t. electron m otion leads to a n acco u n t of th e norm al
single bond, illu stra te d b y H 2, HC1, a n d H ,0 , th e double bond
(C„H4 a n d its d o uble-stream er o rbit), a n d c o n ju g a ted com pounds
jallyl, C ,H S, a n d a ro m a tic com pounds). O th e r a p p lic atio n s con­
sidered are ro ta tio n a b o u t a c o n ju g a ted single bond, vibration s,
and polym erisation.
N . M. B.
Q uantum m echanical calculations on th e theory oi organic dyes.
I. T. F o rste r (Z. physikal. Chem., 1940, B, 47, 245— 268).— T he
electronic term s of org. d y e ions, a n d hence th e A of lig h t th ey
absorb, a re calc, from v a le n cy th e o ry for tw o ty p e s of m ol. : (1) a
conjugated chain w ith an odd no. of CH groups, a n d auxochrom e
groups (N H S, O H , etc.) a t th e tw o e n d s ; (2) a sim ilar m ol. b u t
branched in th e m iddle. T h e th e o ry acco u n ts for th e observed
properties of dye ions. A bsorption is displaced to longer AA w ith
increasing len g th of chain, a n d w ith increasing pow er of th e a u x o ­
chrome. T h e connexion b etw een co n stitu tio n a n d chem ical sta b il­
ity, e.g., tow ards hydrolysis, is also satisfacto rily acco u n tcd for.
A. J . M .
Structure of the heteropoly-acids. B. V. N ekrassov (J. Gen.
Chem. R uss., 1941, 11, 373— 375).— A discussion of th e stru c tu re
of th e p h osphotungstic a n d phosphom olybdic acids a n d th e ir salts,
w ith special reference to th e w ork of K eggin (A., 1934, 479) a n d
N ikitina (A., 1941, I, 56, 88). T h e form ula
N a3[P(M o04)4,(8 — *)M o03),*N aH M o04 is suggested as bein g fu n d a ­
m ental for b o th sets of acids.
N . G.
Electrical contact between solids. H . Y. F a n (Physical Rev.,
1942, [ii], 61, 365— 371).— A m ath e m a tic al tre a tm e n t of c o n ta c t
between tw o m etals a n d b etw een a m eta l a n d a sem i-conductor.
N . M. B.
Study of mobility spectrum of large atmospheric ions. P . Q ueney
(Compt. rend., 1941, 213, 498— 500).— A p p a ratu s is described and
numerical resu lts of observations a re ta b u la te d .
F . J . G.
Linear effect ol the electric field in molecular beam investigations
with ammonia. H . Scheffers (P hysikal. Z ., 1942, 43, 6— 10).—
d eviation of a m ol. beam of NIL, b y a n electric field is cc field
stre n g th ; w ith o th e r m ols. th e effect is cc (field stre n g th )2. T h is
result requires for N H 3 a m om ent
of t h a t deduced from
accurate de te rm in a tio n s of th e dielectric const. T h is discrepancy
is fu rth e r in v estig a te d . T h e effect of tra n sla tio n a l a n d ro tatio n al
m otion of th e m ol. is discussed. C onsideration of n u c le ar spin
does n o t affect th e re su lt. If th e solid p y ra m id al stru c tu re of th e
NH3 m ol. is accep ted th e d iscrepancy c a n n o t be explained, b u t if it
is supposed t h a t th e N a to m can v ib ra te th ro u g h th e plan e of th e
H atom s, th e m o m en t of th e mol. is com parable w ith th a t deduced
from th e effect of th e electric field on m ol. ray s.
A. J . M.
III.— CRYSTAL STRUCTURE.
New casette for X -ray diffraction p attern s.— See A., 1942, I, 212.
New m ethod in X -ray crystallography.— See A., 1 9 4 2 ,1, 212.
Quantum theory and diffuse X-ray reflexions. G. D. P resto n
(S’ature, 1942, 149, 373— 374).-—Differences in in te rp re ta tio n as
betw een R a m a n a n d o th ers regarding th e origin of non-L aue diffuse
reflexions are defined a n d briefly discussed.
A. A.E .
Quantum theory and diffuse X-ray reflexions. M. B orn, (Mrs.) K.
Lonsdale, a n d H . S m ith (Nature, 1942, 149, 402— 403).— Polem ical
(cf. preceding a b stra c t).
A. A.E .
Quantum theory and diffuse X-ray reflexions. M. B orn (N ature,
194-, 149, 403— 404).— R a m a n 's th eo ry of th e origin of e x tra spots
on L aue p h o to g rap h s is contested. T he sp o ts a re n o t c o n tra ­
dictory to la ttic e dynam ics, b u t provide a pow erful m eth o d of
checking it.
A. A.E .
Quantum theory and diffuse X-ray reflexions. (Mrs.) I i. L onsdale and
H. S m ith (Nature, 1942, 149, 404— 405; cf. P ish a ro ty , A., 1942, I,
\:— ^u th e diam ond th e " forbidden ” 222 reflexion is sim ila r to
a B ragg reflexion, th e {220} p lan e s give e x tra reflexions, a n d th ere
are no reflexions from th e (200) p lanes of in te n s ity com parable
P red icted . P ish a ro ty a n d S u b ra h m an ian 's co ntentions
regarding th e absence of 111 e x tra reflexions in ty p e II
diam onds are rejected.
A. A.E .
Temperature-diffuse scattering of X-rays by potassium chloride
and potassium bromide crystals. (Miss) J . H . H all (Physical Rev.,
*942, [ii], 61, 158— 167; cf. Siegel, A „ 1941, I, 195).— Cu K a radi1S usec*’ an<? ^*le displacem ent of th e tem p.-diffuse m ax. from
th e B ragg sc a tte rin g angle is d e term in ed for various se ttin g s of th e
c rystal n e a r th e 400, 420, a n d 440 B ragg reflexions. T h e th eo retical
230
d isplacem ent curvc fo r KC1, calc, from th e re la tiv e effects of th e
a , a n d a 2 A a t th e angles of incidence used, agrees well w ith e x p eri­
m en t. H alf-w idths a n d relativ e in te n sitie s found ex p erim e n tally
are corr. for th e v e rtic a l divergence of th e slit system . An a tte m p t
is m ade to d e te rm in e th e e lastic consts. of K B r from diffuse
sc a tte rin g d a ta .
N . M, B.
X-Ray interference in partially-ordered layer lattices. S. H en ­
dricks a n d E . T eller (J. Chem. Physics, 1942, 10, 147-— 167).—
M athem atical. T h e effect of la ttic e irreg u larities on in te n sity a n d
sharpness of A'-ray p a tte rn s is calc, for different ty p e s of irreg u larity
in lay e r la ttic e s / T he resu lts o b tain e d are a p p lie d to p a rtia lly
ordered sta ck in g of layers in m icas, a n d to irreg u laritie s in closep a ck e d stru c tu re s of spheres a n d in g ra p h ite.
I,. J . J .
New concepts of the solid state. (Sir) C. V. R a m a n (Current Sci.,
1942, 11, 85— 92).— A lecture.
W . R . A.
Structure of evaporated films of. chromium and alum inium on
glass. (Miss) A. R. O liver (Physical Rev., 1942, [ii], 01, 313— 314).—
E lectron-diffraction stu d y of films of A1 on glass, a n d of A1 on Cr
d eposited on glass, show s no in d ic a tio n of th e n a tu re of th e h a rd e n ­
ing produced in A1 films b y using a Cr base or b y w ashing w ith
H jO (cf. Sabine, A., 1939, I, 407). T h e oxide film o n Al, if present,
is v e ry th in a n d am orphous.
N . M. B.
X-Ray study of selenium in the liquid and colloidal states. K . D as
G u p ta a n d S. R . D as (In d ia n J . Physics, 1941, 15, 401— 409).—
X -R a y diffraction b y liquid Se from 220° to 430° reveals a single
b ro a d b a n d w ith b a n d spacing > for a m orphous varieties. B an d
spacing increases w ith rise of tem p , a n d gives a sim ilar c urve to
pi, w hen p lo tte d a g ain st tem p . Colloidal Se is sta b le a t 100° for
several h r. b u t w hen allow ed to e v a p o ra te yields a stick y m ass.
T h e X -ra y diffraction (i) of coagulum slow ly co ag u lated in d ic a te s
a sh a rp m onoclinic p a tte rn , (ii) of ra p id ly coagulated p p t. gives
b ro a d bands, (iii) of th e stick y m ass from e v ap o ra te d sol gives one
bro ad b a n d w ith spacing 4-07 a ., th e sam e as for liq u id S e n e a r its m .p.
b u t 0-57 a . > t h a t in am orphous Se. I t is concluded t h a t sim ila r
a rra n g e m e n ts of a to m s e x ist in liquid a n d colloidal Se.
W . R . A.
Lattice spacings and crystal structure of cem entite. W . H um cR o th ery , G. V. R aynor, a n d A. T. L ittle (Iron &■ Steel In st., M arch,
1942, Advance copy, 7 pp.).— C em entite isolated from th re e steels
b y e lectro ly tic dissolution of th e Fe in HC1 is found b y X -ra y
e x am in atio n to h a v e a n orth o rh o m b ic stru c tu re w ith a 4-5155,
b 5-0773, c 6-7265 a . a t 25°. I t m ay be form ed from m arte n site b y
sim ple sh e a r in th e c e n tra l lay e r of a block of th re e superim posed
cubes, th e to p a n d b o tto m lay ers being displaced re la tiv e to each
o th e r b y ~ 0 - 5 a in th e [100] direction, a n d b y sub seq u en t m inor
a d ju s tm e n ts of angles a n d distances w ith expulsion of c erta in C
a to m s to ju s t inside or outside th e p lan e of F e ato m s.
A. R . P.
Structures of complex fluorides. Ammonium hexafluosilicateammonium fluoride, (NH4)2SiFe,NH4F. J. L. H o a rd a n d M. B.
W illiam s (J. A m er. Chem. Soc., 1942, 64, 633— 637),— F ro m A '-ray
in v estig a tio n th e stru c tu re is D \k— P i/m b m , w hich is a n ordered
a g g reg a te of N H 4\ o cta h ed ra l S iF „", a n d " e x tra " F ' ions. P a ra ­
m eters a re deduced, a n d th e ir vals. a re discussed in relatio n to
c ry stal sta b ility .
W . R . A.
Chromic oxide hydrates. II. S. I. D jatschkovski a n d V. M.
O fitzerov (J. Gen. Chem. R uss., 1941, 11, 371—-372; cf. A., 1941,
I, 19).—-The changes in % of H jO , colour, a n d X -ra y diffraction
p a tte rn of C r20 3 h y d ra te a re followed w hen th is is h e a te d to tem p,
v a ry in g from 250° to 850°. T h e te m p , of tra n s itio n from brow n
am orphous Cr20 3,4II .O to lig h t green c ry st. Cr20 3 is betw een 400°
a n d 450°. T h e h y d ra te c an ex ist only in th e am orphous colloidal
s ta te . C ryst. C r20 3 has a n in te rp la n a r,sp a c in g of 5-33 a.
N . G.
Determination of parameters in potassium dihydrogen arsenate
and silver arsenate. L. H elm holz a n d Ii. L evine (J. A m er. Chem.
Soc., 1942, 64, 354— 358).— T he X -ra y stru c tu re s of IvH 2A s 0 4 and
Ag3A s0 4 are d eterm ined. T h e As— O distances in b o th a re 1-75 A.
T h e Ag— O distan ce of 2-34 A. is discussed in relatio n to th e colours
of Ag3A s0 4, Ag3P 0 4, A g ,S 0 4, a n d AgtO. R andom d istrib u tio n of
H jA sO j' ions a n d its influence on th e d e te rm in a tio n of p a ram ete rs
of K H jA sO j a re discussed. T h e H -b o n d d istan c e (O— H — O) is
2-54 a ., eq u al to t h a t in A g3P 0 4.
W . R . A.
X-Ray analysis of some organic compounds. R. H . Joshi a n d
M. R. K a p ad ia (J. U niv. Bombay, 1941, 10, P art 3, 35— 39).—
N H P h A c has a 7-95, b 9-48, c 19-56 a ., w ith 8 mols. in th e u n it cell,
space-group Ql6. N PhM eA c h a s a 6-56, b 7-06, c 16-56 a ., w ith 4
m ols. in th e u n it cell. £-OM e-C8H 4'N H A c h a s a 24-4, b 9-08,
c 7-54 a ., w ith 8 mols. in th e u n it cell, space-group
F . J . G.
Crystal structure of diphenylselenium dichloride. J . D. McCul­
lough a n d G. H a m b u rg er (J. A m er. Chem. Soc., 1942, 64, 508—
513).—O rth o rh o m b ic c ry stals of S e P h 2Cls h a v e space-group sy m ­
m e try DVt— Pbca, 8 m ols. p e r u n it cell, a0 7-59, ba 17-97, c0 17-77,
a ll ± 0 -0 3 a ., i.e., th e sam e a s for S e P h .B r2 (A., 1941, I, 196). T h e
Se— Cl distan ce is 2-30± 0-05 A. a n d th e C l-Se-C l angle is 1 8 0 ± 5 °.
W . R . A.
231
A., I.—iv, PIJYStCAL PRO PERTIES OF PU R E SUBSTANCES.
Mioellar structure and delormation processes in fibrous materials.
IX. Supra-molecular structure of cellulose hydrate. Introduction
of laminar micelles into the theory of deformation processes. B.
B aule, O. K ra tk y , anti R. T recr (Z. physikal. Chem., 1941, B, 50,
255— 297).— C onsideration of th e p ro p erties, e.g., m ob ility a n d
cry stallisatio n ten d e n cy , of th rea d -lik e m ols. th ro w s lig h t on th e
changes, e.g., m icellar form ation, w hich m ay occur d u rin g p p tn .
A m odified th eo ry based on deform able elongated la m in a r m icelles
is discussed a n d developed m ath e m a tic ally .
C. R . H .
Long X-ray diffraction spacings of collagen. R . S. B ear (J. A mer.
Chem. Soc., 1942, 64, 727).— T he stru c tu ra l period for large fibrea x is collagenous tissues from d ried b eef ten d o n is 640 a .
W .'R . A.
X-Rays and stoicheiometry of proteins with special reference to
the structure of the keratin-myosin group. W . T . A stb u ry (J.C .S.,
1942, 337— 347).— A lecture.
Extra spots in electron diffraction patterns. A. C harlesby and
H . W ilm an (N ature, 1942, 149, 411— 412).— A p p aren tly anom alous
featu res in c e rta in electron-diffraction p a tte rn s are now found to
correspond closely w ith A '-ray e x tra spots. S tre ak s given by
a n th ra ce n e crystals in d ic a te t h a t th e mols. v ib ra te w ith m ax.
am p litu d e a t rig h t angles to th e ir len g th .
A . A. E .
232
Diamagnetic susceptibility of butyl alcohols. B. C abrera and
(Mile.) H . Colson (Compt. rend., 1941, 213. 108—-111).— T here are
sm all b u t definite differences in th e vals. of x i ° r th e four BuOH
isom erides. T hese p ro b a b ly arise from a d eform ation of th e C
a to m d u e to su b s titu tio n of Me for a n a tta c h e d H , th e resulting
increase in x being in d ep e n d en t of th e positions of th e H su bstituted.
G eneral dissy m m etry of th e mol. m ay also produce a n increase in XA. J. M.
Temperature and frequency effects on ultrasonic velocities in
carbon dioxide. C. J. O verbeck a n d H . C. K endall (J. A const.
Soc. A m er., 1941, 13, 2G— 32).— U ltrasonic velocity in pure CO. is
m easured from 25° to 530°, w ith w from 27 to 147 kc. E arlier
discrepancies a rc ascribed to im p u rities a n d tem p , gradients.
V elocity depends on tem p , a n d v, a n d th e v a ria tio n w ith v is greater
a t high”tem p .
O. D . S.
Origin of the absorption of ultrasonic waves in liquids. K . F.
H crzfeld (J. Acoust. Soc. A m er., 1941, 13, 33-35).—-Theoretical.
T h e ab so rp tio n coeff. of u ltraso n ic w aves in H aO, CaH 8, CC14, a n d
McOH is ce v3 for vr u p to 50 Me. b u t is > e x p ected from viscosity
a n d h e a t co nduction of th e liquids. T h e h y p o th esis th a t th e High
ab so rp tio n is due to a slow energy exchange betw een in te rn a l and
e x te rn a l degrees of freedom agrees w ith th e d a ta for all e x ce p t H ,0 .
O. D . S.
Resistivity of antim ony-tin single crystals at low temperatures.
Absorption of ultrasonic waves in highly viscous liquids. J . L.
C. T. L ane a n d \V. A. D odd (Physical Iiev., 1942, [ii], 61, 183— 186;
H u n te r ( / . Acoust. Soc. A m er., 1941, 13, 30— 40).— T he a b sorption
cf. A., 1942, I, 109).— R e sistiv ity -te m p . curves a re p lo tte d for
coeff. of ultraso n ic w aves in glycerol, c asto r oil, linseed $>il, a n d olive
single c ry stals of p u re Sb a n d alloys of Sb w ith 0— 3 a t.-% Sn in
oil a t tem p , from 0° to 50° a n d vv 3-157 a n d 3-95 Me. is m easured
th e tem p , ra n g e 300 — 4-2° k . C rystals were o rien ted so t h a t th e
w ith F o x ’s a p p a ra tu s (A., 1938, I, 20). V als. exceed those calc,
[111] plane w as perp en d icu lar to th e electric field. R e sistiv ity
from th e viscosity a n d h e a t conduction of th e liquids b u t th e differ­
decreases norm ally as tem p , is lowered, b u t th e average tem p . • ence is > e x p erim e n tal error. T h e tem p , coeff. agrees w ith th e
coefl. of resistance betw een 4-2° a n d 77-3° k . decreases sh a rp ly w ith
v a l. calc, from viscosity a n d h e a t conduction.
O. D. S.
increasing Sn c o n te n t to a sm all const, val. a t 3 a t.-% Sn. A ddition
of Sn a t room te m p , o nly slightly changes resistiv ity , b u t th e effect
Supersonic measurement of the heat capacity of propylene. D.
a t liquid-H e tem p , is very large.- " R esidual ” resistivity' is a pprox.
T elfair ( / . Chem. P hysics., 1942, 10, 167— 171).— C„ vals. from
a parabolic function of [Sn]. R esu lts are com pared q u a lita tiv e ly
12-30 g.-cal. p e r mol. a t 270° k . to 21-00 g.-cal. p e r m ol. a t 510° K.
w ith B loch's theory'.
N. M. B.
are recorded, o b tain e d b y acoustical velocity m easurem ents in C3H r,
b y m eans of a Pierce acoustic in te rfero m e te r used well on th e
Phenomena of conical refraction. (Sir) C. V. R a m a n (Current
low-v side of th e in tra m o l. dispersive region. M ax. ab so rp tio n
Set., 1942, 11, 44— 46).— Conical refraction by a cry stal of Ct0H 8 is
would occur a t 80— 100 Me., corresponding w ith a re la x atio n tim e
discussed.
W . R. A.
.— 10~8 sec. T h e vals. o b ta in e d agree w ith a n assum ed p o te n tia l
Optical properties of crystals of conicine hydrochloride. J Jaffray
re stric tin g ro ta tio n —2000 g.-cal. p e r m ol.
Li J . J.
(Compt. rend., 1941, 213, 132— 133).—T he cry stals a rc orthorhom bic,
a n d investig atio n of birefringence shows, t h a t th e y a re uniax ial a t
Resonance method of moasuring the ratio of the specific heats of
6160 a . a t room tem p .
A. J . M.
a gas, C ./C r. m . Sulphur dioxide and nitrous oxide. A. L. C lark
a n d R . K a tz (Canad. J . Res., 1941, 19, A, 111— 115; cf. A., 1940,
Transition state theory of diffusion in crystals. R . M. B arrer
I, 248, 271).— B y th e m eth o d p re viously described, th e vals. of y
(Trans. F araday Soc., 1942, 38, 214).— C orrection (cf. A., 1942, I,
for SO . a n d N 20 h a v e been found to follow th e relatio n s 1-2642 -f199).
F . L. U.
0-0109P + 0-0026P2 a n d 1-2783 + 6-320 X 10‘ SP + 1-22 x 1 0 ^ i 2
d- 6-80 X 10~SP*, respectively, w here P = pressure in a tm .
J . W . S.
IV.— PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF PURE
Heat capacities of red and yellow lead monoxides at high temper­
SUBSTANCES.
atures. H . M. Spencer a n d W . M. Spicer ( / . A m e r. Chem. Soc.,
1942, 64, G17— 621).— A n aneroid calorim eter is described. H e a t
Determination of mol. wt. of macromolecular substances. VTTI
c o n te n ts a n d vals. of C . for yellow a n d red P bO a re given.
Distribution function of multimolecular substances and its deter­
\V. R . A.
mination by fractionation. G. V. Schulz (Z. physikal. Chem., 1940,
Phase transitions. I. Heat capacity of nickel nitrate hexam moniB, 47, 165-—193).— E xpressions are d e riv e d Jtov m ean m ol. w t. on
ate from 54° to 300° K. Transition at 243° k . E . A. L ong and
th e basis of frequency d istrib u tio n , m ass d istrib u tio n , a n d integral
F . C. T o ettch e r (J. A m er. Chem. Soc., 1942, 64, 029-—032).— Cp for
d is trib u tio n ; corresponding d istrib u tio n functions are defined. T he
N
i(N 0 3)2(N H 3)5 (I), d e te rm in e d from 64° to 300° K., h a s m ax. val.
d istrib u tio n function of a m ultim ol. su b stan ce can be d eterm ined
a t 243-3°. T h ere is a g rad u al tra n s itio n from 173° to 247°, th e h e a t
b y sep aratio n in to fractions of decreasing solubility a n d increasing
of tran sitio n being 1818 g.-cal. p e r m ol., a n d th e corresponding
ease of p p tn . w ith increasing mol. w t. T h e sources a n d lim its of
e n tro p y is 7-6o± 0-5 e n tro p y u n its. T h ere is a n a d d itio n al region
error in fractionation m ethods of determ in in g m ean mol. w t. and
of anom alous th e rm a l beh av io u r a t < 8 0 ° k . T h e tra n sitio n a t
th e degree of v a ria tio n of m ol. w t. in a m ultim ol. substance are
243° is discussed from th e v iew p o in t of o rd e r-d iso rd c r in th e
discussed th eoretically.
X.. j . J.
o rien tatio n of N 0 3 groups in th e c ry sta l la ttic e .
W . R. A.
Magnetism of strontium. S. R. R ao a n d (Miss) K . S av ith ri
(Proc. Indian Acad. Sci., 1941, 14, A, 584— 592).— T he sp. m agnetic
System correlating molecular structure of organic compounds
su sceptibility of Sr, determ in ed b y th e Curie m ethod, is 1-02 x 1 0 '6 with their b.p. VI. Monohalogen derivatives of the hydrocarbons.
a t 0°, 1-09 x 10-« a t 65°, a n d th ere afte r decreases to 0-73 x H r 8 C. R. K inney ( / . Org. Chem., 1942, 7, 111— 116; cf. A., 1939, f,
a t 2 0 0 \ T h e significance of these resu lts from th e F e rm i d istrib u ­
134).— O bserved b.p . o f 437 organohalides show a n average d ev iatio n
tio n of energy of th e valency electrons is discussed.
W . R. A.
of 4-18° from th e vals. calc, from th e e quation, b .p . = 230-14 x
(b.p. no.)113 — 543, in \\;hich b.p. no. for th e m ol. is o b ta in e d by
Magnetic susceptibilities of metal oxides and their molecular
sum m ing th e a t. a n d stru c tu ra l b.p . nos. for th e vario u s ato m s and
structures with special reference to those of cobalt. S. S. B h a tn a g ar
stru
c tu ra l groups in th e mol. D ifferent b.p . nos. m u st be assigned
B. P rak ash , and M. A. Q ayyum ( / . In d ia n Chem. Soc., 1941 18’
to prim ary', sec., a n d tert. halogen a n d stru c tu ra l differences in th e
540— 554).— '1 he m agnetic susceptibilities of CoO, Co30 „ a n d C o .o l
arra n g e m e n t of th e C ato m s m u st b e considered. C haracteristic
a n d th e ir v ariatio n w ith tem p , a re determ in ed w ith specim ens
b .p . nos. are assigned to halogen a tta c h e d to doubly o r trebly'
p rep ared b y different m ethods, a n d co n co rd a n t vals. of y are
lin k ed C. U n til m ore reliable d a ta a re a v ailab le th e influence of
o b tain e d for all th ree oxides. T h e vals. of th e B ohr m agneton
cis.-/»'a«s-isomerism on th e b .p . nos. of halogens c a n n o t be assessed.
nos. a re utilised in a discussion of th e m ol. c o n stitu tio n of th e oxides.
F o r alicyclic halides th e sam e b .p . nos. for th e halogens a re used as
T h e effect on x of adsorption of C)2 b y CoO is exam ined. Verv
in analogous open-chain d erivatives. U nusually high b.p. a re
slight a m o u n ts of im p u rity com pletely v itia te conclusions draw n
alw ays observed for u n su b stitu te d alicyclic halides, R-[CHj]„-X, in
from m agnetic m easurem ents.
’
F . L. U.
w hich R is a fu rth e r u n su b stitu te d alicyclic ring a n d n m ay be
Magnetic susceptibilities of cis- and /ranj-decalin. \V . B verlv
a n y integer o r 0, a n d for th e sim ilarly' c o n stitu ted dicyc/o-derivatives
a n d P . W . Sehvood (J. A mer. Chem. Soc., 1942, 64, 717— 718) —
R [C H j]2R. T h is stru c tu re seem s to affect th e b.p . uniform ly.
ar«p. are (cis) - 0 - 7 7 4 a n d (trans) -0 -7 7 9 X 10'®. T he slight difference
C haracteristic b.p. nos. a re used for halogen a tta c h e d to th e C ,H 6
is considered to be significant a n d indicativ e of th e g re ater p a ra ­
o r C10H S rin g s; these give sa tisfac to ry re su lts regardless of th e
m agnetism arising from th e more d isto rted cis-stru ctu re.
presence or absence of alk y l groups. T h e b e st agreem ent is o b tain e d
\V. R . A.
w ith fluorides a n d chlorides.
H . W.
233
A., I.—v, SOLUTIONS AND MIXTURES (INCLUDING [COLLOIDS).
Freezing point oi phenothiazine. L. F.. S m ith a n d O. A. Nelson
{/. A m er. Ghent. Soc., 1942, 64, 461— 462).— P h enothiazine, p repared
by sublim ation, h a s f.p. 1 8 5 T 1 ± 0 '0 2 °.
W . R . A.
Entropy o£ vaporisation and density oi liquids at their b.p. J. H .
Simons and R . K . S m ith (J. P hysical Chem., 1942, 46, 380— 387).—
T he to ta l e n tro p y of v a p o risatio n (AS) is considered as being th e
sum oi th e e n tro p y of conversion of liquid in to pe rfe c t gas (A SJ a n d
th e e n tro p y of gaseous expansion (AS*). V ais, of AS, A S e, a n d
AS* for 126. su b sta n c es a re ta b u la te d , a n d em pirical e quations
connecting AS w ith b .p . a re discussed.
C. R . H .
Vapour pressure of monatomic vapours. R . W . D itch b u rn a n d
J. C. G ilm our (Rev. M od. P hysics, 1941, 13, 310— 327).—M ethods
of m easurem ent of th e v .p . of m o n at. v ap o u rs from 10~8 to 103 m m .
are discussed critically . T h e th eo re tic al significance of such
m easurem ents is in d icated . P ublished d a ta for th e v .p . of m onat.
vapours a re co rre late d a n d discussed critically . T h e b e st vals. are
tab u lated .
O. D. S.
Vapour pressure and vapour density measurements on gallium
trichloride. W . F ischer a n d C. JU berm ann (Z. atiorg. Chem., 1940,
245, 254— 256; cf. A., 1936, 787).—A rep ly to L au b en g ay er a n d
Schirm er (A., 1940, I, 369).
J. W. S.
Vapour pressure and critical constants of ¿sobutene. J . A. B eattie,
II. G. Ingersoll, a n d W . H . S tockm ayer (J. A m er. Chem. Soc., 1942,
64, 546—548).— T he v.p. of »so-C4H g, m easured from 30° to 125°,
is satisfactorily re p re se n te d b y lo g £ (atm .) = 4-3759 — 1163-34/7Y
Crit. consts. a re d e te rm in e d b y th e com pressibility m eth o d : Bt =
144-73±0-05° c . ; p c
3i)-48±0-05 n o r m a l ^ t m .; ve = 0-240 1. p e r
m ol.; pe = 4-17 m ols. p e r 1.
W . R . A.
Vapour pressures of tritium liquid hydrogens. Dependence of
hydrogen vapour pressure on mass of molecule. W . F . L ib b y a n d
C. A. B a rte r ( / . Chem. Physics, 1942, 10, 184— 186). -D istillation
and ra d io a ctiv ity m easurem ents on th e d istilla te gas from ~10~*M.
solutions of H T in H 2 a n d D T in n -D 2 give th e follow ing vals. for
v.p. of th e different k in d s of mol. a t 20-4° k ., as deriv ed from
H enry’s law consts. assum ing H , a n d -D2 to form n e arly p erfect
solutions ; H 2 760 m m ., H D 438 m m ., D 2 256 m m ., H T 254 + 16
mm., D T 1 2 3 ± 6 m m ., T 2 4 5 ± 1 0 m m .
L . J . J.
Joule-Thom son effect in carbon dioxide. J . R. R oebuck, T. A.
Murrell, a n d E . E . Miller (J. A m er. Chem. Soc., 1942, 64, 400—411).—•
Iso-enthalpic curves of C 0 2 a re m easured betw een —55° a n d 300°
and betw een 1 a n d 200 a tm . T h e Jo u le-T h o m so n coeff. is calc, as
a function of tem p , a t a series of const, pressures. T h e inversion
curve in th e liquid region a n d th e c o n ta c t p o in t of a p a rtic u la r
iscnthalp w ith th e v .p . cu rv e are located.
W . R . A,
Compressibility of and an equation of state for gaseous ijobutene.
J. A. B eattie, H . G. Ingersoll, a n d W . H . S tockm ayer (J. A m er.
Chem. Soc., 1942, 64, 548— 549).—T h e com pressibility of gaseo u s|
iso-G4H 8 is m easured from 150° to 275° a n d from p — 1-0 to 9-0
mols. p e r 1., th e m ax. pressure being 250 a tm . T h e consts. of an
equation of s ta te are determ in ed from th e d a ta up to c rit. p, a n d
vals. of th e second v iria l coeff. arc given from 150° to 275°. In a
glass-lined bom b tso-C4H 8 does n o t polym erise m ark ed ly du rin g a
10-hr. period u n til 275° is reached.
W . R . A.
Variation of viscosity of liquids with temperature. M. K . Srinivasan a n d B. P ra sa d (Phil. M ag., 1942, [vii], 33, 238— 271).—
K now n viscosity d a ta arc used to com pare th e a p p lic ab ility of a
no. of published form ula: c onnecting -q a n d tem p ., for a no. of org.
liquids a n d liquid m etals. T he b e st for u nassociated liquids is
A ndrade's sim ple form ula tj = A e ilT, w hich is a s a cc u rate a s th e
modified form ula ijn* = A&*lT. F o r liquid m etals,
=
B j(v — t)0) ’(M acleod),ij = K lvT~1eQlltl' (Silverm an), a n d i).= Ae&TI
(T — b) (Madge) hold, th o u g h th e la s t is th eo re tic ally unsound.
F or org. liquids, S ilv erm an ’s a n d M adge's formulae are applicable.
Ira n y ’s fu n c tio n of i) is n o t lin e a r for liquid m etals.
L. J . J.
234
Volatility of silicic acid in steam .— See B., 1942, I, 249.
Apparent volum es of individual ions in aqueous solution. K.
F a ja n s a n d O. Jo h n so n (J. A m er. Chem. Soc., 1942, 64, 668— 678).—
A p a rtitio n of th e a p p a re n t m ol. vol. (<I>0) of stro n g electrolytes
in to vals. of in d iv id u al ions h a s been m ade on th e basis of th e
b e h av io u r of N H 4C1 n e ar 35°. Vals. of d>0 for electrolytes h a v e
been o b ta in e d b y e x tra p o la tio n from m easu rem en ts of p a t > N .
N e a r 35° N H 4C1 closely resem bles H 20 in several p ro p e rties a n d it
is concluded t h a t N H 4* a n d Cl' ions fit in to th e stru c tu re of liquid
H .O a n d t h a t th e a p p a re n t vol. of each is eq u al to th e vol. of 1
m ol. of H jO . F o r ions w hich a re larger o r sm aller th a n H aO m ols.
th e th e rm a l e x p an sib ility of th e ir a q . solutions is influenced g re a tly
b y th e b re ak in g of th e loose H..O stru c tu re . D isp lacem en t of
p ro to n s w ith in H 20 mols. a n d H 30" a n d N H 4‘ ions is b ro u g h t in to
re la tio n w ith th e m echanism of h y d ra tio n of ions a n d m ols. Comparisop of a nions w ith catio n s a n d of ions of different s tru c tu re s
show's t h a t th e g ra d atio n of th e ir a p p a re n t vols, in a q . solution
m a y be v erv different from t h a t of th e ir size in crystals.
W . R . A.
Densities and specific heats of aqueous solutions of d l-a-alanine,
(5-alanine, and lactamide. F. T. G ucker, ju n ., a n d T. W . Allen
(J. A m er. Chem. Soc., 1942, 64. 191— 199).—V als. of sp. h e ats and
of p for a q . solutions of lactam id e (I), d/-a-alanine (IX), a n d /3-alaninc
(III) have been d e te rm in e d from 0-1 o r 0-2n. to ap p ro x . sa tu ra te d
solution a t 5°, 25°, a n d 40°. T he a p p a re n t m olal h e a t capacities
of solutes cc concn., a n d th e slopes increase in th e order (I), (II),
(III). Vals. a t infinite dilu tio n a rc (I) > (II) b y 25 a n d > (III)
b y '40 g.-cal. p e r degree p e r mol. A p p a re n t m olal vol. oc m o la rity
a n d th e lim itin g val. of (I) is > th a t of (II) b y 12-90 a n d > t h a t
of (III) by 14-78 m l.; th ese vals. are considered to be th e électro ­
strictio n of th e splvent. T he lim iting slopes of th e p a rtia l m olal
h e a t cap acities a n d vols, for (II) a n d (III) h a v e been calc. T h e
calc, differences in th e h e a t c ap a citie s a n d vols, a t different tem p ,
are —J of those observed.
. W . R. A.
Specific heats of morpholine and its aqueous solutions. H . M.
Trim ble, C. J . E ngle, R . A. Brown, a n d R . F . Schm uck {/. Am er.
Chem. Soc., 1942, 64, 679— 681).— T he sp. h e ats of m orpholine and
its aq. solutions b etw een 0° a n d 130° a n d betw een 0 a n d 100%
H 20 h ave been d eterm ined, a n d th e p a rtia l m olal h e a t cap acities
of th e com ponents of th e system h a v e been calc, a t 25’, 50°, 75°,
100°, a n d 130°.
W . R . A. •
Diffraction pattern of sulphuric acid at different concentrations.
H . N . Bose (In d ia n J . Physics, 1941, 15, 411— 415).— A '-R ay
diffraction of aq. I I 2S 0 4 (21-4— 99-2 w t.-% H 2S 0 4) h a s been
m easured w ith a view to establishing h y d ra te form ation. P u re
H 2S 0 4 gives tw o sh a rp b an d s w ith spacings of 4-07 a n d 7-98 A., of
w hich th e form er is m ore pronounced. W ith d ilu tio n th e spacing
dim inishes from 4-07 to 3-6 a . for H 2S 0 4,H 20 , a n d for all concns.
is b etw een 4-07 a n d 3-24 A., th e val. for H 20 . T h e possible e x is t­
ence of h y d ra te s a n d th e a p p lic atio n of th e idea of L e n n a rd -Jo n e s
re la tin g band-spacing a n d p a rtic le size are discussed.
W . R . A.
Light absorption of cobalt thiosulphate solutions.— See A., 1942,
I, 194.
Electric moments of inorganic halides in dioxan. I. Phosphorus,
arsenic, and antimony trihalides. P . A. M cCusker a n d B. C. C urran
( / . A m er. Chem. Soc., 1942, 64, 614— 617).— Vals. of dielectric
const, (t) a n d p for dio x an solutions of PC13. P B r3, AsCl3, A sB r3,
Asia, SbCl3, a n d S bB r3 h a v e been m easured a t vario u s concns. (c)
a t 25°. T h e Ae/c ra tio s for PC13 a n d P B r3 decrease w ith increasing
solute concn. Vals. o f p. a re AsC13 3-11, A sB r3 2-90, A s l3 1-83,
SbCl3 5-16, S b B rs 5-01 r>.
W . R . A.
Magnetic rotation of cerium salts in aqueous solutions. W . K .
W ilson, C. M. M ason, J . W . H ickey, and J . H . M ack (J. Am er.
Chem. Soc., 1942, 64, 412— 416).— T he m agnetic ro ta tio n a n d n of
aq. CeCl3 h a v e been d e te rm in e d a t 10° in te rv a ls from 20° to 50°
Effect of laminar and turbulent flow on X-ray diffraction diagrams ' a n d u p to 2-753 m . V erd et consts. cc concn. a n d te m p . Mol.
ro tatio n s show v a ria tio n w ith concn. b u t a re const, a t low concn.
of water and nitrobenzene. W . R. D ubs (Z. Ver. deut.-Ing., 1941,
T he vals. recorded b y Slack et a l.'(A., 1934, 1293) a re disproved.
85, 50— 52).— T h e D e b ye-S cherrer p a tte rn s of je ts of H 20 and
W . R, A.
P h N O , in free a ir a re stu d ied . T h e degree of sta b ility (lam inar or
Solid solutions of alkali halides. A. V. T obolsky (J. Chem.
tu rb u le n t flow) of a je t ~ 0 -8 1 m m . in d iam e te r is d e te rm in e d from
Physics,
1942,
10,
187—
192).—
A
'-R
ay
stu
d
ies
of
solid
solutions
of
corresponding e x p erim e n ts w ith coloured filam ents on a m odel 11
alkali halide p a irs w ith a com m on ion a t room tem p , a n d a t 550°
tim es th e scale. T he la m in a r resistance law still holds w hen th e
show t h a t th e m iscibility is d e term in ed b y th e difference (8) betw een
filam ents d e p a rt ap p rec ia b ly from stric tly lam in ar flow. D iffraction
th e ir la ttic e pa ram ete rs. F o r 8 < 6 % m iscibility is com plete a t
diagram s show ed no effect definitely a ttrib u ta b le to change from
room tem p . F o r 8 6— 13% m iscibility is com plete a t 550°, w hilst
lam in ar to tu rb u le n t flow. Sm all effects in in te n sity d istrib u tio n
for 8 > 1 3 % tw o phases re su lt for all te m p , u p to th e m .p. On
n o ted in th e case of P h N 0 2 can be a ttrib u te d to tem p , changes
th e basis of th e B orn th e o ry o f ionic lattices, free energy of m ixing,
accom panying change of ty p e of flow-. T here is no evidence of a n y
a n d V eg ard ’s law, th e expression 98 -/T (l — 1x) -f- log, * — log, (1 —
change in th e q uasi-cryst. stru c tu re w ith breakdow n of lam in ar
x ) = 0 is deriv ed for th e m ol. frac tio n (x) of one com p o n en t dissolved
flow.
R . B. C.
b y th e o th e r in a ty p ic a l alkali halide p a ir w ith ele ctro sta tic energy
180 kg.-cal. p e r mol. a t 0° K . M iscibility is com plete above T =
V.— SOLUTIONS AND MIXTURES (INCLUDING
4-58* a n d th e h e a t of m ix in g i s ~ —982 g.-cal. p e r m ol.
L. j . J.
COLLOIDS).
Graph for preparing binary systems of approximate m ol. fractions.
W . B yerly (J. Chem. E duc., 1941, 18, 465).
L. S. T.
Cation field strengths and their relation to the devitrification,
combination, and m.p. of silicates. A. D ietzel (Z. Elektrochem.,
1942, 48, 9— 23).— I f th e field stre n g th of a c atio n be defined as
zja 1 (z = v alency, a = c atio n -a n io n distance), th e catio n s w hich
235
A., I.—v, SOLUTIONS AND M IXTURES (INCLUDING COLLOIDS).
are im p o rta n t in glass technology can be usefully arra n g e d in a
series of increasing 2 la-, viz., K (= 0-13) < N a *< L i < B a < P b <
S r < Ca < Mn < F e “ < Z n < Mg < Z r < Be < F e 111 < A1 < T i <
B < Si < P ( = 2-1). T h e relation b etw een s/a- a n d th e ten d e n cy to
d evitrification is discussed. L arge differences b etw een z/a* for th e
foreign cation a n d z/aa for S i'" ', B '"', or P
m ake for sta b le b in a ry
system s. T e rn a ry system s are possible w here Azja 2 for th e tw o
p rim a ry catio n s is > 0-05. W here Az/a 1 is < 0 -0 5 e u te ctics or
m ixed crystals a re form ed. T h e v a l. of Az/a* affords a n in d ic a tio n
of w h eth er te rn a ry com pounds a re lik e ly ; e.g., th e y w ould n o t be
e xpected in th e system L i20 - B a 0 - S i 0 2 w here A:r/a2iji>n. = 0-015;
on th e o th e r h a n d th e y w ould be e x p ec te d in th e system L i20 K jO -S iO j w here Az/a 'u K = 0-10. T h e g re a te r is th e v a l. of Az/a*,
th e larger is th e no. of possible te rn a ry system s. T h e g re atest degree
of com bination (}W .) of a m etallic oxide w ith S i0 2 (no. of mols.
of SiO , p e r 1 /« m ol. of R „0 „) can b e rep resen ted b y j'mai. = (0-36a2/z)
+ C. If C —0 th e com pound m elts c o n g ru e n tly ; if C = 0-3— 0-5
it m elts incon g ru en tly . W ith th e exception of K , w hich o u g h t to
form K 20 ,3 S i0 2, th e b in a ry system s exam ined conform to th e
requirem ents of th e form ula* T h e form ula is applicable to te rn a ry
system s, th e j V i . vals. for each c atio n being add ed to g eth e r. T he
relation betw een y l
a n d m .p. is discussed.
C. R . H .
Magnesium and its alloys.— See B., 1942, X, 272.
Solubility of aluminium in mercury. W . K lem m a n d P . W eiss
(Z . anorg. Chcm., 1940, 245, 285— 287).— T he solubility of A1 in
H g a t 422— 595° h a s b een redeterm ined. T h e results confirm those
of Sm its a n d de G ru y te r (A., 1921, ii, 371) a n d in d ic a te t h a t no
com pound is form ed b u t t h a t H g a n d A1 form a e u te ctic system
w ith eu tectic com position of v ery low A1 co n te n t.
J . W . S.
Effect of small iron and silicon contents on the m agnetic suscept­
ibility of aluminium. P . Wreiss a n d W . K lem m (Z. anorg. Chem.,
1940, 245, 288— 294).— T he m agnetic susceptibility {%) of A1 is
increased only slightly w hen th e F e c o n te n t is increased from 0-11
to 3-22% , so d e te rm in a tio n of th e F e c o n te n t from x d e te rm in a tio n s
is im possible. F o r th e A l-rich lim it of th e 0 (FeA l3) phase x — + 1
X 10", a n d th e d a ta o b tain e d suggest t h a t th is phase e x ten d s to
higher A1 c o n te n ts th a n h ith e rto believed. Increase in th e Si
c o n te n t from 0-05 to 1-19% decreases th e x of A1 v e ry slightly.
J . W . S.
Ternary alloy system : alum inium -lead-silver. A. N . Campbell,
L. Yaffe, W . G. W allace, a n d R . W . A shley (Canad. J . Res., 1941,
19, B, 212— 230).— T he sy stem has been stu d ied b y th e rm a l analysis
followed b y chem ical analysis of th e se p a ra ted layers. T h e region
of p a rtia l m iscibility e xtends from th e b in a ry system A l-P b to
alloys co n tain in g > 8 5 -5 8 % of Ag a n d 4-71% of P b . N o te rn a ry
com pounds are form ed a n d th e te rn a ry e u te ctic alm ost coincides
w ith th e eu tectic of th e system A g -P b .
J . W . S.
Solubility of a hydrogen-nitrogen mixture in liquid carbon dioxide.
I. A. A bdulaev (J. A p p l. Chem. R uss., 1941, 14, 302— 304).— The
solubility of a 3H S -|- N , m ix tu re (I) w as in v estig a te d a t 0°, 10°,
a n d 20° a n d a t pressures v ary in g from 20 to 203 a tm . T he solubility
of (I) in liquid COs rises w ith increasing te m p , a t const, pressure
a n d w ith increasing pressure a t const, tem p .
N . G.
Solubility of carbon disulphide vapour in body fluids and tissues.—
See A., 1942, I I I , 417.
Solubility of stannous oxide in perchloric acid. M. G orm an a n d
P . A. L eighton ( / . Anier. Chem. Soc., 1942, 64, 719— 720).— T he
solubility of SnO in HCIO, is th e sam e as in HC1 for concns. u p to
0-04M-acid a n d 0-017M-Snu .
W . R . A.
Distribution of benzoic acid between water and benzene. F. T.
W all (J. Atner. Chem. Soc., 1942, 64, 472— 473).— T he d istrib u tio n
const. K x = Cw/Cu' i2 (Cw = concn. of B zO H in H aO ; Cb — concn.
of BzOH in C,H„) is m odified to K %■= Cw(l — a)/v'{C B(l — j3)}
w here a is th e degree of ionisation of B zO H a n d jS is th e degree of
dissociation of dim erides. T h is equatio n fits exp erim en tal d a ta
v e ry satisfactorily.
y,r. R . A .
■ Adsorption of dihydroxybenzenes by sugar charcoal. D iscontinuities
in the adsorption of phenol, resorcinol, and quinol from aqueous
solutions. ): K . D. J a in a n d J. B. J h a ( / . In d ia n Chem. Soc., 1941,
18, 535— 539; cf. A., 1941, I, 255).— D a ta a re ta b u la te d for th e
ad sorption of P hO H , 0-, »«-, a n d p-cresol, m- a n d />-C,H4(OH)s on
su g ar C from aq. solutions. T he cresols give regular curves, w hilst
th e o th e rs show periodic m ax. a n d m in.
F . L . U.
Reactions of solids. CXXV. Sintering phenomena in copper
powders as revealed by their adsorptive power towards dissolved
dyestuffs. J . H am pel (Z. Elektrochem., 1942, 48. S2— 84).—Max
ad sorption by Cu pow der of Congo-red from M eOH solutions and
of eosin, m ethylene-blue, a n d rhodam ine from a q . solutions tak e s
place a t ~ 2 0 0 ° . As tem p , increases above 200° a d sorption decreases
fa irly regularly e x cep t for a period of const, adsorption a t ~ 4 0 0 __
500 . Below 200° ad so rp tio n is m ore irregular, w ith a te n d e n cy
tow ards m in. ad so rp tio n a t 100—150° w hich is v e rv pronounced in
th e case of eosin. T h e d a ta are discussed on th e basis of H u ttig 's
theory. T h e a d sorption is divided in to six ranges corresponding
w ith a lte rn a te a ctiv a tio n a n d d eactivation w ith rise of te m p , a s a
236
re su lt of changes in m ol. grouping on th e Cu surface a t low er tem p,
a n d in th e c ry sta l in te rio r a t h igher te m p .
C.R . H .
Reproducible contact angles on reproducible metal surfaces. I.
Contact angles of water against silver and gold. F . E . B a rte ll and
P . H . Cardwell ( / . A m er. Chem. Soc., 1942, 64, 494— 497).— Solid
surfaces w ith reproducible p ro p e rties h av e been p re p are d b y v a p o r­
ising th e solid in a vac., condensing th e v a p o u rs as a film on a
su p p o rtin g m edium , a n d b y controlling a d so rp tio n . T h e m ax.
ad v an cin g H 20 c o n ta c t angle w a s 95 ± 0 -5 ° for Ag a n d 92-5±0-5°
for Au a n d th e corresponding m ax. receding angles w ere 3 8 ¿ 1 °
a n d 34 ± 1 ° . A dsorption of a i r on th e surfaces m ade th e m more
hydrophobic a n d re la tiv e ly large m ax. ad v an c in g angles were
o b tain e d .
W . R . A.
Direct measurement of the spreading pressures of volatile organic
liquids on water. L. F . T ransue, E . R . W ash b u rn , a n d F . H.
K ah ler ( / . A m er. Chem. Soc., 1942, 64, 274— 276).— U sing a m odi­
fication of th e d irec t m ethod (A., 1940, I, 356) th e sp read in g p res­
sures of tso-C5H M-OH, C ,H „ PhM e, a n d COPhM e h a v e been
m easured. Vais, of y, in te rfa c ia l ten sio n s of th e org. Iiq u id -H ?0
in terface, a n d sp read in g coeffs. h a v e been m easured for each liquid.
W . R . A.
H igh-m ol. wt. aliphatic amines and their salts. V. Soluble and
insoluble films of the amine hydrochlorides. E . J . H offm an, G. E .
B oyd, a n d A. W . R a lsto n (J. Atner. Chem. Soc., 1Ü42, 64, 498—
503).— T h e v a ria tio n of y of solutions of C 12H 25-N H 2,HC1 w ith
concn. h a s been in v estig a te d a t vario u s te m p , b y th e rin g m ethod
a n d a t < th e c rit. concn. for m icelle form ation. T im e effects of long
d u ra tio n w ere enco u n tered . Insol. m onolayers of C 18H 37-NH,,HC1
on vario u s sub-solutions becom e m ore ex p an d ed w ith increase in
te m p , a n d also w ith increase in th e size of th e a n io n . T h e b ehaviour
of O -acid salts of C18H 3,*NH2 h a s been stu d ied .
W . R . A.
Membrane permeability. H I. Preferential ionic permeability of
membranes of cupric ferrocyanide and of parchment. G. M. W illis
(T rans. F araday Soc., 1942, 38, 169— 179).— E .m .f. of th e cell
S lelectro ly te 1m em brane|electrolyte c2JS, in w hich S is a s a tu ra te d
H gjC lj electrode, w ere m easured for different vais, of
a n d c2, th e
ra tio c,/Cj being alw ays 10. T h e a p p a re n t m obilities of anions in
th e ir K sa lts fo r m em b ran es of Cu2F e(C N ), are in th e ord er B r',
N 0 3' > C l' > I ' > C N S '; S O / ' > 0 , 0 . " > F e (C N )," " ( = 0 ), a n d
a re q u ite u n re la te d to th e ir m obilities in free solution. T h is order
is th e sam e as for th e a d so rp tio n of th e se ions, a n d i t is inferred
th a t th e m em brane p o te n tia ls are largely d e te rm in e d b y th e ad so rp ­
tio n . W ith p a rch m en t m em branes th e differences a re less m ark ed
a n d th e ad so rp tio n effects a re sm aller, b u t increase in v alen cy
reduces th e a p p a re n t m ob ility of a n ion, th e m ore stro n g ly a n d a t a
concn. t h a t is th e higher, th e h ig h er is th e valen cy .
F . L. U .
Derivation of laws of ideal dilute solutions. H . Gehlen (Z. Eleklrochem., 1942, 48, 110— 112).— M athem atical. E q u a tio n s fo r th e
b .p . elevation, f.p. a n d v .p . low ering, a n d osm otic pressure of dil.
solutions h a v e been d e riv e d from a consideration of chem ical
p o te n tia l.
C. R . H .
Derivation and biological implications of the general membrane
equilibrium equation.— See A., 1942, I I I , 416.
Germicidal aerosols.— See A., 1942, I I I , 417.
Paraffin oil emulsions.— See B., 1942, I I I , 155.
Absorption of light by gold sols containing acacia gum and sodium
chloride. R . V. L loyd a n d D . P . E v an s (Trans. F araday Soc.,
1942, 38, 179— 186).-—A m eth o d is described for p re p arin g a s ta n d a rd
red Au sol su itab le for m easurem ents of lig h t a b so rp tio n . Such a
s ta n d a rd sol can b e used to d eterm in e w ith a ccu racy th ç efficiency
of different p ro tec tiv e ag en ts, b y m easuring th e % ab so rp tio n of
red lig h t (for w hich th e observed changes a re g reatest) b y sols
0-083x. in NaCl a n d co n tain in g v a ry in g a m o u n ts of p ro tec tiv e .
A t a c erta in c rit. concn. of p ro te c tiv e th e sols break a n d Au is
p p td ., a n d a t th is sam e p o in t th e curves connecting % light
abso rp tio n w ith p ro tec tiv e concn. e x h ib it a b re ak th e position of
w hich c a n be determ in ed w ith a n exactness t h a t increases w ith th e
d u ra tio n of th e ex p erim en t. T h is m eth o d provides a m eans of
draw ing finer d istinctions b etw een closely sim ilar p ro tec tiv e s th an
is possible b y Zsigm ondy's " Au n o ." m eth o d .
F . L . U.
Gold sol. n . Chain formation in alternating electric field. H . R.
K ru y t a n d J . G. Vogel (Kolloid-Z., 1941, 95, 2— 20).— T h e form ation
in a Au sol of chains of p a rticle s b y th e a ctio n of an a lte rn a tin g
field (cf. P au li a n d R usser, A ., 1932, 225; 1935, 1073) h a s been
confirm ed b y th e ultram icroscope. A ccom panying changes in th e
electrical c o n d u ctiv ity (k) of th e sol a re satisfacto rily acco u n ted for
b y th e occurrence of m etallic conduction along th é chains. Such
changes, w hich m ay a m o u n t to a 25-fold increase in k , c an be
p re v en ted b y decreasing th e voltage, increasing th e sep aratio n of
th e electrodes, o r stirrin g . C hain fo rm atio n is b e st seen in sols of
th e noble m etals, a n d as a ru le does n o t occur in hydrophobic sols
of non-m etallic substances. I t is favoured b y high d ispersity, h igh
p a rticle concn., low concn. of in te rm ic ellar electrolyte, high p o te n tia l
g rad ien t, a n d high frequency. T h e chains te n d to se t along th e
lines of force, a n d a re u su a lly b ra n c h e d ; th e y b re ak u p spon-
237
A., I.—v,
SOLUTIONS AND MIXTURES (INCLUDING COLLOIDS).
tan eo u sly in th e absence of a n electric field. T h e phenom enon is
a ttrib u te d to in cip ien t coagulation s ta rtin g in th e im m ediate
neighbourhood of th e electrodes.
F . L . U.
Effect of autoclave treatment on the condition of hydroxides of
beryllium, magnesium, and alum inium . T. K a ts u ra i a n d T. K ita
(K o l l o i d - Z 1941, 95, 41— 43).— Aq. suspensions of B e(O H )a a n d
M g(O H), free from a lk a li b u t c o n ta in in g som e C l' do n o t form sols
when h e a te d in a n a u to c lav e for 2 h r. a t 190°, a n d th e stru c tu re of
th e p a rticle s rem ains am orphous. U n d er sim ila r c onditions O-InBeCl2 is hydrolysed a n d form s a sta b le sol. A n a q . suspension of
Al(OH )j h e a te d for 1 h r. a t 190° gives a v e ry sta b le sol, th e p ro p e rties
of w hich a re described.
’
F . L. U.
Hydrous cupric hydroxide and basic eupric sulphates. H . B.
W eiser, W . O. M illigan, a n d E . L. Cook ( / . Anter. Chem. Soc., 1942,
64, 503— 508).— T h e d a ta from A '-ray diffraction a n d from iso­
therm al a n d isobaric d e h y d ra tio n in d ic a te t h a t C u(O H )2 is th e only
com pound form ed b y th e sy stem C u 0 - H 20 . S p o n tan eo u s decom p,
of blue C u(O H )2 gel to brow nish-black CuO is a cc ele rated b y dil.
alkali a n d is m uch m ore ra p id th a n th e decom p, of large c ry stals of
Cu(OH)2. If th e ra tio of equivs. of C u S 0 4 (0-1— 1-0n.) to alkali
(0-1— l-0x.) in a m ix tu re is c r l blue C u(O H )a is fo rm ed ; if p i -3,
4 C u 0 ,S 0 3,3H 20 (I) is fo rm ed ; if 1-25, 5 C u 0 ,S 0 3,*H 30 (II) is
o b tain e d ; if from 1 to 1-25, C u(O H )2 o r CuO a n d (II) are c o -p p td .;
and if 1-25— 1-33, m ix tu re s of (I) a n d (II) a re given. T h e id e n tity
of (II) h a s been established b y A '-ray diffraction d a ta , b y e le ctro ­
m etric titra tio n , a n d b y analysis. In presence of low concns. of
heavy m e ta l su lp h a te s C u(O H )2 is co n v erted to (II) a n d is n o t
stabilised.
W . R . A.
Equilibria and changes in m etal hydroxide sols. H . B a sse tt a n d
R. G. D u rra n t (J .C .S ., 1942, 277—-303).— H y d ro x id e sols of Al, Cr,
FeI[I, L a, N d, a n d T h h av e been in v estig a te d to determ in e th e n a tu re
of the stab ilisin g ions, th e w ay th e y a re a tta c h e d to th e m icelles, a n d
the cause of th e ageing of sols. In all cases C l' w as th e contra-ion.
N a P 0 3 a n d (N H 4)2S 0 4 w ere th e p rin cip al coagulants, a n d conditions
under w hich th e y are su itab le for d e te rm in in g H" a n d m eta l ion (M*)
concn. in sols, h a v e b een developed a n d are discussed. T h e m ajo rity
of th e M O H sols a p p e a r to be em ulsions, th e second liq u id phase
having [MOH] so h ig h t h a t i t c o n stitu te s a viscous " glass " w ith or
w ithout a c ry st. core. T h e m icellar charge is due to p e p tisin g
cations adso rb ed a t th e " glass " surface, in eq u ilib riu m w ith sim ilar
ions w hich a re free in th e in te rm ic ellar liquid. Som e cations,
accom panied b y a n equiv. no. of anions, w ill p ass in to solution in th e
" glass." If th ese a re M i th ere w ill be a te n d e n cy for co-ordinated
HjO to be replaced b y co-o rd in ated M OH, re su ltin g in th e form ation
of v ery basic cations. If sufficient p e p tisin g c atio n is available th e
MOH m ay be c o n v erted in to a basic sa lt w hich m ay c o n tin u e as a
sol, pass in to tru e solution, o r crystallise. A n exam ple of th is la st
has been furnished b y th e se p a ra tio n of c ry st. 3rA(OW )4,TAC74,10.f/20
(probably [T h iT h fO H M JC l^ lO H jO ) fro m T h (O H )4 sol a fte r 0 years,
and th e re a re in d ic a tio n s t h a t b asic chlorides of L a a n d N d w ill
crystallise from sols. A geing of sols is a ttrib u te d to one of four
causes : (i) m icelle coalescence w ith lib e ratio n of adso rb ed cations,
(ii) d e h y d ra tio n .o f th e M O H c o n stitu e n t of th e m icelles, (iii) M O H
crystallisation, a n d (iv) c ry stallisatio n of th e " glass ” as a basic sa lt
or its passage in to tru e solution. A no. of c ry st. basic Al su lp h ates
have been p re p are d a n d form ula: ascribed to four of th em , viz.,
■
■_______ M ^ i ; ( 0 H ) 3}4]2[S 0 4]3[H !0 ) 1:0rl8,
M i(0 H ){ /i/(0 H )J}a][ ^ i{ ^ /( 0 H ) 3}4]4[S 0 4] 7[ / / I0 ] 32„r33,
[A l(H iO ){Al(O H )3} J (A l{A l(O H )3}ll)[SOt U H zO}20.s <
x , l, a n d
[^ ¿ (/f20 ) { ^ /( 0 H ) 3}6] 2[S 0 4]3.
C. R . H .
Dialysis in the study of colloids. V M . Colloidal eerie hydroxide.
V. C. V ora, P . M. B arve, a n d B. N. D esai ( / . U niv. Bombay, 1941,
10, P art 3, 40— 47).— T h e effects of dialysis, dilution, ageing, a n d
exposure, to su n lig h t on th e c ata p h o re tic speed, sta b ility , conduc­
tiv ity , a n d v iscosity of Ce(OH)4 sol a re recorded.
F . J . G.
Viscosity and mol. wt. of chain polymerides. K . H . M eyer
[Kolloid-Z., 1941, 95, 70— 74).— V iscosity d a ta for different classes
of m acrom ol. su b stan ces a re review ed, a n d i t is show n t h a t for u n ­
b ran ch ed ch ain polym erides th e q u o tie n t ijn,/cM is n o t const, b u t
decreases w ith increasing m ol. w t. (M ). S ta u d in g e r's " viscosity
rule ” c a n n o t therefore give in form ation a b o u t th e form of dissolved
mols., b u t is useful for o b tain in g th e m ol. w t. of a m em ber of a series
of ch ain polym erides b y in te rp o la tio n .
F . L . U.
Relation between viscosity and temperature for cresol solutions of
aniline-formaldehyde resins. W. Scheele, L. Steinke, a n d I. Avisiers
[Kolloid-Z., 1941, 95, 74— 81).—D a ta a re recorded for th e v a ria tio n
of t) w ith tem p , o ver th e range 40— 90° for cresol solutions of v arious
^ H .P h -C H jO resins a t different concns. T h e resu lts ’ can be
rep resen ted w ith considerable accuracy b y 1/tj = Ac~fltT, a n d th e
consts. A a n d e are, for a given m aterial, lin e a r functions of th e
concn. T h e stra ig h t lines o b tain e d b y p lo ttin g log 1/ij a g ain st 1 /T
for d ifferent concns. in te rse c t a t a com m on p o in t corresponding w ith
vals. of ij a n d T th e significance of w hich is discussed.
F . L. U .
Viscosities of solutions of polyvinyl chloride. D . J . M ead [w ith
R. M. Fuoss] ( / . Attier. Chem. Soc., 1942, 64, 277— 282).— Vals. of v
for several poly v in y l chloride (I) sam ples, fra c tio n a te d a n d poly-
238
disperse, h a v e been o b tain e d as a fu n c tio n of c o n cn ., te m p ., ra te o
shear, a n d solvent. T he equiv. rj oc concn., does n o t v a ry m uch w ith
solv en t [PhN O j, m esityl oxide, c^'ciohcxanone (II), a n d COMc-CsH n ],
a n d decreases slig h tly w ith rising tem p . In crease in pressu re causes
a decrease in th e vail of abs. t) of solutions of (I) a n d th is effect m ust
b e elim in a ted b y e x tra p o la tio n to zero p ressu re o r b y a n em p irical
correction form ula. A n em pirical form ula h a s b e en d e riv e d w hich
p e rm its d e te rm in a tio n of th e lim itin g equiv. tj for zero concn. from
a single i) m easu rem en t a t a finite concn. of (I). A fra c tio n a te d
sam ple, h a v in g equiv. -n of 7-2 in (II) a t 25“, h a s m ol. w t. 102,000.
W . R . A.
Cupri-ethylenediamine disperse viscosity of cellulose.— See B ., 1942,
I I , 224.
Electrical properties of solids. XII. Plasticised polyvinyl chloride.
D. J . M ead, R . L. T ichenor, a n d R . M. F uoss [J. A liter. Chem. Soc.,
1942, 64, 283— 291).— D a ta a t 40° a n d 60° a t 60, 600, a n d 6000
cycles p e r sec. a re given for poly v in y l chloride (I) plasticised w ith
8— 30 w t.-% of 14 different plasticisers. P la stic isa tio n c auses se p a r­
a tio n of ch ain m ols. b y p lasticiser m ols. a n d is acco m p an ied b y a
ra p id decrease in m icro- a n d m acro-scopic coeffs. of frictio n . C oncn.
of p lasticiser a n d loss fa cto r h av e been con n ected e m p irica lly ; i; is
¡aversely oc (relative concn.)3“ *. T h e concn. of plasticiser req u ired
to pro d u ce a given in te rn a l -q d ep en d s on th e size a n d sh ap e of th e
p lastic iser m o l.; long cylindrical m ols. reduce tj > spherical m ols. of
th e sam e m ol. w t. P lasticisers of ap p ro x . th e sam e size a n d sh ap e
a re equally effective, irresp ectiv e of chem ical stru c tu re , b u t w ith (I)
plasticisers m u st c o n ta in a p o lar o r p olarisable g roup to ensure in te r­
action w ith th e polym eride.
W . R . A.
Swelling and dissolution mechanism of xanthated sodium -cellulose
fibres. IV. W . Schram ek, U. M ctzner, a n d E . Seidel (Z. physikal.
Chem., 1941, B, 50, 298— 304).—AVhan x a n th a te d N a-cellulose is
dispersed in dil. N aO H th e X -ra y in te rfere n c e rings d isa p p ea r
a lth o u g h th e re is negligible conversion in to th e am o rp h o u s sta te .
T h e resu lts a re co m pared w ith those o b ta in e d in sim ila r ex p erim en ts
w ith re g en e rated cellulose a n d w ith n a tu ra l fibres.
C. R . H .
Calculation of protein-anion affinity constants from acid titration
data. J . S te in h a rd t [J. Res. N at. B ur. Stand., 1942, 28, 191— 199;
cf. B „ 1941, II, 338).— A m eth o d based on th e follow ing p o stu la te d
e quilibria is d e sc rib e d ; i ITI.-i v—IV A ~ •- H +; W A ~ ^ II7± + A ~ ;
WH+
\V~ + H + ; W H A ^ It’H+ + A ~ , w here W ± , IFH +, etc.
re p re se n t ionic s ta te s of wool in com b in atio n w ith a stro n g acid
HA.
C. S. W .
Affinities of anions of strong acids for wool protein. J . S te in h a rd t,
C. H . F u g itt, a n d M. H a rris (J. Res. N a t. B ur. Stand., 1942, 28,
201— 216- cf. B ., 1941, II, 338).— T itra tio n c u rv es of 18 stro n g
acids (H 3P 0 4, H P 0 3, H 4P , 0 7, H 2S 0 4, N H s-S 0 3H , 0-OH -C„H4-SO3H ,
C8H I7-0 -S 0 3H , Bu0SO 3H , c 12h 25- s o 3h , c 12h „ - o - s o 3h ,
2 - c I0h 7- s o 3h , c„H 4P h -so3H, ¿ > - o h - c ,h 4- n : n - c 6h 4- s o 3h ^ > ',
O H -C jH .fC O jH J'SO jH , a n th raq u in o n e-2 -su lp h o n ic acid,
C 10H ,PrP -SO 3H, ji>-Ph-[C9H 4] 2-S 03H , a n d th e free colour acid of
O range II) are d e te rm in e d a t 0°, 25°, o r 50° b y th e m eth o d s p re ­
viously described (B., 1940, 660; 1941, I I , 77). F ro m th e d a ta so
o b tain e d (after a p p ly in g su itab le corrections for effects of h y d ro ly tic
decom p.) a n d p re viously pu b lish ed re su lts (B., 1941, I I, 338), th e
affinities of th e acid anions are calc, b y th e m eth o d of S te in h a rd t (see
preceding a b stra c t) a n d a p ronounced te n d e n cy for th e affinities of
an io n s for wool to rise w ith increasing m ol. w t. is revealed. T h e
average h e a ts of dissociation of several anio n -w o o l com plexes a re
ta b u la te d .
C. S. W .
Influence of shaking on the thixotropic so l-g el transformation.
W . H eller a n d H . L . R o ed er [Traits. F araday Soc., 1942, 38, 191—
194).— T h e difference betw een th ix o tro p ic a n d th ix o la b ile system s is
one of degree only, th e l a tte r being th e m ore sensitive to m echanical
coagulation. S h ak in g of th ix o tro p ic system s for periods v a ry in g
from a few m in. to a few h r. causes a n increase in th e se ttin g tim e,
exam ples of w hich a re given for sols of V 20 5 a n d of F e 20 3; th e
change is a ttrib u te d to p a rtia l m echanical coagulation. T h e
fo rm atio n of stro n g ly an iso m etric aggregates b y sh a k in g does n o t
re su lt in rh eo p ex y b u t in a n increase in se ttin g tim e.
F . L. U.
K inetics of sol-gel transformation. V. Influence of different
coagulating electrolytes on the setting of ferric phosphate gel. H . L.
D u b e a n d S. P ra k a sh [Proc. In d ia n A cad. Sci., 1941, 14, A, 577—
583; cf. A., 1940, I, 321).—T h e influence of coagu latin g ions on th e
se ttin g of F e P 0 4 gels h a s been stu d ie d b y consid eratio n of th e
v a ria tio n in vals. of p , th e gel c h aracteristic, a n d R , th e r a te const.,
in th e eq u atio n log S — log R -f- p log C. W ith u n i-u n iv a le n t
(KC1, K B r, K N 0 3) a n d m u lti-u n iv a len t (MgCl2, CaClj, BaCl,) electro ­
ly te s n e ith e r changes m arkedly, b u t w ith u n i-m u lti v a le n t electrolytes
[K 2S 0 4, K 3Fe(CN)„, a n d K c itra te ] m ark ed v a ria tio n s, con sisten t
w ith W h e th a m ’s law , a re observed.
W . R . A.
Factors influencing flocculation and precipitation. Influence of
initial particle size. E . M. B eavers, J . E . Magoffin, a n d F . K.
Cam eron (Text. Res., 1941, 11, 139— 153).— T h e r a te of se ttlin g of
1% b e n to n ite sols, ap p ro x . uniform in p a rtic le size, a fte r flocculation
w ith H ,S 0 4 h a s been d e te rm in e d . T h e d a ta fit th e e q u atio n
log (1 — a) = A log t -f D , w here o is th e fractio n se ttlin g in tim e t,
239
A., I.—vx, KINETIC THEORY.
THERMODYNAMICS,
a n d A a n d D are consts., w hich is developed from th e assum ption
t h a t th e floes in term esh a n d a re coniprcssed b y th e ir own w t., th u s
affording progressively increased resistance to settlin g . T h e in itial
p a rtic le size affects th e form of th e floes a n d hence th e ir ra te of
settlin g , th e change in th e charge, a n d th e abso rp tio n of a c id ; th e
acid causes floe form ation, w hich prom otes settlin g , b u t a t higher
concns. m ay affect th e ir shape so as to re ta rd settlin g , a n d a m ax.
efficiency of p p tn . is observed betw een 0-0117 a n d 0-0230N.
W . A. R .
Rhythmic precipitation of silver chloride in gelatin tanned with
chromium chloride. C. S. N axw aini a n d G. T . G ursahani (J. In d ia n
Ckcm. Soc., 1941, 18, 531— 534).— Liesegang rings of AgCl are
obtain ed w hen A g N 0 3 diffuses in to g elatin th a t has been ta n n e d
w ith CrCl3 of such concn. th a t all th e av ailab le Cl is com bined w ith
th e g e la tin . T h e effect of v a ry in g th e concn. of g elatin, CrCl3, .ind
A gN O , on th e c h a ra c te r of th e rings is described.
F . L. XL
Silica and the Liesegang phenomenon. A. C. Copisarow a n d M.
Copisarow (Nature, 1942, 149, 413).— Aq. com m ercial w aterglass
(I : L b y vol.) covered w ith conc. HC1 a t 17° im m ediately gives a
fine n e tw o rk stru c tu re w hich soon becom es a tra n s lu c e n t m em brane
a t th e in terface. W h ite horizo n tal b a n d s th e n grad u ally e x te n d
below th e m em brane a n d te n d to a rra n g e them selves In groups.
W ith m ore dil. N a 2SiO, the reactio n w as q u ick er a n d th e ban d s
w ere m ore closely packed. Anom alies a tte n d e d th e su b stitu tio n of
SO . o r H jS 0 4 fo fT IC l. T he in te rfac ial m em brane was nev er dis­
to rte d b y p ro tu b eran ces e tc.
A. A. E .
Electrophoresis of mixtures oi ovalbumin and yeast-nucleic acid.—
See A „ 1942, I l f , 487.
V I.— KINETIC THEORY.
THERMODYNAMICS.
Improved values lor the equilibrium constants and degrees of
dissociation for certain important gas equilibria. H . Zeise (Z. Elektrochem., 1942, 48, 23— 20).— New vals. for th e energy change,
equilibrium const., a n d degree of dissociation for th e reactions
H 20 - > 0-5H , - f O H a n d O H - > O + H h av e been calc, on the
basis of D w yer's v a l. for th e energy change in H sO - > H -f- O H (cl.
P hysical Rev., 1941, [ii], 59, 928).
C. R . H .
Gas equilibrium C2H ,
C2H 4 + H 2. H . Zeise (Z. Elektr'ochem.,
1942, 48, 30— 32).—T h e a u th o r claim s to h a v e a n tic ip a te d G uggen­
heim (cf. A., 194 1 ,1, 113) in his m ethod of calculating th e equilibrium
const, for th e decom p, of C ,H a (cf. A „ 1940, I, 321). New vals. calc,
on th e basis of m ore a cc u rate d a ta agree m ore closely w ith G uggen­
h e im 's vals. th a n did th e earlier vals.
"
C. R . H .
Lead citrate complex ion.— See A., 1942, I I I , 412.
Spectroscopic investigation of the association of ferric ions with
chloride, bromide, and hydroxyl ions. E. R abinow itch a n d W . H .
S tockm ayer ( / . A m er. Chem. Soc., 1942, 64, 335— 347).— A bsorption
curves for Fe(C10.,)3 solutions in th e presence of different am o u n ts
of O H ', Cl', a n d B r' ions h a v e been d e term in ed a t different tem p ,
a n d ionic stre n g th s (n). C urves for th e F e(C I04)3-H C 1 0 4 system
h ave been analysed a n d th e ab so rp tio n curve of free (hydrated)
F e " ‘ ions se p a ra ted from th a t of Fe(O H )" ions. Sim ilarly a b sorption
curves for solutions co n tain in g HC1 or H B r have been a n aly sed a n d
show successive association step s. C urves for FcC l", FeCls’, FeCl3,
a n d F eB r” (all yellow) h a v e been derived. F e C l/ ions ex ist only in
v e ry conc. solutions. E quilibrium consts. for th e form ation of
FeCl"', FeCl2\ FeCl3, a n d F e B r" a t fi - I h av e been d erived a n d th e
d istrib u tio n of Fe111 betw een several ionic species a t different
chloride concns. has been calc. T h e h e ats a n d entro p ies of form ­
a tio n of (FeO H )“ , (FeCl)", a n d (F eB r)" ions h a v e been e v alu ated .
W . R. A.
_Many-acid problem. K . J . Mysels ( / . Chem. Educ., 1941, 18,
4J8— 479).— A m ethod for calculating th e degree of n e u tra lisatio n
of a m ix tu re of aq. acids w hen p a is k now n is given.
L. S. T.
Glass electrode measurements ol the p u of chromic acid solutions.
W . H . H a rtfo rd (Ind. Eng. Chem.
1942, 14, 174— 170).—
E x ce p t for a sm all v a ria tio n w ith tem p , in dil. solutions, th e effect of
tem p ., p u rity of acid, a n d H 20 on th e p u of aq. CrOs is negligible.
V ariations in th e m easurem ents occur w ith different ty p es of
in stru m e n t a t p n vals. < 2 ; m uch of th is discrepancy is due to
liquid junction p o ten tials. E ach in stru m e n t gives consistent
readings, a n d can be used for control purposes.
L . S. T.
Thermodynamics of aqueous solutions oi potassium chloride at
temperatures from 15° to 46° from e.m .f. measurements on cells
w ith transference. W . J. H ornibrook, G. J . Jan z, a n d A. R. Gordon
(/■ A m er. Chem. Soc., 1942, 64. 513—516).— A c tiv ity a n d osm otic
coeffs., obtained from e.m .f. m easurem ents on th e cell Ag,AgCl|
KCl(»!i)|KCl{m ,)|AgCl,A g a t concns. up to 0-lM. a n d 10° in te rv als
from 15° to 45°, agree well w ith recorded v als.
W . R . A.
Activity coefficients of rubidium and ceesium sulphates in aqueous
solution at 25 . H. H. Cudd a n d W . A. Felsing (J. A m er. Chem.
Soc., 1942, 64, 550— 551).— Isopiestic ra tio s for N a 2S 0 4- R b .S 0 4
a n d N a ,S 0 4-C ssS 0 4 have been determ ined for aq. solutions (—0-4—
1-Si*.). T he a c tiv ity coeffs. of R b 2S 0 4 a n d Cs2SO , h a v e been calc.
v ii ,
ELECTROCHEMISTRY.
240
from th e observed m o lalities a n d ra tio s b y com parison w ith those
of N a 2S 0 4.
W . R . A.
Activity coefficients of strontium chloride by an isopiestic method.
B. A. Phillips a n d G. M. W atson [w ith W . A. Felsing] (J. Am er.
Chem. Soc., 1942, 64, 244— 247).— A c tiv ity coeffs. of aq. SrCl2
(0-05— 1-30m .) h av e been d e te rm in e d b y a n im proved isopiestic
m ethod using B aC l2 as th e reference s ta n d a rd .
W . R . A.
Phase-rule experiments with organic compounds. C. M. M ason,
B. W . R osen, a n d R . M. Sw ift (J. Chem. Educ., 1941, 18, 473— 474).
L. S. T.
Binary halide systems. I. System sodium chloride-m agnesium
chloride. W . .K lem m a n d P. \Veiss (Z. anorg. Chem., 1940, 245,
279— 284).—T h erm al a n d X -ra y analysis sh o w s'th e e xistence 61 th e
com pounds NaCl,M gCl2 a n d 2NaCl,MgCl2, each w ith in co n g rn en t m .p.
T h e ten d e n cy to form com pounds w ith th e corresponding Mg halide
increases from Li to K halides a n d from brom ides to fluorides.
J. W . S.
System ferric chloride-sodium chloride. H . F . Jo h n sto n e , H . C.
W eingartner, a n d W . E . W insche (J. A m er. Chem. Soc., 1942, 64,
241— 244).— FcC13 a n d NaCl do n o t form a com pound b u t form a
e u te ctic (44 m ol.-% NaCl, m .p. 158°). T h e v .p . of FeCl3 a n d of 3
m ixtures w ith NaCl h av e been d e term in ed b y a s ta tic m ethod. T h e
low v .p . of FeCl3 in th e presence of N aCl a t tem p . > th e b.p. of pure
FeCl3 is due to NaCl (solute) low ering th e v .p . T hus, th e possibility
of volatilising FeCl3 du rin g c h lo rin atio n of ores in th e presence of
excess of NaCl is p re v en ted .
W . R . A.
Vapour-liquid equilibria of the system acetone-acetic acid-water.
R . Y ork, ju n ., a n d R . C. H olm es (In d . Eng. Chem., 1942, 34, 345—
350).— T h e vapour-liqA id e quilibria a t 760 m m . of th e b in ary
system s COMe2-H jO , COMe2-A cO H , a n d A c 0 H - H 20 a n d of th e
ternary^ system C 0M e2- A c 0 H - H ,0 h a v e been in v estig a te d , using a
still of th e p a tte rn described b y S c a tc h ard et al. (A., 1938, I, 400) a n d
u tilising d a n d a cid ity m easurem ents for analysis of th e sam ples.
T h e te rn a ry system show’s considerable d e v ia tio n s from R a o u lt’s
law .
'
j . W . S.
Determination of dineric distribution. W . D. B ancroft a n d S. S.
H u b a rd ( / . A nier: Chem. Soc., 1942, 64, 347— 353).— In a system
of th re e liquid com ponents co n tain in g tw o im m iscible com ponents
each consolute w ith th e th ird , th e com position of th e con ju g ate
phases m ay be c o n v en ien tly determ ined, know ing th e isotherm al
d iagram for th e system a t th e desired tem p ., b y a g rap h ical m ethod
w hich is described. T he m ethod has been a p p lie d to th e system s
C 6H 6- E t 0 H - H 20 a n d CHCl3-C 0 M e j-H 20 , in w hich th e d istrib u tio n
o ver th e e n tire ra n g e of concn. can be expressed b y eq u atio n s of th e
m ass law ty p e w hich do not ignore increase in th e m u tu a l solubility
of th e slightly m iscible liquids on a d d itio n of th e consolute liquid.
W . R . A.
Active substances. LI. Equilibria between C02~C0 and Ni-NiO
and between C02~C0 and (Ni -I- y-A l20 3)-N iA 1.04, and their influence
on the physical state of the solid reactants. L it. Boudouard decom­
position in the systems Ni-NiO and (Ni + y-A l20 3)-N iA l20 4. R .
Fricke a n d G. \Veit;brecht (Z. Elektrochem., 1942, 48, 87— 106,
106— 110).— LI. T he equilibria h a v e been in v estig a te d o ver a range
of tem p ., a n d th e solid phases h av e been subjected to A’-ray e x am in ­
a tio n . C alculations of th e surface energy of th e solid phases h ave
been m ade a n d a p p lie d to a discussion of th e d a ta \vhich is concerned
chiefly w ith th e influence of p a rtic le size of th e re a c ta n ts on surface
e nergy a n d w ith h e a ts of reaction, especially of N i-spinel (I)
form ation.
H I . T h e dissolution in N i of C d eriv ed from th e decom p, of CO
h a s been exam ined. N i o b tain e d b y reduction of NiO loses its
dissolved C m ore slowly th a n does N i from (I). T h is is due to tht»
sm aller p a rticle size a n d g re a te r surface a c tiv ity of N i from (I), a n d
th e consequent ease of diffusion of C th ro u g h th e N i surface.
C. R. H ..
Thermodynamic constants o! the dithionite (hyposulphite) ion.
W . G. McMillan, ju n ., J. D. R oberts, a n d C. D . Coryell ( / . A m er.
Chem. Soc., 1942, 64, 398— 399).— T he m olal h e a t c o n te n t in dil.
solution of th e S 40 4" ion is —178-7 kg.-cal. R e-exam ination^ of
J e llin e k ’s p o ten tio m e tric d a ta (A., 1.911, ii, 365) gives - 1 7 8 - 3 kg.-cal.
for th e h e a t c o n te n t a n d —143-4 kg.-cal. for th e free en erg y of th e
ion.
W .R . A .
V II.— ELECTROCHEMISTRY.
Conductances of aqueous solutions of lithium, sodium, and potass­
ium hydroxides at 25°. L. S. D arken a n d H . F. M eier ( / . A m er.
Chem. Soc., 1942, 64, 621— 623).— Vals. of A 0 h av e been deduced
from th e co nductances of aq. LiO H , N aO H , a n d K O H a t 25°. A t
low concn. N aO H a n d K O I! beh av e as ty p ic a l strong electrolytes,
w hereas L iO H shows m easurable d ev ia tio n from com plete ionisation.
W . R. A.
Anomalies in conductivity measurements in presence of hydrogen
peroxide. M. B obtelskv a n d A. E . Sim chen ( / . A m er. Chem. Soc.,
1942, 64, 454— 461).— I n con d u cto m etric titra tio n s in 'p re s e n c e of
H 20 2 additio n al resistances (Aif) a re encountered w hich reach a m ax.
a t sm all [H jO J (~0-02m .) a n d dim inish on fu rth e r add itio n of H ,O t .
241
242
A., I.— v i n , REACTIONS.
T he v a ria tio n of A w i t h changcs in electrolyte concn., n a tu re
of electrolyte, n a tu re of electrodes, tem p ., stirrin g velocity, a n d a.c.
frequency h a s been in v estig a te d . T h e effect depends m ain ly on
[H 20 2], a n d on th e chem ical n a tu re of th e electrode (e.g., Sn > P t)
b u t not on its physical condition (b rig h t P t = g rey p latin ised P t).
W . R . A.
Determination of the transference numbers of potassium iodide
from the electromotive force of iodide-iodine gravity cells. S. W.
Grinnell a n d F . O. K oenig ( / . A m er. Cliem. Soc., 1942, 64, 682—
68C).— Precise m easurem ents w ith a special p o ten tio m e ter (described)
of th e e.m .f. of g ra v ity cells using th e e a r th ’s field w ith th e electrode
P t, K I (excess) -(- I give vals. for th e tran sferen ce no. of K ’ in
agreem ent w ith th e b e st m odern vals.
W . R . A.
Standard potential of silver-silver bromide electrode in anhydrous
methanol at 25°. E . W . K an n in g a n d A. \V. C am pbell ( / . Am er.
Cheni. Soc., 1042, 64, 517— 519).— T h e p o te n tia l of th e cell (P t)H 2|
• HBr, M eOH IAgBr, Ag h a s b e en m easured a t 25° o ver th e concn.
range 0-000474—0-0543M. O n th e m o la lity basis th e sta n d a rd
p o ten tial of th e A gB r electrode in M eOH solution of H B r is
-0 -1 3 2 8 v., a n d —01451 v. on th e m o la rity basis. T h e val. of
1-42 for th e const., A , as com pared to .th e th eo re tic al val. of 2-11,
shows d e v ia tio n s from th e D e b y c-H u ck e l lim itin g law for th e
solutions stu d ied .
'
W . R . A.
Physico-chemical studies with aqueous fluoride solutions. I.
Decomposition and discharge potentials of fluorides in aqueous
solution, H . S h riv a stav a (Proc. In d ia n A cad. Sci., 1941, 14, A,
535— 546).— T h e decom p, p o te n tia ls of aq. H F , L iF , N a F , K F ,
K H jF , K H F ,, AgF, C d F 2, a n d S b F s a n d th e cath o d e a n d anode
discharge p o te n tia ls of aq. X H ,F , K H F ,, A gF, C d F 2, a n d S b F , have
been m easured a t 25° w ith polished P t electrodes. C u rre n t-v o ltag e
curves of L iF , N aF , N H jF , K F , a n d K H F 2 h ave tw o breaks, one
const, a t l- 5 5 ± 0 - 5 v . a n d th e o th e r a t a h ig h er p o te n tia l w hich
varies w ith th e m etallic ion a n d w ith concn. T he S b F , curve has
two breaks, each d ep en d e n t on concn., b u t th e curves for H F , AgF',
and C d F 2 h av e only one b reak . O nly th e c u rre n t-c a th o d e p o te n tia l
curves for N H ,F , K H F ,, a n d S b F , h a v e tw o breaks corresponding
with th e b reak s in th e c u rre n t-v o lta g e curves, all o th e r c u rre n tcathode (anode) p o te n tia l curves h av in g only one break. I t is
concluded t h a t a lk a li fluorides m ay h a v e a tru e decom p, p o te n tia l
in aq. solution.
W . R . A.
Electrical activity of acetylcholine. R . B e u tn e r a n d T. C. B arnes
(Science, 1941, 94, 211— 212).— P ro d u c tio n of negative electrical
p o ten tial b y c o n ta c t b etw een v e ry dil. solutions of acetylcholine
and H jO -sol., lipin-like substances is d e m o n stra ted .
E. R. R.
Preferential ionie permeability of membranes of cupric ferTocyanide
and of parchment. [Membrane potentials.]— See A., 1942, I, 236.
Overvoltage. XI. Some unusual overvoltage phenomena. XII.
Long tim e charge and decay phenomena. A. L . F erguson a n d H .
B andcs (Trans. Electrochem. Soc., 1942, 81, P reprints 10 a n d 11,
105— 122, 123— 134).— X I. A re su m i of th e problem s in electro ly tic
system s a n d a c rit. su rv ey of theo ries of overv o ltag e is given. A n
a p p a ra tu s for o b tain in g a ph o to g rap h ic record of th e v a ria tio n s of
th e p o te n tia l of a polarised electrode w ith tim e, o r ra te s of p olaris­
ation, is described. T h is h a s been used to stu d y th e decay of p olaris­
a tio n a n d to m easure th e I R p o te n tia l d rop of b o th anodes and
cathodes in 2 x -H sS 0 4, a n d th e effects of prev io u s charge, c.d., tim e
of charge, a n d ra te of a g ita tio n h a v e been in v e s tig a te d ; charge and
decay curves are given.
X II. L ong-tim e charge a n d decay curves for anode, cathode, a n d
to ta l cell p o te n tia ls w hen cells are polarised to different c.d. are
given; th e fu n d a m e n ta l n a tu re of th e process a p p e a rs d istin c tly
different for anode a n d cath o d e. T h e im p o rta n ce of th e discharge
of ions a t th e electrodes even a t th e low est a p p lie d p o te n tia ls is
em phasised, a n d b re ak s in b o th charge a n d discharge curves a t
~ l - 2 3 v. a n d 1-58 v., th e th eo retical p o te n tia l of th e 0 , - H , cell a n d
th e observed decom p, p o te n tia l of H .O respectively, h a v e been
found.
J . L. E .
Structure of the anodic passive layer on zinc. K . H u b e r (Z.
Eleklrochem., 1942, 48, 26— 29).— T he p a ssiv ity of Zn a n d in p a r­
tic u la r th e colour changes w hich a Zn anode undergoes in X aO H
solutions of vario u s concns. a re discussed. As [N aO H ] increases
th e d a rk en in g of th e anode is less pronounced w hen view ed by
reflected light, a lth o u g h in diffused lig h t th e differences in colour are
n o t so noticeable. A t low [N aO H ] a m orphous Z n(O H ), a p p e a rs on
th e anode. T h e passive layer can be rem oved a s tl>in scales a fte r
m o m en tarily reversing th e c u rre n t so a s to m ak e th e anode a ctiv e
again. T h e scales, w hich h a v e a h ig h ly disperse stru c tu re , are
doubly refractiv e. T h e stru c tu re of th e lay e r a s rev ealed by
X -ra y an aly sis is discussed.
C. R . H .
Electrode polarisation in dielectric constant measurements. W . G.
Smiley a n d A. K. S m ith (jr. A m er. Chem. Soc., 1942, 64, 624— 628).—
T he polarisatio n c ap acitan ce (r) of P t electrodes in v ery dil. H 2S 0 4,
H 2C 0 3i a n d NaCl, alone a n d w ith glycine, g elatin , a n d COMe., has
been m easured b y a n a p p a ra tu s w hich is described. A n em pirical
equatio n connecting v a ria tio n of r a n d frequency is advan ced , r
increases w ith decreasing p n .
\V. R . A.
Chemical polarisation in the precipitation of metals from and
their dissolution in electrolytes. G. M asing (Z. Eleklrochem., 1942,
48, 85— 86).— P olarisation curves based on th e eq u atio n s of I.e B lanc
a n d Schick a re show n to be of lim ited ap p licab ility .
C, R ; H .
^
Polarographic study of phthalic acid and phthalates. N . H .
F u rm a n a n d C .'E . B ricker (J. A m er. Chem. Soc., 1942, 6 4 ,'660—
668).— o-C'„Hj(COjH)2 (I) a n d its sa lts h a v e been in v e stig a te d
p olarographically over th e p n range 1— 8. T h e d istrib u tio n of to ta l
p h th a la te betw een undissociated mols. a n d H p h th a la te a n d
p h th a la te ions has been calc. T hree reproducible p o larographic
w aves due to p h th a la te a re found in unbuffered solutions n e a r p a 4
w ith m u ltiv a le n t catio n s p resen t. T h e no. a n d h e ig h t of th e
w aves dep en d on pn of th e buffer, b u t in buffered solutions th e
h e ig h t can be used for q u a n t, m easurem ents. Sm all successive
ad d itio n s of BaCl2, Ba(O A c)2, CaCl2, a n d L aCl3 to w ell-buffered
h th a la te solutions a t p n 3-6 d im inish th e first w ave sy ste m atica lly
u t no t. lin early . T h e a m o u n t of undissociated (I), deriv ed from
p o larographic d a ta , agrees w ith th e th eo retical d istrib u tio n of th e
u ndissociated form as a fu n c tio n of p n . A pprox. half-w ave p o te n tia ls
for p h th a la te w aves a re given a t various p n vals. T h e slopes of
ty p ic a l curves h a v e been analysed.
W . R . A.
Polarographic examination of water for surface-active substances.
K. E . Schw arz, H . J . Schroder, a n d M. von S tackelberg (Z. Elektrochem., 1942, 48, 6— 9).— T he dependence of th e h eig h t of th e m ax.
of polaro g rap h ic curves on th e re la tiv e concns. of electrolyte a n d
reducible su b sta n c e is discussed a n d illu stra te d w ith d a ta for K C l-O ,
solutions. Surface-active su b stan ces h av e a d a m p in g effect on th e
m ax. of such curves. A self-recording a p p a ra tu s , inv o lv in g a
d ro p p in g H g electrode, w hich m akes use of th is p ro p e rty a n d is
su itab le for determ in in g im p u rities in H 20 , is described. C. R . H .
¡1
V III.— REACTIONS.
Rate equations for consecutive reactions. T. L. H ill (J. A m er.
Chem. Soc., 1942, 64, 405— 467).— M athem atical. P rocedures for
solving th e system of th e first-order differential e q u atio n s co rre­
sponding w ith a set of consecutive o r ch ain reactions a re discussed.
W . R. A.
Thermal reaction between hydrogen and oxygen at higher pressure?.
O. O ldenberg a n d H . S. Som m ers, ju n . ( / . Chem. Physics, 1942, 10,
193; cf. A., 1941, I, 302).— A re p ly to D a in to n (A., 1942, I, 101).
L. J . J .
Limits of inflammability of acrylonitrile in air. G. W . Jones,
R. E . K ennedy, a n d G. S. S c o tt (U .S. B ur. M ines, 1941, Rept.
Invest. 3597, 1— 6).— CH 2X H -C N (I) yields inflam m able m ixtures
w hen a ir a t 745— 750 m m . pressure is sa tu ra te d w ith its v a lo u r
betw een —6-25° a n d 29-4°. T h is tem p , ra n g e corresponds w ith
m ix tu res co n ta in in g 3-05— 17-0 vo l.-% of (I).
J . W . S.
Macromolecular compounds. CCLXXV. Kinetics of chain poly­
merisations. XI. Polymerisation of methyl methacrylate. G. V.
Schulz a n d F . B laschke (Z. p hysikal. Chem., 1941, B, 50, 305— 322).—
T h e ra te of p o lym erisation of CHjICMe-CO.Me is n o t influenced by
th e size of th e re ac tio n vessel o r b y th e condition of th e vessel walls.
A t 100° a n d in presence o f a ir or 0 2 th e reaction is in tw o stages, a
pre lim in a ry slow stag e u n til 20— 30% polym erisation has occurred
followed b y a v e ry ra p id stage. A t 140° th e progress of th e reactio n ’
is m ore regular. A t 100° th e re is a n ind u ctio n period w hich is
a b se n t a t 140°. T h e in d u ctio n p eriod d isap p ears a t — 125°. I t also
d isap p ears in presence of peroxides, suggesting th a t peroxide form ­
a tio n ta k e s place du rin g th e in d u ctio n period. T he reactio n is m uch
slow er in N 2 th a n in a ir or O z. A chain m echanism for th e reaction
is proposed.
C. R . H .
Nuclear substitution of benzene derivatives.— See A., 1942, I I , 220.
Kinetic study of acidolysis phenomena. A. C h ab lay (Compt. rend.,
1941, 213, 242— 244).— In v e stig a tio n s previously re p o rte d (cf. A.,
1938, I, 522) a re e x te n d ed to th e reversible re ac tio n betw een RCO„H
a n d b eptoic a n d octoic acid. T h e vals. found for th e const, /("of
th e m ass a ctio n law a re 1-05 a n d 1-01, respectively.
N . M. B ..
Kinetics of the mutarotation of aminomethylene-i/-camphor.
B. K . Singh a n d S. C. Sen (Proc. In d ia n A cad. Sci., 1941, 14, A,
572— 576),— A m inom ethylene-ii-cam phor is c onverted in to im inom ethylene-iZ-cam phor in glacial A cOH , m easu rab ly a t 35° a n d
ra p id ly a t h igher tem p . ; th e re ac tio n is of th e first order. M u ta ­
ro ta tio n in 75— 90% A cO H differs from m u ta ro ta tio n in glacial
AcO H in t h a t th e in itia l rise in [a] is follow ed b y a g ra d u al fall, th e
e x te n t of w hich v a rie s w ith [A cO H ]. In aq. A cO H th e m u ta ­
ro ta tio n is no longer of th e first o rd er.
W . R . A.
Mutarotation of glucose in water-m ethanol mixtures. H . E .
D yas a n d D . G. H ill ( / . A m er. Chem. Soc., 1942, 64, 236— 240).—
T h e ra te of m u ta ro ta tio n of glucose h a s been studied in H 20 ~ M e 0 H
m ix tu re s (0— 75% MeOH) a t 20° a n d 29-2° ; i t changes in th e d irec­
tio n s to b e p re d ic te d from th e dielectric const, of th e m ix tu res
alth o u g h n o t q u ite th eo re tic ally . V als. of fa} of a- a n d (2-glucose
a n d of th e ir solutions in th e H , 0 —M eOH m ixtures h av e been d e te r­
m ined a t 20° a n d 30°. E q uilibrium consts. for th e reaction are not
;
243
A., I.—v u i, REACTIONS.
in d ep e n d en t of tem p . T h e h e a ts of reactio n a n d of a ctiv a tio n
change g re atly a n d in parallel w ith [MeOH], w ith m ax . o r m in. in
60% M eOH.
W . R . A.
Hydrolysis. Comparison of the saponification constants of the
tolyl and m ethylcyc/ohexyl esters of fatty acids. B. E . M irza a n d
G. D . A dvan i (J . U niv. Bombay, 1941, 10, Part 3, 72— 77).—V elocity
coeffs. are recorded for th e saponification b y E tO H -K O H a t 35“ of
tolyl a n d m ethylcyc/ohexyl esters of A cO H (I), E tC 0 2H (II), a n d
P rC O jH (III). F o r a given acid, th e coeff. for th e m ethylcyc/ohexyl
e ster is alw ays > t h a t for th e corresponding to ly l ester, th e ra tio
being ~ 1 0 for p - a n d »(-com pounds, a n d 2— 3 for o-com pounds.
F o r a given alcohol th e ra tio s of th e coeffs. for different acids are
(I) : (II), 2-8, a n d (II) : (III), 1-6.
F . J . G.
Kinetics of hydrolysis of carbamide and arginine. R . C. W arner
( / . Biol. Chem., 1942, 142, 705—723).— E x p erim en ts a t 35°, 60°,
a n d 100° a n d a t p a < 1 — 14-5 show th a t th e p ro d u c ts of hydrolysis
of CO (N H s), are N H 3 a n d HCNO, th e re ac tio n bein g reversible a t
p a vals. a t w hich N H , is ionised. In acid solution, th e ra p id
hydrolysis of H CN O lim its th e rev ersib ility of th e reaction. HCNO
is h ydrolysed to N H , a n d C 0 2, th e r a te of hydrolysis in alkaline
solution being in d ep e n d en t of pn- A t p a < 9 , th e ra te increases
rapidly. T h e assu m p tio n th a t HCN O is th e only in te rm e d ia te in
C O (N H ,)( hydrolysis q u a n tita tiv e ly acco u n ts for th e course of th e
tran sfo rm a tio n a t all pa- T w o sim ultaneous reactio n s of th e first
o rd e r w ith re sp ec t to a rg in in e (I) concn., nam ely, pro d u ctio n of
N H , a n d citru llin e a n d pro d u ctio n of C O (N H ,), a n d orn ith in e,
occur d u rin g hydrolysis of (I).
W . McC.
Kinetic study of the reactions of «-butyl bromide with the sodiunj
salts of phenol, thiophenol, and «-butyl mercaptan. O. R . Q uayle
and E . E . R oyals (J. A m er. Chem. Soc., 1942, 64, 220— 230).— T he
ord er of re a c tiv ity w ith B u aB r is N aS B u“ > N aS P h > N aO P h
under com parable conditions in MeOH a n d in E tO H . R a te consts.
decrease w ith increasing in itia l concn. of re a c ta n ts. N e u tra l salts
e x e rt an effect sim ilar in sign a n d m ag n itu d e to th e in itial concn.
effect. T h e order of re a c tiv ity of N aS B u“ w ith B u “B r in different
solvents is E tO H > M e O H > C ,H S. A m echanism involving a n
electron d rift from th e O R or S R group to th e C a to m is p o stu lated .
W . R . A.
Kinetics of the periodate oxidation of 1 : 2-glycols, n . Ethylene
glycol, pinacol, and cis- and trans-cydohexene glycols. C. C. Price
a n d M. K nell ( / . A mer. Chem. Soc., 1942, 64, 552— 554; cf. A.,
1939, I, 32).— k are recorded for oxidation of cis- (I) a n d transcyc/ohexene 1 : 2-glycol [slower th a n t h a t of (I) o r (C H /O H ),] by
H ,I O s a t in itial p a 1— 11-5. A t in itial p a 7-5— 10 th e p a increases
during th e reaction, log k oc pa, w ith none of th e irregularities
show n b y pinacol (/oc cit.). T h e reaction m echanism (discussed)
p ro bably involves a cyclic diester of H ,I O , form ed b y a double
inversion.
R . S. C.
Rate of oxidation of copper at room temperature. A. H , W hite
a n d L. H . G erm er (Trans. Elecirochem. Soc., 1942, 81, P reprint 9,
91— 104).— E le c tro n diffraction tech n iq u e is described. In O , (20
mm.) a t room tem p , a n d for tim e t > 2 m in. th e ra te of reactio n oc
1 l(t r c), w here th e const, c is 0 b u t m ust be finite. T h e com plete
ox idation law can be expressed b y m fm 0 = .W / ( l - f 3 IV) — a +
b -°o to (* + i;) >w here >«„ is th e original m ass of Cu p e r u n it area of
film, m th e m ass of Cu p e r u n it area in th e Cu20 , W th e ra tio of th e
in te g rate d in ten sities of th e diffraction rings of Cu20 a n d Cu, a n d
t is m easured in m in. ( > 2 ), a, b, a n d c being c o n sts.; from th is it
is e stim a te d th a t th e local thickness, x, of th e oxide film increases
according to x = 4 4- 6-5 log10 I a ., w hich p red icts a lim iting film
thickness o f —50 a .
J . L. E .
244
T h e (I)-B r a n d (II)—I reactio n s are catalysed b y OAc', N O /, and
H S 0 4' ions as well a s'b y h alide ions. T h e m ost probable m echanism
for th e halide-ion-catalysed a d d itio n of halogen to C2H 4 derivatives
is a tcrm ol. reactio n b etw een th e C ,H 4 deriv ativ e, halide ion, and
halogen mol.
III.
T h e reaction (a) betw een B r a n d (I) in glacial A cO H is com ­
plex, yields a m ix tu re of products, a n d is g re a tly affected b y sm all
a m o u n ts of H 20 b u t uninfluenced b y O a or pack ed reactio n vessels.
T h e reactions betw een B r or I a n d (II) are sim ilar to reaction (a)
b u t th e reaction betw een I a n d C H 2X H -C H ,-O H is still m ore com ­
plex. T h e m echanism s for th e reactio n s a re discussed in te rm s of a
com plex ra te expression.
W . R . A.
Kinetics of the hydrogen fluoride-catalysed reaction between
toluene and /m .-b u ty l chloride. J . W . S prauer a n d J. H . Sim ons
(J. A m er. Chem. Soc., 1942, 64, 048— 659).— T he H F -ca taly sc d
reaction b etw een PhM e a n d BuvCl is hom ogeneous a n d th e ra te is
m easurable a t 25°. />-C0H 4MeBuv is p roduced in q u a n t, am ounts.
T h e re ac tio n is of first order w ith resp ect to [BuyCl] a n d cc pa?*'*I t is stro n g ly p ro m o te d b y H 20 a n d M eOH, re ta rd e d b y HC1, b u t
unaffected b y 0 2. T e n ta tiv e m echanism s a re ad v an ced a n d one
involving p ro to n tra n s fe r o r a m u tu a l a cid -b ase cataly sis is favoured.
W . R . A.
Catalytic action of nickel and copper-thorium in the formation of
methane and heavy gases. A. v a n Itte rb e e k a n d W . v a n D ingenen
(Z. physical. Chem., 1941, B, 50, 341— 360).— T h e a d so rp tio n of
H 2-C O m ix tu res b y N i foil h a s been d e te rm in e d a t low pressures
( < 2 m m . H g) a n d o ver a w ide te m p , range. A t 167° a n d 329° H a
a n d CO a re adsorbed in th e ra tio 3 : 1 corresponding w ith C H 4
form ation, a n d a t 125° a n d 378° th e y a re adso rb ed in th e ra tio
2 : 1 corresponding w ith h ig h er paraffin form atio n . T h e reaction
ra te s also show m ax. a t these te m p . Cu a dsorbs H 2 a n d to a sm aller
e x te n t CO o nly if i t c o n ta in s tra c e s of T h . A t 250° a n d 325° H 2
a n d CO are adsorbed in th e ra tio 3 : 1 . S im ilar e x p erim e n ts w ith
D 2 are described.
C. R . H .
Catalytic oxidation of ammonia to nitrous oxide in presence of
oxides. W . K rau ss a n d A. N euhaus (Z. physikal. Chem., 1941, B,
50, 323— 340).— N H ,-a ir a n d N H ,- 0 , m ix tu re s were passed over
h e a te d oxides of Mn, Bi, B a, Fe, a n d N i, a n d th e yield s of N ,0 ,
NO, a n d N , w ere d e te rm in e d . O n th e basis of th e results a reaction
schem e is discussed in w hich N H , a n d O u n ite to form N H ,0 w hich
th e n re a c ts w ith O to form H N O , w ith H N O to form N 2, a n d w ith
0 2 to form H N O , w hich e ith e r re ac ts w ith N H , to form N , o r
decom poses to NO. N , 0 is form ed b y th e union of tw o H N O .
C. R. H .
Zinc-nickel couple in the hydrogenation of organic compounds.—
See A., 1942, I I, 213.
Hydrogenation with Raney catalysts.— See A., 1942, I I , 213.
Protection of ferrous metals by galvanic m ethods.— See B ., 1942,
I , 270.
Physical factors in electrodeposition of nickel on iron.— See B.,
1942, I, 272.
Photochemical activity of mixtures of vanadic acid and tartaric
acid. I. Optical properties of the mixtures. Their reduction in
light and in the dark. H . Photocatalysis by colloidal micelle
obtained by reduction of vanadic acid and tartaric acid mixtures.
Induced optical activity by circularly polarised light. T. L. R . C har
(J. In d ia n Chem. Soc., 1941, 18, 507— 522, 563— 572).— I. A solution
of N aV O , to w hich ta r ta r ic a cid (I) has been ad d ed ex h ib its a n
o p tic a l ro ta tio n opposite in sign to t h a t of th e acid used. T h e
ro ta tio n of th e m ix tu re is dim inished b y a d d itio n of HC1 or of (I)
to a n e x te n t depending o nly on th e pa- A ddition of acid also
Influence ol electrolytes on ammonolysis by liquid ammonia.
causes th e in itia l deep re d colour to fade, finally to pale yellow,
J . F . L em ons,-P. M. W illiam son, R. C. A nderson, a n d G. W . W a tt
th e e x tin c tio n coefl. for blue lig h t ag ain depending only on th e p a .
(J. A mer. Chem. Soc., 1942, 64, 407— 408).— T he energy of activ atio n
T h e dispersed substance in these m ix tu re s is rep resen ted b y
for th e am m onolysis of 1-chlorobenzthiazole is increased b y ad dition
[*VOa',y (I),iH ‘] (II). A t p u < 4 reduction of th e V O ,' in th is
of N H jC l, N H jO B z, N H 2-SO ,N H 4, N H 2-C 02N H 4, (N H 4),C O „ NaC!,
com plex occurs in th e d a rk w ith a velocity t h a t increases w ith
a n d KC1, R a te s of reactio n are n o t a p p reciab ly or regularly
decreasing p a . T he velocity of th e d a rk reaction is th e sam e for
affected.
\y . r ^
d-, 1-, a n d a n equim ol. m ix tu re of d- a n d ¿-(I), b u t a considerably
Halogen addition to ethylene derivatives. I. Bromine additions
g re ater velocity' is found w ith racem ic acid. In visible or u ltra ­
m presence of bromide ions. n . Mechanism of the halide ionviolet. lig h t reduction of V s' to VIV occurs w ith th e sim ultaneous
catalysed addition reaction. 111. Bromine and iodine additions in
form ation of d ih y d ro x y ta rta ric acid. T h e photochem ical reaction
glacial acetic acid. K . N ozaki a n d R . A. Ogg, ju n . (J. A m er. Chem.
is sm all a t low pa b u t c an be co n veniently stu d ied a t p a > 4 , w hen
Soc., 1942, 64, 697— 704, 704— 708, 709— 716).— I. T he equilibrium
th e d a rk reactio n does n o t occur. V elocity d a ta are recorded f o r '
const, for th e dissociation of K B r, in glacial A cOH has been d e te r­
red, green, a n d u ltra -v io le t lig h t, a n d a reaction m echanism is
m ined a t 30°, 50°, a n d 70°. T h e reaction betw een B r a n d m aleic
proposed.
a n d fu m arie acids h a s been stu d ied in glacial A cOH . In presence
II.
If th e colloid (ID is subjected to com plete photochem ical
of L iB r trans ad d itiv e pro d u cts are obtained. T h e reactions are
reduction to th e Vlv s ta te th e solution o b tain e d is o p tic a lly in ac tiv e
sensitive to th e concn. of p ro to n donors a n d th e ionic stre n g th of
a n d shows no circu lar dichroism in th e visible region w hen *-(I) is
th e reaction solution, b u t n o t to lig h t o r 0 2. H tO re ta rd s. T he
used for th e reduction, b u t is b o th o p tically a ctiv e a n d circularly
reaction betw een B r a n d C H ,:C H B r in glacial AcOH is n o t affected
dichroic w hen d- o r /-(I) is used. T h e m icelle (III) form ed by
b y th e concn. of pro to n donors o r th e ionic stre n g th of th e solution.
reduction w ith <Z-(I) show s p ositive ro tatio n a n d neg ativ e ellip ticity ,
L iB r a n d H B r catalyse the reaction of B r w ith C H S:CH-CHSC1 (I)
a n d th e converse is tru e for red u ctio n w ith /-(I). Photo-reduction
to th e sam e e x te n t b u t for th e reactio n betw een B r a n d
of p e rsu lp h ate b y (I) is cataly se d b y (III), th e velocity being th e
C H 2:C H -C H ,O A c (II) H B r is superior to L iB r.
sam e w h a tev e r v a rie ty of (I) is used in its prep. If, how ever, th e
II.
T h e reactio n betw een B r a n d C H 2:C H B r in presence of added S2O s" reduction is carried o u t in d- o r /-circularly polarised light,
LiCl in glacial A cOH solution conform s to d [E t]/d i = A[Br][Cl'][Et].
different velocities are observed according to w h e th er d- or /-reduced
245
A., I.— ix , METHODS OF PREPARATION.
246
m edia also yields (I). 3 C a 0 ,2 S i0 2,aq. a n d 3 C a 0 ,S i0 2 are also
form ed du rin g th e h y d ra tio n of cem en t clinker.
J . W . S.
Basic phosphates of bivalent metals. V. Cadmium phosphate
and hydroxyapatite. R. K lem ent a n d F . Z ureda (Z. anorg. Chem.,
1940, 245, 229— 235; cf. A., 1939, I, 622),— A tte m p ts to p re p a re
Photolysis o! methyl acetate. W . L . R o th a n d G. K . R ollefson
C
d H P O j h av e been unsuccessful. Slow a d d itio n of a q . N a 3P 0 4 to
( / . A m er. Chcm. Soc., 1942, 64, 490— 494).— T he H g-sensitised a n d
cold
aq. CdCl2, w ith const, stirrin g , yields Cdt (PO, ) ,0 . X -R a y
th e non-sensitised photolyses of MeOAc y ield A c2, COMe2, MeQH,
e x am in atio n in d icates t h a t th e p ro d u c t o b ta in e d b y h e a tin g C d F 2
CO, C 0 2, C H 4, CaH „ a n d IT,. B y considering th e re la tiv e p ro p o r­
w ith C d3( P 0 4)2 (from sin terin g Cd2P 20 , a n d CdCOa) is Cd fluorapatite,
tions of th e p ro d u c ts th e p rin cip al p rim a ry process is show n to be
C d10(PO 4)„F2 (I). T h e compounds C a ,C d (P 0 4)„P 2, C a.C d 5(P O 4) 0F 2,
a sp littin g in to A c a n d OMe radicals, from w hich o th e r p ro d u c ts a re
a n d C aC d,(PO 4) 0F j h a v e also been p re p are d . W hen th e p ro d u c t of
form ed in secondary reactio n s.
W . R . A.
tre a tin g aq. CdCl2 w ith h o t aq. N a 3P O , is h e a te d in H , 0 for several
Production ol radicals by the illum ination of diacetyl with 4358 A.
d ays a t 100°, or w hen (I) is h e a te d a t 100° w ith N -N aO H, im p u re
H. W . A nderson a n d G. K . R ollefson ( / . A m er. Chem. Soc., 1942, 64,
C d10(PO 4)„(O H)2 (II) is o b tain e d . (II) is isom orphous w ith the
717).— O n illu m in a tio n w ith 4358 a . a n equim ol. m ix tu re of A c2 corresponding Ca a n d S r com pounds a n d has a 9-01, c 6-61 A. I t is
and MeCHO re ac ts a t a m easurable ra te a t 100° a n d seven tim es a s
in ferred th a t, a s m a y be p re d ic te d from its ionic radius. Cd lies on
rap id ly a t 150°, yield in g CO, C H 4, a n d a sm all a m o u n t of H , from
th e bo rd er betw een a p a tite - a n d w agnerite-form ing m etals.
decom p, of MeCHO. T h is in d ic a te s t h a t A cs is decom posed in to
J . W . S.
radicals b y 4358 a . a n d is in k eeping w ith th e prev io u s re su lt t h a t
Base exchange of mercuric ions adsorbed on wool. C. S. N arw ani
p h o to -ac tiv a tc d A c, re a c ts w ith NO (A., 1941, I, 276).
a n d G. T. G ursahani (J. In d ia n Chem. Soc., 1941, 18, 527— 530).—
W . R . A.
H g a bsorbed b y wool from solu tio n s of H gCl2 in 0-025N-HC1 is only
Luminol light reactions. A. Steigm ann (Chem. and In d ., 1941,
p a rtly chem ically co m b in ed ; th e m ajo r p a r t is adsorbed, a n d is
889— 890).— Cu sa lts a re b e tte r a n d m ore lastin g c a ta ly sts for
exchangeable w ith catio n s in a n e x te rn a l solution. T h e a m o u n t of
producing lig h t w ith lum inol (I) a n d H 20 2 th a n is ha=min, hiem o-. H g " exchanged w ith N a ' increases w ith concn. u p to a m ax. a t
globin, o r b lo o d ; excess of (I) paralyses th e c a ta ly s t a n d reduces
~0-2N -N aC l. D a ta for th e exchange w ith v a rio u s s a lt solutions are
the brig h tn ess of th e glow a n d it is b e st to s ta r t th e glow b y ad d in g
ta b u la te d .
F . L. U.
the Cu as (N H 2-CH2-C 02)2Cu or b y im m ersing a Cu w ire in th e solution
Stereochemistry. I. Steric strains as a factor in the relative
of (I) ren d ered feebly a lk a lin e b y a d d itio n of N aB O a a n d N H 4C1.
stability of co-ordination compounds of boron. H . C. B row n, H . I.
Methods of sto p p in g a n d re sta rtin g th e glow a re described a n d th e
Schlesinger, a n d S. Z. C ardon (J. A m er. Chem. Soc., 1942, 64, 325—
use of th e reaction in d e te c tin g blood, F e a n d Co com plexes, a n d
329).— N M e, form s m ore sta b le a d d itiv e com pounds th a n C5H 5N
Cu is in d ic a te d .
A. R . P .
w ith HC1, H B r, B H 3, a n d B F 3 b u t a less sta b le com pound w ith
BMe3. T ow ards HC1 2 : 6-lutidine a c ts as a stro n g e r base th a n
C sH t N , w hilst to w ard s B F 3 C6H ,N is th e stronger. T h e reactio n s
IX .— METHODS OF PREPARATION.
h ave been e x p la in ed in te rm s of ste ric stra in s p roduced b y steric
h in d ran ce of th e groups a b o u t th e co -o rd in atin g c e n tra l a to m . T he
Separation of xenon isotopes by rectification. Triple point pressure
of xenon. K . Clusius [w ith L. S tav eley a n d G. D ickel] (Z. physikal.
significance of th e results“on th e co ncept of free ro ta tio n is discussed.
W . R . A.
Chem., 1941, B, 50, 403— 4L3).— T he trip le -p o in t pressure of X e is
612-2¿0-2 m m . H g a t 161-36±03° K. A tte m p ts to se p a ra te X e
Normal aluminium chromate. P . C. R a y c h o u d h u ry (J. In d ia n
isotopes b y rectification w ere unsuccessful, a lth o u g h a sam ple of
Chem. Soc., 1941, 18, 573— 575).— B y tritu r a tin g A1C13 w ith excess
m ixed isotopes w as o b tain e d w h ic h h a d a n a t. w t. ~ 0 T > th a t of
of A g2C r0 4 a n d v e ry little ice-cold H 20 a brow n solution is o b tain e d
norm al X e .
C. R . H .
w hich on e v ap o ra tio n in a v ac. a t a low te m p , gives a solid in w hich
A120 3 : CrO„ = 1 : 3 . E v a p o ra tio n of a solution of th e solid in
Mechanism of chemical reactions : thermal decomposition of
A cO H to const, w t. in a re frig e rato r yields a substance,
nitrites. K. M. M ehta ( / . U niv. B om bay, 1941, 10, P art 3, 135—
A l2(C r04)3,5H 20 . D a ta for th e m ol. c o n d u c tiv ity a n d th e p a of
136).— T he decom p, of K N O , involves th e reactio n s : (1) 2K NO a ^
solutions are recorded.
F . L. U.
KsO + N O , + N O ; (2) K 20 + 2 N 0 2 - > K N 0 2 + K N O ,; (3) K N O ,
Polymerisation of derivatives of aluminium trimethyl.— See A.,
+ NOj ^ K N 0 3 + N O ; (4) K N O , + NO
I< N 03 + 0-5N2; (5)
1942, I I , 240.
KNO„ ->■ K NO j + 0 -5 0 2. W ith AgNO* th e analogous reactio n s
occur, w ith, in a d d itio n , A gtO -J- NO - > 2Ag -+- N 0 2, a n d A g +
Periodates of tervalent metals. P . C. R a y c h o u d h u ry (J. In d ia n
2NOs - > AgNOa + NO.
F . J . G.
Chem. Soc., 1941,18, 576— 578).— T he follow ing h a v e been p re p are d :
■ i B i f i ^ I f i ^ l H f i , A L O t , I tO „ H tO, F eH t IO „ 4 H tO,
Copper and nickel complex ions of diethylenetriamine. H . M.
27720 3, / 20 !,3 fl20 , 2PbOi ,I 20 7,5H 20 , M n i (IO t)1 (decom p. > 1 5 °).
H aendler (J. A m er. Chem. Soc., 1942, 64, 6S6— 688).— V osburgh
T h eir p ro p e rties a re described.
F . L . U.
a n d C ooper's m ethod of co n tin u o u s v a ria tio n s (A., 1941, I, 220) is
used to show fo rm atio n of ions, [Cun X ]++, [CuIIX 2]++, [Nin X ]++,
Structure of hydrogen cyanide. C. R . M cCrosky, F . W . B erg­
a n d [Nin X j]++ in H 20 , X being N H ([C H 2] 2-N H 2)2, w hich a c ts as a
stro m , a n d G. W aitk in s (J. A m er. Chem. Soc., 1942, 64, 722— 724).—
trid e n ta te group.
R . S. C.
H CN S in PhM e a t 100— 110° o r 150— 160° gives C2H 2N 2S3. No
reactio n occurs betw een H C N a n d S, Se, o r T e a t room tem p ., or S
Isomorphous replacement of the elements in alkali alkaline-earth
or S -P h M e a t 100— 120° or 150— 160°. H CN a n d S in H tO a t
phosphates. R . K lem ent a n d F . S teck en reiter (Z. anorg. Chem.,
110— 120° or 150— 160° give b y hydrolysis H C 0 2N H t a n d N H 4CN,
1940, 245, 236— 253).— N a Sr, N a B a, K S r, a n d A' B a phosphates
identified a fte r fu rth e r re ac tio n a s N H 4CNS. T h u s > tra c e s of
h a v e b e en p re p are d b y sin terin g stoicheiom etric pro p o rtio n s of
H N C ex ist a t 25— 160°. P assag e of H C N in to d ry C jH 5N -f S
S rH P O i or B a H P O , w ith N a 2C 0 3 or K ,C 0 3 a t 900°. L ike N aC aP O j
(absence o f air) gives ex o th erm ally C sH i N thiocyanate, m .p. 99-5—
th ey e x ist in high- a n d low -tem p. form s: T h e P in th e hig h -tem p .
'101°, a n d selenocyanate, m .p . 76— 78° (decom p.), a n d quinoline
form of N aC aP O , can be rep laced by Si a n d S w ith o u t change in
thiocyanate, m .p. 138— 139°, a n d selenocyanate, m .p. 99-5— 100-5°
th e c ry sta l stru c tu re b u t such rep lacem en t is possible d nly to a
(decom p.), are sim ilarly p re p are d . E v a p o ra tio n of aq. N H 2Ph,H C N S
lim ite d e x te n t in K C a P 0 4. Silicocarnotite, C a jP 2SiO i2, has a
gives
N H ,-C S -N H P h, b u t N H 2-CSe-N H Ph is n o t o b tain e d from
sim ilar c ry sta l stru c tu re to N a C a P 0 4.
J . \V. S.
N H 2P h , H CN , a n d Se a t 100°. (CH2-N H 2)2 re a c ts w ith S o r Se to
Reaction between roasted kaolin and lim e in aqueous solution.
give im p u re p ro d u c ts.
R . S. C.
I. Activity of roasted kaolin. W . S tra tlin g a n d H . zur Strassen.
Evaporation
of
aqueous
solutions
of
sodium
cyanide.
E . von
EC. Reaction products in relation to the system lim e-silica-alu m in aP a p p a n d J . P o g an y (Angew. Chem., 1941, 54, 55).— A d d itio n of
water. H . zur S trassen a n d W . S tra tlin g (Z. anorg. Chem., 1940,
0-5% of Zn d u st or 0-5% of N aH S O a p re v e n te d decom p. of aq.
245, 257— 266, 267— 278).— I. T he a b so rp tio n of Ca(O H )a b y kaolin,
4-öif-NaCN on ev ap o ra tio n . N a 2C 0 3 (> 2 0 % ) h a d no, a n d E tO H
b o th u n h e a te d a n d a fte r h e a tin g a t 400— 1100°, h a s been invesa
n d glycerol a slig h t, eflect.
J. L. E,
tig a te d -b y sh ak in g w ith a q . Ca(O H )2 a t 20°. T h e kaolin is m ost
a ctiv e a f te r h e a tin g a t 500— 700°, w hen m ax. ab so rp tio n [ ~ 3 m ols.
Mechanism of the fission of hypophosphite ; use of deuterium as
of C a(O H )t p e r m ol. of A lt0 3,2 S i0 J is a tta in e d a fte r 40 days.
indicator. W . F ra n k e a n d J . M önch (Annalen, 1941, 550, 1— 31).—
T h e h e a ts of w e ttin g of th e kaolin in H 20 a n d in aq. C a(O H )2 have
T h e action betw een N a H tP O s (I) a n d K O D in D tO is n o t su itab le
been determ in ed a n d i t is show n t h a t th e ir difference, corresponding
for in v estig a tin g th e m echanism of th e fission of (I). In h e te ro ­
geneous cataly sis (Cu, P d , Co, N i) in n e u tra l solution th e re is very
w ith th e h e a t of ad so rp tio n of C a(O H ),, is a m ax. for th e m ost
little exchange a t room te m p . E v o lu tio n of gas occurs m ain ly in
a ctiv e sam ples. T h is beh av io u r is p a rtic u la rly m ark ed w hen th e
h e a t of w e ttin g p e r u n it surface are is considered.
such a m an n e r t h a t h a lf th e H arises from (I) a n d th e o th e r h alf
II.
A’-R ay inv estig atio n s of th e p ro d u c ts of th e in te ra c tio n of from th e H jO o r O H of (I), th u s confirm ing W ielan d ’s conception,
roasted k aolin w ith a q . C a(O H )2, m ade in com parison w ith th e
o : p h 2-o h - 2 h - > o : p h :o - > o : p h (o h )2 o r p h 2(o h )3 ->
pro d u cts of in te ra c tio n of 3CaO ,A ljO „ C a(O H )2, a n d SiO , sol,
0 :P H ( 0 H ) j , b u t n o t B a c h 's form ulation, H j P O j + 2 0 H |H =
H jP O ,
H 20 + H j. In a d d itio n th ere is a second re ac tio n in
in d icate th e presence of 3 C a 0 ,2 S i0 2,aq. a n d a n o th e r solid p ro b a b ly
2CaO ,A ljO ,,SiO ,,aq. (I). (I) is sta b le in c o n ta c t w ith a q . C a(O H )2 w hich b o th H ato m s a tta c h e d to P are rem oved. T h e la st reaction
b u t is decom posed a t 250° o r on h y d ro th erm al tre a tm e n t. I n te r­
a p p e a rs to be favoured b y increase in th e concn. of H 3P 0 2 and,
action of 3CaO,2SiOj,aq. a n d 3CaO,Al2Os or CaO,A l2Os,aq. in aq.
p ro b a b ly , b y th e use of D jO . E v o lu tio n of gas from a solvent
(H I) is used as th e c a ta ly st. F in ally , it th e p lioto-reduction of
Ss0 8" ta k e s place in th e presence of ¿/-reduced (III), th e use for
th is purpose of d- o r /-circularly polarised lig h t leads to th e p ro ­
duction of I- or ¿ -a c tiv ity , respectively.
F. L. U.
A., I.—x , ANALYSIS.
247
co n tain in g a m ix tu re of H isotopes is accom panied by extensive
isotope sep aratio n b u t th is effect is n o t ap preciable w ith a p a rtly
h e a v y (I). T he m etal-catalysed fission of form ate follows th e lines
of th e m ain course of decom p, of H ,P O ,. N a D ,P O , is m ost econom ­
ically o b tain e d from N a H J ’O j a n d 13,0 in presence of 5-2 n -D 2S 0 4
a t 3S°.
H w
Behaviour of chromic bromide towards ether. F . H ein a n d H .
K ra ft (Z . anorg. Chem., 1940. 245, 334— 340).— T h erm al decom p, of
[C r(N H .),]B r, a t 300— 415° occurs ap p ro x . according to th e equatio n
10[Cr{NH ,)t]B r3 - > 6 N H ,B r + N , + 62N H , + 4C rB r3 + 6C rB r2.
T h e residue of CrBr., a n d CrBr™ on tre a tm e n t w ith E t 20 yields
C rB rsO E t (cf. A., 1930, 1019). T h e residual C rB r, re ac ts v e ry
vigorously w ith H 20 , MeOH, a n d E tO H w ith evolution of h eat,
in d ic a tin g t h a t i t is th e a ctiv e m odification (cf. B irk, Z . angew.
Chem., 192S, 41, 32). W ith E t?0 , how ever, i t re a c ts no m ore
vigorously th a n th e o rd in ary m odification.
J . W . S.
Metal carbonyls. XXXXH. Iron carbonyl iodide. XXXIV. Sys­
tem-ferrous iodide-carbon monoxide. Course of the interaction of a
gas with a solid. XXXV. Iridium carbonyl. W . H ieber a n d H .
L agally (Z . anorg. Chem., 1940, 245, 295— 304, 305--320, 321—
333).— X X X I I I . T h erm al decom p, of Fe(CO)4I 2 (I) in a n in e rt gas
a t 200— 400° yields p rin cip ally F e l 2 a n d CO b u t also gives rise to
F e (C 0 )2I 2 (II) (especiajly in H 2) a n d to Fe(CO)2I a n d F c l (especially
in C O o a n d N .). (II) is also form ed w hen (I) is h e ated a t 80°, c ith e r
alone or in a solvent (C,H„ o r cyc/ohexane) a n d on in te ra c tio n of
I w ith Fe(CO)j. T h e existence of th e com pounds c o ntaining only
one I a to m is a ttrib u te d to th e non-polar c h ara cte r of th e F e - I
linkage a n d analogous com pounds of o th er halogens are n o t to be
expected.
X X X IV . In te ra c tio n of F e l, w ith CO a t 18— 20° to yield
Fe(CO)4I 2 reaches equilibrium in 15 h r. a t 120 a tm . w ith 80%
yield. T he yield o b tain e d v aries lin early w ith log p (p = pressure
of CO) a n d th e results in d ic a te th a t no reaction occurs a t p < ~ 5 - 6
a tm . T h is behaviour, a p p a re n tly c o n tra ry to th e ph ase rule, is
a ttrib u te d to surface phenom ena arising th ro u g h th e different mol.
vols, of F e l 2 a n d Pc(CO)4I 2. T ests on preps, o b tain e d b y tre a tin g
F e l 2 in E t 20 w ith CO u n d e r high pressure in d ic a te t h a t its decom p,
pressure a t room tem p , is 6-1— 6-3 a tm .
X X X V . W hen d ry IrC l,. IrB rn, or I r l 3 is h e a te d w ith Cu o r Ag
in CO a t 140°/350 a tm . I r tricarbonyl, Ir(C O )„ is form ed as canaryyellow cubic crystals. U nder sim ilar conditions (N H 4)jIrC i„
N a2IrC l8, a n d K 2IrC l, yield a m ix tu re of Ir(CO )3 a n d I r telracarbonyl, Ir(CO)4, separable b y u tilising th e slight solubility of
Ir(CO)4 in CC14. W h e n K 2IrB r„ is h e ated in CO a t 125°/200 a tm .
a n d th e p ro d u c t sublim ed in CO, I r tricarbonyl bromide, Ir(CO)3Br,
is form ed as brow n scales. T h is suggests t h a t th e reactions all
proceed th ro u g h th e form ation of carbonyl halides- A ction of Cls
on Ir(CO) j a t 200° yields cry stals of th e compound I r3(CO)4Clt . If
m oist IrCl3 is h e a te d in CO a t high pressure a volatile com pound is
produced w hich w hen passed th ro u g h a strongly h e a te d tu b e deposits
a n I r m irror, suggesting th e presence of IrH (C O ),. T h e an alo g y
betw een th e I r a n d Co com pounds is discussed.
J . W . S.
Periodic corrosion of iron in polyphase systems.— See B., 1942.
J, 270.
X .— ANALYSIS.
Spectrum analysis. Review of progress.
chem., 1942, 48, 33— 3G).
W . Seith (Z. ElehtroC. R . H .
Quantitative Raman spectral analysis. J . G oubeau a n d L. T haler
(Angew. Chem., 1941, 54, 20— 27).— G eneral m ethods of q u a n t,
analysis based on th e R a m a n sp ectru m are described. In th e first
m ethod, th e difference in blackening of tw o lines is d eterm ined by
a spectrophotom eter. F rom th is difference for a given p a ir of lines
from m ixtures of know n com position, calibration curves a re draw n,
w hence th e com position of unknow n m ix tu res can b e determ ined!
In v estig atio n of th e m ethod w ith th e sy stem am ylene h y d ra te But'O H indicates th e existence of tw o system atic errors. T he
blackening difference depends n o t only on tfie concn. of substances
in th e m ixture, b u t also on th e tim e of illum ination a n d on th e
continuous background. T h e m eth o d can, therefore, be used only
w hen th e calibration a n d analysis a re carried o u t un d er th e sam e
conditions. T he second m ethod uses com parison of in te n sitie s;
th e effect of th e continuous background is elim inated, a n d no
sy stem atic error occurs. T h e dependence of th e in te n sity ratio on
th e concn. is discussed. T h e a p p lic atio n of th e m ethod to te rn a ry
m ixtures is considered.
A. J . M,
Colorimetric analysis. O. H . W eber (Angew. Chem., 1941, 54,
56— 57).—A su rv ey of m ethods for th e determ in atio n of dyes and
inorg. com pounds.
j l E
Action of indicators. L. G. S. B rooker (J. Chem. Educ., 1941
18, 245— 246; cf. A., 1941, I, 126).— R esonance m echanism s ex ­
plaining th e indicator action of M e-orange a n d th e halochrom ism
of 2-p-dim ethylam inostyrylquinolm e a re suggested.
L. S. T.
Horticultural applications of microchemical analysis.— See B.,
1942, I I I , 147.
248
Chemical reactions in very dilute aqueous solutions. Z. K araoglanov (K olloid-Z., 1941, 95, 43—58).— D a ta a re recorded show ing
th e re la tio n betw een se n sitiv ity of p p tn . a n d colour reactio n s of
inorg. ions a n d q u a n tity of re ag e n t used, presence of foreign electro­
lytes, p n , solubility a n d p hysical condition of t)ie p p t., fluorescence,
opalescence, a n d o th e r factors.
F . L . U.
Mordant dyes and organic reagents for m etals. G. N . Copley
(In d . Client., 1941, 17, 307— 309).— In b o th cases th e su b stan ce
m u st h a v e a n acidic H ato m , usu ally p re sen t as OH, replaceable
b y a m e ta l; th is H m u st be capable of ta k in g p a r t in a 5- or
6-m em bered c h elate ring, a n d if th e rin g c o n ta in s double bonds
these m u st be c o n ju g a ted a n d resonance should be possible in th e
ch elate rings.
A. R . P.
Determination of bromides in presence of other halides. P . L.
K a p u r, M. R. V erm a, a n d B. D .
K hosla (In d . ling. Chem.
1942, 14, 157—-158).— Br, liberated b y aq. H ,C r0 4 + H N 0 3, is
e x tra c te d w ith CC14 a n d I lib e rate d th ere w ith from K I is titra te d
w ith N a 2S20 3. I ' is oxidised to I 0 3', a n d o nly excessive a m o u n ts
of Cl' in terfere.
L . S. T .
Determination of bromides in presence of chlorides. M. L ane
(In d . Eng. Chem. [Anal.], 1942, 14, 149).— Free B r is liberated b y
a d d itio n of aq. Cl2, a n d th e colour of th e a q . solution m easured
photo-electrically.
L . S. T .
Determination of iodine in periodates. R . K . B ahl, S. Singh, a n d
N. K . B ali (J. In d ia n Client. Soc., 1941, 18, 587— 588).— I evolved
b y h e atin g is titra te d w ith N a 2S20 3. T h eo re tic al re su lts are
o b ta in e d for Ce, Y , a n d Cu periodates.
F . L . U.
Determination of iodine in desiccated thyroid.— See B., 1942, I I I ,
156.
Phosphate separation in qualitative analysis. J. R eilly a n d M.
O 'B rien (S c i. Proc. Hoy. D ublin Soc., 1942, 22, 447— 458).— T he
procedures recom m ended b y C u rtm a n (A., 1936, 951) a n d P ittm a n n
(A., 1940, I, 444) h av e been "tested c ritically a n d th e ir d isadvantages
are e n u m e rate d . An am ended tech n iq u e is based on p p tn . w ith
N H 4C1 a n d ZrOCL. T h e slight excess of Z r is p p td . in group I l f
a n d is se p a ra ted w ith F e b u t does n o t interfere w ith th e d etectio n
of Fe. T h is p rocedure causes p ra c tic a lly no loss of catio n s. '
J . W . S.
Determination of hypophosphites by potassium permanganate.
J . R . P o u n d (J.C .S., 1942, 307).— H ypophosphites a re oxidised by
KM nOj in dil. H 2S 0 4, w ith a little K B r (cataly tic action) a t room
t e m p .; a fte r 2— 3 hr., F e S 0 4 is ad d ed a n d th e excess titra te d .
A. T . P .
Colorimetric determination of phosphorus in soils.— See B., 1942,
I I I , 145.
Determination of argon in oxygen-nitrogen mixtures. K . G.
Z im m er (Angew. Chem., 1941, 54, 33— 35).—-A review of physical
m ethods.
A. J . M.
Colorimetric determination of silver with 2-thio-5-keto-4-carbethoxy-1 : 3-dihydropyrimidine. J . H . Yoe a n d L. G. O verholser
(In d . E ng. Chem. [Anal.], 1942, 14, 148— 149).— T his com pound (I)
gives th e follow ing reactions in a d d itio n to those re p o rte d p re ­
viously (A., 1936, 1000) : in n e u tra l solutions, Co", M n", N i '\ p ink
colours; H g " , p in k p p t .; a n d Tl", blue p p t .; in aq. H N O j, A u " '
a n d H g ', p in k p p t s .; a n d P d " , a slight, re d p p t . ; in H N O ,-N aO A c
buffer, Ag", pu rp le colour a n d p p t . ; A u '" a n d P d " , orange colour
a n d p p t . ; H g ' a n d H g " , p in k colour a n d p p t. T h e p u rp le com ­
p ound w ith A g' a n d (I) can be used for th e colorim etric d e te rm in ­
a tio n of A g' (procedure described). H g ' a n d H g " m u st be ab sen t,
a n d lim itin g concns. of o th e r in te rferin g ions a re C o", 3-5 m g .;
C u", 1 m g.; F e '" , 2 m g.; a n d N i", 1-5 m g. S O / ' a n d N H ,'
increase th e in te n sity of colour. On th e sp o t p la te , th e se n sitiv ity
is 0-25 /ig. p e r 0-05 m l., a n d in aq. solution, 0-15 fig.
L . S. T .
Analysis of calcium carbonate.— See B ., 1942, I, 262.
Analysis of solutions containing zinc hydroxide and sodium
hydroxide. S. M. M ehta a n d M. B. .K a b a d i (J. U niv. B om bay, ,
1941, 10, P art 3, 69— 71).— T he solution is tre a te d w ith a know n
vol. of sta n d a rd H 2S 0 4 a n d m ade u p to a definite vol., Zn and
• excess of H 2S 0 4 being d e term in ed volu m etrically [K 4F e(C N ),; aq.
X H , -f Me-red].
F . J . G.
Spectrochemical determination of lead, calcium, and zinc in dusts,
fumes, and ores.— See B., 1942, I, 272.
Determination of copper in presence of iron. P . L. K a p u r a n d
B adar-ud-D in (J. In d ia n Chem. Soc., 1941, 18, 585— 586).— T he Cu
is d eterm in ed iodom etrically a fte r red u ctio n of F eIn to F e 11. Since
th e oxidation of F e11 b y I is reversible, a n y of th e lib erated I lost
in th is w ay is recovered to w ard s th e e n d of th e final N a 2S20 ,
titra tio n .
F . L. U.
Photographic emulsions as specific reagents for traces of mercury
and copper. A. Steigm ann (J .S .C .I., 61, 51— 52).—T he fading of
la te n t im ages on exposed em ulsions in presence of trac es of H g "
ions is used to d e te c t 0-0015 ^g. H g as H g " . Aq. N a2S 0 3 is ad d ed
to p re v e n t interference b y F e " ', C u", a n d C e "". T races of Cu in
sp o ts in p hotographic p a p e r bases a re d e te cte d b y ad d in g sm all
250
A., I.— XI, APPARATUS ETC.
249
a m o u n ts of S H 'C H a-C 02H to th e coating em ulsion. A fter drying,
exposure, a n d d evelopm ent th e Cu spots a p p e a r w hite a n d m ay be
verified as Cu b y th e use of ru b e an ic acid.
S. B.
Spectrocheinical analysis oi duralumin-type alloys.— See B., 1942,
I, 273.
Cerio sulphate in the determination of iron using the molybdisilipic
(silicomolybdic) acid method. A. C. T itu s a n d C. W . Sill (iiid.
Eng. Chem. [Anal.'], 1942, 14, 121).— C e(S 0 4)2 a n d o -p h e n an th ro lin e Fe11 are s u b s titu te d for K 2C r ,0 7 a n d o -N H P h ‘C ,If4*CO,H, re sp ec t­
ively, in th e m ethod described previously (A.; 1941, I, 388).
L . S. T.
Reaction of lerric ion with orthophosphate in acid solution with
thiocyanate as an indicator for ferric ions. O. E . L anford a n d S. J .
Kiehl (J. A nier. Chem. Soc., 1942, 64, 291— 296).— T h e reaction
betw een F e ‘" a n d H P O ," ions h a s been stu d ie d using C N S ' ions as
indicator for F e " \ T h e . reversible reactio n is F e ‘" -f H P O j" ^
F eH P O ,-. F e H P 0 4‘ h a s a dissociation const, of 4-44 x 10~10 a t
an ionic stre n g th of 0-665 a n d 30°. T h e relatio n sh ip betw een th e
ex tinction coeff. a n d th e m olar concn. of F eC N S " ions a t 5500 A.
has been established.
\V. R . A.
X I.— APPARATUS ETC.
Determination of critical temperatures By the rotating bomb.
V. N. Ip atieff a n d G. S. M onroe [Ind. E ng. Chem. [Anal.], 1942, 14,
171— 174).— A m ethod for d e te rm in in g c rit. te m p , to w ith in ± 2 °
by m eans of th e ro ta tin g bom b is described. D a ta for CaH s, C3H 8
and H ,, CeH 14, C 8H 14 a n d H a, cyc/ohexane (I), (I) a n d H „ C*Hc,
C ,H , a n d H 2, C H 4 - f CaH „ a n d CeH u -f C ,H e> a re recorded. T he
pressure-tem p. curves of tw o-com ponent system s show p o in ts of
discontinuity sim ilar to those show n b y single substances, a n d th e
crit. te m p , of th e system s lie p ro b a b ly w ith in th e b re a k on th e
curves.
L . S. T .
Determination of the humidity ofthe airby means of the evapor­
ation temperature of water. K . O sw atitsch (P h ysika l. Z ., 1941, 42,
343— 347).— T heory a n d tech n iq u e a re given.
A. J .’M.
Two bridge-controlled thyratron thermostats. r>. B an cro ft {Rev.
Sci. In str., 1942, 13, 114).— E rro rs in diagram s (A., 1942, I, 155)
are p ointed o u t.
A, A. E .
Effect of [variations in] colour vision on temperature measurement
with the Bioptix pyrometer. S. F o rn a n d e r (Jernhoni. A n n ., 1941,
125, 67— 80).— F o u r norm al a n d one green-colour-blind observers
measuri d tem p , w ith fo u r B io p tix p y ro m eters (O hm an, ibid., 1935,
119, 343). All o b tain e d sim ilar vals. w ith th e sam e in stru m e n t,
b u t different in stru m e n ts gave w idely v a ry in g results. A v e ry
gre6n-colour-blind observer o b tain ed vals. 200— 300° a p a r t w ith
the sam e in stru m e n t.
M. H . M, A.
Phase-contrast microscopy. C. R . B urch a n d J . P . P . S tock
(J. Sci. In str., 1942,19, 71— 75).— A m ethod for a d ap tin g a n o rd in ary
m icroscope for th e use of Z ernike’s p h a se -c o n trast illu m in atio n is
described. I t involves th e provision of a slit source a n d th e prep,
a n d m ounting of a p h ase-accelerating strip etched A/2 deep in a
glass p la te .
A. A. E .
X-Ray microscope. (Sir) W . L. B ragg (N ature, 1942, 149, 470—
471).— Sim plifications a n d im provem ents in th e o ptical m ethod
previously re p o rte d (A., 1939, I , ’389) for sum m ing a double F ourier
series a n d so producing a n im age of a c ry stal stru c tu re are described
a n d illu stra te d b y reference to diopside a n d haemoglobin.
A. A. F..
Simple recording spectrophotometer. G. A. B o u try a n d J . Gillod
(Compt. rend., 1941, 213, 235— 238).— T he difficulties of th e c o n st.d eviation m eth o d o r differential m ethods w ith tw o cells a re avoided
by a sim ple arra n g e m e n t using a new photo-em issive cell {cf. A.,
1939, I, 538) a n d single-stage am plification in conju n ctio n w ith a
double m onochrom ator. Am plified p h oto-electric c u rre n ts are
recorded d irectly as a fun ctio n of A a n d are m easured b y m eans of
a galvanom eter. C urves o b tain e d a re given a n d discussed.
N . M. B.
Blank and background effect on photographed spectral lines.
L. W . S trock (J. Opt. Soc. A m er., 1942, 32, 103— 111).— A detailed
discussion of th e e stab lish m en t of c alib ra tio n curves for th e d e te r­
m in atio n of S r in pow dered lepidolite, using L i as in te rn a l sta n d ard .
O. D . S.
Application of a calculating board to quantitative spectroanalysis.
C. K ing ( / . Opt. Soc. A m er., 1942, 32, 112— 115}.— A graphical
m ethod, of c o nverting d en sito m e te r read in g s in to concn. ratios,
applicable to th e in te rn a l s ta n d a rd m eth o d of spectrochem ical
analysis, is described.
O. D . S.
Photo-electric fluorimeters and their uses. G. F . L o th ian (J .S .C .I.,
1942, 61, 58— 60).— A description is given of th e S pekker p h o to ­
electric fluorim eter. T he use of th is a n d sim ilar in stru m e n ts is
considered a n d th e effects of concn. of solution a n d of im p u ritie s on
accuracy of e stim atio n a re considered.
Speetrographic analysis. Relationship between photographic con­
trast and wave-length for the Ilford ordinary plate in the ultra-violet.
A. C‘. C oates a n d E . H . A m stein (J .S .C .I., 1942, 61, 65— 66).— A
cu rv e betw een ph o to g rap h ic c o n tra st, y, a n d w ave-length, A, is
given for th e Ilfo rd O rd in a ry p la te . T h e c o n tra st is o b ta in e d from
den sity /lo g re la tiv e in te n sity plots, using a ste p p e d secto r to give
know n re la tiv e in ten sities. T h e y/A c urve show s t h a t y is const,
betw een 2500 a n d 3100 a . (cf. A., 1942, 1, 156). B y th e use of th e
ste p p e d sector th e form ula given for c alcu la tin g th e e rro r in cu rred
in com paring tw o spectrum lines in A regions of differing c o n tra st
(loc. cit.) is show n to hold satisfactorily.
Photometry. H . B uckley (Physical Soc. Rep. Progr. Physics,
1941, 8, 318— 337).— A progress re p o rt.
W . J.
Photo-electric colorimeter for rapid reactions. 13. C hance (Rev.
Sci. In str., 1942, 13, 158— 161).—W ith th e differential p hoto-electric
colorim eter described sm all a b sorption changes in e n z y m e -su b stra te
reactio n s can b e m easured w ith a n a ccu racy o f 3% a n d a tim e
resolution of 0-01 sec.
A.
A. E
Colorimetry in metallurgical analysis.— Sec B ., 1942, I, 271.
Specimen holder for powder diffraction samples. A. A. B urr
(Rev. Sci. In str., 1942, 13, 127— 128).— B ackground fog from P y re x
is avoided b y using C ellophane specim en tu b es.
A.
A.E
Instrumental technique in astrophysics. A. H u n te r (Physical
Soc. R ep. Progr. Physics, 1941, 8, 186— 199).— A progress re p o rt.
to. j.
Electron microscope for accelerating potentials of 220 kilovolts.
H . O. M uller a n d E . R u sk a (K olloid-Z., 1941, 95, 21— 25).— E lectro n m icrographs are reproduced to illu stra te th e im p ro v e m en t in d e ta il
o b tain e d b y th e use of h ig h er electron velocities u p to 220 kv.
T h e co n stru ctio n a n d use of th e in stru m e n t a re described.
F . L. U.
Thermostable and durable support film for electron diffraction and
electron-microscopic investigations. G. H ass a n d H . K ehler (Kolloid-Z., 1941, 95, 26— 29).— T he use of A 1j03 films rem oved from th e
oxidised surface of A1 is described. T hese films give very w eak
in te rfere n c e p a tte rn s w hich do n o t seriously com pete w ith th o se of
th e m ate ria l u n d e r e x am in atio n a n d are unaffected b y te m p . > 5 0 0 °.
F . L. U.
Alternating-current apparatus for measuring dielectric constants.
B. E . H u d so n a n d M. E . H obbs (Rev. Sci. Instr., 1942, 13, 140—
143).— A h e tero d y n e b e a t a p p a ra tu s is described.
A. A. E.
Research with the polarograph. O. H . M uller (In d . E ng. Chem.
[Anal.], 1942, 14, 99— 105).— A sum m ary' of uses.
L . S. T.
Polarographic reading directly in percentage. Analysis of lead
arsenate. B. P . Caldwell a n d S. R eznek (In d . E ng. Chem. [Anal.],
1942, 14, 187— 189).— A m an u ally -o p erated po laro g rap h to give
d ire c t % read in g s is described. A pplication to th e a n aly sis of
com m ercial P b a rsen a te is given.
L. S. T .
Micro-burette. P . F . S cholander (Science, 1942, 95, 177— 178).—
H g is re p la ce d b y th e spindle of a m icrom eter. A n accuracy in
d elivery of 0-1 cu. m m . is claim ed.
E. R. R.
Dumas micro-method for nitrogen. Autom atic apparatus for
combustion micro-methods.— See A., 1942, I I , 183.
Adjustable resistor for flowmeters. E . L. Gooden (Science, 1941,
94, 309— 310).— T h e resistance to flc^v in a c ap illary is a d ju ste d by
m eans of a m ovable, exchangeable wire.
E . R . R.
Test-tube spiral absorption vessel. R . E . G irton (Science, 1942,
95, 25— 26).— A sim ple efficient C 0 2-absorption vessel, su itab le for
p la n t re sp iratio n m easurem ents, is described in d e ta il. E . R . R .
Molecular still heads. A. J . B ailey (In d . E ng. Chem. [Anal.],
1942, 14, 177— 178).-—A m ol. still m ade from tw o sta n d a rd P y re x
m icro-bell jars, a n d a larg e r still m ade in a s ta n d a rd P y re x vac.d istillin g dom e, a re described a n d illu stra te d .
L . S. T.
Theory of open-tube distillation columns.— See B ., 1942, I, 249.
Plate yield and determination of dimensions of elements of distilling
and rectifying colum ns.— See B ., 1942, I, 249.
Progress in microchemistry. EH. Preparative micro-technique.
E . Pfeil (A ngew . Chem., 1941, 54, 161— 167).— A review.
C. R . H .
Determination of solubilities of gases at high temperatures and
high pressures by the rotating bomb. V. N. Ip a tieff a n d G. S.
M onroe (In d . E ng. Chem. [Anal.], 1942, 14, 166— 171).— A ro ta tin g
bom b for d e te rm in in g solubilities a n d c rit. tem p ., a n d sam pling
a p p a ra tu s for determ in in g solubilities, are described. T h e results
o b tain e d show t h a t th e bom b can be used fo r d e te rm in in g solu­
b ilities of gases a t high pressures a n d a t tem p , a p p ro ac h in g th e
c rit. tem p . P ressure is th e chief fa cto r affecting th e solubility of C H ,
in C ,H , f th e effect of te m p , is of m in o r im p o rta n ce . B o th tem p ,
a n d pressure e x e rt a m ark ed effect on th e solubility of C3H 8 in C ,H 6.
R esu lts w ith SOa in C 6H , a re also recorded.
L. S. T .
Continuous washing apparatus for solutions in organic solvents.
A. L. L eR osen (In d . Eng. Chem. [Anal.], 1942, 14, 165).— A const,
a ir space is m a in ta in e d in a se p a ra tin g funnel w hile a stre a m of H 20
is passed th ro u g h th e solvent.
L. S. T .
251
A., I.— xii, LECTURE EXPERIM ENTS AND HISTORICAL,
Pressure-regulating and indicating apparatus for vacuum systems.
B. Ferguson, ju n . {Ind. Eng. Chem. [Altai.], 1942, 14, 164— 105),—
A p p a ra tu s in co rp o ra tin g a n a utom atically-controlled a ir leak, a n d
a c c u ra te to ± 0 -2 m m . for pressures of 5— 760 m m ., is described. A
closed-end m an o m eter also is illu stra te d .
L . S. T .
Adjustable salety shield. A. F u rs t (In d . Eng.. Chem. [Anal.],
1942, 14, 158).
L. S. T.
Sublimation apparatus. O. A. N elson (In d . Eng. Chem. [Anal.],
1942, 14, 153).— T he concave in n er tu b e is fitte d w ith a G erm ansilv er m esh screen to c atch falling p a rticle s of th e sublim ate.
L . S. T.
Determining liquid and vapour densities in closed systems. G. H ,
W agner, G. C. B ailey, a n d W . G. E versole (Ind. E ng. Chem. [Anal.],
1942, 14, 129— 131).— T h e m ethod uses a q u a rtz bob suspended
from a q u a rtz helix . V .d. of SO , in equilibrium w ith its solutions
a t 15°, 20°, a n d 25° d e term in ed b y th is m eth o d agreed w ith v.d.
calc, from v .p . d a ta to 0-00001 g. p e r c.c.
L . S. T.
xm , GEOCHEMISTRY.
252
v a rie ty . (I) a n d (II) crystallise to g e th e r a n d in eq uilibrium w ith
each o th er. O n slow cooling, (II) in v e rts to h y p c rsth e n e (III),
a n d th is inversion can b e used as a p o in t on th e geological th erm o ­
m e te r. (I ll) in v e rte d from (II) can be distin g u ish ed from (HI) of
p rim a ry cry stallisatio n . T h e tem p , of b a sa ltic in tru sio n s is > 1140°,
a n d norm ally is n e a r to 1120°.
L. S. T .
Validity of paragonite as a mineral species. W . T . Sclialler and
R . E . S tevens (A m er. M in ., 1941, 26, 541— 545).— A lkali d e te r­
m in atio n s on m ica from F en estrella, Ita ly , a n d from M onte Campione, S w itzerland, a n d on e u p h y llite from C orundum H ill, Pa.,
show t h a t p arag o n ite (I) is a definite species. O ptical differentiation
b e tw ee n (I) a n d m uscovite is n o t possible.
L . S. T .
Nepheline. A . N . W inchell (A m er. M in ., 1941, 26, 536— 540).—
T h e com position of nephelines in m ol.-% of N a A lS i0 4, K A lS i0 4,
CaAlA104, S iS i0 4, AlSiO j(O H ), a n d C aC aS i04, a s calc; from recent
chem ical analyses, is ta b u la te d a n d discussed.
L . S. T .
Valentinite crystals from California. J . M urdoch (Amer. M in .,
Continuous liquid extractor for large volumes of solution. R.
1941, 26, 013— 010).— V a len tin ite cry stals from L one T ree Canyon,
H ossfeld (In d . Eng. Chem. [Anal.], 1942, 14, 118).—V igorous
K ern Co., C alifornia, show a n u n u su al lath -lik e h a b it. N ew crysa g ita tio n a n d contin u o u sly recircu la te d dispersion of th e solvent
tallo g rap h ic form s are described.
L . S. T .
th ro u g h th e lay e r being e x tra c te d are achieved.
L.
S.T.
Sedimentary analcite. C. S. R oss (Am er. M in ., 1941, 20, 627—
Electrically driven high-speed laboratory centrifuge. E . G. Pickels
629).— A nalcite from W ikieup, A rizona, is described. I t is derived
(Rev. Sci. In str., 1942, 13, 93— 100).— T he in stru m e n t utilises a
from glassy volcanic ash.
L . S. T .
direct univ ersal m o to r d riv e capable of spin n in g a n 8-in. ro to r a t
Shortite.
Correction
of
space-group.
W
.
E
.
R
ichm
ond
(A m et.
18,000 r.p .m . for 180 v. a n d a t 12,500 r.p .m . for 115 v. Specific­
M in ., 1941, 26, 629— 630).— T he space-group is C.ji—A m m 2 (cf.
atio n s a n d operatio n al d a ta are given for rotors of d iam e te r 7— 10-25
A.,
L. S. T.
in. a n d cap acities 112— 010 c.c. of fluid.
A.
A. E
. 1941, I, 490).
Structural control and form of oreshoots in the southern Appala­
Stress analysis and design of high-speed angle centrifuges. E . G.
chian gold deposits. C. F . P a rk , ju n . (Econ. Geol:, 1939, 34, 470).—
Pickels (Rev. Sci. Instr., 1942, 13, 101— 114).— A g raphical m ethod
D escriptive.
L. S. T .
for determ in in g m echanical stresses is exp lain ed a n d eq u atio n s
leading to ap p ro x . vals. are given. Design is discussed, A p ro p e rly
Geology of the Ropes Gold m ine, Marquette Co., Michigan. T . M.
designed ro to r of d iam e te r 20 cm . a n d accom m odating several
B roderick (Econ. Geol., 1939, 34, 939— 940).— T h e ore occurs in
h u n d re d c.c. of fluid can o p e ra te a t speeds > 50,0 0 0 r.p.m . for
n e arly v e rtica l q u a rtz (I) lenses c u ttin g ICcewatin lav a s a n d volcanic
th o u sa n d s o f runs.
A.
A.frag
E . m e n ts se p a ra tin g tw o bodies of p e rid o tite . T h e m ineralisation
is prol>ably p ost-m iddle H u ro n ia n . T h e (I) veins c a rry te tra h e d rite ,
High-speed centrifuging. J . W . B eam s (Physical Soc. Rep. Progr.
p y rite , c h alcopyrite, a n d m in o r a m o u n ts of o th e r sulphides. A n o th e r
Physics, 1941, 8, 31— 49).— A progress re p o rt.
W, J.
ty p e of rich e r ore occurs as a p y ritic d issem ination in sc h ist a d ja c e n t
Analytical cell for the ultracentrifuge. M. R osenfeld (Rev. Sci.
to th e (I) veins.
L . S. T .
Instr., 1942, 13, 154— 157).— T h e cell is divided in to 2 o r 3 com ­
Peridotite
and
sagvandite
from
south
Madagascar.
A.
L acroix
p a rtm e n ts b y sieve-like p a rtitio n s covered w ith filter-paper a n d is
(Compt. rend., 1941, 213, 261— 265).— O ccurrence is described, a n d
used w ith th e angle ty p e q u a n tity ro to r of th e a ir-d riv e n u ltra ­
chem ical analyses a re recorded.
L . S. T.
cen trifu g e.
'
"
A . A. E .
Trachyandesite
with
kaersutite
and
cristobalite
am
ong
the
lavas of
Apparatus for supersonic velocity and absorption measurements.
D. Telfair a n d W . H . Pielem eier (Rev. Sci. In str., 1942, 13, 122— the Puy chain. Y . B e n to r (Compt. rend., 1941, 213, 211— 214).—
C hem ical a n d m ineral analyses are given.
L. S. T.
126).— A p p a ra tu s a n d tec h n iq u e a re described. T he velocity of
low -frequency sound in d ry a ir (0-03% COs) a t 0° a n d 1 a tm . is
Fluorescent sodalite and hackmanite from Magnet Cove, Arkansas.
331-45+ 0-05 m. p e r sec. E x p erim en tal re su lts for C3H , a n d C H ,
H , D . M iser a n d J . J. G lass (Am er. M in ., 1941, 26, 437— 445).—
are briefly review ed.
A. A. E .
Tw o v a rie tie s of fluorescent sodalite (I) occur in th e tin g u a ite rocks
of M agnet Cove, a blue (I) t h a t fluoresces p u rp lish -red to violet-red,
a n d a w hite v a rie ty , h a ck m an ite (II), t h a t fluoresces a reddishX II.— LECTURE EXPERIMENTS AND HISTORICAL.
orange, a n d show s a change of colour from rose to colourless and
ba ck a g ain w ith a lte rn a te exposure to lig h t a n d d ark n ess. R e ­
Demonstration of cis-trans isomerism [using dimethyl maleate
a p p e a ra n c e of th e rose colour is in d u ced b y exposure to u ltra -v io le t
and bromine in light]. O. G ru m m itt (J. Chem. E duc., 1941, 18,
ra d ia tio n ; th e colour d isa p p ea rs in d a y lig h t. C hem ical analyses
477).
u
L. S. T.
of (I) a n d (II) a re co m p ared w ith those of specim ens from o th e r
localities. (I) a n d (II) from M agnet Cove h a v e ap p ro x . th e sam e
Dynamos and electrochemistry. G. E ger (Z. Elektrochem., 1942,
co m position; (II) c o n ta in s a tra c e of sulphide, a n d (I), a sm all
48, 1— 6).— Com m em orative.
C. R . H .
a m o u n t of Mn.
L . S. T .
Samuel Higley, an early American metallurgist. F . H . G etm an
(J. Chem. Educ., 1941, 18, 453— 457).
L. S. T.
Metasomatism of a coaly sediment into an igneous-appearing
rock. G. E . Goodspeed, R. E . F uller, a n d H . A. Coom bs (J. Geol.,
1941, 49, 190— 198; cf. A., 1940, I, 239).— In M ount R a in e r
X III.— GEOCHEMISTRY.
N atio n al P a rk , seam s of lig n itic m ate ria l occur locally in a th ic k
series of ark o sic sandstones a n d shales. Som e m em bers of th is
Limnological studies of Lake Erie. n . Light penetration with
series h av e b een a lte re d b y low -tem p. m etaso m atic rep lacem en t to
relation to turbidity. D. C. C handler (Ecology, 1942, 23, 41— 51).
resem ble p o rtio n s of a n an d esitic series of th e Miocene. T h e c a r­
L. G. G. W.
bonaceous m ate ria l is replaced b y a n igneous-appearing d a c itic
Salesite (CuI0a0H) and olivine (Mg2Si04). H . S tru n z (Z. K risL ,
gro u n d m ass co n ta in in g q u a rtz a n d plagioclase.
L . S. T .
1941, 103, 359—360).— T he stru c tu re s of salesite’ (cf. P alache and
Petrified tree-trunks (dolomitiscd sphaerolite-wood) in the coal
Ja rrell, A., 1939, I, 542) a n d olivine are iso tv p ical; tru e isom orph­
formation of the Ruhr district. P . K u k u k a n d W . H a rtu n g (Glück­
ism is u nlikely.
'
A. J . E . W .
auf, 1941, 77, 698— 703).— T h e dolom itic rem ains of tru n k s a re
Celestite in Cis-Indus Salt Range [near Jabal. B. S. L am b a
so-called sphaerolite-w ood sim ilar to t h a t from th e brow n coal of
(Current Sci., 1942, 11, 54— 55).
W . R . A,
Ville. T h ey differ in th e ir allochthonous occurrence. A nalyses a re
Yorkshire Dogger, n . Lower Eskdale. R . H . R a stall a n d
given.
R .'B . C.
J . E . H em ingw ay (Geol. M ag., 1941, 78, 351— 370).
L. S. T.
Petrified coal. W . P etrasch eck (Berg- u. H iittenm . M onatsh., 1941,
Origin of strontianite deposits in the Münster district. F . Mick89, 148;—150; Glückauf, 1942, 78, 71).— Coal seam s can be so
linghoff (Glückauf, 1942, 78, 217— 220, 229— 235).— Analyses.
s a tu ra te d b y m ineral m a tte r p e rco latin g from w ith o u t a s to be con­
B C
v e rte d in effect in to rock.
R . B . C.
Pyroxenes of common mafic magmas. I, H . H . H . H ess (A m er.
Coal district of Niirschan near Pilsen. W . M ay (Glückauf, 1942,
M in ,, 1941, 26, 515— 535, 573—594).— T he pyroxenes of fine- a n d
78, 29— 31).—G eological.
R . b . C.
coarse-grained m afic intruxives a n d of m afic extrusives are described.
H yp o th eses concerning th e tre n d of c rystallisation of pyroxenes
Geology of British oilfields, m . Oilfields of Burma. P . E v a n s
from b a sa lts a re review ed. A ugite (I) probably does n o t grade in to
an d C. A. Sansom (Geol. M ag., 1941, 78, 321— 350).— H isto ry ,
pigeonite (II), w hich is p ro b ab ly a definite a n d d istin c t m ineral
geology, a n d th e vario u s fields a re described.
L. S. T. *
IN D EX OF AUTHORS’ NAMES, A., I.
JU L Y , 1942.
Anon ., 227.
A bdulaev, I. A., 235.
Adams, W . S., 221.
Adel, A., 222, 224.
A dvani, G. D ., 243. 4
A lbertson, W . E ., 221.
Allen, T . W „ 284.
Aller. L. H ., 222.
Arastein, E . H ., 24!*.
A nand, V. B., 22$.
Anderson, H . W ., 245;
Anderson, R. C., 243.
Ashley, R . W ., 235.
A stburv, \V. T ., 231.
Auer, C . , 225.
«
A usten, E . A. W ., 227.
Avisiers, I., 237.
24S.
Bahl, R. K., 218.
Bailey, A. J ., 250.
Bailev, G. C., 251.
B aker, J . G., 222.
Baldwin, R. B., 222.
Bali, N . K., 248.
B ancroft, D ., 241).
| . B ancroft, W . D ., 240.
I B andes, H ., 241.
B anning, M., 228.
B arnes, T . C., 241.
B arrer, R . M., 231.
I Barschall, H . H ., 223.
B artell, F . E ., 23«».
I B arter, C. A., 233.
B arve, P. M., 237.
B assett, H ., 237.
Baule. B., 231.
Beams, J . W ., 251.
Bear, R . S., 231.
B eattie, J . A., 233.
Beavers, E . M., 238.
B entor, Y ., 252.
Bergstrom , F . W ., 246.
B eutner, R ., 241.
B hatk h an d e, A. H .. 227.
B h atn ag ar, S. S., 231.
B hide, B. V., 227.
B laschke, F ., 2 12.
B obtelsky, M., 240.
B orn, M., 229.
Bose, H . N ., 234.
B outrv, G. A., 219.
Boyd, G. E ., 236.
B ragg, W . L ., 249.
B ricker. C. E ., 242.
B roderick, T. M., 252.
B rooker, L. G. S ., 247.
B row n, H . C., 24«.
B row n, R. A., 231.
B uckley, H ., 250.
Burch, C. R ., 249.
B u rr. A. A., 250.
B yerly, W ., 231, 233.
B a d a r-u d -D in ,
B., 232.
Caldwell, B. P., 250.
Cameron, F . K., 238.
Campbell, A .N ., 235.
C ampbell. A. W ., 241.
Cardon. S. Z., 240.
Cardwell, P. H ., 230.
Cauchois, Y., 222.
Chablay, A., 212.
Chandler, D . C., 251.
Char, T. L. R., 214.
C hristy, R. F., 222.
Clark, A. L., 232.
Cleveland, F . F ., 227.
Clusius, K., 245.
Coates, A. C., 249.
Colson, H ., 232.
Cook, E . L., 237.
Coolidge, A. S., 224.
Coombs, H. A., 252.
Copisarow, A. C., 239.
Copisarow, M., 239.
Coplev, G. N ., 248.
Corve'll, C. D ., 240.
Coulson. C. A., 229.
Cudd, H . H ., 239.
C u rran , B. C., 234.
Ca brera,
D a r k e n , L. S ., 2 4 0 .
D as, S. R ., 230.
D as G upta, K., 230.
D audel, R ., 223.
D avis, D. S., 228.
D ayal, B.. 226.
D esai, B. N ., 237.
D eslandres, H ., 22G.
Dickel, G., 215.
D ietzei, A., 234.
D itc h b u m , R. W ., 233.
D jatschkovski, S. I., 230.
D odd, W . A., 231.
Doll, W ., 228.
D ube, H . L ., 238.
D ubs, W . R ., 233.
D untley, S. Q., 228.
D u rra n t, R . G., 237.
D> as, H . E ., 242.
g k r , G., 251.
E h ren h aft, F., 222.
Elvey, C. T ., 222.
Engle, C."J., 231.
E skola, S., 228.
E vans, D. P., 236.
E vans, P., 252.
E vcrsole, W. G., 251.
E
a j a n s , K., 234.
F an , H . Y ., 229.
Felsing, W . A., 239, 240.
Ferguson, A. L., 211.
F erguson, B ., ju n ., 251.
Fischer, W ., 233.
F itzsim m ons, K. E ., 223.
F lin t, H . T ., 221.
Flügge, S ., 223.
F örster, T ., 229.
F ornander, S., 249.
F ran k e, W ., 246.
Fricke, R ., 240.
Fröhlich, H ., 227.
F u g itt, C. H ., 238.
Fuller, R. E ., 252.
Fuoss, R. M., 237, 233.
F urm an, N. H ., 242.
F ü rst, A., 251.
F
H ., 236.
G erjuoy, E ., 221.
G erm er, L. H ., 243.
G etm an, F . H ., 251.
Gill. J . R., 222.
Gillod, J ., 249.
Gilm our, J . C.,233.
G irton, R . E ., 250.
Glass, J . J ., 252.
Glöckler, G., 224.
G ogate, D. V., 223.
G oldberg. L., 222.
G ooden, E . L., 250.
Goodspeed, G. E ., 252.
G ordon, A. R., 239.
G orm an, M., 235.
G oubeau, J ., 247.
G reenstein, J . L ., 222.
G reisen, K ., 224.
G rinnell, S. W ., 241.
G rum m itt. O., 251.
-Gucker, F . T ., ju n ., 234.'
G ursahani, G. T., 239, 24G.
G e h le n ,
H a en d ler , H . M., 245.
H all, J . H ., 229.
H al pern, O., 223.
H am burger, G., 230.
H am pel, J ., 235.
H arris, M., 238.
H arrison, G. R., 221.
H artford, W. H .. 239.
H artu n g , W ., 252.
H ass, G., 250.
H aw orth, L. J ., 223.
H ebb, M. H ., 222.
H ein, F., 247.
H eller, W ., 238.
Helm holz, L.. 230.
Hem ingway, J . E ., 251.
H endricks, S., 230
H enrici, A., 225.
H ertel, E ., 225.
Herzberger, M., 228.
Herzfeld, K. F ., 232.
Hess, H . H ., 251.
H ickey, J . W ., 234.
Hieber, W ., 247.
Hill, D. G., 242.
Hill, T. L., 242.
H ippel, A., 227.
H oard, J . L., 230.
H obbs, M. E.. 250.
Hoffman, E . J .. 230.
H offm ann, K. A., 225.
Holmes, R . C., 240.
H olstein, T ., 223.
H ornibrook, W . J ., 239.
Hossfeld, R ., 251.
H ubard, S. S., 240.
H uber, K ., 241.
H udson, B. E ., 250.
H ückcl, W ., 228.
H um c-R othery, W ., 230.
H um phreys, C. J ., 221.
H u n ter, A ., 250.
H unter, J . L., 232.
I n g f .r s o l l ,
H . G., 233.
Ipatieff, y .N ., 249,250.
J.*231.
J a in , K. D ., 235.
Jam es, H . M., 224.
J a n z , G. J ., 23*i.
J h a , J . B., 235.
J ohnson, O., 234.
J o hnstone, H . F ., 240.
Jones, G. W ., 2 42.
Jo sh i, R. H ., 230.
J ü b erm a n n , C ., 233.
Ja p fra y ,
M. B., 248.
K ahler, F . H .. 236.
lvanuing, E . W ., 241.
K apadia, M, R ., 230.
K apur, P. L., 243.
K araoglanov, Z., 248.
K ath a v ate, Y. Y., 22S.
K atsurai, T ., 237.
K atz, R ., 232.
K ehler, H ., 250.
Keller, J . M., 222.
K endall, H . C., 232.
K ennedy, R. E ., 242.
K hosla, B. D ., 248.
K iehl, S. J ., 249.
King, C., 249.
K inney, C. R ., 232.
Kiss, k . , 225.
K ita , T ., 237.
K lem ent, R ., 245, 246.
K lem m, W ., 235, 240.
K nell, M.. 243.
Koenig, F . O., 241.
K ortüm , G., 225.
K othari, D . S., 22 3 /
K raft, H ., 217.
K ratky, O., 231.
K rauss, W ., 241.
K ru y t, H . R ., 236.
K ühn, G., 228.
K ümmerle, K ., 228.
K u k u k , P ., 252.
K a b a d i,
A., 252.
Ladenburg, R ., 223.
Lagaljy, H ., 247.
Lagem ann, R . T ., 224.
Lam ba, B. S., 251.
L am pland, C. O., 222.
L ane, C. T ., 231.
Lane, M., 248.
L anford, O. E ., 2 19.
L angstroth, G. O., 221.
Lee, G. M., 227.
L egutke, G ., 228.
Leighton, 1*. A., 235.
Lemons, J . F ., 213.
Lennuier, R ., 228.
LeRoscn, A. L., 250.
Levine, R., 230.
Libby, W . F ., 233.
Lindsley, C. H ., 221.
Linke, W ., 222.
L ittle, A. T ., 230...
Livingston, R ., 228.
Lloyd, R. V., 236.
Long, E . A., 232.
Lonsdale, K.. 229.
L othian, G. F ., 249.
Luebke, E. A., 223
L ym an, E . M., 223.
L a c r o ix ,
McCrosky , C. R ., 246.
McCullough, J . D., 230.
McCusker, P. A.. 234.
M ack, J . H ., 231.
McMillan, W . G., ju n ., 240.
M cNally, J . R .. ju n ., 221.
Magoffin, J . E ., 238.
M ajor, G., 225.
Manley, J . H ., 223.
Masing, G., 242.
M ason, C. M., 231.
M attauch, J ., 223.
M aurer, R. J ., 227.
May, W ., 252.
Mead, D. J ., 237, 238.
Meggers. W. F ., 221.
M ehta, K. M., 245,248.
Meier, H . F ., 240.
Menzel, D . H ., 222.
M errill, P . W ., 221.
M etzner, U., 238.
M eyer, K. H ., 237.
Micklinghoff, F ., 251.
M üler, E . E ., 233.
M illigan, W . 0 ., 237.
Mirza, B. E ., 243.
Miser, H . D ., 252.
Mönch, J., 240.
Mohr, C.» B. O., 221.
Monroe, G. S., 249, 250.
Müller, H . O,, 250.
M üller, O. H ., 250.
M urdoch, J ., 252.
M urray, M. J ., 227.
Murrell, T. A., 233.
M urthy, M. P .. 225.
M urty, G. V. L. N ., 227.
Mysels, K. J ., 239.
N a r g u n d , K. S., 227.
N arw ain i, C. S., 239, 216.
N ekrassov, B. V., 229.
N elson, O. A.', 233, 251.
N erdel, F ., 228.
N ereson, N., 223.
N euhaus, A., 24 I.
N eum ann, F ., 228.
N ew bound, K. B., 221.
Niggemcycr,
N orris, R ., 226.
N ozaki, K ., 243.
O ’B r i e n , M., 248.
Ofitzerov, V. M., 230.
Ogg, R. A., ju n ., 243.
Oldenberg, O., 242.
Oliver, A. R., 230.
O sw atitsch, K.. 249.
O verbeck, C. J .. 232.
Overholser, L. G.*, 248.
T. L., 222.
P ap p , E ., 246.
Paunng, L ., 221.
Petrascheck, W ., 252.
P h aln ik ar, N . L., 227.
P hillips, B. A.. 240.
Pickles, E . G., 251.
Pielemeier, W. H ., 251.
Pietsch, H ., 228.
Pincherle, L., 221.
Poganv, J ., 240.
Pound, J . R ., 248.
P rak ash , B., 231.
P rak ash , S.. 238.
P rasad, B ., 233.
P resto n , G. D ., 229.
Price, C. C., 243.
Page,
AYVt'M. M. A., 231.
uayle, O. R., 243.
y u en ey , P., 229.
8
E .. 239.
R acah, G., 221.
R alston, A. W .. 236.
R ainan, C. V., 226, 230, 231.
Rao, K. V. K., 227.
Rao, S. R., 231.
R astall, R. H ., 251.
R avchoudhury, P. C., 246.
R aynor, G. V., 230.
Reilly, J ., 248.
Reznek, S., 250.
R ichardson, R. S., 221.
R iclunond, W . E ., 252.
R oberts, J . D ., 240.
Roebuck, J . R., 233.
Roeder, H . L., 238.
Rollefson, G. K., 2 15.
R osen, B. W ., 240.
Rosenfeld, M., 251.
Ross, C. S., 252.
R ossi, B., 224.
R oth, W. L., 245.
R oyals, E . E ., 243.
R uska, E ., 250.
R a b in o w it c h ,
C. A., 252.
S astry , M. G., 223.
S av itn ri, K ., 231.
SchaUer, W. T., 252.
Scheele, W ., 237.
Schellers, H ., 229.
Schein, M., 223.
Schlesinger, H . 1., 246.
Schm uck, R . F .. 234.
Schneider, I., 228.
Scholander, P. F .. 250.
S chram ek, W ., 238.
Schraub, A., 225.
Schröder, H . J .. 242.
Schüler, H ., 226.
Schultz, M. L., 225.
Schulz, G . V.. 231. 242«
Schwarz, K. E ., 242.
Schw inger. J .. 221.
S co tt, G. S., 242.
Seidel, E ., 238.
Seith, W ., 247.
Sei wood, P. W ., 231.
Sen, S., 224.
Sen, S. C., 242.
Seshadri, T. R ., 227.
Shapiro, M. M.. 224.
Shortley, G. H ., 222.
S h riv astav a, H ., 211.
S a n so m ,
Shull, C. G., 222.
Siday, R. E .. 222.
Sill, C. W ., 249.
Simchen, A. E .. 240.
Sim ons, J . H ., 233, 244.
Singh, B. K., 212.
Singh, J ., 225.
Singh, S., 248.
Smiley, W . G ., 241.
S m ith, A. K ., 211.
S m ith, H ., 229.
S m ith, L. E ., 233.
S m ith, R. K., 233.
Sommers, H. S., ju n ., 242.
Sowa, H ., 228.
S peakm an, J . C., 228«
Spedding, F. H ., 227.
Spencer, H. M., 232.
Spicer, W. M., 232. ,
S prauer, J . W ., 244.
S purr, E ., 221.
Srinivasan, M. K., 233.
Stackelberg, M., 242. A
Stafford, G. H ., 22 1.
Stam rn, R. F ., 227.
S taub, H ., 223.
S tavelcy, L., 245.
Steckenreiter, F ., 245.
Steigm ann, A., 245, 218,
S tein h ard t, J ., 238.
S teinkc, L., 237.
Stephens, W . E ., 223.
S tevens, R. E ., 252.
S tock, J . P . P .. 249.
S tockm ayer, W . H ., 233, 239.
S trätlin g , W ., 245.
S trock, L. W ., 219.
S tru n z, H ., 251.
S truve, O., 22 2.
S w ift, R. M., 240.
Swings, P ., 222.
T akamine , T ., 221.
T a n ak a, Y., 221.
T ap p e, W ., 228.
T aufen, H . J ., 227.
Taw de, N. R ., 225.
Telfair, D ., 232, 251.
Teilet, E ., 230.
«
T haler, L., 247.
Tichenor, R. L., 238.
T itu s, A. C., 2;49.
Tobolsky, A. V., 234.
T oettcher, F . C., 232.
Transue, L. F ., 230.
Treer,*R., 231.
T rim ble, H . M., 234.
V a n D i n g e n e n , W ., 211.
Van Itterb eek , A., 2 41.
VenJcateswaran, C. S., 220.
V enkatesw arlu, K., 227.
Verma, M. R.. 248.
Vogel, J . G., 23*».
V ora, V. C., 237.
a g n e r , G. H ., 251.
W aitk in s, G., 246.
W all, F. T ., 235.
W allace, W . G ., 235.
W arn er, R . C., 243.
W ashburn, E . R .. 236.
W atson, G. M.. 240.
W a tt, G. W ., 243
W eber, O. H ., 247.
W eidner, H ., 228.
W eil-Malherbe, H ., 226.
W eingartner, H . C., 240.
W eiser, H . B., 237.
W eiss, J-, 226.
W eiss, P ., 235, 240.
W eitbn
itb rech t, G ., 240.
W hite,
ite, A. H ., 213.
W hite
itehhead , S., 227.
W ildt,
221. 224.
;t, R ., 221,
W illiams, M. B „ 230.
W illiam son, P . M., 243
Willis, G. M., 230. .
W ilm an, H ., 231.
W ilson, R. E ., 222.
W ilson, V. C., 223.
W ilson, W . K ., 234.
W inchell, A. N ., 252.
W insche, W . E ., 210.
W oeldike, A., 220.
W
L., 235.
Yoe, J . H ., 248.
Y ork, R ., ju n ., 240.
Ya ffe,
H ., 239.
Zim m er, K. G., 218.
Z ureda, F ., 210.
Zur Strassen, H ., 215.
Zwicky, F ., 224.
Z e is e ,
JUDACTAN
A N A L Y T I C A L R E A G E N T S W I T H A C T U A L B A T C H A N A L Y S IS
ACTU AL
Each Batch
subjected
BATCH
to
A M M O N I U M M O L Y B D A T E A. R.
ANALYSIS
ANALYSIS
ACTUAL BATCH ANALYSIS
(Not
maximum Im p u rity vxlu«)
B atch No. 11050
Molybdenum Oxide (MoO,)
...............
Chloride (Cl)..............................
S ulphate (S 04) ..„ ..................... ...................
Phosphate (PO ,).........................., . ......................
H eavy M etals (P b & Fe).................................
You are invited to compare the above
actual batch analysis with the purities
THE
GENERAL
Chemical
INDEPENDENT
Mol. W t. 1236 3
in
before
r
label is printed
guaranteed by the specifications of any
competing m aker in this Country or abroad
CHEMICAL & PHARMACEUTICAL
Manufacturers,
P r in t e d
81.0%
0.0004%
0.01%
0.0005%
0.001%
G
reat
B r it a in
by
Judex
R icha rd C lay
W orks,
and
Sudbury,
Co.
Middlesex
C o m p a n y , L t d ., B un g a y . S u f fo l k .
LTD.