case study 2: building urban resilience in dong ha, vietnam building

Transcription

BUILDING RESILIENCE AND
SUSTAINABILITY IN MEKONG TOWNS
RESOURCE KIT
VOLUME
6
CASE STUDY 2: BUILDING URBAN
RESILIENCE IN DONG HA, VIETNAM
Prepared by ICEM – International Centre for Environmental Management
for the Asian Development Bank and the Nordic Development Fund
Resource Kit for Building
Resilience and Sustainability in
Mekong Towns
This volume is one in a series of seven volumes that together comprise
the Resource Kit for Building Resilience and Sustainability in Mekong
Towns. The Resource Kit was developed with the Climate Change
Core Groups from each town to promote nature based solutions and
integrated green infrastructure approaches for building resilience in
Mekong towns. Each volume can be used alone or as an integrated
whole.
The seven volumes in the Resource Kit are (this volume in bold):
1. Nature Based Solutions for Sustainable and Resilient Mekong
Towns;
2. Green Infrastructure for Building Resilient Mekong Towns;
3. Urban Planning for Building Resilient Mekong Towns;
4. Vulnerability Assessment and Adaptation Planning Guide for
Building Resilient Mekong Towns;
5. Case Study 1: Building Urban Resilience in Battambang, Cambodia;
6. Case Study 2: Building Urban Resilience in Dong Ha, Vietnam;
7. Case Study 3: Building Urban Resilience in Kaysone Pomvihane,
Lao PDR.
Citation
ICEM, 2015, Building Urban Resilience in Dong Ha, Vietnam, Volume
6 of the Resource Kit for Building Resilience and Sustainability
in Mekong Towns, Prepared by ICEM – International Centre for
Environmental Management for the Asian Development Bank and
Nordic Development Fund, Hanoi, Vietnam
ISBN
978-0-9924435-7-3
More information
Further information on ICEM: www.icem.com.au
ICEM - International Centre for Environmental Management
6A Lane 49 To Ngoc Van St, Tay Ho | HA NOI VIET NAM
T: 84 4 3823 9127 | F: 84 4 3719 0367
Images
Cover: wikimedia.com
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BUILDING RESILIENCE AND SUSTAINABILITY IN MEKONG TOWNS
CLIMATE CHANGE CORE GROUPS INVOLVED IN PREPARING THE RESOURCE KIT
BATTAMBANG, CAMBODIA
H.E Vong Piseth, Sieng Eam Wounzy, Ear Kimchheng, Kem Sokuntheary, Khoeu Sophal, Nou Chharvivann,
Chea Vong Narith, Mao Sok San, Nou Sean, Iv Ngorn, Ya Sophat, Kea Chhun, Yan Bophay, Seng Sorath,
Phok Sinmary, Song Soeung, Sok Kina, Nou Chamroeun, Thuch Vannarath, Chheng Sivutha, Nhek In Rotha,
Tuy Rong, Ty Kim Heng, Pich Leakhena, Kun Ratanak, Keo Putchenda, Chhoeung Vuthy, Soeung Bora, Yong
Tonghan, Chin Vuthy, El Sales, Kim Chorng, Touch Monyroth, Kok Han, Horm Heng, Samrith Chhorn, Sourn
Sokhen, Mao Siny, Lim Ymeng, Carmen Kugele.
DONG HA, VIETNAM
Hoàng Quân Chính, Nguyễn Quốc Tuấn, Nguyễn Thị Thu, Hoàng Văn Thiền, Hồ Sỹ Hiền, Trần Trọng Cường,
Nguyễn Đức Phương, Trần Thị Phong Lan, Nguyễn Xuân Dương, Trần Hữu Thành, Trần Quang Khoa, Lê Thi
Quỳnh Sa, Trần Văn Thanh, Khuất Ngọc Minh, Nguyễn Hồng Phong, Nguyễn Thanh Đồng, Lê Chí Hồng, Trần
Quang Tĩnh, Nguyễn Thị Thuỳ Nga, Trương Văn Hưng, Trần Thị Thúy Hằng, Hoàng Ngọc Cảnh, Đoàn Thị
Minh Hải, Lê Thị Thúy Loan.
KAYSONE PHOMVIHANE, LAO PDR
Dr. Sengthong Vangkeomany, Ms. Phavanh Bualuanglath, Ms. Phouthalom Saysanavongphet, Mr. Phomma
Vongphachith, Mr. Daovanh Phetphansy, Mr. Souvanh Sengchamphone, Mr. Vanthong Xayphavong, Ms.
Khamsy Boulom, Ms. Hongkham Xayakhom, Mr. Oukham Phounprakorn, Ms. Bounthalangsy Khammanivong,
Mr. Sanchone Dysameu, Ms. Nuanlahong Inthilath, Mr. Ounkham Phiewphachanh, Mr. Thoune Saychandy,
Ms. Lamphan Sangboutho, Mr. Vatthana Pongvilay, Mr. Lamkeo Souvannalat, Ms. Orathai Chansity, Mr.
Viengkham Sengsoulichanh.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The Resource Kit for Building Resilience and Sustainability in Mekong Towns is prepared under TA-8186:
(REG): Greater Mekong Sub-Region, Climate Resilience in Cities, funded by the Asian Development Bank
(ADB) and the Nordic Development Fund (NDF).
The TA 8186 was led by Sonia Chand Sandhu, Senior Environment and Climate Change Specialist with
the Urban and Water Division, Southeast Asia Department, (SEUW-SERD) ADB, and Aldrin Plaza, Urban
Development Specialist, supported by Tadeo Culla, Associate Social Development Officer and Jake Tio,
Environment Impact Assessment Consultant. Special thanks to Florian Steinberg, Senior Urban Development
Specialist (retired), SEUW-SERD, for initiating the technical assistance and Sandra Nicoll, Lao PDR Country
Director, ADB, for her country level support.
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The Resource Kit was prepared by ICEM — International Centre for Environmental Management, led by
Jeremy Carew-Reid, International Climate Change Specialist. The multidisciplinary technical team comprised
of Jeremy Sung, Climate Change Specialist and Project Manager; Luke Taylor, Ecosystem Specialist and
Project Manager; Penny Beames, Communications Specialist; Julia Winter, Environmental Engineer; Ha Thi
Hoang Lan, Administration Officer. The multidisciplinary country team specialists comprised of Virachith
Douangchanh, Climate Change Specialist - Lao PDR; Pho Duc Tung, Climate Change Specialist - Viet Nam; Try
Thuon, Climate Change Specialist – Cambodia; Redmond Macnamar, Urban Planner (Hansen Partnership);
Mai Ky Vinh, GIS Specialist; Luong Thi Quynh Mai, Training / Workshop Coordinator.
The Resource Kit benefited greatly from the guidance and inputs of Jeremy Warford, Senior Advisor, Nordic
Development Fund; Kriangkrai Thitimakorn, National Programme Officer, Sustainable Communal Services,
Embassy of Sweden, Bangkok; and Richard Carlos Worden, Capacity Building Team Leader, ADAPT AsiaPacific Project, USAID/RDMA.
MEKONG RESOURCE KIT PARTNER ORGANISATIONS
CAMBODIA
Department of Public Works, Provincial Department of Environment (PDE), Provincial Department of Public
Works and Transport (PDPWT), Provincial Department of Water Resources and Meteorology (PDOWRAM),
Provincial Department of Urban Planning, Construction and Cadastral, Provincial Technical Unit of Water
Supply, Provincial Department of Health, Provincial Red Cross Provincial Electricity Transmission Line (EDC),
Battambang Governors Office, Battambang Municipality Office, Battambang Office of Drainage Systems
and Water Pollution Treatment, PDPWT, Battambang Office of Legal Services and EIA, PDE, Battambang
Office of Meteorology, PDOWRAM, Battambang Office of Agricultural Extension, PDA, Battambang Office of
Municipal Public Works, Battambang Office of Municipal Beauty and Waste Management, Battambang Office
of Administration and Finance, Battambang Office of Planning and Commune/Sangkat Support, Battambang
Office of Urban Development, Battambang Office of Tourism, Battambang Office of Urban Planning,
Construction and Land Management, Battambang Office of Social Affairs and Rehabilitation, Aphivath Srey
Commune Office, Sla Ket Commune Office, O Char Commune Office, Prek Preah Sdech Commune Office,
Chamkar Samrong Commune Office, Ratanak Sangkat Commune Office, Toul Ta Ek Commune Office, Svay
Por Commune Office, Kdol Dountiev Commune Office.
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BUILDING RESILIENCE AND SUSTAINABILITY IN MEKONG TOWNS
VIETNAM
Agriculture Department - Quang Tri Peoples Committee, Planning and Financial Department - Quang Tri
Department of Rural and Agriculture Development, Quang Tri Department of Flood and Storm Damage
Prevention, Planning Department - Quang Tri Construction Department, Quang Tri Department of Ocean,
Islands and Hydro-meteorology, Quang Tri Department of Environmental Protection, Dong Ha Department
of Natural Resources and Environment, Dong Ha Urban Management Department, Dong Ha Peoples
Committee, Trieu Phong Department of Finance and Planning, Quang Tri Transportation Consultancy
Company, Department of PPMU of Investment and Construction, Dong Ha Urban Environmental Center,
Dong Ha Department of Economics and Infrastructure, Trieu Phong Department of Natural Resources and
Environment, Dong Ha Department of Planning and Finance, Technical Appraisal Department - Quang Tri
Department of Transportation.
LAO PDR
Urban Development Division(UDD)-Department of Housing and Urban Planning(DHUP)-Ministry of Public
Works and Transport(MPWT), Savannakhet Provincial Department of Public Works and Transport(PDWT),
Housing Urban Planning and Environment Office – PDPWT, Road-Bridge Office – PDPWT, Kaysone
Phomvihane Urban Development and Administration Office (UDAA), Kaysone Phomvihane Cabinet Office,
Kaysone Phomvihane Office of Public Works and Transport, Kaysone Phomvihane Natural Resources
and Environment Office, Kaysone Phomvihane Women’s Union, Meteorology and Hydrology Division –
Savannakhet Natural Resources and Environment Department, Kaysone Phomvihane Agriculture and
Forestry Office.
INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATIONS
Nordic Development Fund (NDF), Asian Development Bank (ADB), ICEM - International Centre for
Environmental Management, Swedish International Development Agency (Sida), United States Agency for
International Development (USAID), German International Development Agency (GiZ).
ADB & NDF | Volume 6 of the Mekong Resilience Resource Kit | ICEM
Building Climate Resilience in Dong Ha, Quang Tri Province, Vietnam
Contents
Part 1: Town wide climate change responses ...................................................... 3
1
2
Town wide baseline assessment.......................................................................................................... 3
1.1
Town overview .............................................................................................................................. 3
1.2
Past climatic variability and extreme events and impacts ............................................................ 6
1.3
Projected climate change (climate and hydrology) .................................................................... 12
1.4
Past response to extreme events ............................................................................................... 14
1.5
Town planning context ............................................................................................................... 15
Steps to improve integration of climate change in town wide planning ......................................... 17
2.1
Setting up the Core Group and objectives .................................................................................. 17
2.2
Defining climate change hot spots.............................................................................................. 19
2.3
Identified hot spot development controls .................................................................................. 21
2.4
A permanent Climate Change Core Group ................................................................................. 24
2.5
Revising the town development vision ....................................................................................... 25
2.6
The importance of green infrastructure in Dong Ha’s development ......................................... 26
Part 2: Site specific vulnerability assessment and adaptation planning ............. 29
3
Case study site 1: The box canal and drainage basin of ward 5 ....................................................... 31
3.1
4
Baseline assessment ................................................................................................................... 31
3.1.1
Brief description of the system ........................................................................................ 31
3.1.2
Status and condition of the system and its components ............................................... 33
3.1.3
Past extreme events and impacts on the system ........................................................... 35
3.1.4
Past, current and future land uses ................................................................................... 35
3.1.5
Climate change threat profile........................................................................................... 36
3.2
Impact and vulnerability assessment.......................................................................................... 36
3.3
Adaptation planning ................................................................................................................... 40
3.3.1
Objectives of the adaptation plan .................................................................................... 40
3.3.2
Overall approach of the adaptation plan ........................................................................ 40
3.3.3
Adaptation measures ........................................................................................................ 40
3.3.4
Phasing of adaptation implementation ........................................................................... 41
Case study site 2: The market to port zone ....................................................................................... 47
4.1
Baseline assessment ................................................................................................................... 47
1
4.1.1
Brief description of the system ........................................................................................ 47
4.1.2
Status and condition of the system and its components ............................................... 49
4.1.3
Past extreme events and impacts on the system ........................................................... 56
4.1.4
Climate change threat profile........................................................................................... 58
4.2
Impact and vulnerability assessment.......................................................................................... 58
4.3
Adaptation planning ................................................................................................................... 58
4.3.1
Objectives of the adaptation plan .................................................................................... 58
4.3.2
Overall approach of the adaptation plan ........................................................................ 58
4.3.3
Adaptation measures and phasing ................................................................................... 63
5
Impact assessment of adaptation plans ............................................................................................ 73
6
Stakeholder identification and engagement for adaptation plans .................................................. 74
7
8
9
6.1
Stakeholder identification........................................................................................................... 74
6.2
Stakeholder engagement plan .................................................................................................... 76
Monitoring and maintenance of adaptation plans ........................................................................... 76
7.1
Monitoring activities that are needed for effective adaptation plan implementation .............. 76
7.2
Maintenance measures that will be needed for effective adaptation plan implementation .... 77
Supporting policies and programs for adaptation ............................................................................ 77
8.1
Policies and plans ........................................................................................................................ 77
8.2
Regulations and sector design standards ................................................................................... 78
8.3
Economic instruments ................................................................................................................ 78
Lessons Learned ....................................................................................................................... 79
10 References ............................................................................................................................... 82
Appendix 1: Dong Ha Core Group Members .............................................................................................. 86
2
PART 1: TOWN WIDE CLIMATE
CHANGE RESPONSES
1 TOWN WIDE BASELINE ASSESSMENT
1.1 TOWN OVERVIEW
Dong Ha is the political, economic and socio-cultural centre of the Quang Tri Province with 9 wards
covering an area of about 7300 ha.1 The city has a strategic location at the intersection of National Road
1 A and the Trans-Asian Road identified by the Asian Development Bank (ADB) as the East West
Economic Corridor, one of several development corridors defined for focussed infrastructure and
investment support to enhance connectivity and trade between the Mekong countries (Figures 1 to 3).
Figure 1: Dong Ha in Quang Tri Province
1
http://dongha.quangtri.gov.vn/
3
Figure 2: Dong Ha location on the GMS East West Economic Corridor
4
Figure 3: Dong Ha with proposed ADB infrastructure projects
5
During the American war, Dong Ha was an important base for the South Vietnamese army at the border
between the North and South of Vietnam. At that time the town was concentrated in a small area
around the bridge and river port. But a large area was cleared and extensively used for the military
camp. After the war this military zone was favourable for the city’s further development. Even then,
Dong Ha’s strategic location as a transnational crossing point was recognised.
After 1975, Dong Ha was classified as “thi xa” – a rural centre belonging to the Binh Tri Thien Province.
However, Dong Ha was better known as a trading point on the national road. The Dong Ha market was
famous in the North of Vietnam as a centre for consumer goods from the South and from Laos and
Thailand. During those hard times of national economic stagnation, Dong Ha was one of few locations in
Vietnam which experienced growth.
After 2000, with the establishment of the special economic zone Lao Bao on the border with Lao PDR,
Dong Ha developed rapidly as a trading hub. Since then, the city has grown in spatial and population
terms, with proportional expansion of city infrastructure and services. In December 2005, Dong Ha was
approved as a 3rd order city, with a population of about 90,000. Now, Dong Ha is planning to become a
2nd order city, with a projected population of more than 160,000.
Purpose of this volume: The Dong Ha Climate Change Core Group – established as part of the ADB TA
8186-REG: Climate Resilience in Cities – worked to identify past and future flood prone areas in the town
through participatory mapping and reviewed the zoning arrangements set out in the Dong Ha town
master plan to identify what adjustments to boundaries and development controls were required to
increase town resilience. The Core Group also assessed climate change impacts and defined adaptation
strategies for two key strategic town infrastructure systems - the canal and drainage basin in Ward 5 and
the Dong Ha market-to-port zone which is a key economic centre of the town. That town wide and
location specific work to build resilience in Dong Ha is summarised in this volume.
1.2 PAST CLIMATIC VARIABILITY AND EXTREME EVENTS AND IMPACTS
CLIMATIC AND TOPOGRAPHIC CONDITIONS
The most remarkable climate characteristic of Dong Ha is its marked seasonal fluctuations: winter and
summer, rainy season and dry season. Average temperature difference between the hottest and coldest
months is from 9 to 10 degrees Celsius. The hottest months from May to September are often
accompanied by the ‘Laos Wind’ (Southwest wind), which brings dry hot weather, making
uncomfortable conditions for the inhabitants and harsh and often drought conditions for agricultural
production. The hottest days can reach 40 degrees Celsius and, combined with strong hot wind and
drought, bring serious fire risk conditions.
The rainfall in region of Quang Tri Province is about 2200-2800 mm/year. About 80% of this relatively
high rainfall is concentrated in the 4 months rainy season. The number of rainy days for some months is
17 to 20 days, which can have negative effects on seasonal crop production. Most significant is the
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concentration of rainfall in frequent extreme events. One extreme rainfall event can bring up to 600
mm.
Dong Ha is also affected by storms (Figure 4). Hurricanes most frequently occur from September to
November. Storms are often accompanied by heavy rain combined with storm surge causing
widespread flooding and damage to infrastructure and crops.
Figure 4: Quang Tri Province – storm occurrence from 1956-2009
Dong Ha has the typical topography of central Vietnam - high mountains in the west and low deltas in
the east (Figure 5) with steep and short watersheds from west to east, and a system of sharply sloping
rivers with high velocity water flow. Along a distance of almost one hundred kilometres there is a high
coastal sand dune formation, which acts like a dyke with very small openings at river mouths. This
topography is the main cause of frequent flooding in the lower deltas with water flow pressure from the
mountains being blocked by seaward influences at the narrow river outlets. Every year there are 4-5
floods in Quang Tri between August and November. The deforestation in the western mountains during
the war and further unplanned exploitation of the rainforest after the war has made floods in the delta
and floodplain more severe and frequent.
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Figure 5: Quang Tri’s coastal dunes, flood plain and short steep watersheds
Conditions in Dong Ha are influenced by three river basins: Thach Han, Hieu and the Vinh Phuoc River
(Figure 6). In recent years, with the construction of nine hydropower dams in the upland of Thach Han
and Hieu basins, flooding has become more controlled. However, as the reservoirs are not very large,
the flood control only serves to delay the flooding and sometimes makes it more serious when rapid
releases become necessary. In addition, the threat of dam break adds risk of catastrophic flooding in the
delta.
Storm surge, which often comes together with heavy rain and strong winds from the sea, is another
factor hindering the discharge of rain water from land to the sea. In extreme events, water can even
flow back from sea in-land when high tides combine with storm conditions.
In summary, flooding is a natural threat for Dong Ha due to the climatic and topographic conditions of
the area. Therefore it becomes a question of how best to live with the flood by minimising its impact on
the city and its citizens.
8
Figure 6: Quang Tri Province catchments and Dong Ha
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PAST EXTREME CLIMATIC EVENTS
Because of the relatively young history of the city, there are few local records of extreme events before
the 1980s. The hydrologic data in the Thach Han Basin goes back to 1977. Since then, significant flooding
occurred in the years 1983, 1990, 1995, 1998, 1999, every year from 2004 to 2010 and in 2013. In the
area of Dong Ha city many places were flooded to more than 3 m deep.
Two big events in 1999 and 2005 were most extreme. In 1999, in the 10 days from 1-10 November, the
rainfall was 1300-1600 mm or 60% of the normal yearly rainfall. In addition, there was a storm surge
caused by a tropical low pressure system combined with a high tide. Almost the entire city was under
water (Figure 7).
Figure 7: Dong Ha City flooded areas during 10 days of heavy rains and storm surge in 1999
IMPACTS OF PAST EXTREME EVENTS ON THE CITY
Reports of impacts of past extreme events in Dong Ha are available only from 2006. From then storms,
heavy rains and flood levels were recorded as well as the estimated costs of damage. Impacts on dams,
riverbanks, electricity lines and some buildings and dwellings could be costed – other forms of damage,
to crops for example, were more difficult to estimate. Those historical flood levels can be taken as a
reference when considering climate change vulnerability and its potential impacts. In general, some
lower parts of the city are frequently affected by river flooding and other parts from local flooding due
to heavy rainfall.
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TOPOGRAPHY AND NATURAL SYSTEMS IN AND AROUND THE EXISTING CITY
Though situated in a high risk climate and topographic zone, Dong Ha has not been severely damaged by
extreme climatic events because it was built on higher ground and has remaining natural systems in
urban areas which have helped to buffer the impacts of floods. That situation is changing as the city
expands, natural systems are lost and surfaces hardened.
The topography of Dong Ha city has three main zones (Figure 8). The hilly zone in the west and south
(dark green) is between 20 m-100 m and has many small hills that alternate with depressions and
drainage lines. This zone helps to protect the city from the monsoonal south-west wind and, when well
vegetated with natural drainage corridors in a natural state, regulates runoff.
Figure 8: The three main topographic zones of Dong Ha city
The low land in the north and east (light green) is a natural flood plain used for agriculture. It has
functioned as a water retention area and reduces flooding in the city. The middle flat land (5-15 m)
(cream colour) is favourable for city development. In this zone there are many natural streams, serving
as drainage corridors and providing ecological connectivity. Together with the three rivers and many
small lakes in the flood plain, they have made up an effective natural water drainage and storage
system.
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The existing city largely adheres to this natural setting using the hilly areas for protection and flat areas
for flood detention. The city is buffered by the low lying natural systems and damage that does occur is
limited to the central area.
MANMADE CONDITIONS WHICH INCREASE THE CLIMATE IMPACTS
This relative harmony between natural conditions and development is changing rapidly. There are
increasing manmade structures and conditions, which are likely to increase the impact of extreme
climatic events on the city, including:






The town master plan promotes inappropriate development for severe flood risks areas of the city.
National road No. 1 runs from north to south at a higher level than the natural topography and acts
as a dyke, cutting though the natural water drainage corridor from west to east, causing localised
flooding on the western side of the road.
Increased hardening of land surfaces through urbanisation, with inadequate artificial drainage
system, leading to increased runoff and local flooding.
Reduced green space, elimination of many natural drainage systems and poor drainage
infrastructure without separation of wastewater and stormwater leads to overloading of the
wastewater discharge system during flooding and subsequent disbursal of polluted waters through
the city.
No overall planning and control of infrastructure and services development, so these elements often
conflict and increase the risk of flooding. Roads are under the control of the traffic department,
while the pedestrian zones, the street trees, the drainage network, street lighting and underground
electricity and communication lines are all under the control of different departments.
Street tree and green space planting proceeds without with proper planning and technology, leading
to poor survival and growth and little capacity to cope with storms and flooding. When they fall they
damage underground facilities as well as the road surface.
In summary, Dong Ha is facing a combination of serious flood threats due to its location on the low land
between a short and steep catchment in the west and high sand dunes in the east with only one exit to
the sea. Several rivers converge on that exit point which means that any increases in volume and speed
of runoff met with seaward storm surge can cause extreme flooding in the city. The town plan which
encourages development in low lying and flood prone areas as well as clearing and development in the
upper catchment aggravates this situation.
1.3 PROJECTED CLIMATE CHANGE (CLIMATE AND HYDROLOGY)
With climate change, flood and drought conditions in Dong Ha are expected to become more frequent
and extreme. Precipitation in the wet season is projected to increase up to 300 mm by 2050 (Figure 9).
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Figure 9: Wet season precipitation - baseline and with climate change (2050), Dong Ha City
The average maximum temperature in the dry season is projected to increase by up to 2.4 degrees
Celsius (Figure 10). These changes will increase the likelihood of flood and drought.
13
Figure 10: Average maximum temperature in the dry season - baseline and with climate change
(2050), Dong Ha City
Another projected climate change threat for Dong Ha is sea level rise. One scenario developed by the
government Institute for Meteorology, Hydrology, Environment and Climate Change (IMHEN) has sea
level rising by 60 cm over the next 50 years. However more recent analysis by the International Panel
on Climate Change (IPPC) has a 1m rise by the end of this Century as a more likely projection. With the 1
m scenario, some areas of Dong Ha would be permanently under water. Extreme events like the
flooding of 1999 or 2005 would become more common. There would be more extensive riverine
flooding when rainfall coincides with storm surge and high tides and more problems with drainage
throughout the city.
1.4 PAST RESPONSE TO EXTREME EVENTS
GOVERNMENT RESPONSE
The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (MARD) and Ministry of Defence (MOD) are
responsible for disaster management and flood and storm control including construction of dykes and
dams. The Ministry of Construction (MOC) oversees programs with indirect links to disaster
management such as drainage systems and land fill for solid wastes which reduce the incidence and
severity of local flooding.
14
The Quang Tri policy is focused on technologies to build resilience to extreme events. For example
measures proposed in the Provincial Climate Change Action Plan include:




Raising the level of roads, buildings or developed zones above the flood level.
Building of dykes along the rivers, together with hard embankments to prevent erosion and riverine
flooding and using the dyke as a main road for development as well as for rescue purposes.
Improvement of the drainage system through construction of covered box channels and retention
lakes.
Collection and processing of solid waste.
These technical solutions are supported and funded by the World Bank (WB) and the ADB. The WB is
involved in the drainage system such as the Le Loi reservoir rehabilitation in Ward 5, while ADB is
focused on embankments, dykes and solid waste processing – although it too has supported drainage
infrastructure such as box canals, for example in Ward 5.
Those solutions would appear to reduce climatic impacts and increase city resilience. In practice they
have many negative side effects which are making drainage and flooding worse. The raising of
developed land has not solved flooding only served to shift the problem elsewhere and make the
topographic conditions more complex and difficult to manage. The dykes and hard embankment of the
rivers may not prevent riverine flooding in extreme events, and act as obstacles to the natural water
runoff and cause more local flooding every year. The box canals restrict flow and create more difficult
and dangerous conditions for local residents. Even the retention lakes are not connected to adequate
drainage and are built with hard, steep and high solid walls which prevent maintenance and multiple
uses and create dangerous areas in the heart of the city. These infrastructure investments are designed
according to conventional hard engineering approaches often ignoring and eliminating the natural
system foundations and opportunities.
DONG HA RESPONSE
At the city level, there are no exclusive organisations to deal with climate change. Under the CPC, the
Division of Economy is in charge of flood and storm control, the Division of Urban Management is in
charge of drainage and the Division of Urban Environment is in charge of climate change problems.
The Red Cross, Fatherland Front and Women’s Union are very active at the city and ward level in natural
disaster emergency response.
1.5 TOWN PLANNING CONTEXT
As Dong Ha is a provincial city, its planning documents are mostly made under the responsibilities of the
Quang Tri Provincial Peoples Committee and its departments. There are only a few policies and plans at
national level relating to the development of Dong Ha.
The planning of Dong Ha starts with the general planning of Quang Tri Province. This provincial level
planning has a socioeconomic development plan prepared by the Department of Planning and
Investment (DPI) and a spatial plan prepared by the Department of Construction (DoC). The provincial
15
planning defines the role of Dong Ha in the overall urban and peri-urban settlement system of Quang
Tri.
The most important central document is the Orientation Plan for Urban Development until 2025
(approved 2010). In this document, the development vision is for Dong Ha City to emerge as an
economic and industrial centre and a competitive city for investment in the East West transport
corridor. This vision is the legal background for all other provincial planning and projects in Dong Ha.
To achieve this vision, the Socio Economic Development Plan (SEDP) of Dong Ha focuses on the following
six strategies:
1. Promoting industrialisation and modernisation of the city’s economy for the highest growth and
development.
2. Increasing the size of commerce, services, and construction and heavy industries and reduction of
agricultural production.
3. Speeding up the urbanisation process through improving the technical infrastructure matching a
developed regional scale city.
4. Developing Dong Ha as a river side city, in the midst of three rivers: Thach Han, Hieu and Vinh
Phuoc, in which the Hieu River becomes the central axis for the city’s development on both sides.
5. Expanding the City toward the beach and connect with Cua Viet satellite town and other suburban
areas.
6. Developing with social and environmental improvements and protections, ecological sustainability
and preservation of tangible and intangible heritage and other traditional cultural customs.
The DoC prepares the construction master plan within the overall policy context of the SEDP. The last
construction plan for Dong Ha was approved in 2006 and extends to 2020. ADB has a subproject to help
DoC with a new construction master plan in 2016.
Based on the SEDP and construction master plan, the Department of Natural Resources and
Environment (DONRE) prepares a land use plan and the Department of Transport (DoT) prepares a
transport master plan. This land use plan and transport master plan differ little from the details in the
construction master plan.
Based on the transport plan and construction master plan, DPI will finish an infrastructure investment
plan with a list of priority projects. Following approval, the list of priority projects is the most binding
document for realisation of all projects.
Under the current spatial master plan of Dong Ha (Figure 11) and associated infrastructure plan the
following impacts are likely:




Deforestation in the west and south to make way for city expansion.
Expansion of the city in low lying lands.
Hardening of the river embankments and construction along the rivers.
Hardening and filling of water channels and loss of natural drainage corridors.
16
Figure 11: Dong Ha spatial master plan showing land use zones
The new development plans are likely to significantly reduce the extent and buffering capacity of the
natural systems in Dong Ha (Figure 12).
2 STEPS TO IMPROVE INTEGRATION OF CLIMATE CHANGE IN
TOWN WIDE PLANNING
2.1 SETTING UP THE CORE GROUP AND OBJECTIVES
A Climate Change Core Group of twenty-six technical experts was assembled in Dong Ha as the driving
force for implementing TA – 8186 (Figure 13). Members were from various provincial and municipal
government agencies, including DPI, DONRE and DOC. Other members came from local private sector
construction companies. A full list of Core Group members and their affiliation appears as Appendix 1.
17
Figure 12: Future changes to natural systems in Dong Ha with implementation of the spatial master
plan
Figure 13: Dong Ha Climate Change Core Group
18
The purpose of the Core Group is to build capacity in key experts from relevant agencies to use
analytical tools for assessing climate change threats and vulnerability and plan for adaptation with green
infrastructure. Through the Core Group, climate change adaptation knowledge will penetrate into their
host organisations. Climate change adaptation requires integrative solutions with inputs and
coordination from several sectors and strong networks between key decision-makers. Therefore, a
second function of the Core Group will be to build strong personal and institutional relationships
between key agencies responsible for city planning and infrastructure development.
2.2 DEFINING CLIMATE CHANGE HOT SPOTS
As a first step, the Core Group analysed and documented the natural and extent of climate and
hydrological threats and opportunities facing the City. That analysis involved:



Mapping of past extreme events and regular climate effects;
Defining a climate change profile for the city.
Combining information on past extremes with the climate change projections to identify hot
spots in the City which require special development controls and management.
The Core Group found that there were no historical flood maps of Dong Ha. The only existing flood maps
were at the provincial scale and were based on flood modelling rather than actual records of past
extremes. Though most of the Core Group members did agree on the general zones within the City
which are more frequently flooded, initially there was no consensus about the exact boundaries,
intensity or frequency of the flooding in these zones, especially in the smaller zones which experienced
frequent localised flooding. Even so the Core Group agreed that they had the collective past knowledge
and experience to draw together a preliminary map of flood prone areas based on past extreme events
and on IMHEN’s projections for climate change. It was understood that map would need to be updated
and improved as more information became available. Following an intensive process of participatory
mapping, the Core Group produced a Dong Ha flood map defining climate change hot spots and
describing the profile of each hot spot. The result was sufficiently accurate and detailed to provide the
best available town planning tool on flooding.
In general, there were two kinds of hot spots. The larger areas in the north and east of the city which are
exposed to riverine flooding in extreme events and the smaller areas scattered throughout the city
which experienced frequent local flooding due to intensive rainfall and poor drainage.
The digitized results of the participatory mapping exercise were reviewed by the Core Group to identify
and resolve differences between the two sub-group interpretations of past extreme flood areas and
risks. The sub-groups outputs were fairly similar although group 1 had provided more detail on localised
flooding areas in the town centre. These minor differences were resolved quickly though facilitated
working sessions and a final flood risk map agreed based on past events.
As a next step, the Core Group analysed information and maps on climate change projections included
possible overtopping of the Hieu River, and projections of increased rainfall and run-off in the town and
its catchments. The Group overlaid that information on their map in determining the severity of climate
19
change threats on flood risk areas. From this exercise, a Dong Ha climate change hot spot map was
developed (Figure 14). The map shows areas where climate change impacts may be “highly severe” to
the east and north of the town. The Group found that those hot spots have been identified for
significant future expansion under to the town master plan, which envisions the Hieu River as a central
axis along which a modern metropolis will be built.
Figure 14: Climate change hotspots in Dong Ha
The riverine flooded hot spots can be flooded 3 to 4 times a year, with duration lasting hours up to one
week with maximum depth of up to 2 to 3 m. The locally inundated hotspots are flooded regularly with
heavy rains up to 50 cm lasting hours to a day or 2. After defining these two kinds of hot spots, the Core
Group decided to have a closer look at the bigger riverine hotspots to understand the issues better and
identify development controls and safeguards. For the smaller hot spots, they identified two extreme
sites that became the focus of the detailed case studies described later in this volume.
20
2.3 IDENTIFIED HOT SPOT DEVELOPMENT CONTROLS
Overlaying the climate change hot spot map on the town zoning plan (Figure 15) showed that for the
most part, the extreme flooding risk has not been taken into account in the zoning scheme, or at least it
has not been considered as a key factor influencing the direction and form of town development. In
particular, the zoning plan is not accompanied by comprehensive development controls which guide the
location and design of infrastructure and buildings. While the low-lying areas to the north and east have
not yet undergone full-scale development according to the land-use plan, they have been designated as
areas for intensive urban expansion. The potential problems from climate change associated with
developing these areas are evident in Figure 16.
However the planners did recognise the existing flooding threat in these zones. They argued that the
development was safe enough with the application of technical solutions such as raising of the ground
level above the projected flood level for new developments and roads; hard embankments for the Hieu
and Thach Han Rivers to avoid erosion and protect the land; dykes as riverside roads and a new national
road along the Thach Han River to prevent riverine flooding and to stimulate the direction of urban
development.
Figure 15: Overlaying climate change hot spots on land-use zoning maps
In discussing whether there should be changes to the town zoning plan (Figure 17), there was a general
consensus that given central and local government had already approved the master plan the current
zoning system would remain until the next planning period. As was the case in both Kaysone
Phomvihane and Battambang, this partly reflects a willingness to ‘live with’ rather than ‘avoid’ the
floods. However, some Core Group members found it difficult to imagine how to change a plan that had
already been agreed at the highest levels; and many assumed that the zone designations must have
considered extreme flooding.
21
This is an institutional barrier to change i.e. the limited real influence local line department technical
staff have in fundamental planning decisions relating to their town. This barrier will need to be
addressed in the next master planning cycle. Given the continuing strong decentralisation process in
Vietnam, it is important that local and provincial officials are empowered to modify their town plan as
the need arises, especially as they have deep on-the-ground knowledge and experience in
implementation. With respect to climate change, this will involve ensuring local authorities have ready
access to up to date climate change projections and related hydrological modeling for their town.
Figure 16: Dong Ha - climate change hot spots overlaid on land-use zones
Throughout presentations and plenary discussions, a key message conveyed was how in international
planning practice, private sector developers are required to make a contribution to community welfare
and in overall strengthening of town resilience – either financially to an adaptation fund, for example, or
with designs that directly improve resilience through improved amenity, drainage effectiveness and
environmental quality.
22
Figure 17: Members of the Dong Ha Core Group defining climate change safeguards for land-use zones
The requirement that the private sector must ‘give back’ to the public in exchange for being granted a
private development approval was a new concept for the Core Group. The important role of the private
sector in climate change adaptation stood out as a key gap in the existing planning processes and
development, and something which would benefit from legislative reform and additional training and
capacity building.
The Core Group came to the conclusion that the planned functions of urban development and high class
urban centres in the flood prone zones along the river are not appropriate and should be changed to
another type of function - what they call an ecotourism zone. The safeguard principles for this zone
should be:






In principle living with flood with no large hard infrastructure solutions.
Minimising development in this zone with no critical and strategic facilities such as hospitals,
power plants and major roads and intersections.
Encouraging green space expansion and urban farming in combination with ecotourism and
recreation.
Eco architecture, natural materials, energy saving, low density.
Define the zone as a water retention area, with regulations for protection of landscape and
ecologic infrastructure.
Green infrastructure for river embankments, canals, ponds, lakes and reservoirs and all
slopes.
23

Facilitation of community participation in monitoring, maintenance and management of
public assets and conservation of nature through communal agreements.
The Core Group also agreed that residential development that is currently allowed in flood prone areas
in the city should have appropriate development controls in place to reduce flood risk and the
vulnerability of urban poor.
2.4 A PERMANENT CLIMATE CHANGE CORE GROUP
The Core Group members decided that the progress they have already made in strengthening town
resilience to climate change will only be sustained and continued if the Core Group is formally
established as a permanent body. This body will provide technical advice for building climate resilience
in new infrastructure proposals and in the town plan, oversee and advise on government spending on
climate change resilience, coordinate internally with other departments in Dong Ha on issues of climate
resilience and convene regularly to review and exchange experiences within Dong Ha and with Core
Groups from other towns.
COMPETENCE OF THE CORE GROUP
The Core Group defined the following competences, which will be the basis for their service and
existence:





The Group will produce accurate flood and heat maps of the city with grass roots methods and have
the capacity to maintain and upgrade them annually. With these products, they will help decision
makers and other stakeholders in developing their strategies and in planning.
It will have contacts with national and international networks on climate change and have access to
different programs and funding. With this competence they will act as a special governmental
department for climate change at city level.
It will have knowledge of technical safeguards and solutions and can act as consultants in this field.
With Group member background in different governmental departments they will provide
information and consulting services for their home department as well as sharing the information
and strategies from their department with other sector departments for common goals.
The budget for the Group’s work should be partly from the government, as a special department,
and partly from their own activities such as consulting or fund raising.
LEGAL STATUS OF THE CORE GROUP
In the existing governmental structure, there is no example of such an organisation. However the Core
Group members identified at least two main possibilities for the establishment of a permanent body:
(i) Internal advisor: The Group will be a technical staff group in the steering committee for
upgrading the town to a 2nd order city. The advantage of this arrangement would be that the
24
Group would be internal to each future development decision of the city and can provide their
recommendations. The negative side is that as internal technical staff, they will not have an
independent voice.
(ii) External advisor: The second option is to establish the Group as a scientific association under
the Association for Science and Technology. With this status they are not insiders to the decision
making process but they would be invited to each hearing and decision making process as a
third party.
2.5 REVISING THE TOWN DEVELOPMENT VISION
The Core Group recognised that the first step for any urban planning process is the definition of the
town vision. All the planning opportunities and challenges of Dong Ha have their roots in the vision.
Therefore a necessary starting point for integrating climate change into urban planning should be the
revision of the town development vision.
DONG HA EXISTING TOWN VISION
The current town visions as expressed in the socio-economic development plans is:
“Over the next decades, the People’s Committee of Quang Tri Province envision Dong Ha City to be a
dynamic and vibrant city serving as the regional economic growth centre for trade and investment in the
southern economic corridor while optimizing its resource potentials for sustained economic
development.”
The Core Group considered that the existing vision focuses too much on economic development while
ignoring the social and ecological values and sustainability. The Core Group is fully aware that it cannot
change the ambition to establish Dong Ha as a regional growth centre. So the question is how to
compromise and integrate climate change resilience and ecological sustainability into a vision which is
intent on rapid economic growth.
REVISING THE TOWN VISION
The Core Group conducted an extensive working exercise to define a new vision statement as follows:
“Dong Ha is green, prosperous, happy, fair, equitable, dynamic and enjoys the benefits of sustainable
development.”
With the use of the word “green”, the Core Group means “green infrastructure”, which they explained
in this way: Infrastructure assets serve as the technical foundation for the effective functioning of the
city. Green infrastructure can be natural or manmade but replicates or mimics nature and functions in a
natural way.
25
2.6 THE IMPORTANCE OF GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE IN DONG HA’S
DEVELOPMENT
At the regional workshop which brought the three town core groups together, the head of Dong Ha’s
Core Group Mr. Nguyễn Quốc Tuấn, Vice Director of the Quang Tri DPI, made the following statement
on the importance and interpretation of green infrastructure for his town2:
By green are we referring to development or climate change adaptation? The Dong Ha Core Group views
green development as the necessary foundation for climate change adaptation – for that reason it has
included green as a fundamental concept in Dong Ha’s development vision. Green infrastructure
provides the foundation for a city to function effectively and efficiently. It is critical to city resilience and
adaptive capacity. Green infrastructure can be defined as infrastructure which has in-built natural
features and elements ensuring its durability and effective functioning. Those features can be natural or
manmade in a ways that mimics nature. Such infrastructure has the highest resilience to climate change.
If we progressively green the infrastructure of a city as the primary adaptation strategy then we will
build higher resilience to climate change.
The green infrastructure objectives identified for Dong Ha include three points: water management,
reduction of urban temperature; and reduction of pollution
These benefits of climate adaptation through green infrastructure are the most fundamental amongst
all other benefits discussed. The Core Group broke these objectives down into smaller objectives. For
example, managing water through green infrastructure can also serve the purpose of water purification
or erosion prevention. Part of it is to collect water, storm water, and recycle it to be used at different
stages by different components.
For reduction of heat island effect in urban centres, there are different options that could be used such
as increased vegetation, water as a cooling source, or a reduction in the use of fossil fuels. For water
pollution control, we can separate stormwater run-off from wastewater and biologically treat the
wastewater. We can also reduce air pollution, noise pollution and deal with solid waste; all of these can
be biological measures, not just conventional engineering; so these biological treatments would be
classified as green technology.
Those objectives can be met through additional green infrastructure measures, such as collecting
stormwater run-off, using permeable surfaces or green roofs, building and maintaining regulatory
reservoirs and floodplains, and natural or constructed wetlands. We need to conserve arable land as
2
ICEM, 2014, TA-8186: GMS: Climate Resilient Cities in the Mekong Region - Regional Knowledge Sharing
Workshop Report, http://icem.com.au/portfolio-items/resilient-cities-regional-workshop-report/
26
potential for flood retention and ground water recharge, use rain gardens, ponds for drainage, and
natural canals and streams combined with landscaping. We can bioengineer embankments. We can use
recycled stormwater for many purposes.
More importantly, as the Core Group we need to mainstream these measures into day-to-day work.
What exactly are we going to do? How are we going to use this Core Group as a force for resilience
building? We will continue working to deliver these objectives – the systematic use of soft
infrastructure, of green infrastructure in order to turn Dong Ha into a green, sustainable city that meets
all the criteria we have identified.
All of these measures are ingredients, the raw materials, the building blocks for a sustainable city. In
order to build a beautiful house of these building blocks, you need time, you need a very good architect
and other experts involved. When we design the house based on these building blocks, we may imagine
a system, or a house as a system, there are lots of factors that we need to consider - climate, of course,
more severe weather, more severe storms, more extreme events – and other influences on the house
over time. The city is our home and it continues to grow bringing new challenges. Today we can do this,
but tomorrow, other issues may arise, and we have to address those issues as they arise. But underlying
all those changes, green infrastructure will increase in strength with time and place our home in a better
position to adjust and adapt.
Topography and the terrain - we need to consider these as key factors influencing our vulnerability to
climate change. Where can water flow? Which area can be for urban development and which retained
as green space? We need to make our development harmonious with the distinctive topography. For
example, considering Dong Ha’s steep and short catchment area, how can we formulate a system for the
town’s canals’ and natural drainage corridors? We need to improve all of these regulatory reservoirs and
canals. Some residents in the low lying areas could be relocated, and we could turn those areas into
parkland, and upstream we may try to plant more forests rather than continue to harden surfaces with
development. We can build more reservoirs like Dia Han. So I think there are lots of solutions and we
have to base those solutions on the characteristics of each catchment.
As in other cities of this region, flooding is serious and common for Dong Ha. Like in Hanoi or Ho Chi Min
City, a few hours of rain can inundate the city. So the issue of flood control is very critical. And we need
to anticipate that with climate change and development the problem may continue to get worse.
And the issue of money: Green infrastructure may be more affordable than conventional engineered
structures but still we always need to consider our budget. As developing cities, we do not have much
money to hand. Whatever structural engineering or biological measures, they all require money, so we
need to take cost and funding availability into consideration. Another issue we need to consider is
where the money goes. There are lots of proposals, but we need to have good planning and priority
setting to choose between them. We need to make the various projects into a complete and integrated
system, and detailed planning is required to do that.
27
The way we have been planning now in Dong Ha is not appropriate. We often build roads first before we
think about drainage requirements or linked infrastructure. We build a road before we build a market or
other facility. We need to give priority to what should be done first. The hard infrastructure must come
after we have already planned for the green infrastructure. Green infrastructure must receive more
priority. It must come first before the structurally engineered roads and bridges are designed. We must
first ask questions like: what natural systems and corridors do we need to keep or introduce to keep our
city resilient? What natural drainage patterns do we need to keep open? How can we meet our
objectives through use of natural approaches and bioengineering, for example water purification
through constructed wetlands? What canopy cover and green spaces must we conserve? All those
questions must be answered first in a systematic way - the roads and bridges must follow and be
harmoniously integrated with the green infrastructure approaches.
Another issue is that reservoirs and creeks within the town used to be natural, but they’ve been
progressively blocked by waste and filled in for development. That is a problem. Many developers in our
city neglect the drainage considerations. They care more about getting water in but they don’t care
much about removing it. We need to change their minds. In the Core Group’s view, we need to
transform and rehabilitate the former natural reservoirs and natural drainage networks and areas to
make them more eco-friendly - to turn those areas into parkland, for instance, or landscaped areas
together with some services for exercise, tourism and sports use.
Public–private partnerships (PPP) also need to be promoted. We can involve the private sector with
support from the government, because PPPs are important in the development and maintenance of
green infrastructure facilities. Some can be provided by government, but others can be assigned to the
private sector for monitoring and maintenance. Government can build the facilities, and the private
sector can maintain them, which may be a more sustainable solution. The community can contribute by
way of labour, doing the maintenance work. When they contribute labour, they get other benefits as
well. If possible, it would be valuable to have further technical assistance, to put these systems and
underlying policies in place so we can do the planning more carefully, in a way which promotes green
infrastructure before other hard infrastructure options as a foundation for resilience.
28
PART 2: SITE SPECIFIC
VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT AND
ADAPTATION PLANNING
The broad framework of master plans, land use zones and development controls provides the
foundation for integrating climate change in town development. The Dong Ha Core Group contributed
at that level with tools such as the climate change hot spot maps, an analysis of the current zoning
scheme and guidance on necessary approaches to controls and safeguards relating to all development in
the town. That guidance relates to town wide strategies such as rehabilitating and maintaining a
network of natural drainage corridors through to specific requirements on how buildings should be
designed and located. The Core Group spelt out an overall approach to a Dong Ha adaptation plan
promoting green infrastructure as the key ingredient in building resilience.
Equally important are local area plans which look in greater detail at how infrastructure assets relate to
their natural and social system contexts. In any year a town would have the resources to prepare only a
few of these local plans for strategic or sensitive assets and locations. The plans should provide
direction on how an area and its infrastructure should be developed to build resilience and service
multiple uses in response to climate change.
The Core Group and local authorities applied a set of scoping criteria to identify strategic and sensitive
areas and infrastructure which might be the focus of demonstration vulnerability assessments and local
adaptation planning. Those criteria covered, for example, areas subject to past extreme flooding,
scheduled for focussed ADB infrastructure investment, of strategic importance to town economic
activity, affecting significant numbers of Dong Ha residents and providing good opportunities for
demonstration and testing of green infrastructure approaches.
The scoping process led to the selected two infrastructure systems as priorities for detailed vulnerability
assessments and adaptation planning – both linked to ADB investments past and future: (i) a box canal
and bridge culvert at Le Loi Street in Ward 5 (taking in an upstream reservoir and natural waterway);
and (ii) a strategic development zone, from the central market to the new port along the Hieu River.
The locations of the sites are shown in Figure 18.
Core Group members applied the vulnerability assessment and adaptation planning methodology
described in Volume 4 of this resource kit and involving a combination of technical presentations and
intensive group working sessions and field activities at the case study sites. The process involved (i) a
baseline assessment, (ii) impact and vulnerability assessment, and (iii) definition and assessment of
adaptation options (Figure 19). It also involved drawing together priority adaptation measures into an
integrated adaptation plan for each site.
29
Figure 18: Dong Ha demonstration case study sites – the Le Loi drainage system and the central
market to port zone
Figure 19: Key steps in the vulnerability assessment and adaptation planning process.
Both sites span large geographic areas and incorporate a range of infrastructure and natural
components each responding differently to climate change. This diversity allows for a variety of
adaptation measures to be demonstrated within integrated area-wide adaptation plans for each
location. In both cases, the Core Group referred to the area as a system with interrelated components
30
to emphasise the importance of taking area wide and integrated approaches to infrastructure and site
design and development.
3 CASE STUDY SITE 1: THE BOX CANAL AND DRAINAGE BASIN
OF WARD 5
3.1 BASELINE ASSESSMENT
3.1.1 Brief description of the system
The Le Loi drainage system has a core zone - the drainage channel and a surrounding zone of residential
and commercial buildings, road and services infrastructure (Figure 20). The main components of the
core zone are:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Đại An reservoir
Box culvert
Le Loi Street bridge culvert
Box culvert outlet gate
The components of the surrounding area are:
5.
6.
7.
8.
Public facilities like schools, bus station and sport centre.
Residential and shop buildings
Natural and rural landscape
Roads
Figure 20: Dong Ha, Le Loi Street box culvert and canal in Ward 5 drainage basin
This
case
study
includes a box canal
system constructed
with ADB support
during
2003-2009
linked to an upstream
former
reservoir
(Figure 21). The box
canal has constricted
increasing run off and
flow in this major
drainage corridor and
now causes more
31
severe and frequent flooding of surrounding residences, shops and roads and is a dangerous area for
children and animals living close by.
Figure 21: Box Canal and upstream reservoir in Ward 5 Dong Ha
The canal passes under Le Loi Street and feeds into a covered box canal of concrete construction (Figure
22). Upstream of the box culvert is the Dai An reservoir which is now being rehabilitated with World
Bank support (Figure 23).
Figure 22: Case study site 1 - Loi Loi Street box canal entry point, Dong Ha
32
Figure 23: Case study site 1 - Reservoir area upstream of the Le Loi Street canal
The function of this infrastructure system is to discharge runoff water from a large basin of about 285 ha
in Ward 5. This drainage corridor is a natural depression in the middle of Ward 5. The runoff water from
both sides (north and south) of the drainage are collected in this area and discharged to the irrigation
channel of Ward Dong Le in the east of the national road 1A from where it flows to the rivers.
The original natural system had two main components: the stream in the middle of the depression and
the wetlands around it, which served as a retention area and ecological buffer zone (Figure 24). Over
the years those natural components have been greatly altered.
Figure 24: The Le Loi drainage system, Dong Ha
The channel in the middle can be divided again into three main components: The Dai An reservoir at the
western end, the natural creek in the middle and the ADB box canal in the eastern end.
3.1.2 Status and condition of the system and its components
The current structure of the Le Loi box canal is inadequate to cope with minor frequent flood events (i.e.
two or three times each year) and certainly not conditions equivalent to past extremes and projected
with climate change. It has made flooding in the surrounding residential and agricultural area
substantially worse – during discussions with the Core Group which was the first time they had been
consulted on the flood issue, some residents said they had become “flood refugees” because of the new
33
drainage infrastructure. On a positive note, some appreciated that box canal has reduced foul odours
coming from the polluted waters which pass through it. As it stands it has created a serious threat to
life and property, being suspended up to 2m above surrounding buildings in most sections (Figure 25).
Figure 25: Case study site 1 - Box canal. The top of the canal is higher than the footings of the adjacent
housing
According to local authorities, as well as residents and businesses in the area, during annual heavy rains,
neither the culvert nor covered canal is able to cope with the flow of water resulting in serious flooding
of the roads, shops and houses in the area. Many roads were built crossing or near the stream, leading
to increased inundation and disruption of traffic.
The Core Group analysis indicates that the Le Loi Street infrastructure planning was flawed in terms of (i)
capacity - the flood waters overtop the box canal every time it rains heavily which is several times each
year, (ii) the original decision to limit the design to a two year flood return period – already more severe
flood events have damaged the structure, (iii) the conclusion that it was the best technical option
providing for drainage and flood protection – the box canal has been shown to be ineffective for
drainage and flood protection – the Core Group has defined a mix of engineering and other adaptation
measures which would likely be a more effective technical option, (iv) that there were no engineering
alternatives – the Core Group have shown that there are engineering and non engineering alternatives,
and (v) that the system was the least cost option – the Core Group measures include an emphasis on
bioengineering mixed with engineering measures which, it is estimated would have been less costly than
the box canal.
34
This case raises concerns about the process of definition and design of town and donor funded projects
and the guidance they follow. It reinforces the potential for climate change response to facilitate a
review and strengthening of that system – so it is more creative and consultative in settling on solutions
to flooding and drainage problems which work with climate change and have strong community backing.
Disparities between the town master plan and the box canal development show it has led to reduced
drainage and flood mitigation capacity and the removal of green space and buffers.
3.1.3 Past extreme events and impacts on the system
The box canal was intended to improve on the natural creek functions. However, it has created many
flood and drainage problems for the basin. Its total capacity is much smaller than the natural water flow
upstream to downstream. The flooding time in the box canal area can fluctuate between a few hours to
a day in some places. In general, flooding now occurs 3-4 times a year. Zone 9 of ward 5 floods to a
depth of 0.3 – 0.5 m and Zone 4 can experience floods of up to 1.5 m. Even the Le Loi Street, which
passes over and close to the canal entry point, is now flooded seriously for the first time up to 1.5 m, 4-5
times a year.
Also, the canal does not allow water to enter into the channel along its length so that runoff water from
both sides of the canal cause flooding and forms stagnant polluted water pools along the base of the
canal’s concrete walls. The solid box shape has increased encroachment on the natural water channel
with infilling and construction up to the canal walls. The box canal entry point and along either side have
become sites for solid waste dumping. Importantly, it is not an aesthetically pleasing structure branded
as “ugly” and an “eyesore” by some residents.
3.1.4 Past, current and future land uses
In the past, this area was peri-urban and not intensively settled. Most of the area was wetland, some
parts with seasonal cultivation of vegetables or rice. Under these land uses, the natural systems could
function effectively for water retention and drainage of the 285 ha basin without any problems and
damage.
Over the past 15 years, many public facilities and private buildings have been built on the flood prone
land. Some have problems with flooding. Some are raised above the flood level but they have change
the topography and shifted the problem to neighbouring areas. As a result the flood and hydrological
characteristics of the area has become more complex and difficult to manage.
In the general master plan for Dong Ha, almost all the green space will disappear for the city expansion
with natural drainage corridors greatly restricted and hardened or filled.
A project is now being implemented with World Bank support to harden high walls surrounding the Đại
An reservoir and excavate the internal wetland creating a dangerous and inaccessible area with little
amenity values. In this project, only the maximum water surface and retention capacity was considered
with no recreational and touristic uses, green area and amenity facilities around the lake envisioned or
35
continuing multiple uses including provision of wetland plants and aquatic animals as food. Even with
maximum surface water, the efficiency of the rehabilitated lake is limited. The new structure cannot
replace the natural channel as much lateral runoff will no-longer be able to flow into it. The lake as
designed will be very deep, with hard and steep embankments. If the lake is not well managed, it will
have little water in it for most of the year and become a dangerous and unhealthy area collecting solid
waste and concentrating effluents especially during the dry season. Similar problems are being
experienced with other water reservoirs with the same design in cities like Ha Tinh and Quang Ngai.
In the detailed plan for Ward 5, the lake becomes an isolated retention pond with reduced drainage
management capacity and no longer a well integrated component of the basin wide catchment and
drainage system. On the positive side the Ward does had planned to establish a green area around the
lake as park for recreation uses. The planning experience with this reservoir reflects the challenges in
Dong Ha of ensuring that higher level plans are effectively implemented on the ground when expressed
through specific infrastructure and project design.
3.1.5 Climate change threat profile
As presented in the town overview (Section 1.2), Dong Ha is projected to become wetter in the wet
season and hotter in the dry season. This will lead to increased incidence and severity of flooding at the
site in the wet season and more intensive drought and soil drying periods in the dry season.
3.2 IMPACT AND VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT
As a first step in the climate change impact assessment process, the Core Group walked the drainage
system from the former reservoir area upstream to the exit point to agricultural fields downstream,
including conducting a series of discussions with local residents and shop owners. They conducted a
baseline assessment of the site and later used this evidence base to inform a climate change impact and
vulnerability assessment.
The Core Group’s vulnerability assessment found the system as a whole to be highly vulnerable to the
threat of flooding caused by increased rainfall with climate change (Table 1).
The main climate impact on the site is flooding, caused by heavy rain, concentrated in a short time. With
climate change, the expected rainfall in an extreme event could increase by 20%. All impacts will be
increased significantly. In addition, the process of urbanization will continue and exacerbate the
impacts. Some main impacts are:



Destruction of infrastructure and inhibition of functions: for example, roads and culvert bridges,
water supply piping, drainage structures, electricity lines and sub-stations, communication lines;
Damage to agricultural fields and irrigation structures and reduced production in hamlets 4 and 9;
Water pollution and effluent disbursement, especially by flooding and overflow of septic tanks
leading to health threats;
36



Traffic obstruction with road overtopping and damage to bridge culverts;
Damage and destruction of residential properties and reduced real estate values; and
Reduced commercial activity with flooding of shops and access to businesses
The area is a central residential and public service zone of the city. With the existing land uses and
planning and technical design challenges, the Core Group considered adaptation capacity to be low and
therefore the general vulnerability of the zone as high. As the zone is strategically located in the middle
of the city, its high vulnerability will influence the vulnerability of the city overall.
37
Table 1: Impact and vulnerability assessment results of case study 1 - the main drainage system of Ward 5 and Dong Le Ward
System/
component
Overall system:
 Đại An
reservoir
 Đại An sewer
gate
 Upstream canal
 Sewer and
bridge culvert
at Le Loi road
 ADB box canal
 downstream,
outlets at
Duong Sat,
 Thien Nhien
bridge and
residents
within the
basin
Threat
Heavy rain
during short
period
Threat
description
Flooding with
short
duration
Land slide
Increased
temperature
and long dry
season
Long drought
period
Exposure
Sensitivity
High
 Direct exposure
to increased
flow velocity,
and flood
duration and
height
 2-4 h duration
 3-4 times/year
 KH9: flooded
from 0.3-0.5 m
 KP4 flooded
from 1-1.5 m
 widespread
runoff
Medium
Effects the
natural canal
upstream of Le
Loi bridge and
residential
properties
High
Isolated
infrastructure
components
sensitive to
damage and
destruction impact on the
entire system
after heavy
rain
Medium
Every 2-3 years.
Each time lasts
for 5 months.
Medium
Most
infrastructure
reinforced
concrete. But
residential
properties
liable to
collapse
Low
Less affect to
capacity of the
drainage
system
Impact
level
High
Impact summary
 Causes damage to
infrastructure (bridge,
roads, sewers, canals),
 Partly flooded in KP4,
KH9 and destroys crops
and assets of local
people.
 Pollutes water sources
and impacts on local
community health and
amenity
 Impacts on
transportation and trade
of local people.
Medium
 Sewer blockage.
 Land slide of residential
properties and collapse
of buildings along the
canal banks.
Medium
 Plants development
affects the runoff.
 Encroachment of the
reservoir bed.
 Have impact on water
regulation capacity.
 Drying of soils can
increase erosion and
sedimentation during
Adaptation
capacity
Low
Technology,
financial resources,
human resources,
management,
policy, material
sources have not
yet met practical
demands
Low
Technology,
financial resources,
human resources,
management,
policy, material
sources have not
yet met practical
demands
High
Easy to fix, make
the line functional
by removing
vegetation and
trees that have
blocked the water
flow
Vulnerability
High
Medium
Low
38
System/
component
Threat
Threat
description
Exposure
Sensitivity
Impact
level
Impact summary
Adaptation
capacity
Vulnerability
the wet season with
onset of heavy rains
Component A
 Đại An
Reservoir
Component B
 ADB box canal
Maximum
rainfall.
Water level in
the drainage
system
increases in
height and
flow velocity
High
5-7 years/time
Low
In most cases
the water
level does not
exceed safe
level and
overtop new
lake banks
Medium
Increased
temperature
and long dry
season
Long drought
period
without rain
High
Every 2-3 years,
each time lasts 5
months.
High
There is no
underground
water source
Medium
Intensive
heavy rain
during short
season
Flood in short
period
High
Direct exposure
to flood
 2-4h
 3-4 times/year
Low
Structure
reinforced
concrete
Medium
 Potential collapse of
hardened lake sides
 Impact on the
surrounding area and
downstream.
 Creates dangerous
conditions for residents
and users of the lake
area
 Vegetation growth in
empty reservoir affects
runoff and flow.
 Concentration of
effluents leading to
health and amenity
impacts.
 High biomass has impact
on water retention and
regulation capacity.
 The reservoir could fulfil
1/3 of set objectives:
flood reduction; but not
ensure proper landscape
protection and water
regulation function
 Reduce longevity and
quality of sewer
 Undermining of box
structure
 Cause subsidence,
potential breaks in box
canal
High
There exists
management and
operational
mechanism of
flood drainage
Medium
Low
Low water storage
and supply, low
technology
High
Medium
Local authorities
and community
could repair
possible damages
Medium
39
3.3 ADAPTATION PLANNING
Following the vulnerability assessment, the Dong Ha Core Group worked through all steps of the
adaptation planning process including identifying a range of options to address each of the most
significant impacts, setting priorities among the measures and then defining ways to implement them in
an integrated and systematic way in a local area adaptation plan.
3.3.1 Objectives of the adaptation plan
The main objective of the adaptation plan for this system is to rehabilitate and optimise its drainage and
flood protection functions so that it effectively serves the 285 ha basin under climate change conditions.
Subsidiary objectives are to develop the system in a way which brings back as much of its natural
features and functions as possible for multiple-uses, and enhanced amenity and quality of life for local
communities.
3.3.2 Overall approach of the adaptation plan
The Core Group’s overall approach to adaptation is to redesign the whole 285 ha basin as a new urban
development centre, which has an attractive green core zone with multiple functions: as drainage
corridor, water retention facility, landscaped recreation area and water and air purifier. The
development of a green and modern urban renewal area will increase the total value of the basin and a
part of this added value can be investment in improvement of the green infrastructure system.
The Core Group formulated a range of adaptation options for the site: from rehabilitating the upstream
reservoir as a recreational and stormwater retention area, to redesigning the box canal corridor to be
more appropriate for the volumes of water during the wet season, now and with climate change. The
Core Group’s adaptation plan is to turn the box canal corridor into parkland and natural drainage area
with a network of walkways and bicycle paths linked with the reservoir upstream and downstream with
a constructed wetland and agricultural fields. The entire corridor and adjoining areas will become an
attractive green zone and recreational area for town residents.
3.3.3 Adaptation measures
The integrated adaptation measures relate to rehabilitation, improvement and maintenance of the
reservoir, creek, box canal and downstream area to approximate and mimic natural drainage corridor
conditions. The rehabilitated system should provide the necessary drainage and
retention capacity for the 285 ha basin under climate change. The water channel
GI Guide 3.2
will need to have greater capacity than existing structures to absorb and manage
runoff without causing floods because it will be greater with climate change and
increased urbanization.
40
The Core Group’s measures for the upstream reservoir were particularly important
for the overall system functions. They proposed terraced embankment treatments
GI Guide
and access points, building setback safeguards, and extensive planting and facilities
4.4, 4.6, 4.7
such as boardwalks to turn the area into a major recreational and touristic asset for
the town – in addition to building climate change resilience. That plan was made before the World Bank
supported work began on the reservoir including dredging and construction of hard vertical banks. That
work now greatly constrains what might be possible in taking a green infrastructure and bioengineering
approach to the reservoir as part of a corridor wide adaptation initiative. The feasibility of the Core
Group measures will need to be assessed against this recent construction.
The results of the Core Group’s adaptation planning assessment are summarised in Table 2.
3.3.4 Phasing of adaptation implementation
The adaptation plan will need to be implemented in phases. Some measures need be set in place before
others are possible. Other measures can are needed as high priority while others can be left until later
when further information and experience is gained on flooding and green infrastructure performance.
Adjustments will be needed over time. Funding might not be available to embark on all measures in the
plan. The key is to ensure that each measure is set in place according to the overall integrated plan
which should be progressively implemented so its full benefits are realised.
Phase 1 (1-2 years):

Raise awareness and involvement of the community. The most urgent adaptation measure is to
raise awareness of stakeholders – government, private sector and the affected community – about
the challenge and potential for the site and make arrangements for community involvement in
adaptation plan implementation. In order to do that, research and documentation of existing land
uses is needed, with details on each lot: proprietor, legal status, land use efficiency, real estate
price, and vulnerability.

Hydrologic modelling of the basin with climate change in order to confirm and detail the need for
improved drainage and its parameters.

Development controls on further encroachment, hardening of ground surfaces and land filling in the
corridor area to prohibit all construction works, until the new planning is complete and approved.

Defining the minimum core zone for effective drainage of the overall catchment. This zone should
be protected in the master plan. Legally, the whole basin of 285 ha should be defined as a special
unit and subject to new detailed planning (Figure 26).

Better solid waste management, especially in and along the ADB box
culvert. Small solutions should be applied like frequently cleaning of the box
canal, controlling and preventing disposal of waste in the canal and clarifying
responsibility for the management of the system.
GI Guide 6.2
41

Organisation of community agreements to protect the green space prior to and following the
detailed planning – and arrangements for communities to activity participate in establishing,
monitoring and maintaining the green infrastructure components.

Formalise the Dong Ha Core Group – Continue the current institutional analysis work summarised in
this report to establish the Core Group and engage it the adaptation plan implementation process.

Detailed design and approval for the adaptation plan bioengineering measures – the measures
have been sketched out in this report and now need to be designed in detail by an interdisciplinary
team with international technical input from a bioengineering and landscaping specialist – especially
for components such as the constructed wetland and rehabilitation of the
box canal section of the corridor. If at all possible, the bioengineering works
GI Guide 3.1
can begin in Phase 1, but the regulatory and institutional arrangements for its
implementation and management need to be put in place first.

Regulate to protect the green core zone: Obtain a decision for protection of the corridor core zone
for green infrastructure and strict development control (Figure 26).

Set up arrangements for funding and fund management. Establish the area as pilot project in the
next revision of the master plan and begin the process of identifying it as a priority investment
project for Dong Ha, with but not necessary requiring ODA funding. Also set in place a system of
payment for recreational and service facilities within the corridor to partly cover green
infrastructure maintenance costs.
Phase 2 (2-5 years) (Figure 27):

Commence construction of the bioengineering and green infrastructure measures along the
corridor with special focus on the reservoir, box canal section and downstream constructed
wetlands. International expert support in implementing the green infrastructure solutions and in
providing capacity building will be needed in establishing and maintaining measures such as the
green embankments, constructed wetlands and biodiversity improvement.

Integrate bioengineering measures with existing hard engineering structures: The box canal is a
special challenge because, like the World Bank reservoir work, this structure was costly to build and
only recently completed. The Core Keeping the ADB box culvert but establishing better management
and integration with environment.

Strictly enforce the development controls for the green corridor zone. Sharp responsibilities for
development control enforcement need to be defined so that pipeline projects are effectively
reviewed and required to meet all the necessary safeguards. Development should be prohibited in
severe flood prone areas within the corridor.
Phase 4 (over 5 years) (Figure 27):

Zoning and guiding green development around the corridor parkland. The areas abutting the
corridor protected core zone should be reserved for developments which demonstrate the idea of
green architecture and eco design. Green infrastructure building standards, canopy and green cover
GI Guide 6.342
ratios for all land allotments, on site storm water management and other key aspects of eco design
should apply to all residential, commercial and government buildings and development in the area.

On-going monitoring and maintenance of the corridor with community involvement: Community
management and action groups should be given a key role in maintaining and strengthening the
green infrastructure along the corridor. Local community groups would need to be involved in other
functions such as solid waste management and site beautification. A government technical field
team will need to take overall responsibility for corridor maintenance and management.
Bioengineering measure grow in strengthen over time but they do require adjustment and
enrichment as vegetation becomes well established.
Figure 26: Schematic of the drainage basin with a connected water channel and green space
43
This green infrastructure should be designed so that it becomes a beautiful landscape and recreation
place in the middle of the city. It will become more than drainage infrastructure and will create
recreational, aesthetic and real estate value for the whole surrounding area.
Figure 27: Schematic of areas adjacent to corridor (blue) for demonstration eco design and critical
urban facilities and residential areas (brown) and green streets (yellow)
44
Table 2: Adaptation planning results for the main Drainage system of Ward 5 and Dong Le Ward
System/Component
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Đại An reservoir
Sewer gate of Đại
An reservoir
Upstream canal
Sewer in Le Loi road
ADB sewer at the
bridge downstream
Outlet gate of
Duong Sat bridge
Nature and
residents in the
catchment
A component - Đại An
reservoir
Impacts
Description of Impacts
 Flooding of
short
duration
 Land slides
 Long term
drought
 Causes damage to infrastructure
(bridge, roads, sewers, canals).
 Partly flooded in KP4, KH9
destroying crops and assets of
local people.
 Pollution of water sources and
impact on local community health.
 Impact on transportation and
trade of local people.
 Negative impact on the city
landscape.
 Land slide along the canal
embankments.
 Land erosion along 2 sides of the
ADB sewers resulting in sewer
blockage.
 Plant development has impacts on
the flow direction.
 Encroachment of the corridor
area.
 Impact on water regulation
capacity.
 Water pooling and pollution.
1.
 Impact on the surrounding area
and downstream.
 Plant development affects the
flow.
 Lake encroachment.
 Effects on water regulation
capacity.
1.
 Exceeds the
safety of
the
reservoir
storage
capacity
Adaptation options
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Improve drainage capacity of the entire
system through rehabilitation and
expansion of corridor and green
infrastructure treatments.
Create landscaped green corridor as central
recreational area in city.
Regulate water volume into the system by
upstream reforestation and bioengineering.
Develop a green plan for the entire basin
plan.
Develop a wastewater and solid waste
treatment plan.
Awareness raising for local people and
relevant stakeholders.
Develop a managerial and operational
mechanism for the system.
Develop a financial mechanism and
commitment.
Identify boundary & mechanism to protect
the reservoir and corridor core zone.
Improve the reservoir to meet objectives:
Landscaped recreation and tourism; flood
regulation and drainage.
Develop urban agriculture and fishery
proposals.
Set in place corridor managerial and
operational mechanisms.
Design parks and walkway network from
Prioritization of adaptation options
Feasibility
1. Medium
Efficiency
1. Very high
Priority
1. Very High
2. High
2. Very high
2. Very High
3. Medium
3. Medium
3. Medium
4. High
4. High
4. High
5. Medium
5. High
5. High
6. Very high
6. Medium
6. High
7. High
7. Medium
7. Medium
8. Medium
8. Very high
8. Very high
1. Very high
1.
High
1.
2. Very high
2.
High
2.
3. High
3.
Medium
3.
Medium
4. High
4.
Medium
4.
Medium
5. Medium
5.
High
5.
High
45
Very
high
Very
high
System/Component
Impacts
Description of Impacts
Adaptation options
6.
B Component - ADB
sewer
Not enough
aperture
culvert
drainage leads
to flooding in
downstream
areas of Le Loi
bridge
 Reduces the longevity and quality
of the box canal.
 Causing subsidence, box canal
breakage.
 No water collection drains causing
flooding sections between.
 Facilitate encroached land drains
either side.
 Water stagnant at the both sides
so as to pollute environment.
1.
reservoir to downstream constructed
wetland.
Develop infrastructure and urban plan
design surrounding the reservoir.
Prioritization of adaptation options
Feasibility
6. Medium
Efficiency
6.
High
Improve drainage of Le Loi bridge
1. Medium 1. Very
downstream segment with expansion of
high
corridor either side of the box canal and
bioengineering measures:
2. Option 1: Retain ADB box canal and design
2. High
2. Medium
broader corridor consistent with the
drainage requirements.
2. Option 2: remove ADB box canal and renew
water canal to ensure flood drainage while
creating natural landscape.
3. Re-plan residents at two sides (prevention
3. Medium 3. High
of encroachment and flood).
4. Solid waste management along the sewer
and conduct regular dredging.
4. High
4. Medium
1 - Determine the catchment area of 285 ha in the urban centre and the ecological landscape of Dong Ha in Dong Ha upgrade project to City 2
2 – Propose this area as a key urban development project in the project implementation action plan.
3 – Include this project into the overall Dong Ha construction plan
4 – Propose to consider the entire area as a project under a unified management and interdisciplinary projects identified in the key investment portfolio of the
province
5 – Adjust Dai a reservoir project design
6 – Adjust design of the prolonged Le Thanh Tong Street - ADB project
Priority
6.
High
1.
Very
high
2.
Medium
3.
High
4.
Medium
46
4 CASE STUDY SITE 2: THE MARKET TO PORT ZONE
4.1 BASELINE ASSESSMENT
4.1.1 Brief description of the system
Located in the centre of Dong Ha, this area which the Core Group has designated a strategic
development zone covering the central market to the new port area (Figure 28). The port is just
downstream of the market with the main Dong Ha bridge spanning the Hieu River between them. The
port is one of the areas slated for ADB investment, which also includes the riverbanks of the Hieu River,
just upstream of the market and port zone.
The Core Group gathered baseline information through field site visits which included investigating the
drainage system in the park on Le Duan Street, walking through the market and along the riverbank and
examining the site of the port redevelopment. Discussions were conducted with vendors and customers
and with local authorities - Government technical staff provided on site briefings. Information from the
site visit was synthesized into a baseline assessment.
Figure 28: Market to Port Development Zone Dong Ha city
47
The Core Group identified this as an urban renewal area of strategic importance for Dong Ha in terms of
climate change resilience and overall development as a dynamic and beautiful river side city. The
objective the Group defined for area is to provide Dong Ha with a resilient commercial and service
centre which is intensively used for tourism, recreation and business because of its beauty and amenity
values. This zone consists of the most important facilities in Dong Ha, which are components of the
target system for this assessment:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Peoples committee compound
Đông Hà Bridge
Đông Hà market
Lê Duẩn park
Sài Gòn Đông Hà Hotel
Đông Hà Port
Hiếu river embankment
Other urban services (post office, supermarket, night life street)
The Core Group conceived of the market to port area as an important development and demonstration
zone for climate change adaptation for the town (Figure 19 and Figure 30). First, the zone contains a
potential natural drainage point in Le Duan Park, which could play an important role in helping to
alleviate pluvial flooding in the area by linking it to the river. Second, given its location and economic
resources, this zone could become an important centre of trade, tourism and commercial activity, from
which economic resources could be drawn to strengthen the town’s adaptive capacity. Third, its
strategic and prominent location at the centre of town and along the Hieu River would make it an
accessible and highly visible demonstration site for good adaptation.
Figure 19: Dong Ha Market on the Hieu riverbank
48
Figure 30: View from the market to the port in the background, including the Dong Ha bridge crossing
the Hieu River and the hotel buildings to the right
The area has a favourable location with many important facilities critical to a future trade and service
centre enabling Dong Ha to realise its vision as a prominent economic corridor and riverside city.
Yet, currently there is almost no integrated planning of this zone and despite its obvious importance the
serious development problems it faces including climate change are not properly recognised. The main
components do not follow any systematic plan and their operations often conflict and impede each
other’s functions. For example, intensive heavy traffic next to the five star hotel and market prevents
connectivity and creates a hostile environment for commerce, tourism and recreation. The various
developments are ideas of different periods and do not integrate with each other to form a whole.
4.1.2 Status and condition of the system and its components
1. City Peoples Committee compound
The city peoples committee compound (Figure 31), together with a number of other administrative
facilities, occupies a large area in the zone. It is a significant presence in the area as the administrative
centre of the city.
Figure 31: City peoples committee
However most of compound buildings are old and
degraded with no design connection between
them or to the surrounding area. City authorities
are now discussing whether to move the CPP or
to rebuild a new complex on the site. If they are
removed a large quantity of valuable land in the
centre will be available for the development of
the commercial centre. This is a common
tendency in many cities of Vietnam administrative facilities are removed to make way
for development of expensive commercial areas. But if the administration remains, which is a more
probable alternative, then if properly developed it can present an important function in the area and
49
contribute to a more resilient city. Importantly, the new complex should follow development controls
and eco design so that it demonstrates effective on-site water and flood management.
2. Dong Ha Bridge
The Dong Ha Bridge was first built in 1969 by the American army. Between 1969 and 1972, the bridge
was destroyed many times. In 1972 with the liberation of Dong Ha, the bridge was rebuilt. The current
bridge was built in 2000 (Figure 32). The first problem the new bridge created is that it separates the
two sides of the south river bank. There is almost no safe connection between the market and park area
to the west and the hotel and river port to the east of the national road.
The second problem is that this bridge was designed solely for interregional traffic. There is no
functional relationship between the immediate surrounding areas and the bridge. When national road
1A is relocated to the east, along the Thach Han River, to avoid the city, the bridge will then serve as
inner city infrastructure and it should be made to fit within its inner city context.
A third problem is that the bridge and national road disturb the natural flow of water from west to east
and increase the local flooding on the western side.
Figure 32: Dong Ha Bridge with market in background
3. Đông Hà Market
Dong Ha market (Figure 33) is one of the most important facilities of the city. It can be defined as a
commercial facility, architectural monument or cultural and tourism attraction. It is the most intensively
used facility in Dong Ha, by local residents as well as visitors.
50
The market was built on relatively high ground on the river bank but it is surrounded by lower streets,
which are often flooded in the wet season, restricting access to the facility. In addition, during flooding,
all drainage and underground sewage from the market becomes blocked and backs up.
Figure 33: Dông Hà market on the banks of the Hieu River
The river dyke and the drainage pipes are much lower than the river water level. The main drainage
pipes for the streets Huyen Tran Cong Chua and Tran Hung Dao in front of the market are too small to
effectively drain the volumes of water received. They run partly under the market to the river so that it
will be very costly to renovate and improve them without disturbing the function of the market. Water
pollution and solid waste are also persistent problems, which increase flooding, sanitation and health
issues in the market areas. During the regular floods, both access points to the market from Huyen Tran
Cong Chua Street and Phan Boi Chau Street are under water.
During the dry season there are problems with heat, odour and effluent concentrations in drains. The
market has many large concrete and roof surfaces and is very hot in summer, which increases the use of
fans and other cooling facilities. There is no roof drainage, water collection or storage for cooling or use
during the dry season.
4. Lê Duan Park
Le Duan Park (Figure 34) was built in 2007, celebrating the 100th birthday of the former party leader Le
Duan. At this time Dong Ha already had a vision of becoming a trans-Asian corridor city. The park was
one of the main projects demonstrating that vision. In front of the statue of Mr. Le Duan is a large space,
which consists mainly of a grass lawn and a lake bordered by vertical masonry walls. Originally this and
adjoining areas were low lying natural wetlands, intensively used by local communities, and with critical
flood retention and water management functions. All that has gone. Following construction of the park
and lake, stormwater from adjoining areas cannot follow the earlier natural drainage pattern. The park
land and lake banks are now higher than the surrounding areas and not connected by an underground
drainage system. Since the construction of the lake, the area in front of the market is more frequently
inundated.
51
Functionally, the park is seldom used. It is a large empty area without shade trees, with little gathering
space for recreation or entertainment. Once or twice a year, the park is used for ceremonies. There is
no functional and visual link between the park and other facilities in the area, especially the market,
hotel and nearby river with all its natural beauty and potential as a recreational and touristic attraction.
Most important from a climate change resilience perspective, the lake does not function as a key
drainage and flood protection facility connected to the river.
Figure 34: Lê Duẩn Park
5. Sài Gòn – Đông Hà Hotel
The Sai Gon Dong Ha Hotel is the first large 4 star hotel in Quang Tri Province. It has 8 stories and close
to 100 rooms including president suites (Figure 35). It is the sign of the new age in Dong Ha - the
beginning of new service and enterprise thinking.
52
The Hotel is located on the east side of Le Duan Street, between the bridge and the river port. Though
the location is suitable, the hotel stands alone and isolated in the area. There are no easily accessible
facilities for guests in the surrounding area. To get to the market, visitors also have to cross the national
road. It has no landscaping, shade trees or walkways within its compound. Visually and functionally it
does not have any relationship with the river or with other elements in the area.
In front of the Hotel, between the Mac Dinh Chi and Ngo Sy Lien streets, is the only place in Dong Ha
with food in the late evening. With better planning and development of the surrounding area, this zone
around the hotel could become quite attractive and a popular area for residents and visitors alike. An
important consideration is access across the national road as most of the visitors to this evening service
will come from the other side of the national road.
Most important is that this major facility and its grounds could become a demonstration for private
sector contributions to building city resilience. Initiatives are needed for more effective on-site
management of storm and waste water using green infrastructure approaches, landscaping and actions
to link the site in with overall flood management in this strategic area.
Figure 35: Sài Gòn Đông Hà hotel with national road and bridge approach in foreground
6. Đông Hà Port
The river port of Dong Ha (Figure 36 and 37) was built by the American army 50 years ago. It was the
most important transport facility in Dong Ha. It consisted of a storage area in the current location of the
Sai Gon – Dong Ha Hotel and an embankment with a horizontal quay. Historical pictures revealed that
the storage facilities were very important and connected the port with the bridge and the national road.
With the construction of the Sai Gon Dong Ha Hotel, the port was detached from the associated storage
area, bridge and road. For almost 10 years, the port has had very little use. It has mostly functioned as a
small storage facility for some imported woods from Laos.
53
The city has a plan to renovate and improve the capacity of the port, perhaps with ADB funding.
Questions of function, purpose and integration with the city should be addressed as part of this process.
The Core Group questions whether the function of the port as a goods transport facility is viable or
necessary. They envision that the port should be integrated with its surroundings as a multi-purpose
light transport facility serving city residents and tourists and well integrated with the market and other
facilities and tourist attractions along the river. Its location requires that the design should be
particularly sensitive to climate change including implications of hard and high embankments for the low
lying residential and agricultural area on the opposite bank.
Figure 36: Đông Hà port looking upstream with hotel, bridge and market in background
Figure 37: Dong Ha port looking downstream
54
8. Hieu River Embankment
Originally the market of Dong Ha was connected to the river and included floating market stalls and
boats. The riverbank was once a frequently used area and the main face of the market. The city has
invested a lot to improve the condition of this area, including construction of a solid concrete staircase
on the river side of the market more than 100m long (Figure 38). The idea was to protect the bank from
erosion and establish a tourist river port with delivery access for the market.
Unfortunately, the waterway became inactive and lost connection with the market, partly because of
road alternatives, but also because of the design of the bank. To protect the bank, the concrete staircase
was built too high and steep without adequate landing and access points. Only the back side of some
shops still sell fish and other products. Their activities further pollute the river with solid waste and
wastewater. The main drainage pipes from the market also discharge directly onto the staircase further
limiting intended use. Now the whole area is more or less abandoned. The facility will face serious
decay problems – especially with projected climate changes – because it lacks regular maintenance
leading to more severe consequences for the bank and the market.
Figure 38: Hieu River embankment and staircase at the rear of the market
55
7. Other Urban Services
Other urban services in the zone include the night life area opposite the hotel and around the market,
supermarket, post office, the historical zone, commercial area and road and drainage network. The main
problem with these facilities is that there is still no real concept to develop an integrated city
commercial centre. All existing activities are more or less informal and disconnected one from the
other.
The road network would require adjustment to effectively serve a city centre. The Dong Ha market is
normally accessed through two points: Tran Hung Dao and Huyen Tran Cong Chua Streets in front and
the Phan Boi Chau and Dinh Tien Hoang Streets in the west. From Le Duan Street in the east, the market
is almost inaccessible. Tran Hung Dao Street is one of the main streets in Dong Ha and therefore very
intensively used. In contrast, the other three streets are little used. There is no real connection to the
riverbank in the north of the market and to the bridge, as well as to the east side of Le Duan Street.
Some areas experience regular local flooding. The drainage is too small and is often blocked with waste.
During heavy rains, both junctions in the front and rear of the market are flooded. At those times, the
market is inaccessible. In addition, the drainage for runoff and wastewater are not separated.
Wastewater discharges directly to the river, causing pollution, especially during flooding.
4.1.3 Past extreme events and impacts on the system
The market to port zone has serious flooding problems: both localised pooling linked to poor drainage
during heavy rains, and river backing up through the drains and overtopping banks (Figure 39). The
frequent flooding has implications for trade, tourism development and commercial activities. Also, it
has serious impacts on hygiene and safety in the market.
Although the zone is not situated in the lowest area of Dong Ha, it is still threatened by flooding in
extreme events. In the extreme event of 1999, much of the area was under water. The area around the
hotel is the highest point in the zone and was less affected by flooding, but local flooding can occur in
the western side of the hotel, next to the national road 1A. Under normal conditions, some components,
like the access roads to the market are locally flooded for 1-3 hours with every heavy rain due to
malfunction of the drainage system. Bank erosion is a hazard occurring in the area of the market and
near the port. With the construction of the Ba Trieu riverside street with support from ADB, local
flooding has increased significantly in the neighbourhood. The new hard embankment project of ADB
could diminish the threat of flooding from the river, but will increase the possibility of local flooding,
especially for the poorer neighbourhoods. Waste, wastewater and urban heat, fire and other hazards
are also present, especially in market area.
56
Figure 39: Flooding level of Dong Ha in 1999 and 2005
57
4.1.4 Climate change threat profile
As presented in the town overview (Section 1.2), Dong Ha is projected to become wetter in the wet
season and hotter in the dry season. This will lead to increased incidence and severity of flooding at the
site in the wet season and more intensive drought and heat effects in the dry season.
4.2 IMPACT AND VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT
The Core Group’s detailed vulnerability assessment was focussed on the market and its drainage system.
The Group found the system as a whole to be moderately vulnerable to the threat of flooding caused by
increased rainfall with climate change. One component of the system – the sewer at the junction of Trần
Hưng Đạo and Huyền Trân Công Chúa was found to be highly vulnerable (Table 3). With climate change,
flooding events are expected to become more severe and occur more frequently.
4.3 ADAPTATION PLANNING
4.3.1 Objectives of the adaptation plan
The new vision set out in the Core Group’s adaptation plan includes an integrated redesign of the area
and its drainage system with use of the existing park and lake as a flood retention facility all flowing to
the river. The objective is to create a new and resilient city centre. The plan connects the components
in an overall area wide urban renewal initiative through expanded green space, foot paths and river side
recreational facilities. It increases permeable surfaces, rehabilitates the port as a recreational and
touristic centre and retrofits the market to recycle stormwater and manage solid and liquid wastes on
site. ADB is committed to supporting Dong Ha in redevelopment of the old port so there is an important
opportunity to take an area wide approach and to embrace the urban renewal adaptation plan prepared
by the Core Group.
4.3.2 Overall approach of the adaptation plan
The overall approach of this adaptation plan is to create a vibrant, attractive and resilient urban centre
through application of green infrastructure integrated with conventional measures. The plan should be
implemented as a pilot and demonstration project in building climate change resilience and solving the
problems of flooding in an ecologically sustainable way. The project should emphasise the involvement
of all stakeholders in Dong Ha to work toward a better quality of life that is harmonious with nature.
There are many planning, technological, management and cultural considerations in reaching the goal
requiring the input and viewpoints of many different groups at all levels in the city.
58
Table 3: Impact and vulnerability assessment summary for the market and drainage system, Dong Ha
System/
component
- Dong Ha market
- Drainage system
at the junction
between Tran
Hung Dao and
Huyền Trân Công
Chúa streets
- Outlet sluice gate
at market
Threat description
Exposure
Sensitivity
Rain with
precipitation of over
100 mm that occurs
from 15 – 20 times in
a year
- Flood
- Short duration
flooding from 1-3
hours
Medium
Low
Impact
level
Medium
Flood occurs 3-4
times/year and lasts
from 1-2 days
- Slow water
drainage from
market to river
through the market
internal drainage
system.
- Low flood at some
locations
Low
Low
Low
Threat
Impact summary
- Difficult
transportation for
road users including
damage to vehicles
- Limited access to
market, reduced sales
and damage to / loss
of property
- Local environmental
pollution (effluents
and solid wastes)
- After rain (health,
odour and waste
problems)
- Low impact on
business and trade
- Low impact on
infrastructure in the
area
- Reduction of
business and trade
- Difficult
transportation at
some locations
- Low impacts on the
market drainage
system
- Low impact on
infrastructure,
business and trade as
well as transportation
in the area
Adaptation
capacity
Medium
High
Vulnerability
Medium
Low
59
System/
component
Component A
Market area and
outlet sluices of
the market
Threat description
Exposure
Sensitivity
Storms, tropical low
pressure occurs 1-3
times / year.
Especially when
there are storms with
gust at level 10
- Extensive local
flooding
- High winds
Medium
Medium
Impact
level
Medium
Rain with
100 mm that occurs
a year due to
extreme climate
Localise flooding
Low
Low
Low
Threat
Impact summary
- Damaged
infrastructure (lost
roofs, advertisement
boards and electric
cables cut)
- Damage to assets,
commodities in the
market
- Fallen trees
pollution
- Business and trade
ceases.
- Fallen trees
pollution
-Difficult
transportation
- Reduction of
commerce and trade
in the market
- Rainwater overflows
the waste collection
pipe polluting the river
- Low impact on
transportation
- Insignificant
environmental
pollution
- Low impact on trade
and business
- Low impact on
area
Adaptation
capacity
Medium
Low
Vulnerability
Medium
Low
60
System/
component
Component B
- Drainage system
at the junction
between Tran
Hung Dao and
Huyền Trân Công
Chúa streets
Threat description
Exposure
Sensitivity
Flood occurs 3-4
from 1-2 days/flood
-Slow water
drainage from
market to river
through the market
internal drainage
system.
- Low flood at some
locations
Low
Low
Impact
level
Low
pressure occurs 1-3
times / year.
Especially when
there are storm gust
over level 10
- Extensive local
flooding
- High winds
Medium
Medium
Medium
Rain with
100 mm that occurs
a year
- local flooding
- Short duration
from 1-3 hours
High
High
High
Threat
Impact summary
- Reduction of
commerce and trade
- Difficult
transportation at
some locations
- Low impact on the
market’s drainage.
- Low impact on trade,
business and
area
-Damaged
infrastructures (flow
away of roof,
advertisement board,
electric cable cut)
-Damage to assets,
commodities in the
market
- Fallen trees
pollution
- Business and trade
cease operation.
-Fallen trees
pollution
- Difficult
transportation with
high number of road
users including
damage to vehicles
- After rain pollution
problems from solid
waste and effluents
Adaptation
capacity
High
Vulnerability
Low
Medium
Medium
Low
High
61
System/
component
Threat
Threat description
Exposure
Sensitivity
Impact
level
Flood occurs 3-4
from 1-2 days
- Flood
- Short duration
from 2-5 hours
Low
Low
Low
pressure occurs 1-3
times / year.
Especially when
there are storm gusts
over level 10
- Flood
- Short duration
from 2-5
hours/event
- High winds
Low
Low
Low
Impact summary
- Difficult
transportation for
high number of road
users, damages of
vehicle’s parts/items,
engine stops working
- Local environment
pollution
- Destroys urban
beauty
- Difficult
transportation for
high number of road
users, damages of
vehicle’s parts/items,
engine stop working
pollution
Adaptation
capacity
Vulnerability
High
Low
High
Low
62
4.3.3 Adaptation measures and phasing
Phase 1 (1-2 years) – short term solutions:
In the next two years, there are many immediate steps, which could be taken to improve the condition
of local flooding and reduce the risk of urban heat and fire. The solutions are divided into three main
groups: (i) to improve the existing drainage system; (ii) to minimise water runoff to the town drainage
system; and (iii) to reduce urban heat and risks of fire.
Group 1 - Improve the existing drainage system (Figure 40) with the following measures:







Add more drainage channels, especially to the river.
Enlarge the existing water collection points.
Expand the capacity of existing drainage pipes
Create additional water collection points.
Install more manholes with improved access design.
GI Guide 6.2
Improved the waste collection system so it is regular and effective.
Improve the control and maintenance of the existing drainage system with more community
involvement in monitoring and management.
Such measurements can reduce local flooding around the market under normal conditions but not
under extreme events, climate change or further urbanization.
Figure 40: Improving the existing drainage system – arrows show routes of new or improved drainage
channels to the river
Group 2 - Reducing the contribution of each component to the storm water drainage system:
63
Parallel to the improvement of the drainage system, there should be a number of measures aimed at
minimising runoff into the drainage system. The key point is to retain and retard the water as long as
possible in separate locations before it enters the drainage system.
There are many places where water can be stored, flow velocity reduced and where infiltration to
ground water can be improved, such as gardens, ponds and lakes, green roofs,
water tanks and other green infrastructure measures such as bio-swales. One
GI Guide
important principle is that each new development or building should manage
3.1, 3.4, 5.1, 5.2, 6.1
its own runoff and minimise its contribution to the drainage system during
peak times. This requirement can be realised through a range of technical solutions, design standards
and development controls. Such solutions can be costly and therefore cannot be made mandatory for
existing facilities. However for new or renewal projects, such standards can be applied, especially for
larger public and private investments which must be used as demonstrations for best practice. Solutions
are proposed for each component of the urban development zone:

Administration complex: new safeguard regulations on minimising runoff and
maximising infiltration through methods such as rain gardens, green roofs,
GI Guide
3.3, 5.2, 5.4, 6.1
bio-swales and permeable paving.

Market: green roof, roof water collection and rainwater tanks. Ground surface
water collection and pre-treating before discharge to river. Use of permeable
GI Guide
3.3, 3.4, 5.2, 5.4
paving, bio-swales and rain gardens.
GI Guide
3.3, 3.5, 5.2, 5.4

Roads: permeable paving, street planting and nature strips, rain gardens, and
bio-swales.

Le Duan Park: changing the overall design of the lake and park to collect water through bioengineering and terracing of banks (to allows for uses any time of the year),
GI Guide
connecting it to the river, creating constructed wetlands and gardens to filter 3.1, 4.4 – 4.6, 5.4
and retard storm water, improving the landscape and creating a facility for
recreation.

River embankments: bioengineering for bank stabilisation (combined with
conventional methods where needed) with terracing to facilitate access and
GI Guide
4.1 – 4.12
multiple uses throughout the year.

Residential areas: collection of roof water and installing rainwater tanks,
green roofs, separating wastewater from stormwater, rain gardens, regulation
of density and ground cover, use of permeable surfaces.
GI Guide
3.1, 4.4 – 4.6, 5.4
64
Group 3 - solutions to reduce urban heat stress and fire risk:

Integrated urban greening: creation of green streets with rain gardens, bioswales and major expansion of canopy cover through tree planting and
maintenance (linked to overall canopy cover targets for Dong Ha), on the walls,
on roofs and balconies.
GI Guide
5.2, 5.4, 6.3

Mapping of heat stress areas and sources to identify priorities for action linked to specific land
allotments and buildings.

Use of rainwater roof collection and storage systems for cooling and fire
protection.
GI Guide 3.4
Phase 2 (2-5 years) – medium term solutions:
In the medium term, the objective is to have approved and commence implementation of an integrated
urban development and adaptation plan for the market and port zone as the city centre. To meet this
objective requires a wide range of solutions: institutional, management and technology including:
1. Institutional - defining the whole area as one project, with special regulations and decisions about
new detailed planning including a multi-sectoral project management board.
2. Finance – obtaining the budget for implementing the solutions including investment contributions
from government, the private sector and communities to realise the project.
3. Threat assessment – conducting detailed hydrological modelling for area under climate change and
ensuring that information feeds into the plan preparation and linked decision making. Disseminate
the information to stakeholders.
4. Greening of infrastructure - protection and improvement of main infrastructure: drainage,
embankments, roads, port and bridge through carefully designed bioengineers measures including
creating a network of safe and dedicated green walkways and bicycle paths throughout the site and
connected to a river bank walkway that could run all the way to the coast.
5. Stakeholder participation: awareness raising and training of stakeholders to effectively participate
in the implementation and management of this new urban renewal area.
6. Rehabilitating, expanding and enhancing natural systems: conserving natural assets and ecosystem
services.
65
Phase 4 (over 5 years) – long term solutions:
In the long term, the vision for this zone is a pilot project to demonstrate the idea of a green and
resilient economic corridor city. There are several strategies to achieve this goal and each strategy will
require a range of solutions.
Overall Strategy- Green and resilient city using nature as the connecting theme
Meeting this objective relies on the foundation of the existing large park area near the river. The
strategy is to multiply the green space at many levels, over roads, streets, along the river, in each
building land allotment and over buildings throughout the zone. The project should function as a pilot of
new ideas to build resilience, beauty and functionality which can be expanded to the whole city. The
overall vision has three components (Figure 41):
1. Use the park to connect the market, administrative and commercial, service centre (bottom)
2. River and riverside park as green connectors (top right)
3. Greening at multiple levels (top left)
Figure 41: Green and resilient city vision
66
By maximising and expanding the use of the existing park, it will become a green core connecting and
integrating all components of the system such as the market, administrative complex, commercial and
service facilities. The park area will also become a core for flood management and drainage, for heat
reduction and storm water purification.
The river and riverside is another natural landscape element, which should be developed to connect all
components from the east side with those on the west side. It should be a new green backbone of the
city. This strategy will help to realise the vision of a riverside city defined in the socioeconomic plan but
one which is resilient and accessible for multiple uses through appropriate recreational and
entertainment facilities.
The long term strategy can be realised through a range of sub-strategies for each component as follows:
Sub-strategy 1: Green and integrate the market within the zone
The market is a defining element of Dong Ha. As part of the new city vision, this facility needs to be
upgraded to fulfil multiple functions in a modern city in the next century. Four measures are proposed:
1. The market connecting the city to the river
The most important quality of the new market is that it should connect the city to the river and to other
key facilities within the special city centre zone. The commercial function of the market should
complement its function as a key access corridor to the river through pathways, corridors, vistas and
other design elements.
2. Green roof for the market
The second technical measure for the market is to re-design it with a green roof
(Figure 42) as a demonstration for developing green space at multiple levels
GI Guide 6.1
across the zone. Commerce and market activities should be organised in harmony
with the overall green vision. The green roof will reduce runoff, reduce heat within the market building
and create an attractive enjoyable space.
67
Figure 42: Green roof for the market
3. Extend the market into the park
The market structure and activities can be extended into the open space of the park and riverside
through green walkways and covered paths (Figure 43). The design of the market building could be
adjusted to extend those green arms into the park and river green spaces. There are many kinds of
market activities which could be encouraged to use those extended spaces such as weekend markets,
open air exhibitions and concerts and food stalls.
Figure 43: An open market space and green pathways connected to the park
4. Collection and filtration of water within the market area
The new market area should consider new safeguard regulations concerning climate resilience. The
water management should be one key technical requirement for the new design, so that from the
market area, there will be minimal runoff contribution to the drainage system during peak times and
onsite management and treatment of solid and liquid wastes.
Sub-strategy 2: Create connectivity underneath and along the bridge
1. Raise the bridge to connect both sides: natural connection and commercial connection
68
The biggest problem with the existing bridge is that it is too low cutting through the landscape and
separating the western and eastern side of the zone and connectivity with the city. In order to solve this
problem, one approach is to raise the bridge so that it can function as a roof in the landscape and give
shelter for public activities and transit underneath (Figure 44).
Figure 44: Concept to raise the bridge to create natural and commercial connectivity through the zone
2. Create levels for the bridge: low for pedestrians, high for vehicles.
The current bridge is hostile to pedestrians and cyclists. In order to make the bridge an inner city facility
and urban connector, a second or adjacent level for pedestrians and bicycles should be added (Figure
44). This will make the bridge a landscape element and a viewing point for tourists above the river. The
renovated bridge and walkways could include vegetation and specially designed vantage points. The
bridge needs to become a tourist attraction and facility in its own right.
Sub-strategy 3: Greening and multi-use space for the administration area
1. Open the administrative complex to the park and extend the park into the existing
administrative land.
The existing administration areas are strictly separated from the surrounding areas by fences. Each
facility has its own relatively large open and green area but these areas are not effectively used. If all
these open space were joined together creating an open park there will be much more potential to
create a mixed use space for recreation and water management (Figure 45). The administration will also
become more open to the people adding to the diverse urban life of the city centre.
Figure 45: Public green space for the administration compounds
69
2. Local collection and filtration of water within the administrative complex.
Once the green space within the administration area has been interconnected with the green network
throughout the zone it can be modified to include green infrastructure to collect, store and filter rainfall
and local runoff. Measures such as rainwater collection and storage, rain gardens,
bio-swales and permeable paving could be implemented to increase infiltration
GI Guide
and help to alleviate flooding problems in the area. In any redevelopment of the
3.3, 3.4, 5.2, 5.4
administration complex safeguards and regulations like minimum ratio of green
space and maximum allowable runoff could be set. The government areas should be demonstrations of
best practice in green infrastructure and resilience.
Sub-strategy 4: Bioengineering for river embankments and riverside (Figures 46 and 47)
1. Soft embankments and terracing in new areas for walkways and multiple uses.
2. Create a recreation space for existing hard embankment areas.
Figure 46: Redeveloping the river embankments into a multiple use recreational space using
bioengineering
Figure 47: Terracing of river banks for multiple use and resilience
70
Sub-strategy 5: Connecting the river port to the city
The Core Group members agreed that in long term the city does not need a port for wood, building
materials and other goods at the current location. These types of goods can transferred via the new Cua
Viet port. The current ADB project of renewing and revitalizing this port as a transport port should be
revised. Instead, this port should be developed as a tourist port catering to river tourism and activities
on the quay like fish markets, shops, riverside promenade and other services (Figure 48). The port will
be a focal point on the riverside promenade linking the wetland in the east with the hotel complex,
bridge and the market area.
Figure 48: The port as a tourist facility and landscape element integrated with the market and city
Sub-strategy 6: Connection over Le Duan Road
1. Pedestrian bridge over Le Duan Road
The construction of a covered foot bridge over the national road to provide safe connection between
east and west side is needed (Figure 49). This bridge should provide for connecting layers, giving direct
access to the second layer of the market area and providing a view over the park area. This
infrastructure will facilitate the use of the valuable open space in the park and provide a connection
between the park and the river.
Figure 49: Bridge for pedestrians over the
national road connecting to market and park
71
Sub-strategy 7: Riverside commercial and entertainment district
Incentives should be provided to develop a commercial and entertainment district along the east side of
the south bank of the Hieu River (Figure 50). This area needs to increase the connectivity between the
city and the river by providing more activities and services along its length instead of reserving the river
bank area for private use. For Dong Ha to become a river city with the city centre and its activities
coming together along the river banks a river corridor development plan is needed before large scale
individual investments proceed such as hardening sections of the banks or port redevelopment. This
plan and special development controls and incentives are particularly important with climate change
and the need to accommodate rising and falling of the river level and intensity of flow. Integrated
design of the river corridor could be part of the city centre development plan proposed in this volume.
Dong Ha could conduct a master planning competition with an international invitation for design
companies to compete for the most beautiful and appropriate plan. Any master planning undertaken
must be framed by the overarching issue of climate change.
Figure 50: Riverside commercial and entertainment district and master plan
Dong Ha city centre and river
master plan competition
72
5 IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF ADAPTATION PLANS
Both case studies are complex and involve multiple measures conducted as an integrated development
initiative. They are strategic steps on the way to realising the vision of a green economic corridor and
river city. All important fields of city life and space will be affected.
Potential environmental impacts
The environmental impacts of the plans should be positive and are the main motivation for their
implementation. The natural systems of the town will be enhanced to form sustainable green
infrastructure for the city. The case study areas will provide a backbone of further city development by
allowing flexible urban expansion and functions around it but following the same themes and principles.
There will be enhanced ecological connectivity from the west to the east of the city along the Ward 5
drainage line and from the market to port zone. The micro climate at both sites should be improved with
greater green space and the local flooding problems with all their negative impacts should be resolved.
Potential community / livelihood impacts
In terms of social impacts, both adaptation plans should proceed very carefully. In general, both
adaptation plans should help to alleviate existing impacts of flooding on the surrounding community and
livelihoods. They should also have positive impacts for recreation, amenity and commercial activity.
However it is important to ensure that there is close community engagement and participation from the
beginning through the planning, construction and management phases. The forming of the
multidisciplinary Climate Change Core Group with broad membership and the active contribution of this
group to the project is the first step in that direction supported by Ward or local community
management groups.
73
Potential impacts on traffic and infrastructure
The market to port zone adaptation plan will have significant impacts on the road system through
modifications to the Dong Ha Bridge, Le Duan Road, National Road 1A and inner city streets with a focus
on increasing green space, water management and connectivity. The riverbank will also become a new
important promenade increasing pedestrian traffic, tourist transport and commerce. With the structural
changes to roads all other infrastructure such as water, drainage, electricity and communication will
require modification.
The drainage site in Ward 5 will have less radical impacts on traffic and infrastructure; however some
new connection and access points will be needed to make optimal use of the new corridor area.
Potential impacts on other sectors
As both adaptation plans are not individual projects but a complex rethinking and reorientation of the
city development strategy, they will have widespread positive impacts on other sectors if they are fully
realised.
First, the implementation of the adaptation plans requires new administrative procedures and strategies
in urban planning and management. Up to now city management has only dealt with isolated projects.
Although there is a general master plan for the city, there are no complex integrated projects and the
kind proposed here, which require concerted and coordinated action from multiple departments and
stakeholders. It is a very challenging task for the city and provincial governments but one which must be
embraced given the very significant projected climate changes affecting the city.
From an economic point of view, the adaptation plans will create a movement toward green
engineering, green architecture and environmental technology. They will also provide a large area of
high value real estate in the middle of the city, which will totally change the landscape of urban services
and commerce. These two urban centres, especially the market to port zone, will become a fertile
ground for modern city services and activity.
6 STAKEHOLDER IDENTIFICATION AND ENGAGEMENT FOR
ADAPTATION PLANS
6.1
STAKEHOLDER IDENTIFICATION
The stakeholders in the Ward 5 drainage area include the inhabitants of the 285 ha basin such as small
shop keepers along the roads, farmers in the middle areas, labourers, civil servants and teachers in the
schools. In general, they are low to middle income people with no strong social or economic influence. If
the adaptation plan is realised, there may be a need for some resettlement to improved low cost
housing. The question is therefore how to engage them from the beginning in the planning and
implementation process so that they are aware of their responsibilities and rights. The involvement of
the community is extremely important in the first phase of the adaptation plan as the critical issue is to
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protect the existing natural assets before physical measures are implemented. Following
implementation, some local residents should profit from the increased value of their land.
Besides the local residents, there are a number of other stakeholders occupying corridor land, such as
the sports centre, the school and the bus station. These are government institutions and therefore could
be relatively easily moved away from the flood prone corridor to other locations. At present, they are
situated directly on the wetland and will need relocating. If they do remain their land area and any
structures on it should be reduced and reorganized because it is currently very extensive and limits the
space for flood retention and recreational purposes.
The stakeholders in the market to port zone are:





The residents. Many of market to port zone residents are shop keepers. In general, this group is
more coherent than the inhabitants of the Ward 5 drainage site and therefore more readily
mobilized. They are also relatively wealthier. They would be key players in the implementation and
management of the adaptation measures.
The market vendors are mostly not local residents but are from nearby Wards. Therefore they
would need to be engaged in a more focussed way. Their awareness will need to be raised so that
they understand and support the new market design.
The City peoples committee and other administrative institutions. These stakeholders control a
large proportion of land in the zone and the question is whether they stay and have a key role in
shaping the zone or relocate. Often in riverside cities the administration prefers to move from the
city centre leaving it to commercial and entertainment uses. They can effectively fulfil their
administrative functions in less commercial areas. They will need to be engaged and involved from
the outset both as zone land holders and planning and management decision makers.
The Sai Gon Dong Ha Hotel. It is in the natural interest of the hotel to restrict access to the riverside
for other private uses. It will be important for the hotel management to recognise that opening the
way to a combined commercial and entertainment riverside centre would be beneficial for the hotel
in the long run. It is also important to assist the management to understand the commercial and
resilience benefits of green infrastructure landscaping and design modifications on the hotel land
allotment.
Other stakeholders. There will be many other stakeholders who need to be involved in the
adaptation process including government departments, investors, private sector actors, NGOs and
local community groups and associations. The ADB would be an important partner because the idea
of an economic corridor city has its origin with the Bank and the embankments and river port
development are ADB projects in the pipeline. It would be desirable and efficient if the city could
commit to influencing and shaping the design of these two projects towards achieving the
adaptation goals using green infrastructure.
75
6.2
STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT PLAN
In Vietnam, the process of urban planning and development is largely top down involving preparation of
a blue print or master plan with little consultation outside government. So the steps to mobilise
different stakeholders for the two complex adaptation plans set out here are as follows:
(i) The interdisciplinary Core Group should be officially established and consult the city and provincial
governments on ecologically sustainable development with consideration of climate change.
(ii) The Core Group should persuade the provincial and city governments about the need for a new city
vision and agree on a project base for urban development commencing with the two demonstration
and pilot plans proposed for the case study areas.
(iii) The Core Group should then develop a detailed proposal for the two adaptation plans in the form of
a consultation paper. During the preparation of the proposal, community inputs should be
facilitated to ensure engagement from the outset and realistic plans.
(iv) The proposal should be submitted and presented to the Provincial Government to be included in the
TOR of the next revision of the Master Plan (2017).
(v) If the proposal is considered in the Master Plan some institutions will be charged with developing
detailed planning at 1/500 scale for the two sites. Normally, it will be a planning institution, like the
Vietnam Institute of Architecture, Urban and Rural Planning, which is responsible for detailed urban
planning. However, in this case, the Core Group should involve all important stakeholders in a
steering committee for designing and implementing each adaptation plan. The committee should
control the process of planning and decide who will be involved including the option of conducting
an international competition to ensure the highest quality and most innovative options.
(vi) The Core Group should facilitate the development of community agreements, which describe in
detail the rights and responsibilities of each community group. In particular, development control
and safeguard regulations should first be agreed at the local level, as it will take time to establish
them as official regulations. In addition to the public consultation sessions, community groups
should be involved in project implementation by contributing labour and fulfilling well defined
monitoring and management functions.
7 MONITORING AND MAINTENANCE OF ADAPTATION PLANS
7.1
MONITORING ACTIVITIES THAT ARE NEEDED FOR EFFECTIVE ADAPTATION PLAN
IMPLEMENTATION
Multi-sectoral monitoring is especially important for these complex adaptation plans because many
stakeholders are involved and affected. A steering committee should be responsible for overall
monitoring but community groups should be encouraged to become involved. This kind of community
engagement is very unusual in Vietnam. If it can be organized in Dong Ha, it will be a pilot concept. The
content and timeframe for monitoring and maintenance should be defined in the community group
agreements. Some social organisations such as the Women’s Union, Fatherland Font and Red Cross have
a network of volunteers and can be involved in monitoring procedures.
76
One important point is to organize a process of ongoing cross sectoral inputs to the monitoring and
maintenance program during implementation. Currently, multi-sectoral consultation exists only at the
concept phase. Once the project is approved one department will be in charge of the project and it is
difficult for others to have any ongoing influence and impact on it. Effective adaptation will require
continuing multi sector involvement with well defined roles to be reviewed at regular intervals.
7.2
MAINTENANCE MEASURES THAT WILL BE NEEDED FOR EFFECTIVE ADAPTATION PLAN
IMPLEMENTATION
One important advantage of the adaptation plans is that they utilise natural systems and processes,
become stronger over time and require less maintenance and upfront costs than hard engineering
solutions. Large projects will need to have their own very detailed maintenance program. In addition,
simple maintenance measures like waste removal, weed control and awareness-raising on flood and
water management and environment quality will be important. Currently such activities are the
responsibility of the Department for Urban Environment. Community groups and other government
sectors should also become involved.
8 SUPPORTING POLICIES AND PROGRAMS FOR ADAPTATION
8.1
POLICIES AND PLANS
The most important policy change is to set out special conditions from the central level for Dong Ha to
achieve the goal of becoming a prominent economic corridor green city - this goal is a national one and
not determined by the Province. With this as a national policy commitment, Dong Ha will have access
more funding support than it could at the city or provincial level.
The next important step is to revise the city vision and focus on green infrastructure and ecologically
sustainable development. The new vision should then be spelt out in the revised Master Plan.
Then the Core Group needs to be formally established to organise multi-sectoral projects for climate
change adaptation. The multi-sector Core Group will be a response the existing scattered structure of
responsibilities spread over many departments and to integrate sectoral engagement toward a common
goal.
For effective adaptation, urban planning for Dong Ha needs to shift away from the current rigid blue
print master planning process for the entire city to one which provides an overall urban structure plan
which incorporates a number of regional and city wide design layers and dimensions, including
hydrological conditions, microclimate, water drainage systems, green space systems, street networks,
building blocks and parcels, and public support amenities. Then more detailed master plans would
pertain to special areas, development zones, waterfront areas, town centre precincts and others.
77
Dong Ha’s development and specific plans would concentrate on some key projects that help to achieve
the structural vision. This change will be very difficult in Vietnam. However due to the general policy of
enhancing decentralization, the province and city will increasingly gain more autonomy in the planning
process. Dong Ha should take the opportunity to demonstrate and pilot innovative approaches to city
planning for climate change resilience.
8.2
REGULATIONS AND SECTOR DESIGN STANDARDS
There are existing design standards applied in urban planning, especially in technical fields such as
infrastructure. They ensure the minimal security of the assets but do not consider climate change
impacts. So the first thing to do is to adjust individual design standards to accommodate climate change
projections.
Probably more important, there needs to be an overall shift from a focus on hard engineering solutions
to incorporating green infrastructure and natural system solutions. Vietnam has too little experience
with green solutions to dictate them in revised standards. However the Dong Ha Core Group proposed
that all development projects should be required to first consider green infrastructure options before
committing to conventional engineering approaches. Every development proposal submitted for
government approval should demonstrate that green infrastructure and nature based solutions have
been considered and integrated into project design.
In addition to updating standards for infrastructure projects, there are many safeguard regulations
needed to make sure that the land use plan promotes climate resilient development. For example,
regulations are needed for special protection zones, for building density and set-backs, on building and
paving materials, on street tree planting, green space to development ratios and for park greening.
All changes and additions to regulations are based on the principle that every developed zone should be
climate resilient and that all citizens should have sufficient level of security from the impacts of climate
change. On that basis, all safeguard regulations and existing zones and development controls should be
improved to support the goals climate change resilience and ecological sustainability.
8.3
ECONOMIC INSTRUMENTS
The use of economic instructions such as fines, tax incentives and subsidies is usual in supporting
adaptation measures in a planned economic system like Vietnam. Normally, the city can offer the
ground or tax incentive to support private and international investors. Direct subsidies are less common
because the city does not have an adequate budget to support them. In general the city and provincial
governments are experienced in the use of such economic instruments.
Subsidies may increase the risk of corruption and inefficiency and undermine the effectiveness of
adaptation projects because their use may be influenced by other than technical considerations. For the
foreseeable future it may be better not to use government subsidies for adaptation plans. Performance
related tax incentives of various kinds may work better. It will be useful to improve the flow of
appropriate investments by market driven financial solutions where feasible.
78
In general it will be more realistic if the adaptation projects are broken down into many small steps and
subprojects so that the risk and benefits can be shared by a large number of stakeholders. Currently,
the government often prefers to give whole projects to one big partner, which is easy for the
government to control but is very risky for the realisation of the project.
9 LESSONS LEARNED
Over one year, the work by the Dong Ha Core Group on town wide climate change resilience and on the
two strategic areas has led to a number of lessons learned which can guide further adaptation planning
and implementation in the city:
(i) Green infrastructure is a critical component of ecologically sustainable urban development. Green
infrastructure is implemented in integrated systems of natural components and manmade
components which in ways that mimic nature. They reinforce the link between urban life and the
natural environment and normally work with least energy and maintenance for the same result as
conventional measures and are most sustainable. Dong Ha is situated in a risky topographical and
climatic region. However green infrastructure can help to limited damage from natural disasters and
climatic change impacts.
(ii) Loss of natural systems has reduced natural resilience: The destruction of Dong Ha’s natural system
foundations through urbanisation that replaces natural functioning systems with hard engineering
solutions has considerably increased the vulnerability of the city.
(iii) Promoting natural systems as the foundation for wise development in Dong Ha: The protection of
Dong Ha’s remaining natural systems and their enhancement with green infrastructure should be
the as highest priority in the overall city vision.
(iv) Reorientation to green infrastructure in donor partners needed: Local government as well as the
World Bank and ADB seem to prefer hard engineering solutions because they are standardised and
relatively easy to deliver. However, with the serious problems associated with and caused by these
hard measures, a shift toward softer and bioengineering solutions is needed.
(v) The Group Core as a window to stakeholder participation: The process of planning and
management in Vietnam is top down. It is challenging to introduce broader stakeholder or
community participation. However the interdisciplinary Core Group can act as a mediator between
the decision makers and the community and demonstrate methods for wider community
engagement.
(vi) A climate change threat and impact data base to support adaptation planning: Climate change is
recognised by the Provincial and Dong Ha Governments but there is lack of detailed data on the
nature and extent of threats and their impacts. Existing data is mostly based on theoretical
modelling and even past extreme events have not been documented or impacts thoroughly
assessed. There are annual reports on climatic extreme events but no mapping or formal impact
assessment. One important task for the future is to develop an accurate data base and GIS products
on specific threats and impacts on different areas of the town. The data base should be detailed and
regularly updated. One way of building the data base on past extremes is through community
involvement via Red Cross, Women’s Union or as a task of the climate change Core Group.
79
(vii) Urban heat and its consequences need further study. They were not covered in this study which
focussed mainly on flood protection and drainage. Given the projections for increasing incidence of
higher temperatures and severity of drought in Dong Ha, an important task for the future will be to
investigate this issue more thoroughly.
(viii) Current urban planning in Dong Ha does not consider climate change. Even past extreme events
and existing risks are not sufficiently included in the plan. In particular, safeguards and standards are
only applied to planning new urban zones. Existing zones and unplanned development are not
covered by the same safeguards and standards. It is mostly poor social groups that live in these risky
areas. Currently, there is a view within government that development with safeguards is more
expensive and therefore it is not feasible in cheaper zones - the priority should be to allow
development to precede at lower cost so that the poor can afford land and housing. Yet, the poor
and the areas they settle are the most vulnerable with far reaching consequences for the resilience
of whole the city.
(ix) Poor performance in internationally support infrastructure projects: The box canal case study
made it clear that even on higher ground severe local flooding can happen when poorly planned
development leads to destruction of natural infrastructure. An internationally financed project does
not guarantee the appropriateness and success of the project even though a sophisticated chain of
evaluation and approval is in place. A system of credible and thorough post construction monitoring
is crucial but is often lacking. That evaluation system should include interdisciplinary cross check
procedures and channels for community feedback.
(x) Unifying area wide planning: Both Dong Ha case studies show that there is a need for the
integration of multiple components into a complex project. Urban development is continuing on an
isolated project by project basis without a unifying area specific plan. The usual rigid separation of
line agency responsibilities and lack of coordination mechanisms means that each sector plans and
develops without contributing to integrated area wide approaches. For example, the management
of roads and other infrastructure along roads is broken down into unrelated functions – roads are
controlled by the traffic department, while the pedestrian zones, the street trees, the drainage,
street lighting and underground electricity and communication lines are all under the control and
planning of different departments. There is no overall planning and management, so that these
elements often conflict in use of land and their functions.
(xi) Line agency influence on planning decisions: Some Core Group members found it difficult to
imagine how to change a master plan that had already been agreed at the highest levels; and many
assumed that the land-use designations must have considered extreme flooding. This is an
institutional barrier to change and reflects the limited real influence line department technical staff
have in fundamental planning decisions relating to their town. This obstacle will need to be
overcome in the next master planning cycle.
(xii) Private sector contributions to building resilience: The requirement that the private sector must
‘give back’ to the public in exchange for being granted a private development approval was a new
concept for the Core Group. The important role of the private sector in climate change adaptation
stood out as a key gap in the existing planning process and something which would benefit from
legislative reform and additional training/capacity building.
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(xiii)
Participatory mapping and expert knowledge enabled the Core Group to overcome a lack of
data for undertaking vulnerability assessment and developing adaptation plans. The Core Group
found that there were no historical flood maps of Dong Ha. The only existing flood maps were at the
provincial scale and were based on flood modelling rather than actual records of past extremes.
Following an intensive process of participatory mapping, the Core Group produced a Dong Ha flood
map defining climate change hot spots and describing the profile of each hot spot. The result was
sufficiently accurate and detailed to provide the best available town planning tool on flooding.
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10 REFERENCES
I- GENERAL BASELINE AND PLANNING TO 2020
CPC Dong Ha (2011) General social economic planning of Dong Ha to 2020 – quy hoạch chung kinh tế xã
hội Đông Hà tới 2020, Dong Ha
PPC (2011) Approvement of the social economic planning of Dong Ha to 2020. Quyết định phê duyệt Quy
Hoạch phát triển KT-XH Đông Hà tới năm 2020. Quang Tri
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PPC (2013), Decision about implementing of the decision nr. 06/2013. Quyết định phê duyệt kế hoạch
triển khai Nghị quyết 06/2013/NQ-HĐND, Quang tri
PPC (2005) Spatial planning of the city Dong Ha to 2020. Quy hoạch chung xây dựng thành phố Đông Hà
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PPC (2011) General spatial planning of the provincial Region Quang Tri. Thuyết minh tổng hợp quy hoạch
xây dựng vùng tỉnh Quảng Trị. Quang Tri
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ii- CLIMATE, PAST EVENTS AND CLIMATE CHANGE
CPC Dong Ha, (2009-2013) Reports on storms and flooding 2009-2013 and measures of response- Các
báo cáo về phfng chống lụt bão 2009-2013
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III- TECHNICAL INFRASTRUCTURES
PPC- Projects on attracting of ODA funds for the Period 2010 -2015 of the Province Quang Tri - Đề án thu
hút ODA giai đoạn 2010-2015 tỉnh Quảng Trị. Quang Tri
PPC Priority list of infrastructures for ODA Projects in the period 2012-2016 - Danh mục dự n ưu ti n vận
động ODA tr n địa bàn tỉnh giai đoạn 2012-2016. Quang Tri
PPC- List of all existing ODA projects in the City of Dong Ha - Danh mục dự n ODA trên địa bàn thành
phố Đông Hà trừ trước đến nay
ADB- Reports on ADB Infrastructure Projects
85
APPENDIX 1: DONG HA CORE GROUP MEMBERS
Core Group Member
Affiliation
Nguyễn Thị Thu
Deputy Chief of Agriculture Department - Quang Tri People Committee
Hoàng Văn Thiền
Deputy Chief of Planning and Financial Deparment - Quang Tri Department of
Rural and Agriculture Development
Hồ Sỹ Hiền
Officer of Quang Tri Department of Flood and Storming Prevention
Trần Tr ng Cường
Deputy Chief of Planning Deparment - Quang Tri Construction Department
Nguyễn Đức Phương
Officer of Quang Tri Department of Ocean, Island and Hydro-meteorological (Chi
Cuc Bien, Hai Dao va Khi tuong Thuy van)
Trần Thị Phong Lan
Officer of Quang Tri Department of Environment Protection
Nguyễn u n Dương
Officer of Dong Ha Department of Natural Resources and Environment
Trần H u Thành
Chief of Dong Ha Urban Management Department (Truong Phong Quan Ly Do
Thi - Dong Ha)
Trần Quang Khoa
Officer of Dong Ha Department of Natural Resources and Environment
Lê Thi Quỳnh Sa
Officer of Dong Ha People Committee
Trần Văn Thanh
Officer of Trieu Phong Department of Finance and Planning
Khuất Ng c Minh
Technical Officer - Quang Tri Transportation Consultancy Company
Công ty Tư vấn Giao thông Qu ng Trị
Nguyễn Hồng Phong
Gio Linh Department of PPMU of Investment and Construction
Nguyễn Thanh Đồng
Gio Linh Urban Environmental Center (Trung Tam Moi Truong Do Thi)
Lê Chí Hồng
Deputy Chief of Dong Ha Department of Economics and Infrastructure (Phong
Kinh te Ha Tang)
Trần uang Tĩnh
Officer of Trieu Phong Department of Natural Resources and Environment
Nguyễn Thị Thuỳ Nga Deputy Chief of Dong Ha Department of Planning and Finance
Trương Văn Hưng
Officer of Technical Appraisal Department - Quang Tri Department of
Transportation
86

case study 2: building urban resilience in dong ha, vietnam building

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