competition - The Broadcasting Commission

Transcription

THE LEGAL
AND
REGULATORY FRAMEWORK
FOR
THE NEW MEDIA
ENVIRONMENT
AFTERNOON AGENDA
What is the Broadcasting Commission?
-Hot button issues being addressed by BCJ
-CABLE INDUSTRY AND ADVERTISING
-DIGITAL TELEVISION
-MEDIA OWNERSHIP
-COMPETITION
-SPECTRUM
-INDEPENDENCE
-BROADBAND DEPLOYMENT
-HOW BCJ RULINGS ARE LIKELY TO IMPACT THE FUTURE
OF MEDIA AND BUSINESSES OPERATING IN THE NEW
MOBILE DIGITAL MEDIA SPACE
The Broadcasting Commission
The Broadcasting Commission was
established under the Broadcasting and
Radio Re-Diffusion Act of 1986.
– Its role is to monitor and regulate broadcast radio,
television and subscriber television.
– Its subject areas include:
– Administering the Broadcasting and Radio Re-Diffusion
Act and the Television and Sound Broadcasting
Regulations
– Evaluating licence applications and making
recommendations to the Minister of Information on
grant, renewal, terms and conditions of licences
– Ensuring that the operations and the programming of
licensees it regulates meet the standards set out in law
– Providing media policy advice to the Minister of
Information
– Conducting or commissioning research on all areas
relating to the electronic media in Jamaica.
Fully independent in its decision making, but
not fully autonomous.
Acts in an advisory capacity in relation to the
grant, suspension or revocation of licences.
The Minister of Information is the final
authority on licensing matters for broadcast
and subscriber television.
Spectrum Management Authority allocates
spectrum and manages spectrum matters.
JAMAICA COMMUNICATIONS NOW
AND IN THE FUTURE
The All Media Monitoring Survey of 2006, tells
us that there are approx 980,000 television sets in
Jamaica, with a potential audience of 1.5m, down
from 1.7m in 2005.
There are 1.9m radio sets with an audience of
1.2m declining from 1.6m in 2005 and 1.7m in
2000.
There is a greater trend towards TV viewership
than radio
Question: Where are the TV and Radio people
going? (new media/web/mobile – Digicel TV?)
AND IN THE FUTURE
Internet use still relatively low at 3.85 users
per 100 population (30% of population)
2.1 million people use mobile phones –
almost 100% of population
2004 cable figures estimate 268,200 with
approx 1.5m potential audience, estimated
10% of all homes.
AND IN THE FUTURE
Radio, newspapers, local TV/cable share the
market at 33%, 32% and 35% respectively.
Television enjoys lion share of audience
STRUCTURE OF JAMAICAN INDUSTRY
3 free-to-air stations, TVJ, CVM, LOVE TV, with
radio and print affiliates RJR, Hot 102, Love
FM,The Gleaner, XXX News, Power 106.
19 radio stations
51 subscription licensees in 246 zones – all island
operator coming soon.
Local cable channels and content providers,
HYPE, RETV, CPTC, Music+.
Independent content providers.
The historical, legal, and
institutional contexts in which
innovation takes place.
Conversion: It changes everything
The term “paradigm shift” is overused, but
conversion of technology fits the bill.
At the fundamental level of the legal and
regulatory framework, convergence can be
expected to change the rules of engagement
between regulator and regulated, the market, and
dynamics of relations between citizen, customer,
consumer and service providers/vendors.
The historical, legal, and
institutional contexts in which
innovation takes place.
Convergence Challenges
Migration to converged license regime
–
–
Competition issues
–
–
–
Technology neutrality
Evolving standards
Optimal allocation of spectrum
Culture and Content
–
–
–
–
Level the playing field
Removal of licensing restrictions
Lower upfront license fees
Technical standards and Frequency spectrum
–
–
–
Alternative infrastructure providers
Independent and unified regulatory framework
Cross-media ownership limitations
Conditions for foreign media investment
Internet governance and content
Self-regulation and co-regulation
Universal Service and promoting wider access
–
–
–
Improving teledensity in rural areas
Affordability and cherry-picking
Challenges of awareness
THE DYNAMIC MEDIA
ENVIRONMENT
Radically change in home viewing environment since last 10 years.
Melding of new and traditional media leading to emergence of new media
“platforms”
Increase in number of available channels, increase in foreign signals, VCR’s,
DVD’s, personal computers, electronic games.
New media technologies are relatively inexpensive & less complicated
Increased programming choice = increased market competition
– ultimately influencing business models.
– Broadcasters cannot rely solely on advertising revenues in the new digital age.
– commercial and entertainment programming, now mainstay of media content
THE DYNAMIC MEDIA
ENVIRONMENT
What’s hot
Internet radio/webcasting – radio
broadcasting utilising the Internet platform
Satellite radio – two developments are accelerating its
deployment
1. Providers forging ties with the automobile industry.
2. More portability. No longer confined to cars (Note XM-to-go)
Video-on-demand/ pay TV – viewers are able to control
what they want to watch and when.
THE DYNAMIC MEDIA
ENVIRONMENT
What’s hot
Datacasting . Once a separate activity associated with
telecommunications networks, it is expanding to broadcasting.
Technology being perfected to allow customers to interact with
broadcast content
Podcasting – a form of personal radio broadcasts involving personal
storage and retrieval devices (ipods). Sort of the broadcasting
version of web logs (blogs)
“DVR” allows users to record programmes in digital format so that
they can be viewed at a more convenient time; allows users to
“alter” time e.g. they can pause movies being broadcast, skip over
commercials etc.
THE DIGITAL REVOLUTION –
some observations
Products that are able to transcend national borders.
Access to content originating outside of national boundaries
gaining momentum.
Command and control of audiences - a feature of traditional media
landscapes - being replaced by liberation of audiences (for
example, from inflexible programme schedules).
As a consequence, certain concepts that are part of the
broadcasting landscape will be eroded. E.g. No more prime time or
family hour.
some observations
Mass adoption of technologies that offer new
possibilities:
interactivity,
interoperability,
selectivity of content
ability to by-pass conventional networks, standard
systems of delivery and many regulatory controls.
Boundless opportunities to be heard, read and seen,
without mediation – particularly via the Internet.
some observations
Wireless and compression technologies are increasing
the portability of media.
Youth are extremely attracted to portable multimedia
devices
Implications present for exposure of children to
potentially harmful content.
Aggressive marketing of violent, sexual and profane content is a
concern
PARENTAL REGULATION OF
CHILDREN’S MEDIA EXPOSURE
Inadequate parental supervision of media use
single-parent families (40%)
children with neither parent at home (17%)
PLUS it is extremely difficult to supervise
children’s use of personal media e.g. handheld video games, iPods and mobile phones
POLICY ISSUES, CHALLENGES
AND DIRECTIONS
Urgency for media literacy, as monitoring of
content by media regulators gets more difficult
whilst the digital revolution moves at a very fast
pace.
While literacy campaigns belong in the sphere of
education , media regulators must be provide
strong support for media literacy initiatives
WHAT MEDIA LITERACY
TEACHES
4. We all have the capacity to create and
produce media content
e.g. Time Man of the Year 2006 “You” for
phenomenal growth in media production and
sharing on Internet-based social sites such as
UTube
Key Media Policy Issues
New and dynamic media framework present
challenges that are different from those that
previously obtained.
– Carriage vs content debate. Global experience suggests
that the form of delivery will become inconsequential to
a large extent. Content issues will remain as the
dominant concern
– Greater empowerment of audiences is now necessary
given the pervasive nature of electronic media and easy
access to a range of problematic content, especially by
children
-CABLE INDUSTRY AND
ADVERTISING
Cable advertising is not intended to
counter over the air tv advertising – the
markets are different; we are targeting
local content creators
Indeed, the development and rapid spread of
cable and satellite television can be attributed
at least in part to the market failures inherent
in over-the-air, advertiser-supported television.
over-the-air, advertiser-supported television.
Economists have long debated how advertising
should be treated in a rational-choice
framework.
. To the extent that broadcasters cannot deliver the optimal type
and amount of programming to viewers, other firms may develop
innovations allowing viewers to purchase more preferred
programming directly from providers.
Possibly because the broadcast networks forgo advertisingunfriendly program content, the cable channel HBO responds with
a deliberate counter-programming niche strategy, explicitly airing
programming with “darker” and “more difficult” advertisingunfriendly content.
-DIGITAL TELEVISION
TV broadband roll out is now possible through grant of
FLOW licence, we must complement that with digitalterrestrial TV expansion
although a TV broadband roll-out was technically
possible, the government was prioritizing terrestrial or
digital-terrestrial TV expansion.
history warned against over-bold predictions of
consumer preferences: and this applied to broadband
development,
-DIGITAL TELEVISION
Future of DTT in Doubt
By Valerie Milano
The cable industry’s urgent embrace of digital technology and its aggressive
deployment of services such as VOD and SVOD (subscription VOD) is
causing some experts to question the global future of digital terrestrial
television (DTT).
Overall, DTT has gotten off to a disappointing start worldwide, after launches
in North America and Europe in November 1998. In Europe, satellite remains
the primary mode of digital delivery, followed by cable and then terrestrial.
Europe’s five major TV territories Ñ the U.K., France, Germany, Italy and
Spain Ñ ended 2000 with more than 15.7 million digital pay-TV homes
combined. Of those countries, the U.K. leads the pack thanks to the efforts of
Sky, which has aggressively promoted digital via free set-top box giveaways.
Their nearly seven million digital homes represent a 26 percent penetration
and their year-to-year growth is an astonishing 129 percent. By comparison, at
the end of 2001, Europe reportedly had less than 1.5 million DTT homes.
-DIGITAL TELEVISION
Future of DTT in Doubt There is concern that terrestrial digital could fail
as a delivery system because of the established strength of cable and
satellite services and the issue will only become more contentious as the
number of digital channels continues to grow, but some governments are
already stepping up to the terrestrial plate. In July 2001, France’s
broadcasting regulator, the Conseil Superieur de l’Audiovisuel,
announced its promotion of terrestrial digital television, with 22 national
commercial channels up for grabs. There will be a total of 33 digital
channels, eight of which have been designated as public-service channels,
with three reserved for regional and local channels. Hoping to give
terrestrial a much-needed boost, France relaxed laws preventing any
company from owning more than 49 percent of a national network. Under
the new regulations, a company can own 100 percent of a network as long
as it doesn’t have an average annual audience share of greater than 2.5
percent. And companies cannot bid for channels if more than 20 percent
of their capital is held outside the European Union.
-DIGITAL TELEVISION
CORDEL’S NOTE ON THE BENEFIT OF DIGTALISATION
STV’s will be able to offer customers more channels on their system without having
to spend a lot of money upgrading their external infrastructure, rather they would
be doing in office upgrading at the Head End. The other benefit is that the digital
signal and converter boxes are less susceptible to hacking, so the cable operator
will have more control over the service.
Currently, most of the channels received by cable is in digital format which is then
converted to analogue at the cable Head End and transmitted in that form.
It must be noted that the switch over to digital systems by cable operators will be
passed on to the customers.
Broadcasters stand to benefit the most from digitalisation because most of their
customers receive free to air tv through cable, so TV stations will not have to invest
in digital boxes, albeit they will need to invest in digital equipment. They will also
be able to now provide multiple channels, which will all have to be carried under
the “must carry rule”. They should therefore shoulder some of the public education
that is required for the digital switch-over.
-DIGITAL TELEVISION
• Retailers would be required to display signs near analog
televisions. This would help ensure that consumers who are
thinking of buying an analog television understand that after Feb.
17, 2009, they will need to connect the television to a converterbox, or to cable or satellite service, to receive broadcast television
signals.
• Cable and satellite operators would be required to include
information in their bills notifying subscribers about the DTV
transition and the digital-to-analog converter-box program. Cable
and satellite subscribers will be largely unaffected by the
transition, but this requirement will help ensure they understand
what is happening.
-DIGITAL TELEVISION
FCC Confirms Must-Carry Rules after DTV Transition
The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) has adopted a Notice of
Proposed Rulemaking (NPRM) on proposals to ensure all cable
subscribers, including those with analog TV sets, can view must-carry
television stations on cable systems after the transition to digital television
(DTV) occurs on February 17, 2009. By statute, cable operators must
ensure that all cable subscribers have the ability to view all must-carry
local broadcast stations. To ensure that this statutory requirement is
satisfied, the FCC proposes that cable operators must either: (1) carry the
signals of all must-carry stations in an analog format to all analog cable
subscribers, or (2) for all-digital systems, carry those signals only in
digital format, provided that all subscribers have the necessary equipment
to view the broadcast content. The FCC also reaffirmed that cable
systems must carry high definition broadcast signals in HD format.
-SPECTRUM POLICY
Political control of spectrum
This refelected the broader debate on the ethical and practical
dimensions of spectrum utilization and service access
Overview: Bringing New Wireless Technology to Market
As new wireless technology is developed, its success in the
marketplace ultimately depends on appropriate radio spectrum
being made available by government regulations.
The solution to the current lack of spectrum lies in persuading
policy makers in the U.S. and throughout the world to adopt two
fundamental reforms. The first is to allow more unlicensed use and
the second is to allow more flexibility within licensed use.
-SPECTRUM POLICY
Other areas of interest are the provision of High Definition Television
(HDTV) and broadband services. The latter would enable services such
as video/audio via broadband, on-line gaming and telecommuting.
Broadband would also facilitate the development of internet in Jamaica.
It has been estimated that there are about 62 million broadband
subscribers worldwide. However, as in other parts of the world, the full
potential of the internet is yet to be tapped in Jamaica and the benefits to
be accrued to the Government, the telecommunications industry,
businesses and consumers are immeasurable. Other applications include
Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) which has emerged as a viable, cost
effective alternative to traditional telephony, Internet Television, and
Wireless Fidelity (WiFi). It is not only the number of technologies which
will pose a challenge to the management of the spectrum, but there is also
the issue of convergence of technologies and how this will affect the
present planning and allocation of frequencies.
-SPECTRUM POLICY
NEXT STEPS
-Consult with industry on the plans for digitalisation or the extent
to which they are already digitalised and the standard being used
(US or European). Irie FM, for example is a highly ditigised
service.
-Investigate any government support needed for digitisation – for
example a waiver on duties to import equipment over a specific
period.
-Determine policy issues for consumer protection eg A law
requiring that only digital enabled tv’s be imported and that the
sale of analogue boxes carry information that they will need to be
used with a digital box.
POLICY-MEDIA OWNERSHIP
permitted more crossownership of TV stations and newspapers in local markets, relaxed limits
on owning two TV stations in a market and for the first time allowed one owner to control three
TV stations in a handful of the country’s biggest cities. FLOW LICENCE
Technological and marketplace developments – especially the growth of multichannel
programming distributors and the Internet – have fundamentally altered the landscape in
which the Commission’s ownership rules were originally adopted. Consumers nationally
and in local markets of all sizes now enjoy access to, and benefit from, a vast array of
information, opinion, and entertainment from a wide range of diverse sources, including
television and radio stations, nonbroadcast and multichannel outlets, print publications, and
the virtually unlimited voices available on the Internet.
The Commission should modernize its local ownership rules to reflect these dramatic changes
in the media marketplace, and to ensure that local television and radio broadcasters, as well as
daily newspapers, are not unfairly hampered in their ability to serve the public by outmoded
regulations that limit them and not their competitors.
Consolidation of the media industry. Across
all countries, there are significant trends
towards horizontal and vertical consolidation.
In France, the major broadcasters all have
production arms. Horizontal consolidation
(e.g., across cable companies in the US) seems
in addition to generate pressure for vertical
consolidation to reap the benefits of scale.
Consolidation of the media industry.
There is cross media ownership in Jamaica, as evidenced
by the RJR, Gleaner and CVM Groups. As with all
aggregated ‘vertically integrated’ media, there is a risk of
conflict of interest in cross promotional situations.
There are signs that the market will aggregate. Content
sharing, media ownership will become more open and the
influence of new operators in the marketplace is bound to
have an effect.
Consolidation of the media industry.
Is consolidation an inevitable consequence ?
Will Jamaica buck the US and Canadian experience?
1) Consolidation
In Canada and the U.S., there is only one firm per service territory
In the last 10 years, the industry in Canada has gone from about 6
large, roughly equal sized firms, 15 mid-sized firms and 1000 small
firms to 4 large/mid-sized firms and about 250 small firms
The largest 4 firms constitute about 85-90% of the market
This evolution has been driven by the basic economic factor
of scale economies
COMPETITION
Research on ICT and other sectors indicates clearly
that increased competition has the greatest positive
impact on sectoral efficiency and inno vation. The experience of much of East Asia suggests
that government’s
insistence on rigorous interfirm competition makes
more difference than
whether a firm is private, public, foreign, or domestic.
COMPETITION
With such a number of operators in the Jamaican
marketplace, it is not surprising that standards are
inconsistent.
There seems to be a general lack of acceptance of
the media’s responsibility to its audience.
Commercial imperatives and a culture of narrow
competitiveness are diversions from broadcasters’
attention from basic social obligations.
COMPETITION
Can we have sustained competition without the ongoing
regulatory intervention? How do we avoid inappropriate
regulation, which would stifle innovative products and services.
Threats to competition?
New threats 1. Content
-Monopolisation
-Piracy (DRM)
New threats 2. Platforms
-Abuse of market power
-Innocent and strategic barriers to entry
-Government and regulatory barriers to entry
COMPETITION
Refer to FLOW licence
-Balancing knowledge as a public good and as
(personal) intellectual property (the economic design of
intellectual property)
-the relation of competition to licensing and copyright
enforcement,
intellectual property issues arising from direct and
indirect network externalities, and globalization.
patent values and the return on R&D investment,
COMPETITION
The non linear relationship between competition and quality
(Put in diagram showing competition up and quality down)
There is a central concern currently for media regulators, at this time of massive
increase in outlets, channels, media genres. It was the central theme of recent BCJ
consultations. That concern is quality.
as far as some people are concerned it is not the business of regulators and
governments to concern themselves with quality in broadcasting in the first place.
There are three reasons given for this view.
A first and to large extent American-influenced reason would be the sacredness of
the first amendment to the US constitution guaranteeing freedom of expression.
Second, some right wing economists argue that regulators and governments should
concern themselves merely with opening markets to true competition and from this
quality will flow as night follows day. However, no market is ever perfect,
especially given the fact of continuing spectrum scarcity in a country like the UK.
COMPETITION
The non linear relationship between competition and quality
Third, some of our licensees have argued from time to time that, since the
Radio Authority was set up to be a light touch regulator it should
therefore not concern itself with quality at any detailed level. Commercial
radio stations alone know the listener’s needs and the regulator could not
be expected to have the radio expertise or understanding of the modern
listener to make such judgements. If government and regulators know
quality and we know what it is then it should be pursued through PBS public service broadcasting.
Fourthly, people who claim they know about quality are no more right
than those who claim to know the future of technology. If “quality”
controllers had their way Elvis Presley and Bob Marley would never see
the light of day – one a hip shaking corrupter of young people and the
other an unkempt noise maker.
COMPETITION
Quality is necessarily a subjective value judgement, inevitably
influenced by who is deciding what is and what is not quality. It is
a bit like good sex. He who gives it knows about it – and that is
every man, until you start asking women their opinion. BUT we all
agree sex is necessary, which is not the same as saying it must be
good. Procreation is not dependent on good sex, but sex simplictor.
But we know that at the very least broadcasting cannot be
“simplicitor”, at the very least there must be good technical
standards and the service must be compliant with its agreed
format and with industry codes of conduct
WHAT WE KNOW AS A FACT competition in the media
industry does not and will not by itself produce quality; it tends to
produce shoulder to shoulder competition in the middle brow of
public taste.
COMPETITION
Quality IS our business
Quality must be somebody’s business. If
industry has no credible quality control
then the regulator must establish it – the
absence of quality is chaos
COMPETITION
Quality IS our business
What IS inappropriate content?
The critical distinction that has to be made when
evaluating content is TASTE vs HARM.
Personal benchmarks of what might be offensive
to an individual must take a back seat to an
objective question – WILL THIS MATERIAL
CAUSE HARM? (ESPECIALLY TO
CHILDREN)
HOW BCJ RULINGS ARE LIKELY TO IMPACT
THE FUTURE OF MEDIA AND BUSINESSES
OPERATING IN THE NEW MOBILE DIGITAL
MEDIA SPACE
Issues for Consideration for Policy Makers
Convergence is changing the marketplace
– The alignment and alliances of companies in ICT, broadcasting and general
media services
Developments in convergence have implications for both infrastructure
and content
-People’s demands and behaviour will drive regulatory approach: they
want information faster, digitised, personalized, on demand, and
accessible across all platforms and devices (broadcast media, fixed
telephony, internet and mobile).
MEDIA SPACE
Comparative Review of Content Regulation
A McKinsey Report for the Independent Television Commission 1 May
2002
There are now far too many sources of content to regulate in a uniform
way across the board.
Most regulators are holding to the principle that regulatory controls
should be proportionate to the pervasiveness and impact of the service
involved. (Cordel – one issue is whether is it really realistic and practical
for mobiles to be bound by the same rules as public broadcasting?
HOW BCJ RULINGS ARE LIKELY TO IMPACT THE
FUTURE OF MEDIA AND BUSINESSES OPERATING IN THE
NEW MOBILE DIGITAL MEDIA SPACE
A McKinsey Report for the Independent Television Commission 1 May 2002
In pursuit of that principle, regulators continue to maintain active monitoring of
editorial standards across traditional mass-market media, notably the leading freeto-air television channels. (Cordel - This will continue as long as they capture the
lion’s share of media consumption,)
Regulators are tending to take a lighter touch approach to new niche or encrypted
channels, aimed at an inherently smaller and more self-selecting audience.
In the face of ever-increasing content proliferation, there is a perceptible trend
around the world towards ‘self-regulation’. Content users are being supplied with
a growing array of ‘self-regulation tools’ such as ratings mechanisms and content
filters (Cordel– and codes of practice covering issues such as adult content, spam,
premium rates, assistance for the disabled and elderly and location based services).
MEDIA SPACE
Co-regulation and self regulation
– The Commission encourages self-regulation. However, self-regulation
will not always be in the public interest - unless “self” is given a
liberal interpretation to include civil society in the regulatory process.
– Where the licensed industry fails to regulate itself, the Commission
will not resile from its obligation to intervene.
– It is against this background that the Broadcasting Commission
introduced the Children’s Code for Programming on January 13, 2003.
HOW BCJ RULINGS ARE LIKELY TO IMPACT THE FUTURE OF
MEDIA AND BUSINESSES OPERATING IN THE NEW MOBILE
DIGITAL MEDIA SPACE
A McKinsey Report for the Independent Television Commission 1 May 2002
The next few years will test the efficacy of a self-regulation regime for multi-channel television
and the Internet. Some countries are clearly tempted to pursue a more interventionist
approach, and there have been several recent examples of judicial bodies seeking to impose
legal liability for content carriers, including in the U.S.
In determining the Jamaican approach the BCJ will be guided by the following imperatives:
Critical to all of this is stability and predictability when it comes to regulation.
The future as it pertains to technology and industries convergingm is far from predictable.
In the unpredictable, the regulator’s actions must be measured, so that they and the industry
have time to “get things right” – in terms of innovation, levels of invest and implementation.
Care must be taken, even as we distinguish between media, to ensure that heavily regulated
entities do not come under unfair competition from more lightly regulated ones.
HOW BCJ RULINGS ARE LIKELY TO IMPACT THE FUTURE OF
MEDIA AND BUSINESSES OPERATING IN THE NEW MOBILE
DIGITAL MEDIA SPACE
In the unpredictable, the regulator’s actions must be measured, so that they and the industry
have time to “get things right” – in terms of innovation, levels of invest and implementation.
Intellectual rights
-What are the implications for rights protection when technologies are converging?
The complexity of the rights associated with content and the way they are currently licensed,
seems out of sync with rapid technological developments and the new content markets being
created, eg a new ‘mobile TV’ genre.
Collecting societies are being accused of operating as national monopolies of being inflexible in
the way they license content, resulting in higher costs, delays and uncertainty in launching new
music services (Vodafone CEO).
There is a call for greater transparency in the contents rights market, open access to the rights
for those businesses which are interested in them and more effective appeal mechanisms, to
enable and promote proper commercial negotiations. (Vodafone CEO).
What is the outlook for the industry from here
on?
Given the dynamism of the electronic media sector, any predictive
statement about the industry would need to be based on empirical
data. Completion of a forecast of the 2010 media landscape by the
Broadcasting Commission is slated for completion by March 2008.
Certainly, broadcasting legislation that is sensitive to the
landscape is one of the areas in which change is likely to be
witnessed. Proposals for legislative reform would result from the
comprehensive policy review by the Commission that is to be
carried out in the 2007/8 operational year.
FINALE
What has Pavarotti got to do with a talk on
business professionalism
FINALE
What has Pavarotti got to do with a talk on
business professionalism?
NOTHING!!!
Feedback
Contact:
email: [email protected]
tel (toll-free):
1-888-99-CABLE
website:
www.broadcom.org
Where to Get More Information
www.broadcom.org
[email protected]
1-888-99-CABLE (22253)
THANK YOU

competition - The Broadcasting Commission

Transcription

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