case study on chinese - Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta

Transcription

THE MODEL OF EMPOWERING INTER-ETHNICAL HARMONY IN DEMOCRATIC ERA THROUGH
COLLABORATED-TRADITION: CASE STUDY ON CHINESEJAVANESE IN SOLO, INDONESIA
Aditya nurullahi
[email protected]
Faculty of Humanities Diponegoro University, Indonesia
fatah Ali Mahmud
[email protected]
Faculty of Humanities Diponegoro University, Indonesia
Abstract
The studies about profile of Chinese ethnic in Indonesia possessing strategic issue to comprehend the
actual existence of this ethnic in Indonesia‟s multiethnical society. The fundamental problem of chinese
ethnic in national integration lies on its positional identity which remains ambiguous and controversial.
However, the transition era into fully democratic regime since Soeharto‟s downfall in 1998 has led
the issue of conditioning the positional identity of chinese ethnic to relevant and urgent issue today.
Therefore, this paper is an answer to design the socio-empowerment model towards chinese and other
native ethnic (javanese) with multiculturalism approach in Solo city. Collaborated-tradition idea between
these two ethnics is considered as alternative solution to harmonize and synergize relationship between
chinese ethnic and javanese in Indonesia. The study conducted with collaborative approaches; history,
antropology, and law. The research method conducted through literature review, observation, and
analysis method; qualitative and quantitative.
Keywords: Chinese, Javanese, Socio-empowerment, Solo, Multiculturalism
1.
inTRoduCTion
A. Background
Chinese ethnic has been long time
popularly known as diaspor ethnic. They
tend to conduct adventure activities as well
as exploring world for commerce purpose,
seeking for treasure and even trying to find
new places to live in.
Nusantara has been one of the most
diaspor destinations for chinese. In the very
beginning of AD there had been intensive
interaction between chinese and
local
native in Nusantara for commerce purpose.
Nusantara‟s natural resources posessing
large amount of camphor which was mostly
needed-comodity for chinese ritual or religion
purpose. Additionally, the fertiled soil in
Nusantara as well as the local native which was
hospitable had been attracting most chinese
decided to stay in rather than condition in their
homeland which possessing infertile soil, full
of conflicts, and even disasters at that time.1
However, thegreat clashamongchinese,
local, and colonial dutch happened in 1740
in Batavia and had spread over central java
and east java regions. As the consequences,
mostly chinese became homeless as well as
massive and ruthless captures over chinese
provocateurs by colonial dutch and its ally in
order to be sent to Ceylon as forced-labor.
On the other hand, this tragedy had triggered
solidarity among the chinese in central java to
fight against the colonial dutch and ally. This
fact also believed as the reason of removal
Kartasura Kingdom‟s base into Surakarta
as it had mutual interest with dutch colonial
beforehand.2
Surakarta or popularly known as
Solo, is a city in central java province which
considered as central of javanese culture.
Javanese ethnic dominating the population
in this city and chinese ethnic has formed
1
2
Hahariyono Paulus 2006, p. 5
Hembing Wijayakusuma 2005, p.153.
International Conference
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the population as the minority one. However,
chinese has taken important role in Solo‟s
economic sector as well as its history. In regard
to analysing socio-economic phenomenon,
the economic power in a society would be
dominated by a minority one, then it could be
indicated as trigger for initial stage of chaos.
The interaction between javanese and
chinese had been long time built since VOC
era. There had been ups and downs regarding
interaction between these two ethnics. After
the downfall of Soekarno‟s regime and the very
beginning of Soeharto‟s regime, the friction
between javanese and chinese occasionally
happened in low even to high level, until
the friction came to its peak happening as
massive chaos which targeted chinese ethnic
on 13-14 May 1998 in Jakarta and Solo. It
had been terribly known as May 98 Tragedy
and had been remembered as the dark age of
Indonesia‟s contemporer history. On the other
hand, Javanese ethnic historically believed
that the downfall of Kartasura Kingdom on
June 30th 1744 was because of Cakraningrat
Army‟s rebellion in collaborating with chinese
rebels. As it mentions on the title above, there
are three main problems we would like to
discuss in this paper;
1. How is the the socio-culture‟s
background of chinese community in
Solo
2. What‟s the chinese response towards
Indonesia‟s law proceeding regarding
their
existences
in
Indonesia,
specifically in Solo
3. How to create alternative solution
for chinese ethnic in order to be well
accepted in local community in Solo
Therefore, the main purpose of this
paper is to reassert the importance of chinese
ethnic reposition for national integration
process, especially to harmonically put them
in proper relations with other native ethnics,
especially javanese ethnic in Solo. Hence,
to reach this purpose, there are three main
issues we have to formulate first:
1. To know the profile of chinese‟ socioculture (philosophy, norm, ethic, moral
value, and symbol) in Solo
2. To figure out chinese‟ response and
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3.
2.
feedback towards Indonesia‟s law
proceeding and social relations among
various ethnics
To deliver recommendation and
suggestions as way to optimize
harmonic relations between chinese
ethnic and javanese ethnic in Solo
liTERATuRE REViEW
In period of post-Soeharto‟s regime,
Indonesia was starting to run multiculturalism
policy. Hence, chinese ethnic was no more
pushed for total assimilation with local. The
purpose of this strategy was to picturize the
post-Soeharto‟s regime had put concern to
minority and recognizing existence of chinese
ethnic as inseparateble part of Indonesia‟s
culture. Nevertheless, chinese society in
Indonesia was not a minority which was
homogen. In regard to religion, mostly chinese
were budhis and conficius, and least of them
were muslim, and christian.
Eventhough the recognition of chinese
culture in Indonesia had been officially
made, social discrimination in administrative,
security, and even constitution issue remained
exist.Yet, the government remained incapable
to figure out what really happened and find
who were responsible for May 98 tragedy,
which mostly targeted chinese as well as
finishing the case to enforce the law. On the
other side, the raise of China mainland as
new superpower in Asia recently had raised
anxiety to Indonesia that this would effect to
domination tendency of chinese people in
Indonesia to play role as proxy to“colonialize”
some sectors; culture, economic, politic,
and this possibly assumed as one factor of
government‟s hesitation to clear chinese
issue (Suryadinata, 2010).
The policy made by some countries
in southeastasia was not always showing
consistency. However, in certain periods,
some countries in ASEAN such as Indonesia,
Thailand, and Philippines decided to take
assimilition policy to address chinese ethnic
issue, but others ASEAN decided to take
accomodation or pluralism policy.
Philippines, under Ferdinand Marcos‟s
governance applied a policy which liberalizing
constitution on philippines nationality in 1975.
This policy enabled chinese to easily obtain
nationality as philippine. The policy worked
as defining chinese ethnic according to
its culture, not race. As example, mestizochinese considered as real philippine as well
as those who had been acculturised. Thailand
also applied strong-assimilation policy
towards chinese ethnic. The government
implimented Ius soli principle on civic policy,
which meant every chinese who were borned
in Thailand, they automatically were Thai.
As consequences, they were emphasized to
use Thai‟s name and going to Thai‟s school.
In addition, the culture of identity as Thai
had made Thailand people had tendency
to terminologically defined Thai nation in
cultural aspect. Hence, this enabled chinese
to easily obtain nationality as Thai. Malaysia‟s
policy was differently applied from mentioned
countries above. Kuala Lumpur applied
accomodation policy. This because of chinese
demographically formed 26% of Malaysia‟s
population. However, malay, ethnic still
demographically dominating the population
as well as Brunei. On the other way around,
Brunei applied different policy from Malaysia
regarding chinese issue. It wasn‟t easy for
chinese to obtain Brunese nationality. They
had to meet some challenging requirements,
such as passing malay language test, had
stayed at least for 20 years or more, and
had been able to compromise with local
tradition and its lifestyle as well. However,
since 1992 the situation had changed.
The government created way to optimally
accomodate chinese integration through
education aspect. All chinese schools were
suggested to use two different languages;
malay and english as language in class
activity and chinese language was used in
curriculum as school subject. In Indonesia,
the policy towards chinese ethnic was applied
step by step in certain period. In 1949-1959
(liberal-democracy period), regime applied
pluralism policy. Then, in 1959-1966 (guideddemocracy period), regime applied integration
and assimilation policy in stages. However,
the strict assimilation policy was totally
applied since the raise of New-Order regime
in 1967. The worst, the regime managed to
eliminate chinese values in all life aspects.
As example, regime banned the chinese new
year‟s commemoration, chinese language
learning, and Barongsai tradition. Besides,
they also didn‟t officialy recognized confucius
as official religion in Indonesia. As a matter of
fact, the purpose of actions made through this
policy was to eliminate chinese domination to
the core as way to make it fully absorbed into
local values (total assimilated) and chinese
ethnic would possibly well accepted in local
community as they willing to leave out their
true identity. However, such policy was not in
line with principle of human rights and leaving
discriminatory reaction towards chinese
ethnic (Suryadinata, 2002).
Therefore, multiculturalism approach
seems appropriate to apply towards
multiethnical country, such as Indonesia.
It means, the central government as well
as region play strategic role as a bridge to
accomodate the development of varying
cultures in Indonesia‟s society and to prepare
media which functions as inter-culture
communication. In addition, the policy-makers
have responsibilty to develop cultural politic
and serving conducive facilities through moral
culture in order to be inclusive, developed,
and well-integrated (Abdul Baqir, 2000).
3.
REsEARCH METHod
Qualitative approach and multiculturalism approach was used to find descriptive
explanation from expanded explanations. To
support and distinguish factual conditions on
field, this mostly required qualitative data. In
addition, juridicial approach was used to test
effectivity of law product in Indonesia (the
old one and the new one) and also to finally
identify a conducive and appropriate law
product to be designed as effective model to
apply and easily understood by society. To
find and collect the sources, we also conduct
interview method towards historical subjects.
These historical subjects played role as
informant who were directly engaged in the
happenings nor they were live-witnesses
regarding the research topic we conduct.
These informants including the chinese,
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javanese, and some bureucrats in related
government institution who were engaged
in integration process of chinese ethnic with
javanese ethnic in Surakarta. The research
was consisting of two phases; basic research
which still need assesment and designing
model from obtained sources. As the result,
the output of research would come up as a
model which need to apply, test, monitor
and evaluate sustainably in order to know
its strengths, weaknesses and figure out
effectivity of the model.
4.
ACCoMPlisHEd REsulT
A. Profile of chinese’ sosio-culture in
solo
Traditionally, chinese in Solo are
identified as exclusive, arrogant, selfish, and
materialistic ones. On the other hand, they are
occasionally seen as humble, diligent, tough
and possessing good-calculation, but easily
spend money for joy and this last character
was unacceptable by javanese. However,
relationship between chinese and javanese
in one side shows a harmonic interaction,
but sometimes shows the other way around
when it comes to the issues regarding politic,
economy, and socio-culture. As one example,
in this reformation era, the gate is widely
open for chinese cultures to be expanded and
widely exposed in Solo which is dominated
by javanese cultures and however becoming
a threats to javanese itself. Additionally, this
has raised anxiety that the javanese culture
will end in cross-road and it has triggered
social jealously over javanese itself as way to
anticipate a domination of cultural threat.
B. Response and feedback of chinese
ethnic towards indonesia’s law
proceeding
As minority in Solo, the hardest challenge
to chinese ethnic is to remove the label that
cause discriminatory reactions
towards
them, especially the issue related with policy
and regulation. In regard to administrative
issue, SBKRI (Surat Bukti Kewarganegaraan
Republik Indonesia) or official document that
states someone is Indonesian (particularly for
foreign descendant; indian,chinese, arabs,
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etc.) was a problem one. SBKRI is used as
requirement to them as they take care of
passport, national ID card, criminal records
and other administrative necessity. However,
this has become one of main issues related
with administrative discrimination towards
chinese in Solo. The longtime-taking process
and its complicated procedure of bureucracy
had put them in distress.
Historically, in period of Soekarno‟s
regime there was a policy of dual-nationality
identity (dwi-kewarganegaraan) which was
applied towards chinese. It meant, the
chinese belonged to China and Indonesia as
well. However, since 1949-1951 situation had
changed. The regime unpredictably left choice
to chinese to choose one of two options of
national identity; Indonesia or China, and this
fact had been the historical background of
SBKRI issue. As time went by, SBKRI policy
was withdrawn by Presidential Decree No. 56
in year of 1996, but the factual condition that
the decree wasn‟t optimally applied in lower
level of government institution. Then in 1998,
the policy was reasserted by Presidential
Instruction No. 4 in year of 1999 as
Abdurrahman Wahid came up as Indonesia‟s
president. In addition, this new policy was
also supported by official instruction released
by Solo‟s mayor, Slamet Suryono in SK. No.
471/006/02/2004 dated July 19th, 2004 on
the use of national identity evidence.
C. The review of existed model
Issues related with chinese has been
appealing varying responses of reconciliation.
The release of constitution (UU No. 5/1969),
which stated that confucius had obtained
official acknowledgement from government,
but with term and condition. This happened
because of confucius was not a religion,
but a faith (chinese philosophy) and didn‟t
teach about God and afterlife, according
to Official Letter of Minister of Coordinator
and Social Welfare No. 764/MENKO/
KESRA/X/1983 dated October 15th, 1983 to
Minister of Internal Affair and Official Letter of
Minister of Religion No. IV/608/1980 dated
September 22nd, 1980 to Minister of Justice,
after research conducted by Research and
Development Department of Religion (litbang
Departemen Agama) and State Intelligence
and Coordinating Agency (BAKIN) (Ditsospol
Prop Jateng, 199/2000:33-34).
In period of Indonesia‟s new era, the
reformation momentum had contributed
significantly since the released of Presidential
Instruction (Inpres) No. 4 in year of 1999 as
Abdurrahman Wahid came up as president.
In addition, the implimentation of Autonomous
Region‟s constitution had brought chinese‟
aspiration close to be heard through
advocacy to Solo‟s mayor, Slamet Suryono.
As the impact, he finally released a decree,
SK Nomor. 471/006/02/2004 dated July, 19th
2004 on the use of national identity evidence,
which allowed them not to attach SBKRI
anymore as they take care of administrative
issue.
Additionally, based on our contemporer
study on field, the model of acculturation has
been applied in some aspects. There were
inter-ethnic marriage between javanese and
chinese, neighborhood unification, and the
usage of javanese language by chinese.
In regard to culture aspect, javanese and
chinese celebrated their difference through
Grebeg Sudiropraja, an annual tradition
which was held seven days before Imlek day
(chinese new year) as well as to welcome
Suro (javanese new year).
Typically, this tradition was born in one
district in Solo, named Sudiro district. Rally of
people bringing on piles of Kue Keranjang,
(typical food of chinese to celebrate Imlek)
accompanied
by
Barongsai
(chinese
traditional dance) and Adat Keraton (rally
of javanese wearing traditional clothes and
accessories) starting from Sudiro district and
finished in Pasar Gede (Solo‟s landmark).
The purpose of this tradition was to attract
attention and displaying a harmony, also
as way to deliver social message to entire
Surakarta society that the values of respectful
and appreciation upon difference had been
successfully built in Sudiro district. The
tradition also functioned as trigger to expand
the discourse of acculturation of these two
ethnics through universal language and
associative interaction.
a. The design of acculturation model for
chinese ethnic in solo
A leader has strategic role in creating
people‟s perspective towards issue. This
has been a typical character of Indonesia‟s
paternalistic society, especially in Solo. When
a leader in related region addressing positive
label towards chinese ethnic issue, then this
would automatically change perspective of
people in lower level as to follow the leader
one.
This factual situation happened during
Abdurrahman Wahid‟s period. Under his
governance, the situation at that time was
conducive to develop multiculturalism
approach because of strong tolerance,
inclusivity, and high-concerned manner he
showed towards minorities. Additionally, the
conducive situation was also supported by the
law product made by government in that era,
such as Ketetapan MPR No. V/MPR/2000
(People Assembly‟s Decree) and Keppres
no. 6 Tahun 2000 (Presidential Decree) which
addressed the chinese ethnic issue through
reconciliation method as way to maintain unity
and national integration. One of the main idea
of the constitutions, stated;
“To enhance the social harmony among
religion, race, ethnic, and other communities
through dialogue and cooperation in line
with principles of equality, egality, tolerance,
and respecting each other. The government
intervention in socio-culture should be
reduced and allowing the potential and
initiative of society to improve”.
As way to form civil society in Solo
and Indonesia, it‟s worth highlighting that the
plurality thought should be taken precedence.
Additionally, to optimize national integration
each individual, group, and ethnic should know
and understand their appropriate position
through sociological process. Therefore,
every individual or group has to learn in order
to understand their social-limit, rights, and
social duty. Because, for this matter every
individual or group are in common and equal.
The difference among them is hoped to be
instrument to complete each lackness. As
result, it will form a synergy to reach mutual
goals as civil society.
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REfEREnCEs
Abdul Baqir Zein, (2000), Etnis Cina : Dalam
Potret Pembauran di Indonesia,
Prestasi Insan Indonesia, Jakarta.
Denys Lombard, (1996), Nusa Jawa Silang
Budaya Bagian II; Jaringan Asia,
Gramedia, Jakarta.
Hahariyono Paulus, (2006), Stereotip dan
Persoalan Etnis Cina di Jawa, Mutiara
Wacana, Semarang.
Hembing
Wijayakusuma,
(2005),
Pembantaian Massal 1740 Tragedi
Berdarah Angke, Pustaka Populer
Obor 2005, Jakarta.
Koentjaraningrat, (1980), Pengantar Ilmu
Antropologi, Batu Aksara, Jakarta.
Leo Suryadinata, (2002), Negara dan Etnis
Tionghoa “Kasus Indonesia”, Pustaka
LP3ES Indonesia, Jakarta.
Leo Suryadinata, (2010), Etnis Tinghoa dan
Nasionalisme Indonesia “Sebuah
522
on Social Politics
Bunga Rampai 1965-2008”, PT
Kompas Media Nusantara, Jakarta.
M.C. Ricklef, (2008), Sejarah Indonesia
Modern 1200-2008, PT Serambi Ilmu
Semesta, Jakarta.
Puspa
Vasani,
(1983),
Kebudayaan
Orang
Cina
Indonesia
dalam
Koentjaraningrat,
Manusia
dan
Kebudayaan Indonesia, Djembatan,
Jakarta.
Sartodirdjo Kartono, (2000), Pengantar
Sejarah Indonesia Baru 1500-1900,
PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama, Jakarta.
Siti Maziyah, (2013), Sejarah Indonesia dari
abad V sampai abad XV Masehi, Bina
Grafika, Semarang.
Wasino, (2006), Wong Jawa dan Wong Cina:
Liku-liku Hubungan Sosial Antara
Etnis Cina Dengan Jawa di Solo
tahun 1911-1998, UPT UNNES Press,
Semarang.
iMPlEMEnTATion PRACTiCE of soCiAl And CulTuRAl VAluEs in RuRAl
dEVEloPMEnT
dhanurseto Hadiprashada, Budi Guntoro, and subejo
[email protected], [email protected], [email protected]
Extension and Development Communication, Graduate School, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta,
Indonesia
Abstract
The problems that always arise in a variety of conditions and levels of lead quality development in the
area to be blocked. National development trying to adopt the modernizing approach made the clash
of class in Indonesia is increasingly becoming. The implementation of national development policies
to create a good governance realized by various policies. Along with increasing the quality of human
resources, and open access to information in the community needed proper communication patterns
in the implementation of regional development policy. Through the Undang-Undang Desa No. 6 Tahun
2014 Pasal 67 which states that the village has the right to regulate and manage the interests of society
based on rights origin, customs and socio-cultural values of rural communities, of course, can cause
problems of its own in the community. One is the management of natural resources and the environment.
This paper aims to describe the practice of communication such as what is applied in sustainable
development in the region. It means that the socio-cultural values of the community can match the
pattern of regional development. Object of study in this paper is in the village of Ulak Bandung, Muara
sahung, Kaur District, Bengkulu Province.
Keyword : Communication Patterns, Socio-Cultural Values
inTRoduCTion
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Infrastructure growth has not been
uniform in each area causing an imbalance.
The project was focused in the pockets of
large-scale industry. This makes the big cities
in Indonesia is getting crowded. Obviously,
this condition causes the industrial climate
in the area is becoming increasingly difficult
to realized. This constraints was not followed
by improvement on the performance of
government officials, especially in the regions
of Indonesia province (Darmastuti. 2014: 17).
Infrastructure is still very limited in the area
thought to be one of the obstacles in creating
quality and service excellence. This problem
This problem does not make obstacles for
the central government to keep applying
development policies. Implementation of this
policy makes the country has a monopoly
when laws are made and enforced (Tahyudin,
2014).
Indonesia is included in the category of
developing countries become easy targets in
any foreign policy that is applied by the first
world countries. Various global agreement
on development such as, MDGs and the free
market, always has two negative and positive
dimensions. Various agreements were driven
by the developed countries, is always directed
as a market for their products (Rusadi, 2014).
These issues contribute to changing people‟s
mindsets. This change of mindset in particular
have an impact on consumption patterns to
the need for imported goods, and changes in
the national policy.
Therefor, this paper is more emphasis
on the democratic transformation in national
policy. This transformation starts from a
deep understanding towards a knowledge.
This information makes individual gives new
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meaning about life, events, and interactions
with others. (Moedzakir, 2010). Implications
of these changes have occurred since
the phenomenon of regional enlargement
become a central issue of development. In
the context of the national and local authority,
implementation of regional autonomy policy
has not been fully implemented well (Nadir,
2013).
This is caused by many factors, one
of which is a factor of the unpreparedness
of the respective regions to implementing
national development policies. The national
government through Law No. 23 of 2014
concerning local government and then
try to facilitate the region by providing to
management authority of the potential region.
In particular, this legislation is intended to
give authority to the regions in order to build
and enhance the economic growth of their
communities.
Propotionaly tasks and functions
between national government and local
governments was developing into the
development area and villages. This
development is directed at the uniqueness
of resources that they have. This policy
then implemented by the villages through
its potential with reference to the Law of the
Republic of Indonesia Number 6 Year 2014
concerning the village.
The application of the law No. 6 of 2014
concerning this village can certainly create
the potential for rural development in to
positive and negative. Delegation of authority
given to the village in the administration
and operasionali village will certainly pose
problems for the village. Despite based on
socio-economic condition, the village has the
right to regulate and manage the interests
of the community based on the origin of the
rights, customs and socio-cultural values
and the search for a source of income for its
residents.
The country of Indonesia is an
archipelago consisting of 34 province, with
a lot of homework in various fields. One
of them is the problem of development in
Bengkulu is located on the island of Sumatra.
Bengkulu province was recorded as the
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poorest province in Sumatra Island and sixth
nationally. This is due to no decrease in the
poverty rate in the period 2009 to 2014 is
only reduced by 1.05 percent (Firman, 2015).
Bengkulu province has recorded that 1,524
villages with a total of 670 underdeveloped
villages (Julikawati, 2013). Villages that fall
into the category of backward villages spread
in 9 districts in the Province of Bengkulu. In
the census conducted last around 2013, Kaur
District occupying the highest poverty rate in
the province of Bengkulu at 23.25 percent.
Kaur district has 196 villages and also most
backward villages reached 117 villages
(lamppost.co. 2013).
Based on the data presented above,
I see the practical application of the sociocultural values in rural development is done
by the community. Focus of this paper
given on Kaur District which is one of the
underdeveloped districts, and the poorest are
able to free from the predicate underdeveloped
districts (Hadiprashada, 2015).
This study aimed to see communication
patterns applied by communities in rural
development. This application must not be
separated from the goverment purpose to
carrying out the functions of government in
rural development in accordance with social
conditions and values of the local culture.
Patterns of communication used be based on
people‟s daily activities which include speech
events and speech acts in the management
of rural environments.
THEoRETiCAl fRAMEWoRK
The theory used in this paper is done
by using the theory of the ethnography of
communication. Grouping the theory that this
is done is a group of minor and included in
theories of cultural interpretation (Littlejohn,
2003). Major groups in the ethnography
of communication belongs to the theories
about experience and interpretation. While
the methodology group, ethnography of
communication are grouped together with
the phenomenological research, grounded
research, and inquiry heuristics, and is in
the scope of interpretative methodology.
Ethnography of communication is the
application of ethnographic methods in the
patterns of group communication.
The theory used in this paper uses
Hymes approach. Hymes states that formal
linguistics is not enough to dismantle a
complete understanding of the language.
Hymes very ignores the variable language
as a way to communicate daily. Hymes
suggested nine different categories that can
be used to compare the culture,such as the
ways of speaking, ideal of the fluent speakers,
speech community, speech
situation,
speech event, speech act, components of
speech acts, the rules of speaking in the
community, the functions of speech in the
community (Littlejohn, 2003). Communication
patterns adopted by society is a process of
communication actions of a group (speech
event). The purpose of this application is the
values of the local culture.
Communication patterns used by the
public include the speech event and speech
act in rural development. Conversation can be
referred as speech event if that fulfill several
requirements. Del Hymes (1972) in Kuncana,
(2010: 33) explains that a speech event must
meet the eight components. First, settings and
scene. Here the setting regarding the time and
place of speech takes place, while the scene
refers to the situation of the place and time, or
the psychological situation of the talks. Time,
place, and circumstances of different speech
may lead to the use of different language
variations. second, participants are parties
involved in substitutions, could be the speaker
and listener, or the sender and the recipient.
Third, Ends, referring to the intent and purpose
of substitutions. Fourth, act sequences, refers
to the form and content of speech utterances.
This form of speech with regard to the words
used, how it is used and the relationship
between what is said by the subject. Form
of speech in a public lecture, in ordinary
conversation, and the party is different.
Similarly, the contents were discussed. Fifth,
key, referring to the tone, manner and spirit
in which a message is delivered with a happy
heart, seriously, briefly, with the arrogant,
mocking, and so on. It can also be indicated by
gestures and signs. Sixth, instrumentalities,
referring to the language used paths, like
the path orally, in writing, by telegraph or
telephone. Instrumentalities also refers to
the speech code is used, such as language,
dialect, fragam or register. Seventh, norm of
interaction and interpretation, refers to norms
or rules interact. For example, associated
with interuption, ask questions, and so on.
Also refers to the norms of interpretation of
the speech of the speaker, and the last is
genres, refers to the type of delivery forms,
such as narration, poetry, pribahasa, prayers
and so on.
Speech event in this study is a social
phenomenon which involves the parties
speak in certain situations and places.
Speech act tends as individual psychological
symptoms and is determined by the ability of
speakers of the language in the face of certain
events. Speech event is more focused on the
purpose of the event, while the speech act is
more focused on the meaning or acts in a
speech. Speech acts are used in this study
are discussed in the form of per formative
sentence. So it will be translated in different
actions, namely locutions speech acts,
illocutionary, and perlokusi.
Illocutionary within speech act to
say things as they are or the act of saying
something. Locutions is the meaning of spoken
utterances, not questioning the purpose or
function of the speech. Rohmadi defines that
locutions are acts speak with words, phrases,
and sentences according to the meaning
contained by words, phrases, and sentences
that. Locutions measures are the most easily
identified because the application does not
take into account the context of the speech
(Rohmadi, 2004: 30).
Illocutionary in a speech act identified
with the explicit per formative sentence. When
grammar assume that entities such as static
abstract sentences in syntax and propositions
in semantics, pragmatics considers the
acts of verbal-performance or performance
that takes place in certain situations and at
certain times. Considers pragmatic language
in a more concrete level than grammar. In
short, the speech is regarded as a form of
activities: a follow-said. Rohmadi (2004) say
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525
that illocutionary acts are speech acts that
serve to tell or inform something and used
to do something. meanwhile the speech
act perlokusi is a speech act with regard
to the speech of others in connection with
nonlinguistic attitudes and behavior of others.
REsEARCH METHods
This study is included in the category of
qualitative research. The research approach
is an ethnographic. Ethnographic research
is often referred to as a naturalistic study.
Therefore, the flow of research used to follow
the rules that apply in qualitative research.
Ethnographic used in this study refers to the
new flow in anthropology so-called secondgeneration cognitive anthropology developed
by James P. Spradley (2007). Unlike the
ethnographic modern pioneered by Radcliffe
Brown and Malinowski were focused on the
internal organization of a society and compare
the social system in order to obtain legal
norms of society, then ethnography recently
focused to find out how various societies
organize their culture in their minds , and then
use the culture to their life (Spradley, 2007).
Social and cultural forms constructed and
described through analysis and reasoning of
the researcher (Spradley, 2007).
The start of this research to knowing the
viewpoint of development communication in a
local approach to culture in Bengkulu province,
Indonesia. Then the author tried to frame
cultural values, especially in the research
sites that have been set previously. Location
of the study is limited in Ulak Bandung village,
Muara sahung, Kaur District, Bengkulu
Province. Determination of the study area
based on cultural diversity and wealth owned
natural potential. Researcher then looked at
the phenomenon of the application of cultural
values to prevention of forest fire in the area
of Bukit Barisan, Kebupaten Kaur, Bengkulu
Province. The next stage to see the rural
environment development activities based on
socio-cultural values that serve as program
implementation legislation villages. Collecting
data is done by conducting interviews with
village heads, tokoh adat, as well as public
figures who inhabit the study area.
526
on Social Politics
REsulT And AnAlysis
CoMMuniCATion PATTERns of
soCiAl And CulTuRE
Communication patterns applied by the
community carried out in the development
of rural environment. The environment
development is more focused on the
prevention of forest damage due to fire.
Prevention process is intended to reduce
other risks that will occur (Suharko, 2014).
The application is performed using the values
of the local culture. These cultural values are
communicated in speech events and speech
acts.
speech events and speech acts. that
occur on public speech, made at the time the
ritual culture of prevention of forest fires.
The forest fire that occurred in the early
of September 2015 provides a broad impact
in the community. In addition to the dense
smoke, small animals or large as bears, pigs,
elephants, and tigers have been out of the
forest. The sign delivered by the animal when
the emergence of three tigers in the three
hills around the village. The emergence of
harimau belang for society implies a large
fire in the forest. Emergence of harimau
kumbang (black panther) indicates that some
forests have become charcoal. While the
appearance of the harimau putih (white tiger)
regarded as the incarnation of the ancestors
indicates the need for an apology to nature on
natural damage that occurs.
The emergence of animals is witnessed
many people, including the author makes
residents took the initiative to create bubur
sembilan tiga warna (a slurry of nine three
colors). This is according to residents as an
apology and a request to the almighty to
provide safety to the society on the dangers
of forest fire. At the time of this procession,
many speech event. Speech event is done
in the form of prayer, and ritual porridge nine
three colors. Said events in the ritual of the
nine three-color slurry can be explained as
follows. Setting and scene in the procession
was conducted in Pekan Seringgit (market
located in the middle of the village).
This location taken in latitude 4 °
31‟16.58 “S and longitude 103 ° 24‟48.42” E
at altitude of 800 meters above sea level. This
ritual is performed at night around 19:00. This
market located at the end of this village with
a background bukit pandan on the north and
bukit kumbang on the other side. Participants
in this cultural ritual attended by about 25
people villager. This ritual is only attended
by men and jurai tuwe (traditional leaders).
When the ritual is done, there are three
animals that also follow the procession. The
animal in question is harimau belang, harimau
kumbang (black panther) and harimau putih
(white tiger)
Purpose and goal in this ritual is meant
as an apology for the omission on the forest
fire. In addition, this ritual also appealed to the
almighty to give salvation to all beings in the
village. At the end of the ritual, jurai tuwe as
ritual leader, begged to the forest to show the
natural mechanism to punish the people who
burning the forest. Act sequences received
by people is contained in a symbol that is
given by nature. Bubur sembilan tiga warna
is explained to the people for remain and
consistent to preserve forests and natural
surroundings. Black slurry, as a form of tribute
to the emergence of harimau kumbang (black
tiger), which symbolizes that the community
should not be dark eye in the resolution of any
problems that exist. Yellow slurry as a form of
tribute to the emergence of harimau belang
(tiger stripes) that symbolize the danger of
fire and damage to the forest. While the white
pulp in honor of the white tiger that symbolize
that the safety, prosperity, and the truth can
only be realized with pure intentions.
Way or (keytone or spirit of the act) is
made public to make bubur sembilan tiga
warna. This ritual is performed by burning
perfumes (dupa, menyan, dammar) in the the
fourth corner of the market. Then the people
gathered at the midpoint of the four corners
that had burned earlier. Porridge made with
ingredients from sticky rice and coconut sugar,
palm sugar and turmeric is put in front of jurai
tuwe. In addition to porridge, jurai tuwe also
put coconut containing water besides pulp.
After that, jurai tuwe greeting, apology, and a
safety request. Instrumentalities in this ritual
using the market as a procession of the page.
In addition, the perfume in the form of incense,
incense and resins as ritual paraphernalia.
Nine numbered porridge with 3 types of colors
as the primary means in this procession.
Norms of Interaction and interpretation,
conducted by jurai tuwe with using the local
language. In addition, every man and woman
is required to use gloves in the procession. In
the last section, type (Genres) in the form of
delivery of said event is a form of verbal and
non-verbal communication. Form of verbal
communication is done with the greeting,
apology and a plea to the Almighty. While
the forms of non-verbal communication that
is done can be seen through the burning
of incense, incense and amber in the four
cardinal directions are intended as a tribute to
nature. Nine slurry as a means of symbolizing
the petition and hope.
Speech event in an effort to prevent
forest fires made by public through the
cultural procession slurry nine. Speech events
was do by jurai tuwe with the public in the
cultural application form and a procession
extinguishing forest fires. Practice in the
speech act is divided in to three, namely,
lokusioner, ilokusiner, and perlukosioner
(Ricoeur, 2012). Speech acts performed by
Jurai tuwe, when they make a monologue
of apologized for the forest fires caused by
their negligence. Locutions, illocutionary, and
perlokusi is the application of speech acts,
and the meaning of cultural procession and
extinguishing forest fires can be found in the
two narrative patterns, namely monologue
and interaction.
The third speech act of that type is
applied people in the community through
jurai tuwe. It was doing when they cultivated
that area in the protected zone or community
management zone. This application aims
to facilitate the delivery of information to
all people who come from various ethnic
groups in society. Based on data analysis,
speech act locutions on cultural procession
bubur sembilan is applied by jurai tuwe and
community leaders to deliver a statement for
public. Locutions speech in the statement
is merely informative. Speakers only want
to provide knowledge about the topic being
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527
discussed without expecting feedback from
partners said the form of verbal or nonverbal
acts. At follow-locutions jurai tuwe and
community leaders, there is no narrative
purpose that is affecting, but public only be
listeners and understand the information
provided by the speakers.
Application of illocutionary acts by jurai
tuwe and community leaders on that process
used by speakers to distribute intent and
purpose of the speech. when jurai tuwe using
the illocutionary acts, its not only to informed,
but there are having goals to be achieved,
such as commanding, confirmed, suggested,
and so on. Perlokusi speech acts in the
procession of the most widely applied by
jurai tuwe when the pattern of interaction with
their community. That was doing because the
pattern of communication is relevan used to
answer the question and interaction occurs
between jurai tuwe, community leaders and
their community to give effect to influence
the form of motivation or suggestion for
communities. Moreover, in this perlokusi
speech hearer unknowingly been given the
power influence the creation of speakers
whether intentional or not (Ricoeur, 2012).
Based on procession done by the
community, we have conclusion that speech
event occurred based on a particular context
and social contact. Speech event was
occurred in the village of Ulak Bandung and
they believe there is one of protect area in
mountain of Bukit Barisan Selatan. This area
is a mountain range located in Bukit Barisan
Selatan in Kaur District, Bengkulu Province.
Participants consisted of the general public
and the jurai tuwe hamlet in the region with
the aim of asking for an explanation, alerting,
searching for solutions, and demand. Speech
event has the form and content of a complete
sentence, direct sentences containing
pribahasa and metaphors or parables.
Although there are three ethnic groups in
the region, namely basemah, Semendo and
Java, the majority of people understanding
the language used in the ritual.
Speech event that occur in these
communities form a pattern of effective
communication. It can be seen from the
528
on Social Politics
adaptation and adjustment of related cultural
and social circumstances in the region are
ethnic Javanese. Speech act is the result
of the meaning of events can be received
by individuals in the community. Similarly
with the indigenous peoples there, they also
understand the speech delivered by ethnic
java here. People around the protected area
of Bukit kumbang, Kaur District Bengkulu
province in particular is always notice,
implement and run an event or activity in the
spoken communication.
This confirms that the speech event
is focused on the purpose of the event,
while the speech act is more focused on the
meaning or acts in a speech. So that speech
event and speech act can be considered as
two symptoms language contained in one
process of communicating. (Aslinda, et al,
2007: 33).
The communications pattern of
public made by forming a pattern effective
communication. Good communication is
needed in implementation of policy, particularly
communication that exists between the
stakeholders, both implementing agencies
in one unit or between units of agencies,
implementers and public (Jumiati, 2012). This
communication patterns emerge as a result
of giving meaning in the system of values
of their culture. According to Stephen W.
Litlejohn (2003), basically the communication
is the process of delivering and meaning of
the message. Therefore, the process involves
the meaning of a message, it is a process of
communication also involve interpretation.
Interpretation is a process of assigning
meaning and understanding experience.
The communications pattern of public
made by primary communication pattern
forming in carrying out cultural activities.
Illustrated in the model developed by
Aristoteles (Mulyana, 2007: 146), that is,
Table 1. Communication Patterns in Rural
development
Speaker
(jurai tuwe)
Setting
Message
Audience
Setting
This communication occurs when one
speaker (jurai tuwe) deliver his talk in the
form of environmental management message
to the public audience. Process monologue
performed by jurai tuwe evolved into public
attitudes change very fundamental. This
is reinforced by the actions of the public to
directly perform cultural procession in the
prevention of forest fires. To explanation
related between the communication process
in the community, we can see the table 2.
Table 2. interpretation Process of speech
Event and speech Act in society
values in building and maintaining their
territory.
This is also confirmed by Rajab
(2015), he said that in order to learn and
understand the local culture needed a
way to communicate that is based on local
community speech. So as to form a pattern
of effective communication in understanding
the culture. Communication patterns used by
the public is then to be the entrance to see the
implementation of socio-cultural values. Said
event and said that a series of actions in the
communication process manifest in various
forms of implementation of rural development.
REGulATion iMPlEMEnTATion of
RuRAl dEVEloPMEnT
Culture Values
(Bubur Sembilan
Tiga Warna)
Ulak Bandung
Communities
Forest Fire
Prevention
Speech Event and
Speech Act
Rural
Development
Annotation :
: Process
: Interpretation
: Implementation
Cultural values of the people carried out
the ritual “bubur Sembilan tiga warna” in efforts
to prevent forest fires. This ritual is specifically
implemented in a series of speech event
and speech act aimed at the development
environment. Development environment is in
the form of individual action in the prevention
of forest fire. This is a common definition and
constructed through a process of interaction
in communicating. This focus comes from
the idea of pragmatism Mead, focused on
human action and interaction, not the mental
process is isolated (Ritzer, 2014: 394). This
process then makes people learn the symbol
and meaning in speech events and speech
acts performed by jurai tuwe. Thus making
the community aware of for re-use of cultural
Kaur District is one district division in the
province of Bengkulu. Based on geographical
condition, Kaur District located on the western
Bukit Barisan mountains and is approximately
250 km from the capital of Bengkulu. Kaur
District is a region that is dominated by hills
with an area of 215 611 ha, or about 90%
percent of the total area is a mountains.
Kaur district on the north bordering the South
Bengkulu, Bengkulu Province and Lahat,
South Sumatra Province. The south by the
West Lampung regency, Lampung. Directly
adjacent to the west of the Indian Ocean and
the east by Ogan Ogan Ulu, South Sumatera
Province.
The biggest potential owned Kaur
District is located in the hilly region. In addition,
ethnic and cultural pluralism highly diverse
society makes its own problems for local
governments. This then becomes a difficult
chore for the next generation. In particular,
these challenges include, challenges in
physical development, culture, and utilization
of forest and coastal areas. challenges related
to governance infrastructure includes roads,
buildings and areas are minimal development
budget has been slowly resolved properly.
The success of development in Kaur district
within 12 years assessed some quarters has
reached its target. Vision and Mission District
Kaur contained in RPJPD 2005-2025 has
brought this district into one of the districts that
had escaped from the title of disadvantaged
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529
areas.
The implications of this success was
certainly consistent with the pattern of
development of cultural values in society.
Implementation of the Village Law No. 6
2014 on the village,all communities can
be to contribute into strategy of integration
components between the public, private, and
government in the development of the region.
Kaur districts that receive funding amounting
to 51 billion for all village. Goverment hope the
district Kaur become the model of traditional
village-based on local values of the culture
development in Bengkulu.
In the implementation of the first
tranche, Ulak Bandung village, Muara
Sahung received the largest disbursement of
budget funds of about 318 million per year.
In the early stages of implementation in the
village of Ulak Bandung, the quality of human
resources becomes a serious problem.
This phenomenon includes the problem of
making RPJMdes, RKP, APBDes, and the
accountability report. Initial preparations
were made to carrying out the mandate of
this legislation village with documenting local
conditions related to communities. These
conditions include customs, economics, law
and order. These activities according the
leader of the village to bridge the gap and
suspicion for the use of village funds later.
Cultural values was deeply held by the
public in this region makes the village is very
difficult to map out the cultural aspirations of
the people. If the review is based on law pasal
67 of the villages, states that the village has
the right to regulate and manage the interests
of society based on rights origin, customs and
socio-cultural values of rural communities,
establish and manage institutional villages
and get a source of income. According to the
people in the village, this phenomenon can be
done by reshaping the traditional institutions
in the region. Determination of indigenous
hamlet, village religious and tourism village
by the government as an alternative to the
development of the village.
Interesting facts when the writer got
the findings related communication patterns
they used. The people ini village creating a
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on Social Politics
pattern of supporting village. it called “Dusun
Pendukung Desa”. Dusun is the smallest
part of the village area. Integration of the
model who accidentally conducted by the
local village through the backwoods village
supporters run by local indigenous elders
turned out to be run effectively. The activity
is the result of interactions between networks
of community leaders and this relationship
will form a pattern, generating a hierarchy,
forming organizations, institutions and
regularity (Umran, et al. 2015). Application
of “Dusun Pendukung Desa” according the
community leader is a form of kesumbayan
system ever executed in the past. Historically,
this village support a model village, is another
form of “Tungku Tige”. Tungku Tige are areas
that have the unique condition betwen each
other. Tungku can be likened to a cooking
stove, a residence or a place to live. Tige
translated as number three which means
courage, chastity, and prosperity. So it can
be interpreted tungku tige is an area that has
a unique each in support of the development
of the core region (Hadiprashada, 2015).
Although specifically this model has not been
applied in village regulations, but the people
who created this model believe that model is
suitable model for their community.
Table 3. implementation Model of dusun
Penunjang desa (Hadiprashada, 2015)
Kesumbayan/Villagee
Cultural Norm
(Larangan Jurai)
Dusun Luwang
Batu Api
Dusun
Napal Hijau
Dusun
Air
Kemang
Communication Process
Rural Development
Conservation Forest
Public Welfare
Annotation :
: Process
: Aplication
: Output
“Dusun penunjang desa” concept
was initially done based on local knowledge
society towards structuring, environmental
managementandutilizationoftheenvironment.
In particular, the implementation of prohibition
applies to community of hereditary (larangan
jurai) in everyday life (Hadiprashada, 2015).
This pattern is then automatically continue
to be preserved by the society. Preservation
is done by the community made orally and
hereditary to their offspring.
Ulak Bandung village that consists of 3
Hamlet includes dusun Luwang batu api with
a population of 47 heads of families, dusun
Napal hijau with 54 heads of families and Air
kemang with 117 heads of families, have to
optimize their potential. Dusun Luwang batu
api that has potential as a coffee plantation
and rice. Dusun Napal Hijau hamlet that
has the potential history of religious, cultural
and archaeological heritage, and dusun Air
Kemang the majority of the village is the
transmigration areas of Java island close to
100% planting coffee.
The potential of the Ulak Bandung
Village, Muara Sahung is apparently not
managed properly as a source of income
for the village. Application of the rules of
the law certainly can synergize in the aim
of enhancing the creativity and economic
potential in rural development. Therefore, the
village government should budget efficiency
and should actively seek other sources of
alternative income(P.A Herry A, 2015).
when viewed from the standpoint of
the history and culture of the people in the
village of Ulak Bandung, Muara Sahung, Kaur
District, Bengkulu Province. Residents in the
area still has the culture and customs are still
practiced for generations. Procession forms
of culture in the prevention of forest fires to be
one of the concrete examples of how people
have great respect for the local culture.
Rural development aimed at improving
the welfare of society in accordance with
Article 78. In accordance with its goal to
improve the quality of human life in the
village. The need for the development of
local economic potential, as well as the use
of natural resources and environmentally
sustainable manner. Local knowledge turned
out to be supportive and consistent with the
goals of rural development will certainly have
an impact for the progress of the village.
Problems of human resource capacity
and readiness of the public to be able
to realize the wishes and demands of
sustainable development are increasingly
making bulkhead in society. Problems of
translation and a complicated system into
one of the difficulties the application of the
laws of the village. Obviously this is if it is
not immediately anticipated would cause
divisions and conflict in society. Mapping the
cultural values of society becomes a very
important factor in communicating this policy.
The local government spearheading the
implementation is expected to accompany the
good activity, even facilitating the community
to develop their cultural values that may be in
line with the rules set by the government.
Social interaction built by community
in Napal hijau, Luwang batu api and Air
kemang in upholding cultural values proved
able to overcome the problem of social,
environmental, and government in society.
Social problems such as poverty, violence,
and forest fires can be solved by traditional
means without the intervention of the police.
Cultural values turned out to be capable
of reducing social phenomena in society.
Whereas environmental problems, particularly
forest areas, people who have knowledge
related to border management, enforcement
and improvement of forest destruction,
processing and utilization of forests, as well
as cultural procession used. Furthermore,
when the occurrence of forest fires around the
protected forest areas, local governments,
forestry agencies, environmental agencies
and other related institutions are not able to
reach the fire location. It also finally resolved
by the community.
If assessed based on the extent of
the territory, the reach of the government
apparatus, and the results of the research,
then sustainable development can be created
in this area. These conditions will be created
if a local government can accommodate
the values of the culture of the community.
on Social Politics
531
The need to support human resources,
adequate funding, synergy and commitment
among the relevant stakeholders, as well as
administrative accountability mechanisms
in accordance with applicable regulations
(Kamuli, 2014). One of them by facilitating
the establishment of indigenous peoples,
we believe that this communities can work
together with local government. So that the
region and the preservation of the environment
remain stable without leaving the pattern of
national development.
ConClusion
Communication patterns applied by
the community in the development of rural
environment with covering speech event and
speech act. It is applied in the prevention of
forest fires. Communication patterns are used
to form the ceremonial procession carried out
by the community. This procession is one of
a series in communicating cultural values are
used by the people in the bukit barisan selatan
were located in Kaur District, Bengkulu
Province. The communication process is
done by community has the form and content
of a complete sentence, direct sentences
containing pribahasa and metaphors or
parables. Social conditions, cultural values
are very diverse in the region is a form of
respect for the ethnic groups inhabiting the
region. Effective communication patterns
built up between basemah ethnic, Semendo
and Java into a powerful relationship can
be example of the role of cultural values in
shaping societies.
The values of this culture can be used
as a basis for rural development. Integration
model “Dusun Penunjang Desa” can be used
as an alternative to empowering cultural
values and community. Implementation of
this legislation model constitute pattern of
the villages made by public, and it can be
used as a form of rural development support
programs. Effective communication, mutual
respect, and promote consensus became
the basis of the progress of the region. Model
of rural development which is supported by
each culture can be the starting point in this
concept. In the end, the models of “Dusun
532
on Social Politics
penunjang Desa” can be supporting to looking
up their unique resources to applicated in the
rural development in Kaur District, Bengkulu
Province.
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P.A.
sakinah, 2013. Otonomi Daerah
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Jurnal Politik Profetik. Volume 1
Nomor 1 Tahun 2013. Pp 82 – 98.
Herry, Antono. Kesiapan Desa
Menghadapi Implementasi UndangUndang Desa: Tinjauan Desentralisasi
Fiskal dan Peningkatan Potensi Desa.
Jurnal Ilmiah CIVIS, Volume V, No 1,
Januari 2015. Pp 737-751
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Sosiolinguistik,
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Perceptions towards using the
English Cultural Elements in English
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Iraq: Duhok Province as a Sample.
International Journal of Science and
Research, Volume 4 Issue 7, July
2015.Pp 1736-1742
Ricoeur, Paul. 2012. Hermeutika Ilmu Sosial.
terjemahan
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Teori dan Analisis. Yogyakarta:
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Komunikasi Pembangunan. Jurnal
Studi Komunikasi dan Media. Volume.
18 No. 1 (Januari - Juni 2014. Pp 89
- 104
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Tahyudin, Didi. Potensi Konflik dan Pola
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Undang Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 6
Tahun 2014 tentang Desa
on Social Politics
533
THE iMPlEMEnTATion of CiVil sERVAnT sERViCE APPliCATion sysTEM
(sAPK) in REGionAl HuMAn REsouRCEs AGEnCy (BKd) in MAdiun - EAsT
JAVA PRoVinCE
Paramita novia Hastuti
[email protected]
Abstract
SAPK (Civil Servant Service Aplication System) is a new program established by National Human
Resources Agency (BKN), a computer aplication which is connected to internet. Establishment of SAPK
is purposed for making easier the management process of civil servants data and information. Included
the Promotion Service of Regional Human Resources Agency. The focus of this research is to know
how SAPK has been implemented to Promotion Service at Regional Human ResourcesAgency (BKD)
of Madiun City. To get the information, the researcher used a qualitative method with an inductive
approach. In collecting data the researcher used an observation method-there were an active
partisipation, interviewed and collected the relating documents. The implementation of SAPK for civil
servants promotion serviceshas already run well, but there were still also some obstacles disturbing
the implementation. Those obstacles came from the SAPK program which still has not perfect yet; the
network facilities and infrastructures still have not sufficient yet; the less of SAPK operator to handle civil
servants promotion services; and also the training from National Human Resources Agency (BKN) which
has not been given yet to all of BKD officers. BKD made some efforts to overcome those obstacles.
There are by coordinating and consuktating to the operators/SAPK founder at Regional Office and BKN;
modem procurement and accessing the SAPK at the leisure hour; by dividing the job split to all of BKD
officers and also by comparing knowledge within BKD officerswho have ever got the SAPK Training
from BKN. Suggestion to the BKD of Madiun City: BKD of Madiun City could be more consisten in
implementing civil servants promotion services as the intention purpose and target which already setted;
by giving allocation of fund to subscribed the internet connection (speedy office); by adding the human
resources to work as the operator of SAPK; repairing the program of SAPK by the BKN; and by holding
the training for the BKD officers.
Keywords: Implementation, System, Aplication, Civil Servant Service.
1.
inTRoduCTion
The developments in technology,
science and the spirit of freedom from
pressure contributes the major changes in
some country to be manage seriously with
improvement and adjustment in the ways of
taking care of government within countries.
This problem next eliciting thought to make
the concept of good governance. Actually,
the practice of good governance depends
on the apparatus itself intending to make the
changes (Suhady, 2009: 63).
One effort in the context of apparatus
development is bureaucracy reform which
government
organizational
is
within.
Government organizational reform have to
be able to changes in some aspects such as
resources apparatus and integrated regional
human resources (Suradinata, 2013: 24).
The explanation of Act Number 43 of
1999onHuman Resources States that the
quality of apparatus particularly civil servant
quality is one aspect that the implementation
of the duty of government and national
development will run well. A systematic and
procedural management highly supports
it. Regional civil servants is carried out by
RegionalHuman Resources Agencyor BKD
as outlined in the Presidential Decree Number
159 of 2000 On Formation of Regional Human
Resources Agency Guideline. BKDassistthe
regional human resources officials to carry
out regional human resources management
in preparating and implementing promotion
of, transfer of, and dismissal of regional civil
servants asadjusted in legislation.
on Social Politics
535
Both central and local government
are instructed to use the comprehensive
and integrated technology information in
order to create a good, accountable and
transparent human resource service as imply
in President Instruction Number 3 of 2003 on
National Strategic Policy in E-Government
Development. The Home Affair Ministry
initiate to give breakthrough in human
resource management by electronic-based
Human Resources Management System
(SIMPEG) to apply the expected information
technology,as stated on Minister of Home
Affairs Decree Number 17 of 2000 on Human
Resources Management System inThe Home
Affairs Department and Local Government.
However, some local government do not
apply the application program as in their
development program, theymust finance it
by their own budget. On the other hand, the
purchase of network, database, software,
and hardware ofhuman resource information
system is expensive.
Considering the lack
contained
in SIMPEG,then the National Human
ResourcesAgency issuedThe Head of BKN
Regulation Number 20 of 2008 on Guidelines
for Civil Servants Service Application System.
The regulation mandates the integrated
online system to be applied throughout
human resource agencies in Indonesia by
using data communication network, andsingle
database of civil servants. The system can be
developed according to the needs of the user
agencies.
SAPK is used in various officers service
processes such as the adjustment of NIP
(Civil Servants Identity Number), the issue
of officers appointment letter, the provision
of the memorandum of agreement of officers
promotion and the issue of the letter, the
dismissal with pension rights and the renewal
of mutation data, etc.
SAPK network used in the beginning
was Virtual Private Network (VPN), but it is
very expensive. Therefore, BKN built a webbased SAPK to overcome it. (http://bkpp.
tangerangselatankota.go.idaccessed
on
Wednesday, March 27, 2013).The program is
also reinforced byThe Head of BKN Regulation
536
on Social Politics
Nomor 18 Tahun 2010 on Online Human
resources Service Application System. The
system make staffing services become more
affordable both in implementation and in
supporting infrastructures. The services can
be carried anywhere and anytime andlow
cost.Civil servant data accuracy will also be
obtained as the system is integrated in order
to realize a good Governance and Clean
Government.
One service processed by SAPK is
promotion services. The implementation of
web-based SAPK is expected the process will
be fast and accurate. However, in reality the
application of SAPK has some problems. It is
proven by many complaints encountered from
the local civil servants regarding promotion
service process through the application
system. The obstacle greatly affect the
implementation as it involves the survival of
the Civil Servants. (http://www.sapkonline.
bkd.jatimprov.go.id accessed on Wednesday,
March 27, 2013)
As state The Head of BKN Regulation
Number 20 of 2008 on Guidelines for
theUtilization of Human Resources Aplication
System, that if the implementation of the
promotion began on October 2010 does
not use SAPK then the promotion of an
civil servant will not be processed by BKN.
This makes BKD Madiun apply the program
for human resource administrative service
activities.Officers Administrative Services is a
service implemented by theRegional Human
Resources Agency of the City of Madiun to
all civil servants of Local Government of
Madiun. One staff who work in Sub Division of
Procurement and Civil Servants Development
informed that the number of civil servants of
the Local Government of the City of Madiun
who should get services in the field of Civil
Servant until the year 2013 is 5202.
BKD of Madiun also experienced the
same constraints in the implementation
of SAPK. The system has begun to be
implemented in BKD Madiun since 2010.
This was stated by astaff in Sub Division of
Structural and non-Structural Officer Mutation.
He also said that the implementation of
promotion services using SAPK having some
problems. The networks frequently does not
run well and make them difficult to access
into the system for errors. It makes the staff
have to work overtime until the night to avoid
the crowded of the network during the day.
BKD particularly in this sub-division is also
experiencing a shortage of employees in
charge of promotion services using SAPK
application.
Such information implies the constraints
in the implementation of SAPK in Madiun
and as the result the agency is not optimal
in delivering services, particularally for the
implementation of promotion services.
1.1
1.
2.
3.
4.
1.2
Problem Identification
Promotion service in BKD of Madiun is
still not effective and efficient because
of network disruption in the application
of SAPK.
There are still insufficient numbers of
employees who are experts in the field
of technology and information as the
officers of promotion services in BKD of
Madiun.
The improvements in the network for
SAPK application of BKD of Madiun
in accessing Civil Servant services is
important, especially for the service of
promotion in BKN.
The application System of Civil Servant
Service (SAPK) in BKD of Madiun is not
optimal yet.
Problem Restriction
Inthisstudy,Ifocusontheimplementation
of Civil Servant Service Application Service
System (SAPK) for promotion service in
Regional Human Resources Agency or
BKDof Madiun East Java Province.
1.3
1.
2.
Questionair Problems
How is the implementation of Civil
Servant Service Application System
(SAPK) for promotion service in BKD of
Madiun City?
What factors inhibiting the implementation
of Civil Servant Service Application
System (SAPK) for promotion service in
BKD of Madiun City?
3.
2.
What efforts undertaken by Regional
HumanResourcesAgencyofMadiunCity
in overcoming implementation Civil
(SAPK) for promotion service?
METHodoloGy
The method used in this study is a
qualitative method of inductive approach.
Creswell in Silalahi (2012: 77) states that: “The
qualitative research is defined as a process
of inquiry to understand the social problems
based on the creation of a complete holistic
picture formed by the words, reported and
detailed view of the informant, and arranged
by a natural background”.
Moleong (2013: 298) explains that:
“inductive approach is intended to help the
understanding of the meaning of complicated
data by the development of the themes
summarized from raw data”.
2.1
data Collection Method
Nazir (2011: 174) argues that: “ Data
collection is a systematic and standardized
procedure to obtain the necessary data”. It
can be said that data collection method is
a systematic and procedural arrangement
technique to obtain data and information in
the field as a strategic step in conducting
research activities.
Arikunto (2010:172) comprise data
source into:
1. Person
Data sources that can provide data in
the form of answers through interview
or written answer questionnaires as the
knowledge of the respondents. They
are Civil Servants in BKD of Madiun
involved in SAPK program for promotion
service as Head of BKD Madiun, Head
of Finance sub-division, Head of Public
Administration sub-division, Head of
Structural and non-structural Officer
Mutation, and 2 (two) Staffs at Mutation
sub-division.
2. Place
Data source describing a good tangible
and intangible objects display. Intangible
objects
are
rooms, equipment,
on Social Politics
537
infrastructure, while tangible object are
BKD civil servants activities, and the
processing of employee data. Place or
location examined the Regional Human
Resources Agency as implementer
SAPK in Madiun.
3. Paper
Data sources are in the form of graphic
signs, letters, numbers, drawings or other
symbols. The data are implementation
data of The Head of BKN Regulation
Number 20 of 2008 and The Head of
BKN Regulation Number 18 of 2010,
and other documents related to the
implementation of SAPK.
Sugiyono (2012:225) divide data sources
based on how they obtained, they are:
a) Primary data source
The primary data source in this
observation is the informant as
the executor of The Head of BKN
Regulation Number 20 of 2008
on Guidelines for The Utilization
of Service Application System for
Human Resource.
b) Secondary data Source
Such data can be obtained from the
document of BKD of Madiun in the
form of implementation data of The
Head of BKN Regulation Number 20
of 2008, Civil Servant documents,
SAPK blank, reports, brochures, and
other archives of BKD of Madiun.
Furthermore, to obtain the relevant
data, I used data collection methods such as
active participation observation, interviews,
and documentation.
1.1
data Analysis Technique
The writer used data analysis technique
from Miles and Huberman in Sugiyono
(2012:246) who divide data analysis activity
into the following three steps: Data Reduction,
Data Display, Conclution Drawing/Verification.
3.
noRMATiVE REfEREnCEs
3.1 Civil servant service Application system (sAPK)
The Head of BKN Regulation Number
20 of 2008 on Guideline of the Utilization
538
on Social Politics
of Civil ServantService Application System
states that: “Civil Servant Service Application
System is a computer-based information
system structured in such a way for officers
service”. Under the regulation, it is also
outlined the scope of SAPK as the following:
Civil Servant Procurement Applications,
Applications of civil servant promotion, civil
servant Retirement Application, application of
other mutations or data upgrades.
SAPK has the following characteristics:
1. The system is online connected
between BKN, BKN Regional Offices
and other agencies using the data
communications network.
2. Using one civil servant database.
3. Using data structure and the same
reference table as the basic standard
developed by BKN.
4. The system can be developed according
to the needs of the user agencies.
SAPK used in the process of
administrative officers service covering NIP
adjustment, the issuing number of civil servant
letter, the provision of the memorandum of
agreement and the issuing of promotion
letter, the adjustment and the issuing of the
letter of the dismissal with pension rights and
to updating mutation data, etc.
3.2
SAPK Institutional, Officers, Facility
And infrastructure.
3.2.1 institusional
SAPK is managed by the following
institutions: BKN, BKN Regional Office,Human
Resources Beareu/Division/Agency.
3.2.2 Officers
In carrying out SAPK, a high
qualification officers who have the ability to do
a job as Computer Officers, Officers Analysis,
Computer Operator is necessary.
3.2.3 facility and infrastructure
a. Hardware such as : Personal Computer,
Server, Switch, Printer
b. Software
The software must meet the application
established by BKN.
c. Network Setting
SAPK implementation requires data
communications network between
Center BKN and BKN
Regional
Offices, BKN and Central Agencies,
BKN Regional Offices and Regional
Agencies. SAPK user agencies need
to set up network with a minimum of
2x64 Kbps bandwidth, network switch
with standard specifications. The costs
required is charged to the budget of
each application user.
3.3 online sAPK
The Head of BKN Regulation Number 18
of 2010 on Procedure Identity Number of Civil
Servant Decree, Promotion, The Dismissal
and Civil Servants Retirement Provision, and
the Inter-Agency Displacement-Based online
Civil Servant Service Application System
states that:
... Online Civil Servant Service
Application System (SAPK) is part of SAPK
arranged in such way for the establishment
of NIP, promotion, dismissal and retirement
provision, and transferring among institutions
with On-Line System based ...
... In order to ensure the validity and
legality human resource documents, the
official of center and regional human resource
departments deliver the documents not only
in electronic format (SAPK) but also in hard
copy.
4.
THE AnAlysis of THE
iMPlEMEnTATion of CiVil
sERVAnT sERViCE APPliCATion
sysTEM (sAPK) in BKd of
MAdiun CiTy.
4.1 The Characteristic of sAPK
The characteristic of new SAPK
program hasthe following advantages:
1. On-line and connected to BKN, Kanreg
and BKD Agencies.
2. Using integrated officers data base.
3. The application orsoftware is the same
throughout institutions according to
standards developed by BKN.
4. Connection: using VPN or internet, for
internet users, it can be accessed by
computer or laptop.
Connected with SAPK will help BKD of
Madiun in the process of realizing civil servant
service particularly promotion services which
more effective and efficient and can create
a database of civil servants in Madiun as a
whole to be more actual and accurate.
4.2 strategic factors
4.2.1 sAPK institusional for Promotion
service in BKd of Madiun City
Regional Office, and Human resource
Department. According toThe Head of BKN
Regulation Number 20 of 2008 on Guideline
of the Utilization of Civil ServantService
Application System states, in Madiun,
Regional Human Resources Agency of
Madiun is obliged to implement the program
as a form of activity of apparatus development
program. SAPK for promotion service run by
the mutation of structural and non-structural
officersub-division using SAPK in supporting
the work according to their tasks and functions.
4.2.2 supporting facility and infrastructure in using sAPK for Promotion service
in BKd of Madiun City
SAPK cannot run without the support
by adequate infrastructureAccording toThe
Head of BKN Regulation Number 20 of
2008, to implement the program of SAPK, it
needs support of the following facilities and
infrastructures:
1. Hardware
2. Software
3. Network
4. Brainware
In BKD of Madiun, the state of inventory
items for the implementation of SAPK in
Civil Servant Mutations meets the standard
specifications of guidelines on the use of
SAPK in attachment II According toThe Head
of BKN Regulation Number 20 of 2008
SAPK is an online-based program, but
in its application,the network infrastructure
is still inadequate. Internet network used by
BKD of Madiun to access the SAPK program
is provided by the Government and also
used by other work units. While October
is the period of the promotion as stated on
The Governmental Regulation Number 12
of 2002on Civil Servants Promotion, the
promotion is held during two periods, the
period of 1 April and 1 October in each year.
SAPK installation program in BKD of
on Social Politics
539
Madiun carried out by BKN through Regional
Office II located in Surabaya. Officers of
Regional Offoce II come to socialize at the
same time installing SAPK program. SAPK
web-based providing the advantages for
BKN, Regional Office, and Human Resource
Beareu/Agency/Division as it does not need
to install the program SAPK on the computer
but simply connect the computer / laptop with
a web browser and enter the online SAPK
BKN page. This implementation meets The
Head of BKN Regulation Number 18 of 2010..
4.2.3 Officers and Training
The Latest and the most modern
infrastructure development in information
technology will not effective if it is not followed
by qualified human resources or brain ware.
SAPK is the latest innovation program from
BKN using user to access. In BKD of Madiun,
SAPK for promotion service is operated by
Officers Mutation Division.
Data obtained from BKD of Madiun
shows that SAPK operators in mutation
divisionare 9 (nine) persons and only 3
(three)persons who run SAPK for promotion
service. Of the three officers there is only 1
(one) personwho has computer education
background. While the total number of the
civil servants in Madiun is 5202 people. By
ratio 3 of 5202, it can be said that one officers
handle 1734 civil servants, if the employee
was promoted or in data entry of BKN SAPK
application.
During the SAPK program applied, BKN
has beentwice conducting training program
for the employees of BKD of Madiun. BKN
or Regional Office invite only 2 participants
to follow the SAPK training.Although the
training provided great benefit, the training
is still not evenly distributed because only
three personwho are given the opportunity
to get SAPK training with different education
background.
4.2.4sAPK finance
The Head of BKN Regulation Number
20 of 2008 on Guidelines of the Utilization Civil
Servant Service Aplication System (SAPK)
states that financing SAPK for procurement of
540
on Social Politics
hardware, hiring network, program installation
and the training are charged to each of the
agencies, in this case is BKD of Madiun.
The budget used for the implementation of
SAPK comes from Regional Revenue and
Expenditure (APBD) and the Government
of Madiun in 2011 fiscal year which then
budgeted in each budgeting year.The
development of SAPK in BKD of Madiun is fully
supported by the local government of Madiun.
It is proven by the amount of fund received by
BKD of Madiun each year budgeted for the
construction and maintenance of SAPK and
sustainability of the budget process that has
never been rejected.
SAPK program is addressed to
organizing agency of Human Resources
Management particularly in administration
affairs, while civil servants is just as a
customer. When SAPK program applied, the
advantages of SAPK will be felt by BKD of
Madiun. BKD of Madiun disseminates the
program to all civil servants through to all
work unit officials invited to be given a further
explanation related to the implementation of
SAPK in BKD of Madiun for officers service
administration. Although it is diseeminated
to all civil servants inMadiun through officials
in each work unit, it does not fully affect the
operation of SAPK as the immediate user is
BKD of Madiun.
4.2.5 Arrangement Procedure of Civil
servant Promotion systems Based
on on-line Civil servant service
Aplication system.
In TheHead of BKN Regulation(office
regulation) Natioanal Human resources
Agency (BKN) attachment number 18 of
2010 on the application of the SAPK On Line
based Application System explained that the
staffing Services were integrated On Line
among Registry offices, Regional Offices and
agencies need to set a standardoperational
procedures (SOP), so that it can be done
effectively and efficiently.
Therefore in accordance The Head
of BKN Regulation Number 18 of 2010 on
The Determination Procedure of Identity
Number of The Civil Servants, Promotion,
Dismissal and Retirement, pension granting
civil servants and the transfer between unit
by the on-line Civil Servant Service Aplication
System (SAPK on-line), in order to ensure the
validity and legality of staffing, documents,
then the Officers Staffing of the Center‟s
patrons and council regional Staffing, in
addition to conveyin electronic format using
a system of SAPK On-line also delivered in
hard copy form.
Regional Human Resources Agency
of Madiun City , in the application of the
SAPK only has 2 (two) authority to operate
the SAPK, namely SAPK Promotion and
SAPK retirement. In line with the terms of the
promotion, the processing in Regional Human
Resources Agency areas need to send files/
documents required.
Associated with the archives, BKD of
Madiun City must sufficient all files required
for civil servants who will be promoted. The
BKD of Madiun City is providing administrative
service officers quickly and precisely. By the
fulfillment of the files directly by BKD, then it
will make efficiency in time of execution and
service promotion using SAPK. BKD were
no longer need to wait for the arrival of files
from civil servants who were registered will
be promoted first after new data were entered
on SAPK. Simply by checking files that are in
the nominative list belong to BKD, submitted
by each SKPD to BKD by consideringcivil
servants‟ level of worthinessand sturdiness
`of was raised in rank. If the found file is
still lacking, BKD party enough contact
SKPD that includes the civil servants who
will be promoted or part kepegawaiannya to
immediately complete the file less.
Files for teachers (functional) although
were not filled by BKD, but so far it haven‟t
found any resistances. Files delivery by the
BKD of Madiun City to the BKD of the province
have been conducted in accordance with the
procedures. If delivery delays occurred file
civil servants of Non Structural (teacher) will
not hamper the process of promotion for civil
servants since BKD Structural Province has
given the ranges of file delivery time, and if
the files have not been sent then it is a risk to
be borne of the civil servants concerned.
3.3 factors inhibiting The implementation
of Civil servant service Application
system (sAPK) for Promotion service
in BKd ofMadiun City
3.3.1 Aspects
of
The
system
Characteristics
There are 7 main issues of SAPK
related with service promotion system in the
BKD of Madiun City which are:
1. Can not log into the application of SAPK
2. Failed in making the decision letter
3. Application promotion/KP problems
4. Cannot access database employment
at SAPK system
5. Data that is already on-entry does not
appear in the list of name/registration
number
6. Session is too short, when in a State of
inactivity SAPK will logout automatically,
so need to login again.
7. failed in proposing promotions with
adjustment with the diploma.
4.3.2 Aspects
of
facilities
And
infrastructure
The city-owned facility by the BKD of
Madiun in the application of the SAPK were
not adequate in terms of quality. It is about
the internet connection. SAPK is a computer
software application that is an On Line – based
system, so as a result the SAPK requires
high speed internet network quality access.
In the attachment II of The Head of BKN
Regulation Number 20 of 2008 onGuidelines
of Civil Servant Services Aplication System
Utilization, one of the technical specification
of the equipment mentioned that the internet
speed that is required in order to optimize the
process is 10/100Mbps.
The internet network became an
obstacle in the implementation of the SAPK
in BKD of Madiun, this will have an impact
as well with results shown in the utilization
of SAPK. Since SAPK web-based/on line
can operate properly only when an available
network is also good.
4.3.3 Aspects Of Officers
Employees who run the program for the
on Social Politics
541
service of SAPK promotion in Madiun City
BKD there are 3 (three) persons. With the
following details:
Table 4.1
List of Officers for Service Operators SAPK
Promotion BKd Madiun City by 2013
no
1
2
3
nAME
YuniarKustanti
H., SH
Noor Sita K.,
A.Md
Guntur Rissiyanto
PosiTion
EduCATion
Staff (Operator
SAPK promotion
division)
S-1 Law
Staff (Operator
SAPK promotion
division)
D-III
Informatics
Management
Staff (Operator
SAPK promotion
division)
Vocational High
School
Table 4.2
List of Officers of BKD of Madiun city who
followed sAPK Training in 2011
NO
NAME
NIP (NO. REGISTRY)
WORK
UNIT
TASK
1
HerdianArundhita
197207262005011009
PKP Unit
Administrator
of SAPK.
2
YuniarKustanti H,SH
198306182009012004
Mutation
Operator of
SAPK.
3.
Noor Sita K., A.Md
198005012011012006
Mutation
Operator of
SAPK
Source : BKD of Madiun city, 2013
Source : BKD of Madiun city, 2013
The above data shows that the number
of data processing officers SAPK promotion
in the BKD of Madiun City there are 3
(three) persons, whereas the total number of
employees in the Government of the city of
Madiun there are 5202 people. So it can be
said that 1 (one) person for administration data
processing SAPK task and data processing
services is equal to the SAPK promotion
process for 1734 employees.
Analysis of the data indicates that human
resources running the program for the service
of SAPK promotion at BKD of Madiun City in
compared with the workload performed by
them is so unbalanced. Also time to complete
the process of promotion is limited due to the
periodic of the promotion itself, so that the
officers of the SAPK promotion operators
are required to be able to work quickly and
precisely, regardless of how many officers
who operate it.
The data showed above, indicate that
from 3 (three) officers have responsibility
to operate of the SAPK for service in the
field of promotion, only 2 (two) officers who
followed the training directly. The training
has been implemented 2 times (twice) during
the program SAPK applied. While the rest
of the employees who run the SAPK BKD
that not everything following the training.
This is because BKN/Kanreg required only 2
(two) participants who can follow the SAPK
training even though at last BKD of Madiun
City requested more quotas, i.e. by sending 3
(three) officers to follow training SAPK.
4.3.4 Aspect Training
Training in the operation of Civil
Servants Service Aplication System (SAPK)
was the thing to do for BKD Officers. Training
for the use of the program would add to the
capabilities and expertise of officers in order
to optimize the utilization of the SAPK. Since
SAPK is made in the form of application
program (software) to simplify and integrate
data administration employment, so that it
542
would required skills and expertise in the field
of information and technology.
Officers of BKD of Madiun City who
followed the SAPK training can be seen from
the following table:
on Social Politics
4.4 Efforts undertaken By Regional Human Resources Agency of Madiun Cityin overcoming implementation Civil
servant service Application system
(sAPK) for Promotion service
3.3.1 Aspects of Characteristics/ system
The efforts undertakenby BKD of
Madiun City when getting the constraints in
terms of the system of the SAPK itself is to
ask for a referral to the operator/instructions/
computer infrastructure of BKN regional
office, East Java province.
The support of the institution‟s computer
that was in the Regional Office II of BKN
became the solution taken by the SAPK
operator whenever found difficulty or problem
on accessing that application. Computer
infrastructure will serve a variety of problems
in the system of SAPK.
3.3.2 Aspects
of
facilities
and
infrastructure
Regarding the problem of the means,
as outlined at the top of the sub i.e. internet
network problems. In terms of addressing the
problems of The BKD of Madiun City means
in particularSub Division of Structural and
non-Structural Officer Mutation as the user
of the SAPK especially in terms of computer
and internet connection, using laptops
and external internet modem. It is taken as
one practical solution because by the high
qualification Laptop and the speed of internet
modems (bandwidth) are sufficient
and
easy to carry anywhere can make easier in
processing SAPK.
3.3.3 Aspects of Officers
Without any human resources who
operate the computer, the system will not run
and the goal will not be achieved. The BKD of
Madiun City according the data above have
only three (3) officers who operate the SAPK
for service promotion.
The efforts undertaken by BKD of
Madiun City, particularly for officers of the
SAPK in finishing their work is by dividing
all of job about data entry SAPK in service
promotion. The lack of human resources is
not become the reason the data entry process
SAPK hampered. Therefore The BKD of
Madiun City prefer completing the work of
SAPK data entry together.
3.3.4 Aspect Training
Civil Servant Service Aplication System
(SAPK) is computer software that is very
complex. Therefore, an officer who did not get
computer education or not, still need to get
training in running a program the SAPK.
The data outlined in former discussion
demonstrate that the SAPK training has been
hold by BKN only 2 (two) times. Eventhough
BKD of Madiun City only got the invitation for
2 (two) officers to follow the training, but at
last BKD of Madiun City requested to send 3
(three) offficers to follow the training.
BKD of Madiun City, asked the officers
who have followed the training directly from
Regional Office of BKN providing training to
employees who have yet to follow. Officers
who did not follow the training also selflearning via SAPK/module user‟s Guide that
can be downloaded on the website of BKN by
obeying direct instructions from other officers
who have followed the training in operating of
SAPK.
5.
1.
2.
3.
ConClusion
Application of the SAPK for service
promotion at BKD Madiun City currently
has yet to be implemented effectively
and efficiently. Due to Regional Human
Resources Agency (BKD) of Madiun
City in doing promotion services on
SAPK besides should fill corresponding
electronic data utilization guidelines
SAPK instructions, also have been
required to submit documents or the
original file in hardcopy form and also
due to some obstacles faced.
Factors inhibiting the implementation
of Civil Servant Service Application
System (SAPK) for promotion service
in BKD of Madiun City
a. Aspects of the system characteristics
/ program which is unperfect yet,
the system of SAPK is oftenrunning
unwell due to an error in applications
SAPK itself.
b. Aspect of the infrastructurenetwork,
i.e. on the internet is still not illegible.
c. Aspects of officers, the lack of
human resources to operate SAPK
for service promotion.
d. Aspects of training, the lack of
training from BKN in order to
optimize the utilization of SAPK.
Efforts Undertaken By Regional Human
Resources Agency of Madiun Cityin
Overcoming
Implementation
Civil
(SAPK) For Promotion Service.
a. BKD of Madiun City ask for a
referral to the operator / instructions
/ computer infrastructure of BKN
regional office, East Java province.
in directly through the computer via
phone, social networks, also come
on Social Politics
543
directly to Surabaya (whereas the
BKN regional Office placed)
b. Officer of SAPK in BKD of Madiun
City using their ownlaptop and
modem in doing promotion data
entry work.
c. Data entry work carried out together.
d. The Officers of BKD who have
followed SAPK training should
share the knowledge gained from
the training to the other officerswho
have not followedthe training.
Besides that, the officers learned
the modules ortechnical instructions
for program utilization of SAPK by
themselves.
6.
RECoMEndATions
1.
2.
3.
4.
544
In applying the SAPK for promotion
service, BKD of Madiun City in order to
remain consistent towards the purpose,
goals, and objectives that have been
set by continuing hold socialization,
coordination
and
communication
between officers, agencies, Regional
offices, also BKN.
BKD of Madiun City, need to add
the human resources/officerswith IT
education backgrounds, so that it can
solve the problems during the process of
SAPK operating for Promotion Service.
It means, it does not always depend on
the operator of BKN Regional Office.
BKD of Madiun City need to give
allocation of fund to subscribed the
internet connection (speedy office);so
BKD of Madiun City will not always rely
on the Government Intranet network of
Madiun City which isstill not adequate
in accessing SAPK. In order for internet
facilities can be enjoyed by all officers of
BKD, regarding not only the field of Civil
Servants Mutation that using SAPK.
And especialy on promotion service..
While SAPKis
being
run,
The
National
Human
Resources
Agency, as owners and users of
the SAPK need immediatelymake a
sustainableimprovementof SAPK which
is often being error when BKD officers
on Social Politics
5.
start processing the SAPK.
National Human Resources Agency
need to hold training for the operators
of SAPK in local Government, until all
BKD officers have an ability to operate
SAPK well.so that the benefits and
target of SAPK will be achieved sooner
as expected.
REfEREnCEs
A. Books
Arikunto,
Suharsimi.
2010.
Prosedur
Penelitian Suatu Pendekatan Praktik,
Jakarta : Rineka Cipta.
Deputi
Bidang Informasi Kepegawaian
BKN.2011. Buku saku Modul Kenaikan
Pangkat SAPK Web Based.
Deputi
Bidang Informasi Kepegawaian
BKN.2011. Buku saku Setting Akses
SAPK Web Based.
Moleong, Lexy J. 2013. Metodologi Penelitian
Kualitatif edisi revisi, Bandung :
Remaja Rosdakarya.
Nazir, Mohammad. 2011. Metode Penelitian.
Bogor: Ghalia Indonesia.
Ratminto, Atik.2005.Manajemen Pelayanan,
Yogyakarta: Pustaka Belajar.
Sedarmayanti, dan Hidayat, Syarifudin. 2011.
Metodologi Penelitian, Bandung: CV
Mandar Maju.
Sedarmayanti. 2008. Tata Kearsipan Dengan
Memanfaatkan Teknologi Modern,
Bandung : CV Mandar Maju.
Silalahi, Ulber. 2012. Metode Penelitian
Sosial, Bandung : Refika Aditama.
Soehartono,
Irawan.
2011.
Metode
Penelitian Sosial, Bandung : Remaja
Rosdakarya.
Sugiyono. 2012. Metode Penelitian Kuantitatif
Kualitatif Dan R&D, Bandung :
Alfabeta.
Suhady, Idup. 2009. Kepemerintahan yang
Baik, LAN, Jakarta : LAN.
Suradinata, Ermaya. 2013. Reformasi
Organisasi
dan
Administrasi
Pemerintahan, Jakarta.
B. Regulations and acts
Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor
43 tahun 1999 tentang Pokok – Pokok
Kepegawaian.
Undang-Undang No.18 Tahun
2002
tentang Sistem Nasional Penelitian,
Pengembangan dan Penerapan Ilmu
Pengetahuan dan Teknologi.
Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor
32 Tahun 2004 tentang Pemerintahan
Daerah.
Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 99 Tahun 2000
Tentang Kenaikan Pangkat Pegawai
Negeri Sipil.
Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 101 tahun 2000
Tentang Pendidikan dan Pelatihan
Jabatan Pegawai Negeri Sipil.
Keputusan Presiden Republik Indonesia
Nomor 159 Tahun 2000 Tentang
Pedoman
Pembentukan
Badan
Kepegawaian Daerah.
Instruksi Presiden Republik Indonesia Nomor
3 Tahun 2003 Tentang Kebijakan dan
Strategi Nasional PengembanganEGovernment.
Keputusan Menteri Dalam Negeri Nomor
17 Tahun 2000 Tentang Sistem
Informasi Manajemen Kepegawaian
Departemen Dalam Negeri dan
Pemerintah Daerah.
Peraturan Kepala Badan Kepegawaian
Negara Nomor 20 Tahun 2008
Tentang Pedoman Pemanfaatan
Sistem Aplikasi Kepegawaian.
Perencanaan Pembanguna Daerah
dan Lembaga Treknis Daerah.
Peraturan Walikota Madiun Nomor 50 Tahun
2008 Tentang Rincian Tugas dan
Fungsi Badan Kepegawaian Daerah.
2010 Tentang Penjabaran Anggaran
Pendapatan dan Belanja Daerah
Tahun Anggaran 2011
Tahun Anggaran 2012
Tahun Anggaran 2013
Peraturan Rektor Institut Pemerintahan
Dalam Negeri Nomor 02 Tahun 2013
Tentang Pedoman Penulisan Dan
Mekanisme Ujian Laporan Akhir Serta
Skripsi Institut Pemerintahan Dalam
Negeri Tahun Akademik 2012/2013.
C. inTERnET
http://bkpp.tangerangselatankota.go.id/
v 1/ i n d e x . p h p ? o p t io n= c om _c o
nt e n t & v i e w = a r t i c l e & i d = 1 2 5 : ta
npa-sapk-usulan-tidak-akandiproses&catid=1:umum&Itemid=50
http:// www. sapk online. bkd. jatimprov.
go.id/index.php?T=4&pil=forum_
konsultasi.php&kdkategory=6
http://www.facebook.com/groups/sapkjatim/
Peraturan Kepala Badan Kepegawaian
Negara Nomor 18 Tahun
2010
tentang Sistem Aplikasi Pelayanan
Kepegawaian On Line.
Peraturan Daerah Kota Madiun Nomor 05
Tahun 2008 Tentang Organisasi
dan Tata Kerja Inspektorat, Badan
on Social Politics
545
BoRdER PoliTiCs
Haunan fachry Rohilie
[email protected]
Universitas 17 Agustus 1945 Jakarta
Abstract
This study tries to see how the condition borders region between Indonesia and Malaysia, in Ketungau
Hulusubdistrict. Analysis is conducted to see how the borders management in Indonesia with two
approaches. The first approach is the analysis of State Security used to see how the treatment of the
state to maintain state sovereignty from the external threats that dominated by military. The second
approach is the analysis of Human Securitywhich is more emphasis on the security of citizens as seen
from the fulfillment of basic human needs, both in terms of welfare, education, health, and so forth.
Keywords: Border Politics, Border Development, State Security, Human Security.
RETHinKinG THE BoRdER
The
borders
management
and
presence in a country will greatly affect the
security, integrity and sovereignty of the
state. To realize this mission the government
should has been necessary and establish a
strategic plan onborder area development.
It is absolutely needed to make border as
front porch that will reflect the condition of the
state as a whole. Including how to manage
the border between states in Indonesia that
will greatly affect national development. State
borders is a boundary line which is dividing the
sovereignty of a state based on international
law. Border is a part of the territory of countries
located on the inner side along the boundary
with Indonesia and other countries, in terms
of state borders in the area, the border region
located in the subdistrict.1 The state border
is a major manifestation of the sovereignty
of the state territory. The stateborder has an
important role in determining the boundaries
of sovereignty, utilization of natural resources,
security and territorial integrity.
At least there are four characteristics
to support the strategic development of
the border region. First, have important
implications for the country‟s sovereignty.
Second, is the driving factor for the socioeconomic development of surrounding
1
Act of the President of the Republicof Indonesia
No 12, 2010, about National Body on Border
Management
community. Third, it relates very interplay
with the activities carried out in other areas
bordering the territory of any other inter-state.
Fourth, have an impact on the condition
of defense and security, both regionally
and nationally. The poor management of
border areamanagement is not separated
from development policies issued by the
government. During this time, although the
border area used as a strategic area of national
development, but nonetheless development in
the border regions tend to be going nowhere.
Vagueness of government in managing the
border area shows that the government has
failed in setting development priorities, both
the national level and particularly in the local
area. The central government, provincial
government and district/city government tend
to have its own way in the planning of border
region development. So do not be surprised
if there is a criticism, they will blame one
another. Considering the border region as
the front porch of Indonesia will reflect how
the contents of the overall development in
Indonesia.
Discussing about the management of
border areas in Indonesia, particularly the
land border, with PapuaNeugini, Timor Leste
or with Malaysia, has always been a never
ending debate. Initial assessment it appears
in the public‟s mind of course the image of
an isolated region, lack of facilities and also
without any attention from the government.
on Social Politics
547
Of course, the image obtained because
the real conditions in the border region as
it is. Community‟s life with very inadequate
facilities, ranging from a lack of facilities
and transportation infrastructure, health
facilities, education and welfare of the low
level. So do not be surprised if people tend
to rely their borders to neighboring countries.
Starting from selling agricultural products, the
fulfillment of health facilities, and even for the
everyday life they also hang from neighboring
countries.
The view of government that has
always said that the border region is a
porch leading Indonesian state seems only
a mere lips service. Facts at a border point
to the contrary, it is located as the frontline
it is only treated as a backyard that is not
addressed by the government. Transitional
regime of government did not change the
face of the border in Indonesia, which tends
to border management centralized constrain
development in the border region. The result
is no border regions in Indonesia who are
better or equal the conditions in the country
side. The comparison would be very far if
we look at how management is done by the
government of Indonesia and the Malaysian
government.
Eg example the condition and
management in one border area in District
Ketungan Hulu, Sintang. The distance
between the Upper and districts Ketungau
Sintang district capital about 178 km with the
distance traveled between the two regions
depending on weather conditions. When the
rainy season takes more than 8 hours of travel,
this is because the road conditions are muddy
and difficult to pass. But if it is the dry season
is much shorter travel time. The people in the
outlying villages immediately adjacent to the
region of Sarawak Malaysia are ethnic Dayak
sub Dayak Iban. This condition is not different
from the majority of the population in Kwari
(Sarawak, Malaysia) which is also a sub-tribe
of the Dayak Iban tribe, most of whom still
have blood ties and family ties with the Iban
tribe in outlying villages in Indonesia. So it is
not strange if there is a dependency between
communities in Indonesia with communities
548
on Social Politics
in Malaysia.
Conditions in the area here is not much
different from the other border regions. Lack
of facilities and infrastructure is a major
cause poor welfare of the community at the
border. It is located far from the district capital
makes a lot of people at the border depend
on neighboring countries, especially the
outermost villages bordering with Malaysia
Sarawak. The limitations faced by border
communities certainly the fruit of the lack of
government attention to all the problems that
occurred in the border region. Subdistrict
Ketungau upstream directly adjacent to
the region of Sarawak in Malaysia. Social
structures formed in the border region both
in Malaysia and in Indonesia affected by the
relationships among border residents who
are both from the ethnic Dayak. Kinship that
has long existed even before Indonesia‟s
independence makes the absence of conflict
between citizens in the border region. But
it is only jealousy that arise from citizens of
Indonesia to Malaysian citizens who get more
attention from the government of his country.
Of all aspects of the development of border
regions in Malaysia is much better than in
Indonesia. If we then look at two approaches
to border management both in terms of state
security and human security what is done
by the government of Malaysia should be
adopted by the government of Indonesia. It
is intended that the level of dependence of
border communities in Indonesia to Malaysia
is not getting bigger. Because it is clear that
during this time the border communities in
the District Ketungau Hulu, especially in the
villages is very dependent on the respective
outer Malaysia. Not only in the fulfillment of
daily needs, from an economic point of many
Indonesian citizens who work in Malaysia
to manage oil palm and rubber plantations
belong to the Malaysian government,
company or also owned by Malaysia. The
majority of plantation crops and agriculture
of local people sold to Malaysia, because
Malaysia agricultural and plantation products
purchased at a higher price.
The conditions such as these certainly
do not continue, the limitations in the border
region should immediately look for the best
solution. Not just planning a big thing it was
to no avail, but how to do something that is
sustainable. The Government should be
able to mendesai precisely how strategic
management of border areas. All certainly
agree that the border region is key to our
country‟s sovereignty. But it is not quite up
there alone, the determination of the border
region as a veranda leading our nation must
go hand in hand with the government‟s
treatment of the border region. Do not let
the sovereignty and unity of the country of
Indonesia became shaken just because they
neglect what we do together. For that through
this paper is expected to provide a detailed
mapping of all the problems faced by border
communities in the district of Hulu Ketungau.
Thus together we are able to provide effective
design to improve border face in Indonesia as
a whole.
Quo Vadis:sTATE sECuRiTy in THE
BoRdER
In the literature of Security studies, the
problem of defining the concept of security
has become a topic of heated debate, at least
until the end of the cold war. In this case,
the academic debate regarding the security
concept. Definition of State Security generally
puts security as an abstract value, focused
on maintaining the independence and
sovereignty of the state, and general military
dimension.2State Security is seen as the
physical condition of protection of the country
from external threats.3 If then the definition
laid normative state security, such as the
definition Frederidck Hartman who viewed
security as “the sum total of the vital national
interest of the state” the national interest it
was defined as “something that makes the
2
Abdul-Monem M. Al-Mashat, National Security in
the Third World (Boulder, Col.: Westview Press, 1985),
p. 19.
3
Edward E. Azar dan Chun-In Moon, “Rethinking
Third World National Security,” dalam Edward E. Azar
dan Chung-In Moon, ed., National Security in the
Third World: The Management of Internal and External
Threats (Hants, England: Edward Elgar Publishing
Limited, 1988), p. 3.
statewilling and ready to fight”.4Security
concept often we understand as the country‟s
efforts to prevent war, mainly through military
force development strategy that provides the
ability antidote. In other words, the definition
of security is often based on the assumption
of the supremacy of military power as a
means to protect the country from external
military threat.5
State Security conception dominated
by understanding relating to all matters of
a military nature, namely that emphasize
aspects of inter-state conflicts, especially
those related to aspects of the threat to the
integrity of the national territory (territorial
security concept).6There are Three important
features in a simple sense of State Security.
The first, the identification of “national”as “the
state”.Second, the threat is assumed to come
from outside the country. And third, the use of
military force to deal with threats. No wonder
if Arnold Wolfers come to the conclusion, that
the main problem facing every country is to
build the power to ward off (to Deter) or defeat
(to Defeat) an attack.7
The borders management strategy
is concerned with how the state treats the
border region, whether as a front page or
just a backyard. State Security approach
essentially focused on how the efforts of the
government to maintain the security of the
state border line in order to avoid interference
and external threats by relying on military
force.8Approach to state security can also be
interpreted as efforts aimed at maintaining
4
Frederick H. Hartman, The Relations of Nations
(New York, 1967), p. 14.
5
Barry Buzan, “People, States, and Fear: The
National Security Problem in the Third World,” in Azar
dan Moon, ed. National Security, p. 15.
6
Hasnan Habib, “Lingkungan Internasional
dan Ketahanan Nasional,” dalam Ichlasul Amal dan
Atmadidy Armawi, ed., Sumbangan Ilmu Sosial
Terhadap Konsepsi Ketahanan Nasional (Jakarta,
1995), p. 251.
7
Anggoro, K. (2003). Keamanan Nasional,
Pertahanan Negara Dan Ketertiban Umum.Working
paper onNational Law Development VllI. Held
byNational Law Founding Body, Ministry of Law of the
Republic of Indonesia, Kartika Plaza Hotel, Denpasar,
July 14 2003.
8
Sanak, Y. ( 2012). Human Security dan Politik
Perbatasan. Yogyakarta: PolGov, hal 19
on Social Politics
549
the territorial integrity of a country and the
freedom to determine their own form of
government.
Securing the border area between
countries is very important, not only to secure
communities in the region, but also related
to state sovereignty. No wonder if some
countries issued a security policy in the
border region in particular. It means that they
actually put security forces elected to maintain
the sovereignty of the country. Unfortunately,
such treatment does not occur over borders
between countries in Indonesia, both the land
borders with Malaysia, Papua New Giniue,
and Timor Leste. Security management
policy of border areas in Indonesia seems
far complete, and further demonstrate the
government‟s indifference to the sovereignty
of this country.
We take the example of security
management in Ketungau Hulu Subdistrict,
Sintang,that the district is directly bordering
with a land area of Sarawak in Malaysia. Border
security in theSenaning conducted jointly
between the Police of the Republic of Indonesia
and the Indonesian National Army. Police
through the sector police (Polsek)9Ketungau
Hulu subdistrict maintaining the security of
the border communities and also routinely
conduct patrols along the state border line.
While the army of 642 focused on Sintang
district to maintain border posts and also
regularly conduct joint patrols of police and
army units from other districts along national
boundaries. The aim is to prevent smuggling
and also to check the boundary markers
separating between Indonesia and Malaysia.
If we look a little explanation above
of course have shown that the Indonesian
government was serious in keeping people on
the border, and of course also in maintaining
the sovereignty of this country. But if we
look more deeply it turns out the facts show
otherwise. Police as the spearhead of the
police organization‟s success in building
security and public order must have a
design that is capable of running its roles
and functions in creating security and public
9
Indonesian police units in the sub-district level or
acronym of sector police.
550
on Social Politics
order conducive. Police Senaning the status
of urban duty to secure the border region,
because obviously the border region has a
vulnerability to cross-border and smuggling
of goods. Changes in the status of an urban
police station should be carried out increasing
the number of personnel to 90 people and is
headed by a Police Commissioner. But the
fact that it should have 90 police personnel
were actually only 13 personnel on duty.
In addition to the minimal number
of personnel, other problems faced by
PolsekSenaning are the lack of supporting
facilities security in the border. Ranging from
firearmsupplies, until the condition ofPolsek
building and dormitory that are poor. Border
security conditions in the Ketungau Hulu
subdistrict actually conducive enough, there
has never been a big case that threatens the
unity of Indonesia, there has been no case
of shifting the state boundary markers, largescale smuggling of goods as well as other
major cases like in other border regions.
Here are some cases or handling of security
problems in the border region in the Ketungau
Hulu subdistrict.
First, the major of border communities
are ethnic Dayak Iban still uphold and maintain
the culture and customs of their ancestors.
This of course will have an impact on the
application of customary law in their daily
lives. When a customary law that is based on
the belief of ancestor is juxtaposed with the
formal application of the law of the country of
course is always opposed. This means that
when there are acts of violating the norms of
society (be it customary law or formal law)
before the case was settled by formal law it
must be completed with customary law. Even
if it is a purely criminal act, the witness already
exists, the file is complete, the suspect has
been set, but when the issue can still be
resolved by customary law, customary law is
enforced.
Second, the lack of supporting facilities
construction of transportation infrastructure
especially road access makes some outlying
villages bordering with Malaysia becoming
isolated. This resulted in the fulfillment of
everyday needs of border communities will
rely heavily on the supply of the neighboring
countries. Under such conditions it is not
surprising that smuggling goods to and
from Indonesia frequently and even daily
inevitable. Location outermost villages were
located closer to Malaysia than to the district
capital in Senaning especially if to the district
capital. Access in and out of the border gate
is very easy, no need to show a passport or
other identification. They brought spices and
agricultural products to be traded in Malaysia.
They use proceeds from the sale directly
to the fulfillment of daily needs. That is why
until there is a proverb which is very famous
in the border region, namely “garuda di
dadaku, malaysia di perutku, dan ringgit
di dompetku”10.
The third, one of the major problems that
ever happen are when there is the threat of
the Malaysian flag in the MunggukGelombang
village. Border region is very vulnerable to any
kind of separatist movements that attempt to
liberate themselves or also joined with other
countries that is believed to give more attention
than their previous state. The breakdown in
the flow of development in outlying villages,
precisely in the MunggukGelombangvillage
makeshead of the MunggukGelombangvillage
very disappointed with the performance of
the Indonesian government. Peak until he
threatened to the Regent, the Governor and
the President if the village remains as it is
today, the village will fly the flag of Malaysia.
What was done by head of the
Munggukvillage wave considered reasonable,
rather they do not love to the Homeland, or
we equate them with separatism movement
in Aceh or Papua. If we want to see deeper,
precisely what they are doing is a form of their
love, shape their emotions and their efforts to
get a bit more attention from the government.
Infrastructure development in the village is
very slow it can even be said not at all.
10
It can simply be defined as Garuda on my chest,
Malaysia in my stomach, and the ringgit in my wallet.
Garuda is Symbol of Indonesia, and they show that
their nationalism is still assured.Malaysia in my stomach
mean daily necessities they obtain from Malaysia.
And the ringgit in my wallet it mean because they sell
agricultural products to Malaysia, they will be paid with
the currency Malaysia.
“Just imagine to reach the village had to use
two types of transportation, namely land
and river. Because of the existing road in
the rainy season it cannot be passed „lake
mud‟ will greet us. Not the motor that we
were on, but the motor that we bear to pass
through. People there know the relief funds
that come in, they know how much funding
proposals that the name of the border
region. But in reality these funds are not to
the hands of the people.”11
Withsuchconditionsitseemsreasonable
if people in the MunggukGelombangvillage
feel disappointed with the government‟s
performance. But unfortunately, that is
done by the Sintang District Government
shortly after the threat even as fear. The
government would send troops in large
numbers, with the assistance of the province
to the MunggukGelombangvillage to provide
security. If the government knows very well
how the condition of the people at the border,
then government no need for such excessive
measures. Once again it is clear that what was
done by the MunggukGelombangvillagers is
not a form of separatism are like what was
done by the GAM (GerakanAceh Merdeka)
in Aceh, OPM (Operasi Papua Merdeka) in
Papua, or RMS in Sulawesi. What they do
is form a sense of disappointment because
of the lack of attention from the government,
they need is how the government absorb the
aspirations of rural communities, and act in
accordance with their aspirations. Not only the
people in the Mungguk Gelombang village,
but the entire outer villages in the border
region in Ketungau Hulu subdistrictmust be
considered over by the government.
If we look at the concept of state
security that we discussed earlier, it is clear
that the government is not serious in securing
Indonesia‟s sovereignty in the border region,
especially in Ketungau Hulusubdistrict.
State Security conception dominated by
understanding relating to all matters of a
military nature, namely that emphasize
aspects of inter-state conflicts, especially
11
The interview with Brigadier C.P. Simanjuntak,
Commandant of Provost at PolsekKetungau Hulu
subdistrict in SenaningPolsek‟s dormitory.
on Social Politics
551
those related to aspects of the threat to the
integrity of the national territory (territorial
security concept).12There are Three important
features in a simple sense of State Security.
The first, the identification of “national” as
“the state”.Secondly, the threat is assumed
to come from outside the country. And third,
the use of military force to deal with threats.
No wonder if Arnold Wolfers come to the
conclusion, that the main problem facing
every country is to build the power to ward
off (to Deter) or defeat (to Defeat) an attack.13
From the explanation of the concept of
state security at the top, then if we compare
it with the management of security conditions
in the border region of course inversely. The
assertion that the government establishes
that the border region is a national strategic
area was not accompanied by policies that
lead there, especially in the security field.
Security management policy and security
in the border region in the Ketungau Hulu
subdistrict undertaken by the government
and other related parties seem perfunctory.
It can take a look at how the conditions and
limitations of police inKetungau Hulu, ranging
from the number of personnel who do not meet
the necessity, inadequate safety equipment
(patrol vehicles, firearms) to the supporting
facilities services to the public. Another
surprising fact of some informants said that
the Polsek of Ketungau Hulu a discharges
to members of the police are problematic.
Additionally, many members of the police or
also from the TNI (Indonesian Armed Forces)
who are serving there are new graduates
who received the first task to maintain the
sovereignty of our country.
Statesecurity approach that emphasizes
the use of the military in maintaining state
sovereignty is deemed very necessary if
the context is securing the border between
Hasnan Habib, “Lingkungan Internasional dan
Pertahanan Nasional,” in Ichlasul Amal dan Atmadidy
Armawi, ed., Sumbangan Ilmu Sosial Terhadap
Konsepsi Ketahanan Nasional (Jakarta, 1995), p. 251.
13
Pertahanan Negara Dan Ketertiban Umum.Working
paper onNational Law Development VllI. Held
byNational Law Founding Body, Ministry of Law of the
Republic of Indonesia, Kartika Plaza Hotel, Denpasar,
July 14 2003.
12
552
on Social Politics
Indonesia and Malaysia. Because it is often
a struggle for territory between the two
countries. It is true that in the border region
in the Ketungau Hulu subdistrict never before
there was a struggle or shift peg the border
between Indonesia and Malaysia, or also
conflict over resources between communities
in Ketungau Hulu subdistrict with communities
in Sarawak. Whether it should wait for the
conflict that happens, then the government
would seriously maintain the sovereignty of
our country. We borrow what Arnold Wolfers
concluded that the main problem faced by
every country is to build the power to ward off
(to deter) or defeat (to defeat) an attack.14The
most important phase of securing sovereignty
is how we (the government and the people) to
ward off or prevent actions or threats that are
threatening the sovereignty of our country,
especially those that come from outside. Not
only the government, but we all have to learn
from previous experiences, how we lose the
islands of Sipadan and Ligitan claimed by
Malaysia.
Quo Vadis:HuMAn sECuRiTy in THE
BoRdER
The concept of human security is an
outgrowth of the previous concept of state
security that emphasizes the preservation of
state sovereignty were then simultaneously
must maintain the security of citizens. Human
security is basically the result of conflicts
or wars that occurred in several countries,
such as Iraq, southern Africa and Somalia
are always generate human tragedy. The
problem of proving that the concept of state
security-oriented state security should be
changed towards a concept that think of
the idea of the security of citizens.Human
security approach into a conversation and
priorities of the entire country if it is then we
see the security context of aspects of welfare,
social and environmental. Human security
terminology popularized by the UNDP (United
Nations Development Programme), through
this approach to human security needs are
met is the main capital for efforts to maintain
14
Ibid, Anggoro, K. (2003).
the security of the country. Human security
approach emphasizes the aspects of human
security in the broad sense of security that
would be economic factors, health and so
forth.
At least three approaches or flow
in the human security thinking. First, the
approach focuses on human rights. Second,
the approach emphasizes the human safety.
Third, the approach that emphasizes the
development efforts on an ongoing basis.
The latter approach is related to the seven
dimensions of human development as
outlined in the UNDP Human Development
Report by UNDP, namely economic security,
food security, health security, environmental
security, personal security, security, sociocultural, and political security.15Human
security approach applied in the management
of border areas stressed on the importance
of the development of the communities of the
border, because the level kesejakteraan good
society is the essence of the country‟s security.
orientation of putting human prosperity as a
key factor which will determine the country‟s
progress.16 uman security emphasis on
human welfare as security capital. This
approach aims to improve human life kualitasi
both from the aspect of economy, education
and health.
Orientation humanization are preferred
because people with economic capacity,
capacity intlektual and health, as well as strong
social capacity is seen as a major capital
in the living state. It is true that the Human
Development Index (HDI) which is composed
of three indicators: education, health and
economy. Has parallels with the components
of human security. These three indicators
are the guarantors for the sustainable
development of key parameters at the same
time the degree of human security. Of the
three HDI indicators is then used as a tool to
15
Pratikno (eds.) 2009, Kajian Daerah Tentang
Rencana Pembentukan Kabupaten Mayu Pemekaran
dari Kabupaten Boven Digoel, Provinsi Papua,
cooperation between Boven Digoel Local Government
and Postgraduate Program at Local Politics and
Autonomy Department, University of Gadjah Mada
Yogyakarta.
16
Ibid, p. 19
see how the development of human security
in the border region in Indonesia, especially in
Ketungau Hulu subdistrict, Sintang.
education, Development of the border
region is essentially an integral part of national
development. Besides the border region has
strategic value in supporting the success of
national development. One effective way
as border area development strategy is the
provision of facilities and infrastructure that
support educational activities. Because it is
clear that education is an important aspect
which affects the development of the nation.
A good education has a multiplier effect that
a high multiplier effect for other areas such
as economics, health, etc.17 Improving the
quality of human resources the border region
must be a concern of the government. Of
course, should partly offset by penmyediaan
access roads, school buildings are equipped
with facilities and faculty tidah only qualified
but also must have a high responsibility.18
The condition of the border region that is
mostly poor villages both in terms of economy,
education, health and other infrastructure.
Many villages in the border region far from the
attention of the government as well lead to an
increase in the quality of education stagnant,
and increasingly far behind urban areas.
Such examples of one elementary school
(SD) in the village of Jasa now only three
teachers with the status of Civil Servants
(PNS). But unfortunately these teachers
actually do not have a high responsibility
towards work. Teachers civil servants more
often located in the town of Sintang, rather
than in the classroom to teach. Precisely
which has responsibility for duty and devotion
are nonpermanent teachers are indeed native
of village services.
It certainly will have an impact on the
declining quality of education in the border
region. Especially in the village of Jasa
evidenced by the many children grades 4
and 5 Primary School, who still can not read.
17
Perbatasan. Yogyakarta: PolGov, hal 157
18
Hadiwijoyo, S. S. (2011). Perbatasan Negara
„Dimensi Hukum Internasional‟. Yogyakarta: Graha
Ilmu. Hal 24
on Social Politics
553
Parents at home can not do much because
they also have a limited education, and-many
do not attend school. Not to mention at one
elementary school in the school where there
is only one teacher who teaches six classes
simultaneously. Could one can imagine how
the learning process as it would be very
ineffective. Not to mention the building of the
school which was established independently
that thatched grass, bark walls and dirt floors
would be very disruptive to learning to teach
students.
This condition continues until the level
of junior high schools and high schools.
Constraints faced not much different, ranging
from the lack of teachers, through the means
of supporting infrastructures are very limited
education. Lack of educational facilities is
a major cause low quality of education in
the border region. On the other hand the
government has always demanded high quality
education and always raise the standard of
education every year. The problems that arise
are not offset by equalization of education in
Indonesia, particularly in lagging regions such
as in the border region.
For students who come from outside
Ketungau Hulusubdistrict, who attend schools
in Senaning (Ketungau Hulu subdistrict
capital), many living in huts around the church.
To meet their daily needs, every weekend
they must return to their home villages to get
supplies of food such as rice, vegetables and
so forth for the next week. For those students
who live in the village of Jasa must walk for 6
hours, while those living in the Nanga Bayan
village or Sungai Seria village can be reached
10 hours by walking. No wonder they had to
spend the night in the woods or were forced
to take shelter when it rained.
There are no specific policies that
governments provide for improvement of the
level of public education at the border. There
is only one government policy to improve
the welfare for the lecturer through special
allowances border region. Sintang district
government annually provides scholarships
for students in Sintang, both medical
scholarships and also scholarships at the
Department of Governmental Science at
554
on Social Politics
theTanjungpura University. But unfortunately
there is no special treatment for students
graduates from the border region with a
lower quality of education than students who
attend school in the city. They are students
of the border have to compete with students
in cities with quality and educational facilities
are much better. Do not be surprised the
scholarship is only filled by graduate schools
in the city‟s favorite.
economic and welfare,majority of
the people in the border region, especially
in outlying villages working as farmers.
Commodities produced are rubber, pepper,
eggplant acid (terongasam) etc. Pepper is
an excellent product of the border region,
where the harvest they sell directly to
Malaysia. Because the purchase price of
pepper in Malaysia is higher than the selling
in Malaysia. Where the results of studies
suggest that the pepper from Ketungau Hulu
sub district is the best pepper in the world.
Pepper prices in Malaysia reached more
than 25 RM per kilogram, while in Sintang
city only Rp 45,000 per kilogram. The price
has not been reduced by the transport costs
to be incurred if sold to Sintang city.Because
the distance to be the main reason why the
villagers in borders prefer to sell to Malaysia,
of course because the purchase price better.
The economic crisis that hit Indonesia in
1998 and became a blessing for the people in
border region. Because at that time the price
of pepper increased sharply to reach 50 RM
per Kilogram, especially by the exchange rate
at Rp 8,000 per 1 RM.
As mentioned above, thatthe lack
of supporting facilities construction of
transportation
infrastructure
especially
road access makes some outlying villages
bordering with Malaysia becoming isolated.
This resulted in the fulfillment of everyday
needs of border communities will rely heavily
on the supply of the neighboring countries.
Under such conditions it is not surprising
that smuggling goods to and from Indonesia
frequently and even daily inevitable. Location
outermost villages were located closer
to Malaysia than to the district capital in
Senaning especially if to the district capital.
Access in and out of the border gate is very
easy, no need to show a passport or other
identification. They brought spices and
agricultural products to be traded in Malaysia.
They use proceeds from the sale directly
to the fulfillment of daily needs. That is why
until there is a proverb which is very famous
in the border region, namely “garuda di
dadaku, malaysia di perutku, dan ringgit
di dompetku”19.
health,the border region is a relatively
isolated and disadvantaged areas by a low
level of accessibility. This is of course resulted
in the quality of public health is very low
borders. Lots of taste why this could happen,
one of the main causes is the lack of facilities
and infrastructure in support of health services
for the borders. People in need of health care
should immediately take to a hospital in the
Sintang city. Because there‟s only community
health center in Ketungau Hulu sub district,
and even then by inadequate facilities. Not
to mention the rarely medical personnel in
health centers, because more often located
in the Sintang city.
looKinG foR BEsT soluTion
Development of border regions in
Indonesia is not easy task, not only takes
time but also the consistency of all relevant
stakeholders in maintaining the „rhythm‟
development of in borders.Conditions at
the border region of Indonesia with all its
limitations show through this time concern
the government towards development of the
border is still no change.It has long been
felt we hear that the border region at the
Indonesia designated as national strategic
area, but the fact that development of the
border is still very minimal.Badan Nasional
PengelolaPerbatasan (BNPP20) which has
been the mainstay of the government in
19
It can simply be defined as Garuda on my chest,
Malaysia in my stomach, and the ringgit in my wallet.
Garuda is Symbol of Indonesia, and they show that
their nationalism is still assured.Malaysia in my stomach
mean daily necessities they obtain from Malaysia.
And the ringgit in my wallet it mean because they sell
agricultural products to Malaysia, they will be paid with
the currency Malaysia.
20
The National Agency for Border Management
finding a solution of the border issue is not
yet able to demonstrated its performance.
That the alleged perpetrators and those who
are responsible have done the hard work in
establishing a true borders region.But we all
know the facts are what they are doing there,
it does not change the face of our borders.21
Alaw No. 6 of 2014 may actually be used
as one near-term solution in development in
the border region. If then we look at nines
agenda of NawaCita Joko Widodo, one point
is to build Indonesia from the periphery to
strengthen the regions and villages within
the framework of a unitary state.One of the
privileges of the law No. 6 of 2014 is the
village budget allocation provided by the
government. If the allocation who received
by village in the border region are managed
well and according to the aspirations of the
people, would be so easy it feels to realize
development of in the border region The
village autonomy and flexibility in managing
the village fund budget is expected to help
development of villages outermost borders
region. Of course, should by escort and the
coaching so that funds are not poorly targeted.
The last solution for a long-term is the
implementationofasymmetricdecentralization
in the border region. Implementation
of asymmetric decentralization is more
emphasis on particularities of every region in
Indonesia, especially the analysis of central
and local relationsThe reason why the
border region need to implement asymmetric
decentralization by Tim JPP (JPP-UGM 2010)
is because the border region need special
treatment considering its role as a boundary
by neighboring countries.the border region
holding an important function because the
complexity of the problems encountered. The
border area should be treated as the front page
and not the „backyard‟ RI.Treat the border
region, for example, in West Kalimantan
should be different, for example by requiring
the governor comes from the military because
the high potential border crossers in addition
21
Batubara, H. (2015, November 29). Wilayah
Perbatasan . Retrieved Desember 1, 2015, from
Wilayah Perbatasan : http://www.wilayahperbatasan.
com
on Social Politics
555
to the strengthening of infrastructure and
health and education services. Details about
the design of asymmetric decentralization in
the border region still need further study.22
Do not because of our ignorance of the
problems in the border region makes us should
lose another region of our country. Scramble
islands of Sipadan and Ligitan should be
an important lesson for the government. De
jure indeed the border region became part of
the Unitary Republic of Indonesia. But if this
condition continues where all the fulfillment
and access to information still depends on the
state of Malaysia do not be surprised if it is de
facto was more shows part of the country of
Malaysia.
REfEREnCEs
Abdul-Monem M. Al-Mashat, National
Security in the Third World (Boulder,
Col.: Westview Press, 1985
Act of the President of the Republicof
Indonesia No 12, 2010, about National
Body on Border Management
Pertahanan Negara Dan Ketertiban
Umum.Working paper onNational Law
Development VllI. Held byNational
Law Founding Body, Ministry of Law
of the Republic of Indonesia, Kartika
Plaza Hotel, Denpasar, July 14 2003.
Barry Buzan, “People, States, and Fear:
The National Security Problem in the
Third World,” in Azar dan Moon, ed.
National Security,
Batubara, H. (2015, November 29). Wilayah
Perbatasan . Retrieved Desember
1, 2015, from Wilayah Perbatasan :
http://www.wilayahperbatasan.com
22
Dardias,
B.
(2012).
DESENTRALISASI
ASIMETRIS DI INDONESIA. Tulisan ini disampaikan
dalam seminar di LAN Jatinangor tanggal 26 November
2012., 9
556
on Social Politics
Dardias, B. (2012). DESENTRALISASI
ASIMETRIS DI INDONESIA. Tulisan
ini disampaikan dalam seminar di
LAN Jatinangor tanggal 26 November
2012.
Edward E. Azar dan Chun-In Moon,
“Rethinking Third World National
Security,” dalam Edward E. Azar dan
Chung-In Moon, ed., National Security
in the Third World: The Management of
Internal and External Threats (Hants,
England: Edward Elgar Publishing
Limited, 1988),
Frederick H. Hartman, The Relations of
Nations (New York, 1967)
Hadiwijoyo, S. S. (2011). Perbatasan Negara
„Dimensi
Hukum
Internasional‟.
Yogyakarta: Graha Ilmu.
Hasnan Habib, “Lingkungan Internasional
Nasional,” in Ichlasul Amal dan
Atmadidy Armawi, ed., Sumbangan
Ilmu Sosial Terhadap Konsepsi
Ketahanan Nasional (Jakarta, 1995),
Pratikno (eds.) 2009, Kajian Daerah Tentang
Rencana Pembentukan Kabupaten
Mayu Pemekaran dari Kabupaten
Boven Digoel, Provinsi Papua,
cooperation between Boven Digoel
Local Government and Postgraduate
Program at Local Politics and
Autonomy Department, University of
Gadjah Mada Yogyakarta.
Perbatasan. Yogyakarta: PolGov
iMPlEMEnTATion of PuBliC PoliCiEs
AdMinisTRATiVE sERViCEs in PoPulATion
(sTudy of PoPulATion And CiVil REGisTRATion TAnJunGPinAnG)
dora Endah Tiyaswuri, dwi febriyanto, lenia sari, lidiatun nurkhasanah, nurbaiti
usman siam, nurhadiyanti, and shahril Budiman
[email protected]
College of Social and Political Sciences (STISIPOL) King Haji Tanjungpinang of Riau Islands
Abstract
Implementation of Integrated Population Administration Policy service.The increasing number of
population in the city of Tanjungpinang encouraged to do a good recording of demographic Data
for population of data is needed in the planning and evaluation of development. The purpose of this
study is: To analyze the implementation of population policy in an integrated administrative services
in providing services to people in the Department of Population and Civil Registration Tanjungpinang
and analyzing the factors supporting and restricting. Type of this research is a descriptive qualitative
approach. Administration policy on population integrally in this study focused on basic services ID Card
roomates includes: basic policies or regulations-adopted, the procedure of making ID Card services,
document administration, as well as supporting and restricting factors of policy implementation. The
results Showed that Centralized policy management of identity cards is a step forward Government
Tajungpinang city,especially in the field of public service to spruce up the residency to the administrative
systems into one centralized place to facilitate Government of Tanjungpinang in Accessing and mapping
of society so that in making policies that others have valid data.
Keywords: Population, Implementation, and Policy
1.
inTRoduCTion
Public service is an activity or series
of activities in order to meet the needs of
service according to the legislation for every
citizen and resident of the goods, services
or administrative services provided by
pemenrintah. Various administrative services,
such as service ID cards, birth certificates,
land titling and licensing, a service organized
to ensure the rights and basic needs of
citizens.
Care ID card and birth certificate is
vital in the lives of citizens because both
guarantee the existence, identity and rights
of citizens other civil rights. Such service is
certainly very important and become part
of the public service that should be held by
the State Policy in Tanjungpinang population
administration have been defined since
2005, the government has set Tanjungpinang
population administration policies based
Tanjungpinang City Regulation No. 5 Year
2005 on the Implementation of Registration
of Population and Civil Registration. Then
followed up with Tanjungpinang City
Regulation No. 9 Year 2011 concerning
Population Administration organizers.
In
the
Regional
Regulation
Tanjungpinang No.9 2011 in Chapter I mention
the Population Administration is a series of
restructuring and enforcement in the issuance
of documents and demographic data through
population registration, civil registration,
information management and utilization of
the results of population administration for
public services and the development of other
sectors.
The fundamental problem in the
population administration is with regard to the
definition of population used. Until now in the
city of Tanjungpinang, which also applies in
other areas in Indonesia, the local government
considers the need to be registered only
legal residents only, which means using the
concept of de jure. Whereas in Law No. 23,
2006 confirmed that the implementation of
on Social Politics
557
the registration of the population based on
the principle of domicile or place of residence
(de facto).
Of the things described above can
be concluded still prevalent problems of
providing services to the public, such as
the services provided by the Department
of Population and Civil less effective and
efficient as expected by the community, lack
of socialization to the public good of local
residents or communities that immigrants
about the procedures procedure for the
manufacture of identification documents.
This attracted the attention of researchers
to further investigate the “Implementation of
Public Service in the Ministry of Population
Administration Integrated (Study of Population
and Civil Registration Tanjungpinang)”
2.
PRoBlEM foRMulATion
The formulation of the problem in this
paper is:
1. How Implementation Service Population Administration Integrated in the
Department of Population Civil Tanjungpinang?
2. A Supporting and Inhibiting Factors in
the Population Administration Services
Integrated in Tanjungpinang?
3.
liTERATuRE
implementation of the policy is the most
important aspect of the overall policy process.
Implementation of policies Meru-feed concrete
manifestation of a policy, because at this stage
of a policy is not only limited to the embodiments
in real terms of the policy, but also has a link with
the consequences or the impact it will lead to the
implementation of the policy.
Thus, policy makers do not just want
to see policies that have been implemented
by the community, but also wanted to see
how far this policy can have consequences
ranging from the positive and negative to the
community.
Ripley and Franklin explained that the
implementation is what happens after the
legislation is adopted which give authority
programs, policies , gain (benefit), or a type of
558
on Social Politics
real output (tangible output). Implementation
includes action - action by several actors,
particularly the bureaucrats, which is intended
to make the program run.
Van Meter and Van Horn inside
Solichin (2007, h.146), which both limit
the implementation of policy as actions
undertaken by individuals or the government
or private groups aimed at achieving the
goals set out in policy decisions before hand.
These measures include efforts to transform
decisions into operational actions by a certain
time and in order to continue the efforts to
achieve the changes set by policy decisions.
Of the various explanations that have
been expressed by some experts above, it
can be concluded that policy implementation
is an important stage and should be done as
a single unit in the structure of public policy.
Because in this process, can be used as one
measure of the success or failure of a policy
is applied.
The public service can be defined as
any activity undertaken by the government
against a number of human beings who have
every activity that is beneficial in a collection
or a union, and offers satisfaction though
the results are not tied to a physical product.
Public services can also mean the service
delivery needs of people or community in the
form of in-kind services and has an interest in
the organization according a predetermined
manner. Thus is the fulfillment of public
service activities and the needs of society
by state officials. Requirement in this case
is not a requirement on an individual basis
but the various needs that were expected by
the people, namely the need for services into
peoples‟ rights as citizens.
Public services are generally divided
into two categories according to the level of
interest the needs of the citizens, the public
services of primary and service secondary
public. The primary public service refers
to all kinds of services darisebuah both
government and private agencies to meet
the needs of the absolute of a citizen. ID card
is mandatory for all citizens who are already
qualified, especially in terms of age (18 years
and above),
secondary public service refers to
services that are not essential for citizens, such
as the need for cosmetology, entertainment,
and the like. For all services to be primary,
and the apparatus state is obliged to provide
quality services accessible.
Public administration according to
Waldo in Zauhar (2001, h.31) has two
definitions, namely: Public administration
is the organization and management of
men and materials to acheive the purpose
of government. Public administration is the
art and science of management as applied
to affairs as state (Public Administration
is the management of human resources
and materials to achieve the objectives of
government and public administration as
an art as well as an intellectual study of the
management of the affairs of state )
Definition of population administration
commonly known by the acronym Adminduk
can be traced from the Regional Regulation
Tanjungpinang
about
Penyelengaran
Population Administration, Article 1, which
states that the population administration is a
series of activities structuring and controlling
the issuance of documents and demographic
data through population registration, civil
registration, and management of information
population administration and utilization of
the results for public service development of
other sectors.
Based on such understanding, the
scope of population administration includes
three components: Activity structuring and
regulating the issuance of documents and
data kependudu-kan through population
registration,
civil
registration,
and
management of administrative information on
population .
Since 2005, the government has set
Tanjungpinang population administration
policies are based regulation Tanjungpinang
5 Year 2005 on the Implementation of
Registration of Population and Civil
Registration. Then followed up with
2011 concerning Population Administration
organizers.
Department of Population and Civil
Registration Tanjungpinang have a vision
of “Realization central data base is current
and accurate population-based Population
Administration Information System”. This
vision is a projection of a picture in the future
with all its dimensions based on the data of
reality are now various trends.
While the stated mission is to improve
the professionalism, efficiency, and the
Effectiveness of the organization, optimize
and enhance the Population Administration,
providing legal protection of the identity of
the population administratively, improve the
quality of service performance census and
civil registration prima, utilizing population
databases for development planning and
improve the administration of registration of
the population and civil registration.
4.
REsEARCH METHodoloGy
a.
b.
c.
Research Type
This research is a study conducted a
qualitative descriptive study. Descriptive
study seeks to provide a complete and
thorough picture of the object under
study (Rianse, 2008: 26).
This study aims to describe how
the implementation of the Regional
RegulationTanjungpinang
No.9
Year 2011 regarding Organizers
Population Administration in the
Ministry of Population Administration
inTanjungpinang.
Location study
took the study site was conducted
in the Office of Population and Civil
Registration Tanjungpinang.
Technical Data Collectors
study of the issues raised is done by
finding, selecting, analyzing and to
assemble the materials involved and
cultivate the interview obtained with
regard to the issues raised, namely
through the following ways:
1. Methods Observation
This research is used to make
observations of the object under
study is curbing homeless and
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559
d.
5.
beggars in Tanjungpinang based
City Regulation Tanjungpinang No.
9 Year 2011 regarding Organizers
Population Administration as the
rules underlying the implementation
of Administrative Services Population Tanjungpinang
2. Method Documentation
Documentationis the technique
of collecting data through legacy
writing, especially in the form of
records, handbooks about the
opinions, theories, and arguments
or legal, and other -Other related
to the research problem (Nawawi,
2003).
The method of documentation
in this study was obtained from
the document that contains the
rules, procedures of administrative
services
Tanjungpinang
city
population.
3. Interview(Interview)
Fieldwork was conducted by means
of interviews with the speakers,
namely civil servants Department
of Population and Civil Registration
Tanjungpinang.
Data Analysis Techniques
Data analysis technique used in this
study is Data Analysis Model Interactive
(InteractiveModel Of Analysis) by Miles
and Huberman in Sugiyono (2005: 92),
describe that activity in qualitative data
analysis performed interactively and
continues over time until completed,
so that the data is already saturated.
Qualitative data analysis consists of
three flow of activities undertaken
simultaneously, namely: Reduction of
Data, Data Presentation, Withdrawal
conclusion, or verification.
disCussion
A. implementation services Population
Administration integrated in the
department
of
Population Civil
Tanjungpinang
Due to population growth and population
movements are so rapid in Tanjungpinang,
560
on Social Politics
hence the need for a policy or a more specific
rule is set up residence in the city administrative
services for the policy berku Tanjungpinang.
Implementasi-alitas by government personnel
is required to provide a public service to the
community masyarakat.Sehingga get the
satisfaction with the services provided by the
apparatus of government.
Policy administration of residence in the
city of Tanjungpinang already decides to Since
2005, the government has set Tanjungpinang
population administration policies are based
regulation Tanjungpinang 5 Year 2005 on the
Implementation of Registration of Population
and Civil Registration. Then followed up with
2011 concerning Population Administration
organizers.
Department of Population and Civil
Registration Tanjungpinang have a vision of
“Realization of the central database is current
and accurate population-based Population
Administration Information System”. This
vision is a projection of a picture in the future
with all its dimensions based on the data of
reality are now various trends.
While the stated mission is to improve
the professionalism, efficiency, and the
Effectiveness of the organization, mengoptimalkan and enhance the Population
Administration, providing legal protection of
the identity of the population administratively,
improve quality the performance of services
for population registration and civil registration
prima, utilizing population database for
planning and improving the administration of
the census and civilregistration.
Policies centralized management of
population in Tanjungpinang is a form of
implementation of Public Policy, in which the
City of Tanjungpinang through Disduk capil
make a breakthrough still not commonly used
Local Government in general.
Policy and implementation of population
administration include registration activities on
population, civil registration and management
of population information both at the central
and at the regional level, in practice policy and
implementation of population administration is
influenced by various aspects that influence ,
among other aspects of the legal, institutional
aspects and human resources aspects of the
application of technology and service system,
aspects of registration, demographics (public
awareness), and the last aspect of the data
processing of the population.
The implementation of the policy are
not separate formulations, but the success
of a policy relies heavily on the order of the
policy itself and in Tanjungpinang itself this
policy has really been implemented.
Population Tanjungpinang 2015
Name of the
District
Population Male
Population
Female
Total
Tanjungpinang
West
30 856
29 931
60 787
Tanjungpinang
City
12 570
11 635
24 205
Bukit Bestari
33 686
33 282
66 968
East Tanjungpinang
49 183
46 780
95 963
Total
126 295
121 628
247 923
Source: Department of Population Tanjungpinang
Authorities and responsibilities of the
implementing organization set in Chapter III of
Article 4 and Article 5 of Regional Regulation
No. Tanjungpinang 9 Year 2011 regarding
Organizers Population Administration and
calendar notes Civil is as follows:
The organizers are the Regional
Government obliged and responsible for
organizing the administration of the population
which includes:
a. Coordination
of
the
population
administration;
b. Formation of the duties and functions in
the field of Population Administration;
c. setting the technical implementation
of the Population Administration in
accordance with the provisions of Laws
and Regulations;
d. Development
and
dissemination
organization
of
the
Population
Administration;
e. Implementation of service activities
rnasyarakat
in
Population
Administration;
f.
Assignment
to
the
village
to
conduct affairs of the Population
Administration based on the principle
tugaspembantuan;
g. Management and presenting data
Population scale Region;
h. Coordination of supervision over the
administration Population; and
i. Coordination of population development, projection and harmonization of
population policies.
The Executing Agency has an
obligation, namely:
a. Registering the events on population
and record important events
b. provide the same service and
professional to each resident on
reporting of events population
c. Issuing residence documents
d. documenting the results of the registrant
population and civilians.
e. Ensuring compatibility and data security
for the events of residence
f. verification and validation of the data
and information submitted by
g. residents in the service pendaftaraan
population and civil registration
section Executing Agency to implement
the administrative affairs of population with
authority include:
a. Obtain information and correct data
about events population and significant
events reported by population;
b. Obtaining data on peridtiwa important
experienced by the population on the
basis of a judgment or court order;
c. To provide information on reports of
events on population and significant
events for the sake of inquiry, investigation, and evidence for the judiciary;
d. Managing data and utilize the
information resulting from the census
and civil registration development
purposes;
e. Asking for clarification on the decision
/ determination of the court that is not
in accordance with the procedures and
requirements Important pencatatan
Peristiwa; and
on Social Politics
561
f.
Refuse user requests personal data
yangpengajuannya population does not
comply with thelegislation.
The success of the process of policy
implementation is highly dependent on the
ability to utilize the resources available.
Certain stages and the overall implementation
process requires human resources of quality
in accordance with the job. The success of the
implementation of an integrated population
administration can not be separated from
the resources needed to improve service
manufacture Identity Card. Resources can
be optimized among others in the form of
human resources in the form of material or
equipment used to support the assignment of
employees.
To perform service tasks of identity cards
for the city of Tanjungpinang, Disduk capil
have some employees who work on service
tasks corresponding respective division
respectively, and assisted with support tools
in the service process so that the work can be
done quickly.
The division of tasks in jobs for
employees needed to support the service
process simultaneously for the smooth
process of the public service performed
by the Department of Population and Civil
Registration. It is necessary to expedite
the professionalism and quality of services
provided, other than that the division of tasks
also reduces the risk of error rates and the
accumulation of existing jobs, so that the
remaining time can be used to perform other
tasks. While the job descriptions of Population
and Civil Registration Tanjungpinang field
staff is divided into three parts, namely the
secretarial field, population, and civil records.
In addition to human resources,
other resources also need to be taken
into weigh as financial resources and time
resources. Because when human resources
are incompetent and incapable already
available while funding through the budget
is not available, then it will be a complicated
issue untukmerealisasikan what you want
addressed by public policy goals. Similarly, the
time resources. Currently, human resources,
hard-working and funding goes well, but
562
on Social Politics
collided with the issue of time is too tight, then
this can be the cause of the unsuccessful
irnplementasi policy.
B. supporting and inhibiting factors
in the service of the Population
Administration
integrated
in
Tanjungpinang
Public service is the provision of the
service needs of people or people who have
an interest in the organization in accordance
with the basic rules and procedures have thus
ditetapkan.Dengan is the fulfillment of public
service activities and the needs of society by
state officials. State established by the public
(public) course with the aim to improve the
welfare state essentially masyarakat.Pada in
this case is not the government (bureaucrats)
must be able to meet the needs of the
community. Requirement in this case is not
a requirement on an individual basis but the
various needs that were expected by society
Using
the
above
criteria
for
understanding public services according
Dwiyanto public services actually have a
range of very broad, which includes services
to meet the needs of public goods, basic needs
and rights , the obligation of the government,
and a national commitment.
1. factors supporting the Population
Administration services integrated
in Tanjungpinang
Success or failure of policy
implementation is not only caused by
factors derived from the organization or
organizing body. The target groups are
also factors that determine the success
of the implementation of a policy, which
is dependent on the support provided
by the policy object, from the study
mentioned that the factors supporting
most are the factors of the internal itself.
a. Alertness Human Resources (PNS)
One of the advantages in services
adminisrasi manufacture population
incity capil Dispenduk office
Tanjungpinang is the timeliness and
accuracy of data are appropriate.
The recognition of the community
Tanjungpinang, the informant in
an interview expressed good new
service asalakan know grooves
procedures that must be passed
along with the requirements that
must be completed.
b. Support Tools are Good
this policy was prepared to the
maximum the city government
unfortunate also mensuportnya
with supporting equipment or
hardware are adequate, according
to the observations of the author
dispenduk capil office is indeed a lot
of computers and machines to print
out a copy machine is prepared to
support the smooth running of the
process of making the National
Identity Card. In addition to the
human resources and infrastructure,
tools or tool also plays an important
role.
2.
obstacles in the service of the
Population Administration integrated
in Tanjungpinang
Each implementation of the policy
would lack the risk of failure, Hogwood
and Gunn in Abdul Wahab has divided
the sense of failure policies (policy
failure) in two categories, namely:
Non implementation (can not be
implemented), it means that a policy is
not implemented as planned, perhaps
because the parties involved in the
implementation will not cooperate, or
they have been working inefficiently,
working half-heartedly or because they
do not fully master the problems.
Unsuccessful implementation (implementation unsuccessful), meaning
that when a particular policy has been
implemented according to plan, but given the external conditions that were not
profitable, then the policy does not succeed in realizing the impact or the end
result desired. Usually wisdom who are
at risk for failure is due to the following
factors: the implementation is bad (bad
execution) and the policies it fared bad
(bad luck).
In this study also mentioned
obstacles to the implementation of
this policy which is a factor that can be
from inside or outside , although these
inhibiting factors unsucceesful not
reached the stage of implementation or
non-implementation but still needs to
be done in order to reform policies that
generated so maximum, the following
inhibiting factors, namely:
a. Electric power lack
The lack of power in the office of the
Department of Population and civil
Tanjungpinang cause of operational
inefficiency in the performance of
work in the Department of Population
and civil records Tanjungpinang.
b. Limited Workspace Office of
Population and Civil Registration
Tanjungpinang. The work space
is still limited due to the Office of
Population and Civil Registration
Tanjungpinang still join the office
of another and even part of the
Secretariat of Disduk separately
with
Office
building
disduk
Tanjungpinang,
causing
lack
of effectiveness of the services
provided to society Tanjungpinang,
c. Recorder Equipment KTP-el in
District faulty
Recording
equipment
KTP-el
dikecamatan still broken have not
been repaired or replaced by new lead
service recording KTP-el done in the
office Disduk Capil Tanjungpinang.
6. Conclusions
Policy centralizing the management
of identity cards is a step forward
Tanjungpinang City government, especially
in the field of public service to spruce up
residence administration system integrated
into one place for easy Tanjungpinang city
government in mapping the community so as
to create another policy has a concrete and
valid data and results for the utilization of
public services and the development of other
sectors. There are still many shortcomings
such as the lack of electrical power at the
on Social Politics
563
office disduk capil Tanjungpinang and even
the lack of adequate working space at
the office led to a lack of effectiveness in
ministry. Public Administration is a system of
cooperation between individuals who are in
public organizations so that the relationship
between the Public Administration and Public
Policy very closely for Public Policy is a
platform for individuals in public organizations
to achieve the purpose of the State, and in
this perspective of community satisfaction is
something that is so absolute that expected
in the future things that are mengahambat a
policy can be minimized.
REfEREnCEs
Dwiyanto, Agus. (2010). Public Service
Management: Caring, Inclusive, And
Collaborative. Yogyakarta, Gadjah
Mada University Press.
564
on Social Politics
Meter, Donald Van and Horn, Carl E Van
(1975). The Implementation Policy
Process; A Conceptual Framework,
Administration and Society, Vol 6, No
4.
Wahab, Abdul Solichin. (2008) Introduction to
Public Policy Analysis. Malang, UMM
Press.
Winarno, Budi, 2007, Public Policy, Theory
and
Process,
Jakarta:
Media
Pressindo.
GoVERnMEnT PoliCy in AddREssinG AiR PolluTion (HAZE) As A REsulT
of foREsT BuRnEd in RiAu And in PERsPECTiVE inTERnATionAl
RElATions
Junriana. Puspa sari. Meitia Rahmawati. norpadila. siti Khadijah. shahril Budiman
[email protected]
Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik (STISIPOL) Raja Haji
Tanjungpinang, Riau Islands, Indonesia
Abstract
Forest and land fires in Indonesia as a source of haze is cause Transboundary State. Land and forest
fires are often caused by human factors clearing land by burning. Singapore and Malaysia are also
affected by smog. Forest damage due to this burning occurred since the last few months and even has
included annual disasters that occurred in Indonesia precisely in Riau. Due to this disaster is very much
concerned about the community in the form of respiratory problems, many schools and colleges were
closed, flights canceled aircraft. None other than this catastrophe is due to land clearing by burning,
causing forest fires. A repeat of this disaster shows that the government in overcoming it. It should be
noted also about the status of Riau province under the Unitary Republic of Indonesia as it pertains to the
authority of the province of Riau on the forest and its territory. Causes of forest fires in Riau if a straight
line drawn it would involve paper plantation employers and managers to undertake new land clearing.
Forest fires in Riau arouse concern of all walks of life are affected. Each country retains sovereignty over
its territory. Countries can reduce mandatory legal regulations for its territory, has the executive power
(adiminstratif, policy), and his trial is the only one authorized to prosecute. Smog problem became an
international issue because this case cause pollution in neighboring countries (transboundary pollution)
so that they protested against Indonesia on the occurrence of this problem. Weak law in Indonesia make
arsonists rampant forest and there is no deterrent effect. If the law in Indonesia is more defined maybe
they will think twice to indent the wild forest burning. Act 32 of 2009 on the Protection and Management
of the Environment. As described in the Act 32 of 2009 that the good quality of the environment need to
be protected and managed properly.
Keywords: Haze. Deforestation. Government Policy
1.
inTRoduCTion
Issues forest fire smoke is a very
complicated problem that occurred in
Indonesia. Riau province that is located
adjacent to Singapore and Malaysia becomes
a source of transboundary haze for both
countries. As reported by the BBC on July 30,
2015 according to BMKG station Pekanbaru,
there are 186 hotspots detected, the region
Pelalawan (60 points), Siak (11), Indragiri Hilir
(45) Indragiri Hulu (54), Dumai (6) , Bengkalis
(5), Siak (11) and Kampar (3).
According to Syaufina Moses (Princess,
2014) are common causes of forest fires and
land as activities or events that are natural or
done deliberately by humans that cause the
process statement as well as fuel burning and
forest land. The definition of forest fuel, among
others, litter, grass, twigs of trees, shrubs and
leaves to become conductor of the fire.
Syafina Musa also said that in case of
forest fires in Riau to cause smog, deliberate
man is the main factor driving force ,
Combustion is done is an attempt to clear
the land then the land used for plantations.
Clear land by burning is considered as a way
to clear land cheaply and quickly, and can
help fertilize the land because of ash from the
combustion process will increase the soil pH
of acidic soil.
The problems above are problems that
occur annually prolonged. And in 2015 now
is the problem of forest fires is very worst.
Since the number of found hotspots makes
Riau covered with smog. Approximately 5669
hotspots were found. Compared to hotspots
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565
in 2014 more hotspots in now. That‟s why
forest fires in 2015 were considered severe.
According to Majid (Sakdiyah, 2013)
there were some fire-prone forests vulnerable
to fires, namely :
a. It is prone to fire, include forests in the
province of Riau, South Sumatra, Jambi,
Kalimantan, South Sulawesi, Central
Sulawesi and Southeast Sulawesi.
b. Quite inflammables, include forests in
the province of Aceh, Bengkulu, North
Sumatra, Central Java, East Java, Bali
and Nusa Tenggara.
c. Somewhat prone to fires, include forests
in the province of West Sumatra, West
Java, Yogyakarta, North Sulawesi,
Maluku and Irian Jaya.
Table 1. Extensive forest fires in 5 Provincial
Priorities (units Hectare)
PROVINSI
2011
2011
2013
2014
2015)*
RIAU
74,5
834,0
1.077,50
6.301,1
2.140,9
SUMSEL
84,5
-
484,15
8.504,9
124,1
JAMBI
89,0
11,6
199,10
3.470,6
139,0
KALBAR
-
565,7
22,7
3.556,1
366,7
KALTENG
22,0
55,2
3,1
4.022,9
72,2
4.768,6
44.546,84
3.025,8
SELU-RUH
INDONESIA
2.612,1 8.268,7
*period 1 January to 16 August 2015
Source : Report of the Unit and the Provincial
Forestry Office-Post PKHL 2015 (Panjaitan, 2015)
Judging from the picture above Riau
greatly from year to year prone to forest fires
and land. In the period January 1st 2015
until August 16, 2015 of land burned in Riau
reached 2.140.90 hectares. Compared to
the 2013 forest fires in 2015 this severe and
devastating. Impact in the form of smog even
disturbing to neighboring countries, especially
Singapore and Malaysia are now the same as
in 2015, to which it forest fires in Riau more
powerful than in 2013. In Indonesia haze from
forest fires has also resulted in local people
affected by the disease. Diseases caused
them is ISPA. Poor air quality due to smog
certainly affect the health of citizens. From 1
to 31 August 2080 has reached 205 cases.
(Okezone, 2015). But not only ISPA are the
impact of the disease caused by the smoke of
forest fires but there are four other diseases
566
on Social Politics
PNEU, Asthma, eyes and skin. As in the
following data :
Table 2. five diseases Haze in 12 districts/
Cities in Riau
Kabupaten/ Kota
ISPA
PNEU
ASMA
MATA
KULIT
TOTAL
DUMAI
3.745
49
117
80
375
4.386
INHIL
1.436
23
46
176
191
1.872
KAMPAR
2.240
9
78
53
151
2529
ROHUL
3.681
5
271
431
334
4.722
SIAK
4.885
223
230
255
671
6.237
559
21
42
7
29
658
BENGKALIS
2.918
98
185
209
199
309
PELALAWAN
2.094
69
93
156
195
2.607
ROHIL
1.676
131
82
299
360
2.548
KUANSING
4.571
3
345
336
243
5.498
INHU
2.523
1
116
154
170
2.964
MERANTI
PEKANBARU
TOTAL
9.947
66
225
312
321
10.871
40.278
698
1.830
2.468
3.239
48.513
Source: Riau Television on 2015, October 01
Based on the data above shows
the number of diseases caused by smog
from forest fires. The impact of forest fires
in Riau is not only the environmental impact
but also the social and economic impacts
for the community. These impacts such
as flying aircraft dibatalakn because of
reduced visibility, high school students from
kindergarten to high school and even college
students were closed, other communities
were disrupted activity, impaired respiratory
health of citizens in the form of ARI (Acute
Respiratory Infection) and the emergence
of international issues of smoke from forest
fires in Riau which cause losses of material
and immaterial in neighboring countries,
such as Malaysia and Singapore. And even
Singapore protest and sarcasm in social
media to the Indonesian haze problem with
hastag #TerimaKasihIndonesia (Okezone,
2015).
The impact of the haze of up to
Singapore and Malaysia this has become
an international issue because it crosses
the border or called Transboundary Haze
Pollution in terms of international law
on State responsibility. According to the
ASEAN Agreement on Transbondary Haze
Pollution, is an air pollution across borders is
“Transboundary Haze pollution means haze
pollution Whose physical origin is situated
wholly or in part within the area under the
national jurisdiction of a member state and
the which is transported into the area under
the jurisdiction of another member state
(Kompasiana, 2015).
From that sense, the smog that occurred
in Indonesia, especially in Riau very likely be
categorized as Transbondary Haze Pollution
due to the origin of the smog coming from
the Indonesian state and then blown into the
country of Singapore and Malaysia .
In spite of it all, the haze has become
rampant everywhere, even some areas
almost paralyzed no activity whatsoever.
Which widened our question, where the
Government? The government can not allow
this, the government must intervene, if noted
Handling smog is fairly slow and only a mere
ceremonial no special handling so that the
steps the government is not as fast as „‟ haze
„‟ that hit parts of the country.
The government, either central and local
(as an autonomous region) has a strategic
policy in this case, the haze can be overcome
if it is. First, the Government seriously, the
seriousness of the government should be
poured to create public policies that favor the
public is not a stranger. The second, Regulation
(arrangement), the government has power
(the power) to make regulations governing the
environment, at least the government could
have prevented the fires were.
Efforts to tackle the haze is still too
focused on emergency treatment of smoke,
but not touching the legal issues underlying
that could prevent smog repeated. In handling
the smog, the government has always focused
on pursuing the perpetrators. Looking for
actors in forest and land fires that hundreds
of thousands of hectares are like looking for a
needle in a haystack.
2.
disCussion
2.1 Clearing the Way Burned
Land clearing by burning forests
sometimes become the most frequently
performed by both individuals and companies.
Forest fires become the cheapest option and
easy to convert forest lands into oil palm
plantations, rubber plantations and other
agricultural land at the same time raise the
price of land. Land and forest fires have
catastrophic smoke, harmful physically and
psychologically. 2015, thought to be the most
severe smoke disaster ever experienced by
Indonesia.Anddonotneedtofindwhoisatfault
in the case of land and forest fires, because
the State, the Ministry and the governor allow
the burning is done when opening the land.
Land clearing by burning is allowed by the
state which was confirmed by Act No. 32 of
2009on the Protection and Management of
the Environment. In the explanation of Law
No. 32, Article 69 paragraph (2), explains:
Local wisdom referred to in this provision is
the burning of land with total area of up to
2 hectares per household to plant varieties
of local and surrounded by firebreaks as a
deterrent toinvasionof fire into thesurrounding
area. Referring to the Act, during combustion
with the breadth 2 Ha down, otherwise do not
violate the laws in force. As is known, an Act
to regulate land clearing by burning is Act 32
of 2009 on the Protection and Management
of the Environment. Here the sound of the
forest fire ban rule in Article 69 of Law No. 32
of 2009 on the Protection and Management
of the Environment, as quoted by detik.com
on the official website of the Parliament :
Paragraph (1) Every person is prohibited :
a. Perform acts that resulted in pollution
and/ or destruction of the environment
life
b. Entering B3 prohibited by legislation
into the territory of the Republic of
Indonesia
c. Entering the waste originating from
outside the territory of the Republic of
Indonesia to the environmental media
of the Republic of Indonesia
d. Incorporating B3 waste into the territory
of the Republic of Indonesia
e. Disposing of waste intoenvironment
f. Disposing B3 and B3 environmental
media
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567
g.
h.
i.
j.
Releasing genetically modified products
into environmental media contrary to
the legislation or environmental permits
Conducting clearing by burning
Develop EIA without a certificate of
competence constituent EIA; and/ or
give false information, misleading,
eliminating
Information, damaging information, or
provide incorrect
Information,
however
see
the
circumstances that occurred at this time a
lot of smoke everywhere due to forest fires
unexpected Minister LHK agreed to prohibit
the burning of forests by way of revision of the
Environmental Law Life (Newsdetik, 2015).
Rules governing the prohibition of burning
forests to clear land assessed is still loose.
Ministry of Environment and Forests (LHK)
will revise the rule. local regulations and
revision of Law 32 of 2009 on the protection
and management of the environment.
Act No. 32 of 2009 on the Protection
and Management of the Environment
Article 14 states that the instruments of
prevention of pollution and / or damage to the
environment one is to carry out the Strategic
Environmental Assessment (SEA). This study
must be prepared by the government and
local authorities to ensure that the principles
of sustainable development has been the
foundation and integrated in the development
of a region and/or Policies, Plans, and / or
the program (PPP). And in Law No. 32 of
2009 in Article 13 stated that pengedalian
pollution and/or damage to the environment
conducted in the framework of environment
conservation. Pengedalian pecemaran and
/ or damage to the environment is made
up of three things: prevention, mitigation
and restoration of the environment by
implementing a variety of instrumentinstrument, namely: environmental analysis
straegis (SEA), spatial, environmental quality
standards, krriteria quality standards of
damage environmental, permitting, economic
instrument of environmental, legislation based
environment, budget-based environment, risk
analysis environment, environmental audits,
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on Social Politics
and other instruments in accordance with the
needs and / or the development of science.
Based on the report of a research
institute , the human factor is the cause
of forest fires in a number of provinces.
According Syaufina (2008) in his book, forest
fires in Indonesia, almost 99 percent of forest
fires in Indonesia caused by human activity.
Forest fires occur because of two factors:
natural factors and human factors. Natural
factors are common during the dry season
when the weather is very hot. However, the
main cause of forest fires are land clearing
which includes:
a. Land uncontrolled burning that spread
to other land Land clearing is carried
out both by the public and companies.
But when clearing implemented on a
large scale burning, the fire was difficult
to control. Land clearing for plantations
implemented, HTI, dry land farming,
resonant and fishing. clearing the most
dangerous is in the swamp/ peat.
b. The use of land to make the land
vulnerable to fires, for example in the
former land of the concession and in
areas beralang grasslands.
c. The conflict between the burning lands
of local people whose lands want to be
taken over by the company, to expel
society. Fire reduces the value of the
land by making land to deteriorate, and
thus the company will more easily be
able to take over the land to make the
payment of compensation to the original
inhabitants.
d. In some cases, local residents also set
fire to protest the takeover of their land
by palm oil companies.
e. The level of income of the people is
relatively low, so it was forced to choose
an alternative that is easy, cheap and
fast to land clearing
f. Lack of law enforcement against companies that violate regulations clearance
g. Chance/ other activities that pose a
fire. Forest fires caused by human
negligence may occur for example
because of cigarette butts discarded
in the forest area, campfire in the
forest that forgot to shut down or not
completely dead when abandoned,
waste incineration, and various other
omissions. Dry forests due to drought
will be more sensitive when exposed
to fire. inadvertence is what will be a
negative impact on the result in a fire.
Society should be more careful when
using fire three are in the woods.
2.2 Efforts to control forest fires
Forest fire events that have recently
occurred in Indonesia left a trail of destruction
that is very powerful. Wildfires produce smoke
haze harmful in very large quantities. This
resulted in the closure of hundreds of schools
and several local airports, and might have
resulted in respiratory distress to the people
suffering the effects of smog.
Tragically, this is not a forest fire
events that occurred only a moment. Last
year, Indonesian frequent forest fires in the
region of the same. Preventing forest fires
that constantly recur and protect the public,
business activities, and forests in Indonesia,
requires a proactive plan to prevent fires in
the future, or at least significantly reduce the
intensity of a fire.
As we know forest fires are frequent
in Indonesia is not the but every year his
usual forest fires occur frequently, and we
can feel. Here the government itself not
fully to meyikapi problem of forest fires and
forest fires continue to occur every year her
and the causes of these fires affect people
who experience and feel the smog, from the
causes of forest fires are.
Often the crisis hit Indonesia forest
fires, society and the economy to feel the
impact of the forest fires. But to follow up
the fire, the government has done a plan of
prevention, suppression and treatment of
post-fire proactive and comprehensive, with
an emphasis and involves governments,
and businesses can help ensure that forests
in Indonesia could continue to provide
economic benefits, social and environmental
problems in the year -next year. There are 3
stages in dealing with forest fires according to
Panjaitan:
a. Prevention
of forest fires are all efforts, actions
or activities undertaken to prevent or
reduce the possibility of forest fires.
1. Coordination of the parties (local
communities, local governments,
practitioners, business permits,
NGOs TNI/ police, Academician)
 Coordination of programs and
budgets related to forest fire control
and land
 Developing networks that support
the control of forest fires
 Sharing information and technology
controlling forest fires and land,
2. Awareness
and
community
assistance through counseling,
campaigns, muster, joint patrols
society and training of forest fire
prevention in the environment.
 Growing
knowledge
and
understanding of
 changes in attitudes
 Increasing the participation and
support of
3. Detection and Early Warning
 System Warning Fire (SPBK) of
Automatic Weather System (AWS)
and the BMKG
 Detection of hotspots via satellite
NOAA (National Ocean and
Atmospheric Administration)
4. Making Rain Artificial
Advantage
of
the
weather
conditions were not yet dry/ cloud is
still potential for accelerated to rain
(seeding salt).
b. Extinction
1. Extinction ground in cooperation
with BNPB, BPBDs, TNI/ police,
Plantation Company/ Forestry, MPA
and other elements)
2. Extinction of the air : water bombing
Post-fire Handling
Handling post-fire will be done through
following activities:
1. Collecting materialinformation
2. Identification
3. Monitoring
the
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4. Rehabilitation
5. Law Enforcement
Efforts of forest fire prevention must
of course be in sync with prevention efforts.
Because however, prevention is much better
than memanggulangi. There are various ways
you can do in order to prevent forest fires,
especially that caused by human actions.
Prevention efforts is to raise awareness of the
public, especially those who deal directly with
the forest. These communities usually live in
forest areas and expand agricultural areas by
burning. The government must seriously hold
sosialisi so that it can be prevented.
3.3 Forest fires result from government
failure in indonesia
Indonesia has many laws on
paper to protect peatlands that are currently
burning. But in its implementation, these laws
often collide with each other and in practice
selective logging impressed. The Indonesian
government must deal with this seriously
and consistently, cracking down on violators,
indiscriminately whether they are executives,
speculators or browser. Through PPPeat, burn
land can not be ignored anymore in national
law. Forest and land fires in Indonesia that
occur almost every year can be said to be due
to weak law enforcement in Indonesia so that
left a deep sorrow for the wider community
and the environmental savior. The struggles
of the environmental leaders seem futile due
to the greed of the few and the inability of the
state (government) in addressing forest and
land fires this.
In many cases, forest fires also
originated from deliberate human burning
of forest and land to be used for plantations
(HTI), oil palm plantations, and the forest
encroachers. Combustion also performed
on agricultural land / plantation to clean the
dried leaves of the plant, the remains of the
harvest, as well as the potential location of
plant wastewater plantation / agricultural land
preparation activities. In the face of this policy
of a country become a benchmark in taking
a decision against the problems that often
occur at this time. State policy is an action
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that leads to the goal of behavior or action that
completely random and coincidental. Thomas
R.Dye (1978) explains that the wisdom of the
state is the choice for any actions taken or
not wanted by the government. A government
law enforcement policies that govern all
forms that have been made with various laws
and regulations that already exist. But look
at the situation now rampant actors burner
inversely with various perudangan existing
regulations. That is, the various rules had not
been properly enforced by all components in
the country.
There are regulations that govern how
people are allowed to burn the forest. Here
are the rules of regulatory law that justifies
the people clearing land by burning. Fires
should not occur because the Law number
32 of 2007 it was clear that forest fires can
be done only for the local wisdom is not for
the commodity. Its legal basis, namely Law
No. 32/2009 on environmental management
based on local wisdom, where the rules of
the local communities are allowed to clear
land by burning, provided that the maximum
land area of two hectares. According to Andi
(Kabar24, 2015), is currently Riau Police has
been conducting law enforcement in handling
land and forest fires that freeze the operational
license of the company, the cancellation of
the license, and the rest being made efforts to
investigate more
Some products related laws and forest
land has actually been prohibit the burning
of forests and land. In fact, the rules made
has also threatens penalties for violating this
prohibition. As in Law (UU) No. 41/1999 on
Forestry (Article 50, Paragraph (3) letter d)
states that each person is allowed to burn
the forest. Whoever willfully violates the
provisions referred to in Article 50 paragraph
(3) letter d, punishable by a maximum
imprisonment of 15 years and a maximum
fine of Rp 5 billion. In the explanation also
mentioned, each of imprisonment and fines
to the convicted person, a violation of Article
50 paragraph (3) letter d, may also be subject
to criminal penalties extra.
If through negligence violates the
provisions referred to in Article 50 paragraph
(3) letter d, threatened with imprisonment
of five years and a maximum fine of Rp 1.5
billion. The criminal offenses referred to in
Article 50 Paragraph (1), paragraph (2), and
paragraph (3), if carried out by and/ or on
behalf of the legal entity or entities, claims
and criminal sanction imposed against
its officials, either individually or together,
subject to punishment in accordance with the
criminal threat each coupled with one-third
of the sentence imposed. Parties included
legal entity or entities, including limited
liability companies, limited partnership(com
anditervenootschaap),firms,
cooperatives,
and the like. Meanwhile, the Law No. 32/2009
on the Protection and Management of the
Environment, Article 69 Paragraph (1) letter
h mentioned that everyone prohibited from
clearing land by burning. Mentioned in Article
108, any person who does the burning of land
referred to in Article 69 paragraph (1) letter
h shall be punished with imprisonment of a
minimum of three years and maximum 10
years and a fine of at least Rp 3 billion and
Rp 10 billion at most. If the environmental
crime committed by, for, or on behalf of a
business entity, criminal prosecution and
criminal sanctions imposed on entities and/or
the person who gave the order to commit the
crime or the person acting as the leader in the
activities of the criminal offense. Paragraph (2)
states, if the environmental crime as referred
to in paragraph (1) shall be persons, which
is based on employment or other relation
acting within the scope of corporate, criminal
sanctions imposed against giving the orders
or the leader of a criminal offense without pay
attention to the criminal act was committed
individually or jointly.
Article 117 of this law states, if the
criminal charges filed with the giver of the
command or leader of a criminal offense
referred to in Article 116 Paragraph (1) b,
the criminal sanctions imposed in the form
of imprisonment and fines exacerbated by
one-third. Mentioned in article 118, of the
offenses referred to in Article 116 paragraph
(1) letter a, criminal sanctions imposed on
entities represented management authorized
to represent inside and outside the court in
accordance with the laws and regulations of
carrying out functional. Furthermore, in Article
119, in addition to punishment as provided
for in this Act, to the business entity may be
subject to additional criminal or procedural
measures such as :
a. Deprivation gains from criminal acts
b. Closure of all or part place of business
and/or activities
c. Repairs due to criminal acts
d. Responbility doing what neglected
without the right
e. Placement of companies under
guardianship maximum of three years
In addition, there is Law No. 39/2014
on Plantation. In Article 56 paragraph (1) is
mentioned, every farm business operators
allowed to open and / or cultivate land by
burning. Penalties morning offender under
Article 108 which states, every business
estates are opened and / or cultivate land by
burning as referred to in Article 56 paragraph
(1) shall be imprisoned for a long time of 10
years and a maximum fine of Rp 10 billion.
Indonesia has laws to protect forests
and limit forest fires, they are very poorly
implemented.ForestmanagementinIndonesia
has long been plagued by corruption. Officers
Underpaid government combined with the
prevalence of disreputable businessmen
and shifty politicians, mean logging bans go
unenforced, trafficking in endangered species
is overlooked, environmental regulations are
ignored, parks are used as timber farms, and
fines and prison sentences never come to
pass.
In this case the error was first supposed
to be inflicted on the Indonesian government
for systematic failure to promote laws that are
designed to reduce the rate of deforestation
that is surprising in this country. Since 1990,
official figures have shown that Indonesia
has lost a quarter of the total forest area.
Reduction in primary forests was worse:
nearly 31 percent of the island‟s old-growth
forests have fallen into the hands of miners
and land developers over the same period.
In fact, deforestation rates have not slowed
down. Forest loss in one year has risen by
19 percent since the late 1990s, while each
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571
year of primary forest loss has expanded by
26 percent. These statistics should be an
embarrassment to Indonesia and evidence of
the inability of the government address forest
loss and the inability to cope with cronies and
corruption.
2.4 international Relations in issue Haze
Study international relations is quite
applicable in view of the haze. This is caused
by some of the processes inherent therein,
among others:
a. The haze become an international issue
because of its impact on cross-country.
Singapore and Malaysia‟s neighbors
who feel the smog and disturbing
aktivias their communities disrupted.
b. Singapore and Malaysia did a diplomatic
protest against Indonesia and that
Indonesia is not serious enough to
handle the issue of smog that become
problems yearly occur every dry season.
Two things above are explained the
importance of the issues that can be studied in
international relations. According Candradewi
there are several theories that can be
presented today in the theory of international
relations that is securitization.
Securitization was first triggered by
thinkers from the Copenhagen School Barry
Buzan, Ole Waever and Jaap D Wilde
(Candradewi, 2014). Securitization offers
security assessment approach outside the
country and military discourse as understood
by realpolitik. This framework reveals two
processes:
a. Imaging particular issue as an existential
threat to the referent object-a perceived
danger and have legitimate demands
for protected
b. Involving
actors
(further
called
securitization
actor)
who
mensekurutisasi issues by declaring
something, referent object, which
existential threatened.
The fires that result in smog Riau
in particular can not be separated from
unsustainable environmental management
(not responsible). Government as securitizing
actor then declared reduction and the
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on Social Politics
country‟s position on the issues referred to
the smog due to forest fires.
Do not just use any securitization theory
in solving the smog problem in international
relations but also with international
environmental law. At dasanya international
environmental law states concerning the
legal protection related to air pollution across
borders, air pollution from forest fires is
contrary to the principles of international
environmental law, among others the principle
of «Sic uter tuo ut alienum non laedes»
which determines that a country prohibited
or permitted doing activities that could harm
other countries and the principle of good
neightbour (Muzaqir 2011)
ASEAN
Community
chose
the
environment as one of the main reference
is the desire to become a regional ASEAN
community clean and green, environmentally
friendly and do a natural resources
sustainably. The fundamental reason for this
is the environmental issue is now an issue
that has been of concern in international
relations, especially against the problems of
smog that to achieve cross-border originating
from forest fires, particularly the issue of forest
fires in Indonesia.
The principle of good neightbour
and accountability state, when it is evident
that foreign companies are the cause of
palm oil and the lack of oversight by the
government to be able to make the region
as the location of forest fires that akibatanya
smog poses to the neighboring country
(transboundary haze pollution). And of course
the government should be responsible for this
issue has become especially international
permasalahn. A concern of the countries
affected by smog thethat is characterized
by the response of the Singaporean
government will send a Chinook helicopter
and bumbi bucket. Meanwhile, the Malaysian
government to prepare Bombardier CL415
water bombing aircraft, the statement is
evidence that the issue of smog that occurred
in Indonesia has entered the regional issues,
since both nations are part of ASEAN. In a
statement responding to the neighboring
country, the President of Indonesia said that
the Indonesian government will work together
to fight smog and are responsible for the
behavior of its citizens who burn the forest
and causing disruption of othercountries.
In addressing transboundary haze pollution,
should involve all stakeholders, local
termasukmasyarakat, NGOs, farmers and
private companies. There is no question if
the NGOs urged the Indonesian government
to immediately ratify the agreement, the
government and parliament should not stalling
in addressing smog because over time will
have an impact worse. ASEAN has also been
implementing several important programs,
the establishment of ASEAN Community
in 2015 accelerated from the previous, the
concept will be realized in 2020 are relevant to
the formulation of the control aspects of land
and forest fires in the ASEAN Vision 2020
(Beritalingkungan, 2015). If the agreement
is ratified, many gains Indonesia such as,
utilizing human resources and equipment in
the ASEAN countries and outside ASEAN
for monitoring, assessment and emergency
response of forest fires or land which cause
pollution of transboundary haze pollution.
According to Shaw, the characteristics
important emergence of state responsibility is
influenced by several factors :
1. The existence of an international legal
obligations that apply between two
specific countries.
2. The existence of an act or omission
in violation of international legal
obligations that bore the responsibility
of the state.
3. The damage or loss as a result of acts
that violate legal or omissions. The
law of state responsibility is developed
through the common law arising from
state practice, expert opinion, as well
as an international court ruling.
2.5 Role of AsEAn in dealing Problems
for forest fire Haze
The haze problem that has occurred
in Indonesia, especially in Riau has an
advanced center of attention for the countries
of Southeast Asia, especially the effects of this
smog until menujui neighboring Singapore
and Malaysia are becoming international
problems because it has cross-border. Thus
the role of ASEAN as the largest organization
in Southeast Asia is very important. And takes
control of forest fires effectively done through
the cooperation of ASEAN.
In June 2002 the countries in
ASEAN have signed an agreement that aims
to monitor and prevent smog through various
forms of cooperation agreed upon, known
as ASEAN Agreement on Transboundary
Haze Pollution that has been in force since
25 November 2003. Six countries have
ratified it. By 2005, seven countries have
ratified namely Brunei Darussalam, Malaysia,
Myanmar, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam
and Laos. But not with Indonesia. ASEAN
Agreement on Transboundary Haze Pollution
in Article 3 No. 5 on Principles states that “The
Parties, in dealing with transboundary haze
pollution, should involve, as appropriate, all
stakeholders, including local communities,
NGOs, farmers and private companies”.
(Syaifuddin, 2015). No question that the
NGOs urged the Indonesian government
to immediately ratify the agreement, the
government and parliament should not
stalling. However, forest fires and haze still
haunt the region, which apparently failed to
stop a lot of the practice of land clearing by
burning.
Abdul khakim (2005) said of a
country but is widespread kenegara ASEAN,
the implementation of forest fire control is
done through forms of cooperation fellow
members of ASEAN. Clearly, the role of
ASEAN greatly assist the Indonesian state
of haze problem faced today, the forest fires
in Indonesia gives a result some ASEAN
countries (Association of Southeasth Asian
Natoins) which is caused by forest fires not
only melingkup so great benefits of forests for
human , so that if there is damage, as now
burning of land that produce smog causing
unfavorable impact in the order of human life.
Formally ASEAN cooperation in the
environmental field began in 1978, marked
by the establishment of the ASEAN Experts
Group on the Environment (Aege) under
the Committee on Science and Technology
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573
(COST). Formation of the container is intended
to strengthen the cooperation that has
been initiated since 1971 by the Permanent
Committee on Science and Technology.
Ketika it, Aege given a mandate to prepare
the ASEAN Environmental Programme
(ASEP) program that ASEAN activities in the
environmental field. Along with the expansion
of the scope of the cooperation environment
in the ASEAN region, in 1990 formed the
ASEAN Senior Officials on the Environment
(ASOEN) containing six working groups :
a. Handling of transboundary pollution
b. Nature conservation
c. Environment life
d. Environmental management
e. Economic environment.
f. The information environment, increased
knowledge and public awareness.
figure 1. AsEAn Agreement on
Transboundary Haze Pollution Agreement
Article 3 no. 5
Source: ASEAN Transboundary Haze Pollution
Agreement
As described in Figure 1 the 1997
ASEAN Agreement on the ASEAN Agreement
on Transboundary Haze Pollution (AATHP)
2002, there in article 3 paragraph 3, the
Parties should take precautionary measures
to anticipate, prevent and control pollution
of smoke as a result of land and / or forest
fires should be reduced, to minimize its side
effects. Where there are threats of serious
or irreversible damage of transboundary
haze pollution, even without full scientific
certainty, precautions should be taken by
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on Social Politics
the Party concerned). According to Article
3 Paragraph 3 above, the Government as
a State administrators in required to take
measures to prevent forest fires in order to
avoid environmental damage and pecemaran
cross-border and carry out the mandate
of Article 3 Paragraph 1 to not endanger
human health or minimize the impact of forest
fires in Indonesia form smog haze which is
debilitating and human health experienced
by the people of Indonesia itself and also by
the people of Malaysia. Article 3 Paragraph 4
confirms that, the state is required to manage
and use forest resources in a sustainable and
environmentally friendly (Rafina, 2013)
Efforts to control environmental
pollution in fact has adopted legislation
foreign investment ASEAN countries. In
the framework of cooperation of developing
countries, especially the ASEAN countries
in the fields of air pollution .. Indonesia also
donated mind, in addition to donating mind
Indonesia also donated basic concepts about
the problem of smog.
ASEAN as a regional organization in
Southeast Asia has a role and responsibility
in create security and stability, economic,
social, political and relationships among its
members. ASEAN also sought to reinforce
their position as a regional organization
to develop what are known as Zones of
Peace, freedom and neutrality or a Zone of
Peace, Freedom and Neutraliy (ZOFAN).
ASEAN selecting environmental program
as one of the main reference in regional
policy is the main desire of ASEAN to be
clean and green area, with reference to
the principles of sustainable development
mechanisms, environmental friendly and do
a natural resources sustainably. Indonesia‟s
problems are the world‟s problems, the global
community should improve the opportunity
to demonstrate this with the attitude of a
disastrous fire that smart and well coordinated
to find solutions together. But ASEAN is
expected to play its role to resolve this issue.
In 1990, ASEAN countries have
conducted various forms of cooperation
to address the problem of smog. Starting
from the establishment of the ASEAN Haze
Technical Est Force: Sub-Regional Fire
Fighting Arrangements: ASEAN Regional
Haze Action Plan (ARHAP), up to the ASEAN
Agreement on Pollution of Transboundary
Haze or ASEAN Transboundary Haze
Pollution Control (AATHP) which has been
signed by the ASEAN countries in June 2002,
and has been in effect since November 25,
2003. The consequences of the entry into force
of this AATHP is immediate establishment of
the ASEAN Coordinating Centre (ACC) for
Transboundary Haze Pollution Control who
will perform the functions of coordination
from the stage of prevention, monitoring, and
prevention and mitigation of fires land and
forests polluting smog (Rafina, 2013)
If Indonesia ratified, many advantages
are obtained such as, utilizing human
resources and equipment in the ASEAN
countries and outside ASEAN for monitoring,
assessment and emergency response of forest
fires or land which caused smoke pollution
across batas.Meningkatkan education and
awareness through ASEAN cooperation and
international assistance in terms of prevention,
mitigation and control of forest fires, as well
as strengthening the management and
capacity in terms of prevention, mitigation,
preparedness, monitoring, and control of
forest fires penganggulangan .
3.
ConClusions
Fires in Riau is a fire that adversely affect
public health. Various diseases arising in
result of the smog. Even schools, universities
and courts were closed and flights community
activity was inhibited. It also affects the haze
to neighboring countries namely Malaysia and
Singapore. Forest fires occur as a result of the
work of human hands irresponsible. Although
the existing law governing the Protection and
Management of the Environment, but the
person who does not care about the forest
burning effects of the act of doing. Being a
PR for the government to address the issue of
smog, the government should not just focus
on finding who is put through forest fires
covering an area of hundreds of thousands
of hectares. But the government must find
solutions to existing problems, while the
application of existing law in Indonesia is very
weak and therefore the need for firmness
of the government to give strict punishment
to the person even though these elements
are still under government circles. So that
persons concerned feel the deterrent effect
of the offense, and other people are afraid
and think twice about doing the same thing.
The smoke haze pollution problem has
also threatened the stability of the security,
economy and lives of individuals in the
ASEAN member countries, especially the
smog from forest fires in Indonesia, where the
environmental impact is not only on a national
but to reach across national borders, such as
Malaysia and Singapore. Indonesia polluter
countries also have a responsibility to the
impacts arising from pollution. sebagaiman
contained in the provisions and instruments
in international law that governs on an act or
omission blamed for causing losses to the
state when other countries. So in this case it
takes the role and cooperation of the member
countries of ASEAN.
4.
1.
2.
3.
suGGEsTions
Although smog is not so impacted in
Jakarta but the government should be
sensitive to people who are in Riau who
feel the effects of haze due to forest
fires.
The law must be enforced and the
provision of strict sanctions should be
applied in order to give deterrent effect
to the perpetrators.
Should Act that already exists evaluated
again in order to run a policy that is
applied to become more focused and
better.
REfEREnCEs
Book and Journal
Candradewi, Renny. (Marc, 2014). Forest Fire
and Haze in Riau in the Perspective of
International Relations. 1 (03), 1-9.
Dye, Thomas R. (1978). Understanding Public
Policy. Prentice Hall, Englewood
Cliffs, NJ
Khakim,
Abdul.
(2005).
Introduction to
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Indonesian Forestry Law (in the Era
of Regional Autonomy). Bandung: PT
Citra Aditya Bakti
Lailan, Syaufina. (2008). Forest and land fires
in Indonesia. Malang: PT Bayu Media
Muzaqir,
Muahammad.
(May,
2011).
Assessment
of
Environmental
Law Internastiona Against Fires in
Indonesia which Causes Air Pollution
in Malaysia. 2 (3), 1-23
Princess, Rizca. (2014). Annual Disaster
Haze Riau in Political Views Green. 1
(03), 1-7
Rafina, Raisa. (October, 2013). Cooperation
of ASEAN Countries in the Control of
Transboundary Air Pollution Control
State In View of International Law. 1-7
Sakdiyah, Salamatus. (December, 2013).
Kebakran Forest Protection of Forests
in Indonesia. 3 (02), 1-7. Acsess from
http://jurnalilmiahhtp2013.bologspot.
co.id
Shaw, Malcolm. (1997). International Law.
Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press.
Conference Proceedings
Panjaitan, Rafless. B. (2015, September 07).
Land and Forest Fires and Climate.
UNORCID Dialogue: El Nino: Lessons
from Past Experience to Guide
Planning and Response. Jakarta
Electronic Media
Gunawan, Arif. Http://kabar24.bisnis.com.
Forest Fire Triggers Regulations
2015. Claimed Has
Withdrawn. Acsess from http://kabar24.bisnis.
com edition of 29 October 2015 on 20
November 2015
http: // beritalingkungan. 2015. Singapore and
Malaysia Send Aircraft Water Bombing
to Overcome Disasters Smoke.
Acsess from http: // beritalingkungan
edition of 09 October 2015 on 22
November 2015
576
on Social Politics
http://m.okezone.com.2015. Due to Haze,
Pekanbaru terseran Thousands of
ISPA. Acsess from http://m.okezone.
com edition September 2, 2015 on 25
October 2015
Pebri,
Tuwanto. Http://kompasiana.com.
Acsess
from
http://kompasiana.
com edition 19 Septeber 2015 on 22
November 2015
Sarono. Http://www.sinarharapan.com.2015.
Weak Law Enforcement, Forest
burner rampant. Acsess from http://
www.sinarharapan.com edition of 09
October 2015 on 11 November 2015
Triyoga, Hardani. Http://news.detik.com.
2015. Forest Fire Ban, Minister LHK
Agree Revised Environmental Law.
Acsess from http://news.detik.com
edition 26 october 2015 on November
5, 2015
Wibisono,
Gunawa.
Http://m.okezone.
com.2015. Neighbors Protest Haze,
JK Indonesia More Suffer. Acsess
from http://m.okezone.com edition of
September 18 2015 on 25 October
2015.
www.bbc.com.Point 2015. Increased Fire,
Fires in Riau Can Spreads. Acsess
from www.bbc.com edition July 30,
2015 on 21 October 2015.
document
ASEAN Agreement on Transboundary Haze
Pollution
Web
http://world.mongabay.com Page.2015.
Failure of Government. Acsess from
http://world.mongabay.com on 11
November 2015
Syaifuddin,
Muhammad.
Http://
mhmdsyaifuddin.2015. ASEAN‟s Role
in Tackling Haze Fires in Indonesia.
Acsess from http: // mhmdsyaifuddin
on 22 November 2015
CHAPTER 8
on Social Politics
577
578
on Social Politics
CRiME ConTRoVERsy ARisinG ouT of PoliCy AREA dEsiGnATion of
fREE TRAdE ZonE (fTZ) RiAu islAnds
Endri Sanopaka, Reza Septiadi, Nurfirasari, Suryanti,
dewi Hartati, narti, shahril Budiman
[email protected]
High School of Social and Political Sciences (STISIPOL) Raja Haji
Tanjungpinang, Riau Islands, Indonesia
Abstract
Criminality problem passes by State or called by trans national crime constitutes one of many it about
problem which knock block off Indonesia about problem which rarely been floodlit and at this account
for gently becomes redoubtable bogey society in particular that lies lansung at areas territorial dot free
trade zoning.Commanding policy that prop development which is free trade Area policy where that
policy is more increase development to aim economics. This policy was carried on at severally region at
Indonesian among those is Batam‟s Area, Bintan and Karimun. In International regional scale, Batam‟s
free trade and Free Port area, Bintan, Karimun lays in band about International navigational trajectory
one navigate Malacca strait. To the effect in research this which is to evaluate free trade Area policy
and Bintan‟s Free Port Tanjungpinang‟s City Region. After been done research, can be known that
free trade Area policy and Bintan‟s Free Port Frees Bintan by BPK Tanjungpinang‟s City Region walks
was good. There is Things even causative was good that because of umpteen factor, for example as
follows: Promotion that is done don‟t walk effective. Supporting resource as port as was visually been
built by BPK. so insufficiently gets to pull Investor to do commerce at Territorial Tanjungpinang‟s city. Still
available problems in term finances. This because of kucuran lents fund that necessarily at downs from
Federal for development porting not walks effective. So constrains this policy success.
Keywords: Controversy, Policy, FTZ, Trans National Crime
1.
inTRoduCTion
1.1 Problem background
Riau‟s archipelago constitute region
that its position by the side of internation trade
band most multitude is universalized. Its such
role that essential as one of gate and national
economic spear tip. Its region position one
nearby Malaysian neighbouring state and
Singapore, making region at archipelagic
Riau becomes place that really strategic for
service and commerce area. kepri BBK‟s
issuing as Area Of free trade and Free Port
as it were that is poured in UU No.44 year
2007 and PP No. No. years 2009. it gives
big expectation for absorbing economics
growth, since in BBK‟S performing as Free
Trade Zoning has had strong law umbrella
and as positive law that shall be performed
by Indonesia society, notably penarapannya
at BBK. According to Bahrum (2008) drawing
near FTZ‟S application and Free Is Port,
Government and entrepreneur and all “ stake
holders ” at kepri shall anticipate its quick
growth at two lini economies. Existence “ dual
economy ” at formal sector and informal and
included also business illegal and illegal‟s
transactions. If implementatif FTZ‟s model
pass through policy at Board Of (regulator
FTZ) and Area Enterpasing Body (FTZ‟S
operator) progressively pro investment
therefore FTZ‟S policy aim will reap business
escalation at sectorallies substantive.
Decentralisation concerning allocation
lents fund and local decision making one
of essential Indicator measure it is region
economic growth if healthy emulation
happening and interregional economy
generalization appealed by term in advance.
Economic growth at region pushes investment
because kewenangan region
increases.
One of local government policy to increase
economic growth at region is with perform
government policy which is FTZ. Batam‟s free
trade and Free Port area, Bintan, Karimun
on Social Politics
579
constitutes one of National Strategics Area
and Special Economic Area candidate deep
shaped free trade and Free Port Area. In order
to operasionalisasi‟s effort Batam‟s free trade
and Free Port Area, Bintan, Karimun was
established too regulation Presidential No. 9,
10, and 11 Years 2008 about free trade Area
Councils and Batam‟s Free Ports, Bintan, and
Karimun as shaped as its institute. But its
performing and outcome from kebijakn FTZ
is still restrain from what do be expected, so it
what does need we are talked over to become
membered aspiration absorption DPD.
As region that bertipikal as border and
side by side straightforward with two Singapore
and Malaysia Neighbouring State, need how
big been assessed implement influence at
Indonesian especially at kepri especially
diBatam besides this region constitutes one
of Indonesian economic growth center. What
is illegal‟s practices upon have bearing with
will be applied its free trade at Indonesian
remember China product that popularly is a
steal a lot of diperjualbelikan at kepri. Need to
be done by research to dig up and identifying
exhaustively ilegal‟s practices any kind that
happening kepri, identifying sector, pattern,
agent, place, time, and the interesting
authoritative parties in practice ilegal at kepri,
and accounting gets what and any kind state
loss potency on ilegal‟s practices at kepri this
comprises also bearing with implemented
free trade area at Indonesian.
2.
METHodoloGy
This research utilize descriptive
approaching. Explanation to observational
object will good do narrative ala. Data that
becomes explanation basic range acquired
primary data of survey and gathered
secondary data of mass media and also
other information of bound up other institutes.
This research ranges. Studi and local mass
media communication analysis. Its focus
is communication to illegal‟s practices at
kepri. Study and result analysis investigates
and this study is done by undertaking cross
crosses a cheque among data sort already
been gathered. dikomparasikan‟s primary
data with secondary data
580
on Social Politics
3.
sTudy
3.1 BAsis foR lAW And in A flAsH
ABouT BATAM BinTAn KARiMun’s
fREE TRAdE AREA
Basis for policy and free trade Area
Functions and Free Port (KPBPB) Batam,
Bintan, Karimun (BBK) constitute one
of National Strategics Area (KSN) and
Special Economic Area candidate (KEK)
in KPBPB‟S form. Concerning with thisa
development, was gotten a cooperative deal
signing process economic among Indonesia
Government with Commanding Singapore.
That cooperative deal then followed up
by marks sense developmental location
establishment KPBPB passes through No.46
/‟s Government regulation 2007 for KPBPB
Batam, PP No.47 / 2007 for KPBPB Bintan
and PP No.48 / 2007 for KPBPB Karimun.
In order to operasionalisasi KPBPB Batam‟s
effort, Bintan, Karimun was established too
regulation Presidential No. 9, 10, and 11
Years 2008 about KPBPB Batam‟s Area
Council, Bintan, Karimun as shaped as
its institute. Besides aforesaid policies
already become Indonesian Government
commitments, therefore if is sighted from
national urban system aspect and positioning
its geographical, this BBK‟S area also have
big potency, for example: BBK‟S Area
function national ala is that of Center National
activity (PKN), Center National Strategic
activity (PKSN), and Territorial activity Center
(PKW)
one
that
strategics;
Geographically, BBK‟S area lays in
internation trade band that makes as portal
of its current input strange investment go to
Indonesia, particularly because closeness
it with Singapore and Malaysia. If backed
up by infrastructure existence suitably
and competitive, therefore thisa cans be
competitive area and gets tall competitiveness;
BBK‟S area lies in the middle international
market (Singapore, China, India, Australia,
and wider the world market another).
(penataanruang. pu. go. id)
Area adverbial followings free trades and
Free Port (KPBPB) Batam, Bintan, Karimun
(BBK) according to (penataaanruang. pu. go.
id) as follows:
KPBPB BATAM
Batam‟s establishment as Area Of
free trade and Free Port via PP No.
46 years 2007, one that mandates
that KPBPB Batam will be developed
at 7 (seven) island at Batam‟s City.
No.1‟s Commanding regulation year
2007 about Income Tax Facility for
Capital Instilling at Bidangbidang one
particular and / or particular region
give Batam‟s development support as
KPBPB in forms software as incentive
of taxation. Its implication to structure
and room pattern is need it area bounds
establishment that clear deep cut back
incentive application that income tax.
It shall also be constituted by visceral
economics study, particularly about
cost benefit. Besides, there are some
presumed regional policy will also
regard structure forming and City room
pattern Batam, which is collaboration
World Trade Oraganization, Asean
Free Trade is Area (AFTA), Subs
Economic
collaboration
Regional
Indonesian, Malaysia, and Singapore or
Growth Triangle, and Joint Working Is
Singapore For Framework Agreement
On Econimic Cooperation‟s Indonesia
Group. subregional‟s economics policy
this will regard activity who will be
developed at Batam‟s City, one that
gets implication on room the need to
the activity of. (penataanruang. pu. go.
id)
KPBPB BINTAN
Basis for Island establishment law
Bintan as FTZ'S area was established
deep PP No.47 year 2007 about Bintan's
free trade and Free Port Area. In PP
that FTZ Bintan's location consisting of
area Bintan North with a half well-nigh
territorial reportage Bintan's island.
Despitefully, available 5 other locations
that as enclave which is Lobam's Child
area, Bintan's maritime area East,
area Blocks To Erect, senggarang's
area and Jump area. Bintan's island
constitute region that adequately ready
to pulls investment. In the presence
bonded zones at Bintan causes thisa
old stuff for investor what does want to
imbed its investment at manufacturings
industrial sector. Besides, Bintan all this
time has also been become wisatwan
mancanegara's visit location, although
the greatest still indigenous Singapore.
Sighted from infrastructure flank, even
if haven't as good as Batam, but Bintan
has had seaport and airport facility.
With marks sense region unfoldment,
therefore Areca Cape Town becomes
a selfsupporting administrative territory.
But such, in the context KEKBBK, reeling
Bintan will implicitly diartikan as overall
as Bintan's island. (penataanruang. pu.
go. id)
KPBPB KARIMUN
Karimun‟s Regency
development
as area of free trade and free port is
gone upon on PP No.48 year 2007
about Karimun‟s free trade and Free
Port Area. Karimun is relative goes
away to drop behind compared with
by Batam and Bintan in kesiapan
pulls investment, particularly strange
investment. Relative is still reducing
the infrastructure at territorial it on one
hand causes Karimun still was over
give affinity for investor to outgrow that
wants to imbed its investment at that
region. But on the other hand, Karimun
has faced price increase problem
leases / farm and cost of living sell
that adequately real as one faced by
Batam. With haven‟t a lot of incoming
investment goes to this region and
relative farm price more competitive and
positioning geographical specific one,
therefore Karimun really enables to get
dipacu its development. But to render
this potency, need to be done by room
settlement with division zona destines
in point in accordance with its natural
resources potency. (penataanruang.
pu. go. id)
In BBK‟S Area establishment as
KPBPB, don‟t cover all administatifnya‟s
region. There is compare even
KPBPB‟S extent to land landmass and
on Social Politics
581
also oceanic for 4 that region gets to be
learnt on table 1. its following. spasial
KPBPB BBK‟s pattern constitute
combine among patterns enclave, to
Bintan and Karimun, and island pattern
for Batam. With that combine pattern
obviously requires system special
handle in operasionalisasi kepabeanan
and traffic band security goods, than if
its pattern as one island.
Table 1. Batam’s Area Extent, Bintan, Karimun
Base Administrative Territory and KPBPB
Luas Kota/ Kabupaten
No
Wilayah
Luas KPBPB
Total(km)
Darat(km)
Laut(km)
Km
10.582.719,9 10.712.175,7 61.269,5
%thd
Darat
%
thd
Total
1.
Kab. bintan
129.455,8
47,3
0,6
2.
Kab. karimun
94.353,3
479.858,3
574.211,6
9.635,6
10,2
1,7
3.
Kota Tanjungpinang
14.635,8
12.577,6
27.213,4
2.136,4
14,6
7,9
4.
Kota Batam
98.236,0
286.629,4
384.865,4
65.019,5
66,2
16,9
Source: penataanruang. pu. go. id
A. HAPPEninG ConTRoVERsy uPon
fREE TRAdE’s PoliCy BinTAn’s
ZoninG, BATAM And KARiMun
Commanding
policy
that
prop
development which is free trade Area
policy where that policy is more increase
development to aim economics. This policy
was carried on at Batam‟s Area, Bintan and
Karimun. In International regional scale,
Batam‟s free trade and Free Port area, Bintan,
Karimun lays in band about International
navigational trajectory one navigate Malacca
strait. Thisa front directly with Singapore and
Malaysia Neighbouring State (Johor is south).
Meanwhile in regional scale among province,
nearby Pekanbaru‟s City and passed by
Pelabuan‟s band Indonesia National. Free
Trade is Zoning (FTZ) are territorial where
there is umpteen trade interference as rate
and quota be abolished and waters down
bureaucracy business with expectation
pulls to carry on business new and intern
investment. As mandate of law, therefore as
liabilities for every institution concerning to
perform it consistent ala and consistent. Free
Trade is Zoning (FTZ) can be defined as one
area with clear physical boundses so get
circumscribed accesses in territorial a State,
582
on Social Politics
one that is counted out from local regulation.
FTZ functions as 4 free trade mediums, cargo
handling and stowage, and manufacturing,
with or without curb railing at peripheral
territorial, with guarded circumscribed access
tax officer. FTZ‟S performing at territorial
Batam, Bintan, Karimun and Areca Cape is
mandate that consists in UU No. 44 years
2007 and performing regulation those are
on bottoms the. 6 Batam‟s free trade and
Free Port Area, Bintan, Karimun constitutes
one of National Strategics Area and Special
Economic Area candidate deep shaped free
trade and Free Port Area.
a. Then what actually FTZ? One foreign
terminology is next diartikan as Zona Of free
trade. Literal ala is exemptional trade area,
but is not free trade (lingual logic), therefore
over there available commerce type with
various regulasi‟s kind that manages it. FTZ
is one policy which get facility form or freing
some type trade object of many kepabeanan‟s
orders comprises taxeses and retribution. Its
mean is emancipated that gets bearing with
facility. Alone FTZ terminology real that stills
over extent, since at dalamya covers various
free trade system form. SEZ or Special
Economic Is Zoning at Indonesian recognised
with KEK or Special Economy Area that in
common is Area that get special facility in
increase its economic growth, its mean is no
difference savvy with FTZ that alone, even
on FTZ‟S level generation part from SEZ or
KEK. Free Trade is Batam‟s Zoning, Bintan,
Karimun returns on FTZ‟S application at
Batam, Bintan and Karimun therefore that
needs to be understood is that FTZ is concept
outgrow that still needs to be enlightened and
underpinned by various product sentences
that functioning manages and give framework
that clear and correct, therefore will more
wheter regarding our currently use free trade
and Free Port terminology accords to method
language, product name sentences that
constitutes it and its policy scope. Policies
intent thus this more perspicuous. By degrees
terminology which I pass on upon will be used
when each otonom‟s local government that
have free trade facility and beginning Free
Port applies and divide its region to get special
facility corresponds to its region potencies.
Concerning with this Area development,
was gotten a cooperative deal signing process
economic among Indonesia Government with
Commanding Singapore. That cooperative
deal then acted by lanjuti by marks sense
developmental
location
establishment
free trade and Free Port Area via No.46 /‟s
Commanding regulation 2007 for Batam‟s
free trade and Free Port Area, No.47 /‟s
Commanding regulation 2007 for Bintan‟s
free trade and Free Port Area and No.48 /‟s
Government regulation 2007 for Karimun‟s
free trade and Free Port Area. In order to
operasionalisasi‟s effort Batam‟s free trade
and Free Port Area, Bintan, Karimun was
Karimun as shaped as its institute.
Mark
sense
free
trade
Area
establishment diKepri this there are many
evokes to act kontoversi and evoked problem
effect this establishment one of evoked
problem it is available curiosity will mark
sense practice acts pidana money wash of
kejatahan‟s result. E.g. stem of narcotics
and drugs transactions, corruption result,
bribe, goods smuggling, labouring smuggling,
commerce person (trafficking), gamble, drug,
robbery, and another crime. Other case is
potency a loss oceanic those are on one
suite of island at Riau archipelago that is
depleted where state was disadvantaged
by trilyunan rupiah. More ironical be, that
Country wealth move goes to Singapore so
obscure RI‟s region bounds. Year 2001 e.g.,
sand volume goes out to sea that up to 61
million cubic meter woolly its jungle. If that
sand price average 3 ACE dollars per cubic
meter (at its price Singapore 5 6 ACE dollars
per cubic meter), its point reaches Rp 1,6
trillion. Other data from Riau on the contrary
figure direr condition. If accounted by state
loss since carries on business oceanic sand
be begun a few years ago, estimated up to
8 billion ACE dollars per year. According to
Syamsul Rakan Chaniago, Socializations
Pro team deal with Sand Management Goes
Out To Sea Riau with Regency / umpteen
City elapses. It accounts, of taxes count /
even retribution, Riau‟s province was forfeit
5 billion ACE dollars (about Rp 45 trillion) up
to five the last years. So also potency loss
or disadvantages smuggling effect state oil,
e.g., up to Rp 56 trillion per year or one par
with 5,6 billion ACE dollars. “This number
much greater as compared to book debt
amount that dinegosiasikan government with
donors CGI each year it, The naming Ilegal‟s
country or region is not figment one eye .
Zaenuddin (2009) . Why? Since a great many
practice ilegal, alias bastard, alias illegitimate
in justice, not legal. There is illegal logging
(balak‟s timbered theft), there is illegal
fishing (arrest theft fishes out at oceanic that
usually been done by intern fisherman), there
is flesh ilegal (this sungguhan‟s flesh, cheap
flesh that at import of India illegally), there
is also sugar ilegal, ilegal‟s rice, and is now
that be splashy: illegal oil (oil smuggling or
oil smuggling). There is waste ilegal, before
available ilegal‟s sand, there is baby sell (one
that indeed ilegal), etcetera.
Note of (Batam is Post 2009) Riau‟s
archipelagic province in last few years betoken
its practicing glow and modus operandi “
illegal business ” at surrounding waters and
in FTZ / Freeport‟s area. penyeludupan‟s
cases goodses, animal and money
(smuggling) from Batam goes to Singapore,
BBM Illegal‟s transactions, money laundry‟s
practice, trafficking, illegal fishing is one part
of practice ilegal that happening. Practice “
underground economy ” this kind of really is
not selfsupporting because disinyalir involves
oknum officer and marks sense „ transactions
‟ among oknum officer and oknum is
entrepreneur. Practice this kind of indeed not
only wreck system and regulasi already walks
but also so potentially disadvantage state of
economy flank.
Data that , at least register as much 64
mouse port dots at Batam‟s City. Of 64 that
dot, including amongst those porting that
usually been utilized society for smallscale
economics activity. Get various goods type that
don‟t be completed import export document
and kepabeanan is predicted everyday wara
wiri comes in to go to BatamPotensi state
on Social Politics
583
loss of illegal‟s transactions bases Tribune
Newspaper communication Batam up to 18
moons (June 2008 until Decembers 2009)
at least as big as 212,5 billion rupiahs (one
that books in communication) added by other
loss potency that was accounted institution /
institute concerning.
Source: Batam‟s newspaper Mail
(January 2008 Augusts 2009) Full scale case
which is announced as much: 148 case with
instance scope for example:
 Smuggling 59,18%
 Narcotic (sabu, cannabis) 16,3 %
 Immigration (TKI Ilegal and TKA Ilegal)
6,12%
 Traffiking 2,04 %
 Money Laundry 5,1 %
 Ilegal Loging 1,02%
 Others (Wild porting, Wild house, ds)
5,1 %
Besides gets also be seen from
Table 1 and graph 1 hereunder which
constitute data of ilegal's practice scope
that archipelagic region happening riau
especially region batam on year 2008 – 2009.
Batam constitutes abut industry city direct
with Singapore neighbouring state for that
Batam's city ought to gets special interest
of that good Government federal and also
region for over maximal be in handle ilegal's
practice case that happening current so it
can't disadvantage state and also society.
Identic smuggling practice with region
gets border type as Batam. Lalulintas to
amount to porting at Batam that solid everyday
still exploited by oknum oknum one particular
to look for gain with memasukan goods that
have no permit and official letter goes to Batam.
This bootlegger action is not just disadvantage
financial ala state but also debilitating
commanding authority that do ever „ be
cheated ‟ by agents smuggling. Evenless with
Perpu Free Trade's application Zoning (FTZ),
Duty and Duty directorate (BC) forthcoming
ditenggarai bustle to do observation because
free it goods goes in and out to go to Batam.
This condition of is exacerbated with many its
port ilegal is porting alias mouse at Batam.
Really City Batam that abut with Singapore
and Malaysia has to increase in contrast to
584
on Social Politics
crisis border cities. Besides goods smuggling
problem, traficking's case also as attention of
government and security agency.
Indonesia constitutes lush or source
farm, place transits, and trafficking's aim. One
of place transits is Batam and Areca Cape.
To which they are transferred? For example,
to Singapore, Malaysia, Darussalam's brunei,
Hongkong, Taiwan, Korea, Japan, Australia,
Middle east, England, and Europe. Victims
by and large dijadikanpekerja seks komersial
(PSK), employ / labour is a steal, domestic
help (PRT), beggar that at organization,
narcotics and drugs distributor, employ
at tempathiburan, pengidap pedofilia's
consumption, order bride (mail orders bride),
and organ compulsive donor body.
Table 2 .
ilegal’s Practicing scope At Territorial
Kepualauan Riau in Particular Region Batam
on year 2008 – 2009
Total newses
deep case
Ilegal’s Practicing scope
Jan - 08
4
Smuggling
2
Feb - 08
3
Smuggling
3
Mar - 08
1
Smuggling
4
Apr - 08
8
No Year moon
1
smuggling, Narcotic,
Immigration, Traffiking
5
May - 08
6
Smuggling, Narcotic,
Ilegal trading (plowing
sofware)
6
Jun - 08
5
7
Jul - 08
5
Immigration, smuggling
8
Agu - 08
6
Immigration
Immigration
9
Chief - 08
10
Smuggling, Money
Loundry, Ilegal Loging
10
Okt - 08
12
Smuggling, Money
11
Nov - 08
6
Smuggling, Money
12
Des - 08
2
Smuggling, Narcotic
13
Jan - 09
4
Smuggling, Narcotic
14
Feb - 09
3
Smuggling, Discharge
15
Mar - 09
3
Smuggling, Discharge
16
Apr - 09
1
Laundry, Immigration
Laundry
Waste
Waste and narcotic
Narcotic
17
May - 09
10
Smuggling, Ilegal trading
(VCD hardens), Narcotic
18
Jun - 09
9
Total
89
Smuggling, Narcotic
Source: Batam‟s Tribune newspaper (January
2008 Junes 2009)
Graph 1 .ilegal’s Practicing scope At
Territorial Kepalauan Riau in Particular
Region Batam on year 2008 – 2009
Ilegal's Practicing Scope Year 2008-2009
3
2
1
0
1 2 3 4
5 6 8
9 10 12
98
TOTAL
Moon end Year
01/06/2009
01/05/2009
01/04/2009
01/03/2009
01/02/2009
01/01/2009
01/12/2008
01/11/2008
01/10/2008
01/09/2008
01/08/2008
01/07/2008
Full scale case which is announced
as much: 98 cases with instance scope for
example:
o Smuggling
o Narcotic (sabu, cannabis)
o Immigration (TKI Ilegal and TKA Ilegal)
o Traffiking
o Ilegal
Trading
(illegal‟s
sell,
pembajakansoftware)
o Money Laundry
o Ilegal Loging
o Others (Wild porting, Wild house, ds)
With many its about problem
penyeludupan especially at Batam this
therefore available 25 enrolled porting at on
duty Batam‟s City communication (2008)
outside six people porting gets illegal‟s states
whatever available. Even state to aught porting
is still need to be fixed that corresponds to
ruled stipubting deep UU.No. 21 Years 1992
about Navigational juncto UU.No.17 Years
2008 about Navigational or PP.No.69 Is
Years 2001 about kepelabuhanan. Evenless
UU.No.44Tahun 2007 one manages Batam
FTZ also Batam FPZ (Free is Zoning Port)
therefore name it free trade and Free Port
Area. Instance in one the last year, Print media
and Electronics at Batam‟s City and Riau‟s
archipelago Province cheered up by practice
news and modus operandi “ illegal business”
at surrounding waters and in FTZ / Freeport‟s
area. E.g. marks sense penyeludupan‟s
case for the price Rp.8 milliard on 2.400 dus
smokes Salt Barn that taken in by KLM Tri
Sejahtera at berakit‟s Cape Waters, arrest 70
illegal‟s diesel fuel ton at Tanjuk‟s Island Mas
Batam‟s Earing took in by KM. Faithful for
the price Rp.600 million, diesel fuel sell gets
to subsidise shipyard‟s Industry (PT. UMP)
Uncang‟s cape, by SPBU Deviates Base
Camp, passenger raid that menyeludupkan
Rp.100 million,- and Rp.686 million,- taken in
directly by oknum pembisnis “ money changer
” diseludupkan goes to Singapore via Port
Harbor Bay, confiscation 3.600 wine ilegal‟s
bottles, then 100 diesel fuel ton are secured,
arrest 218 Laptop Malaysia origins, etc..
fREE TRAdE’s PoliCy EVAluATion
diKEPRi’s ZoninG
Abidin (2002) declare for that:
“Evaluation or policy performing concerning
with identification about problem and to the
effect and policy formulation as staged as
startup and monitoring and evaluation as
final stage ”. According to Winarno (2007)
Evaluation is seen imperially have statute
performing meaning where actor sort,
organization, procedure and tech works jointly
carry on policy in the effort to reach for to the
effect policy. Evaluation on the side the other
constitute complex phenomenon one maybe
get as been understood a process, an output
(output) and also as an impact (outcome).
Ripley and Franklin (Winarno, 2007) opine
that Evaluation is what happen law afters be
established that give program authority, policy,
gain and benefit. In the meantime, Grindle
(Winarno 2007) also give its view about
Evaluation by saying that in common, task
evaluates is form a bearing that makes easy
tujuantujuan policy that direalisasikan can as
impact of a Commanding activity. Of many
above opinions get we know that Evaluation in
refer to a number activity that follow intention
statement about program and pickings aim
that desirable by government officialses.
Evaluation ranges actions by a variety actor,
on Social Politics
585
notably bureaucrats which intended to make
walking program. Of a lot of case kriminal
and some case which happens diKepri effect
of this policy therefore needs to mark sense
evaluation that bermaksut to meminimalisir
evoked problem effect of this policy and in
order to operasionalisasi‟s effort Batam‟s free
trade and Free Port Area, Bintan, Karimun was
Karimun as shaped as its institute. To evaluate
this FTZ‟S policy, this research utilize theory
from Agustino (2006) Policy performance that
is assessed in policy evaluation girdles: 1.
One how far requirement, point and chance
has gotten is reached through policy action
/ program Gets dketahui that reserve for
farm made by free trade Area for Territorial
Tanjungpinang‟s City which is lays in region
17 Jumps and senggarang which looking on to
have potencies to be made free trade Porting
and with consideration that region constitute
Governance Center Region. There are many
thing which that direncakan shall and back
to revised in this policy, as one most decants
deep development agenda five year forwards
directed to by penyediaan infrastructures
in particular supportings at FTZ‟S area
(Free Trade is Zoning), pengentasan is
poverty, and human resource development
in particular local labour. All clerk that works
at BPK this have knocked like a book
perdaganan‟s policy Frees and Free Port.
Units Of Work indigenous staff City Region
Peripheral Tanjungpinang who is pointed for
is conected with Territorial Area Enterpasing
Body Tanjungpinang‟s City and is looked on
have had science about free trade and Free
Port policy this. in carry on Territorial free
trade policy Tanjungpinang‟s City stills a lot
of medium who shall be completed one of its
which is free trade Porting, but is in fact that
porting can‟t yet be built since fund limitation
that following it will be utilized to build that
porting. Medium equipment constitute thing
that momentously deep going one policy,
since if all policies supporting medium be
accomplished therefore walking policy with
every consideration.
586
on Social Politics
Dunn (2003) figuring that policy
evaluation criterions:
1. Effectiveness
2. Efficiency
3. Sufficiency
4. Flattening
5. Responsivitas
6. Accuracy.
Indonesian free trade area is one trade
area and port one lie in treated Indonesian
region policy passes through deletion on duty
regime and balk following duty non rate and
taxes on internation trade in term diberlakukan
with as it were local production sector product
bilama is sold at this policy home affairs is
beneficent to reduce or removing entirely
trade interference whereabouts goods can
land, input, handled, at production or done
by resell, and direekspor without intervention
to tollbooth just applies on internation trade.
Areas jurisdictional basic free trade and
Free Port be Supplementary Commanding
regulation Statute No. 1 Year 2000 about
free trade and Free Port Area as it were
be established as Laws via Statute No. 36
Years 2000. Free trade Area savvy and Free
Port is an area those are on Republic Of
Indonesia Unity State territory of jurisdiction
that separates from custom house territory so
free of admission charge imposition, increase
taxes 14 points, sales tax on article of luxury
and duty. Free trade and Free Port area
constitute Republic Of Indonesia Unity State
territory of jurisdiction that its forming with law.
Free trade area compare this we can
see at severally region at Chinese plain that
apply this commerce system. Apparently
Chinese is state that memilki hundreds
region gets FTZ‟S facilities by divides it bases
potency and region settlement in point and
appropriate for investment. (Riri 2009) Macau
one wisata‟s area coherent (hotel, restaurant
and gambling) one that get STZ‟S facility or
Special Trade Is Zoning (Special trade zona)
this terminology also been used untk Special
Tourism Zoning. This concept almost is
applied at one wisata‟s area at Bintan‟s region,
just just most bend with severally sides that
cries down to mark sense gambling location,
eventually this concept shan‟t be linked
by gambling because without this concept
gambling will remain can walk. Be perception
and reducing problem its socialization which
become concept implement resistors STZ or
more specific is wisata‟s areas coherent or
wisata‟s areas coherent exclusives (KWTE).
Region potentially is Lagoi, Mapur‟s island,
Reed island, Trikora at territorial Bintan, at
Batam‟s region as Nongsa, Nipa Palm island,
Waterfront City and at Karimun‟s region as
Pelawan‟s region, island Hunts, Hall cape,
island Sugibawah and some region and
island at Cape Keeps Company With as
senggarang‟s island, Wasp island and Cape
old city Keeps Company With. SIZ or Special
Industrial Is Zoning (Special Industrial zona)
all the much industrial park exists at Chinese
region (regency) of industry outgrows until
home industry. Therefore no wonder if
Chinese included industrial state and exporter
is outgrown at the world. At Singapore and
Malaysia exists region already apply SIZ. This
concept gets to be applied at Lobam Bintan‟s
region, industrial park at Batam, and many
island that enable as been made industry
region. As scripted as logistics and shipping
industry comprises petumbuhan‟s greatest
crutch economy at archipelagic Riau. This
industry was built at Batam‟s region and still
potentially outgrows to be expanded.
SMZ or Special Mining Is Zoning
(Special Mining zona) area that given by
special facility to back up mining activity.
One new concept that can be applied at
Bintan‟s region and Karimun what does have
big potency in mining area. If this facility get
therefore been applied will impacted positive
for local investor that memilki can mining
power and bring off it, since one of daring
and resistive for local mineworker is in height
heavy tool prices for mining what do also be
regarded by marks sense taxing, so just state
forward who can get investment at mining,
eventually its mineral location is at Indonesia
region.
Via empirik‟s compare of China state,
we can study to perform FTZ. Government
Chinesing to give that facility to province
and regency region at its state to back up
industry and commerce, so China state can
result millions exportable commodity goods
types go to nearly nationally at the world
even umpteen state goes forward have relied
China for memproduksi goods on copyright
and that state patent, well one bounds of
component and also as a whole. Not pelak
producer China country hairpin until motor
vehicle and sophisticated industry machines.
diberlakukan‟s intent thus FTZ‟S concept at
Chinese was reached, result of that policy get
by all been felt China people. If extant many
indigent region and memilki is level lives to
contemn, that thing is not FTZ‟S bust indicator
but there is external factor that regard its
society economic growth.
Free trade oftentimes and Free Port is
concerned even with investment, such thing
becomes main aim of that facility application.
Now that needs to be understood is how one
investment get to give not even gain shortrange get but gets to give gain gets long range.
Longterm gain don‟t undivided as money or
material, but more emphasizes on things that
gets forte capital character or ability (skill).
Via investment will absorb labour, it also
becomes good opportunity for society what
does decide to become employ, but needs
to be reminded that works is not simply do
routine but how works as effort to compose
and servicing. So each employ gets to feel
progress and welfare. At neighbouring state
Singapore most close to region Batam, Bintan,
Karimun memilki turnover (current goes in
and out labour) one that tall, one of cause it
because firm requirement will employs pro
ever increasing, so employ that continually
develops her will get pay and facility offer that
excelsior, therefore turnover‟s happening.
Expected employs at industrial regions on
free trade and Free Port area this following
it will also equal Singapore and China as
state of compare. Therefore states PMA
not necessarily send its labour in mickle,
government and society has can make ready
this resource to reduce strange energy using
up that pro.
In short that needs to change over is its
technology, not its past master, its mean is
past master get as been created technology,
so each standing strange investment at free
on Social Politics
587
trade and Free Port area has to get give
technological averting chance to local energy.
It being become by China, as proof as many
electronic producers, telecom, industrial
goodses of plastics, rubber, American origin
aluminum and European have relied utterly
to Chinese state for memproduksi that goods,
after at that goods production is transferred
to reserve state and at export goes to various
state comprise Indonesia. No wonder one
brands electronic goods Japanese origin or
American get to set down ‟ made in China ‟
Thus will ascendant also on default wages
employ, even reputed cheap by PMA‟S agent
because currency point conversion Rupiah
to strange currency, but pettily is a steal to
society, its mean is labouring local gets to get
tall pay terminological standard one applies
at our society. Evenless if local employ can
compete and memilki forte that equal to effect
intern energy technological averting, therefore
is not not mungkn all or a lot of factory at
industrial park as Batam or trusted Lobam
memproduksi state origin goods goes forward
to begin from component until packing.
If all commanding component and
that agreement society aim be given free
trade and Free Port facility as above as,
therefore Batam, Bintan, Karimun is amends
nimble will and as model for region any
other, even gets international scale. And
with be arranged evaluation of government
policy hits Free Trade this Zoning therefore
expected government gets meminimalisir
kriminal or evoked problem of this policy, that
to the fore it and so on this free trade area
gets performed with every consideration
and walking correspond to society and also
government expectation.
ConClusion
About problem trans national crime this
“ought to” confiscate karna‟s government
attention disadvantages Indonesia aloning to
its baffled area performing system free trade
huge zoning and so ascendant to perkonomian
about so what if marks sense distinctive
system, structure and internation law culture
is needed an arrangement as, convention,
agreement, treaty, even government‟s
588
on Social Politics
approaching comprises police to police‟s
approaching in the context particular as
bridge to fuse behalf both of State or more, to
be able to is cooperative deep tackling about
problem trans national crime.
As one we knows with diberlakukannya
free trade‟s area diBBK‟s zoning therefore
happening relationship automatic not only
gets local form (Even Indonesia) but has also
been involve many States (singapore and
malasyia) it obviously complicate Indonesia
in gives security. States disadvantaged
potency around 212,5 billion rupiahs. Indeed
loss financial this not figure substantive
loss. Because just up on activity ilegal that
crenellated by side authoritative and one
most loads at mass media communication.
Disadvantages state which arises
from
sand sell go out to sea to go to Singapore
that fortunately don‟t come in deep media
communication up to watch period.
Eventually, base data of a variety party which
at by, disadvantages state from praktik ilegal
what does espouse sand sell goes out to
sea as big as 45 trillion rupiahs up to 5 years
or 18 trillion rupiahs up to 2 years. Bound
up institution with ilegal‟s activity handle at
Batam for example police force 46,32%, tax
32,63%, Lanal Batam 8,42%, other institution
8,4%, immigration 3,16%, and Otorita Batam
1,05%. Karna is its glow this illegal‟s activity
have become implemented dark flank free
trade zoning (the black shadow of FTZ) dikepri
that obviously need by all been anticipated
party. Because not only disadvantage State
of financial‟s aspect, this ilegal‟s activity will
also impacted to ala other aspects multiplier.
As, sterile policy which took by pemeritah
karna its diffraction taking supportive
datas that policy. sementar that proprietary
sovereign by state concerning alone namely:
That each State memilki sovereign each as:
- jurisdictional sovereign,
- region
- governance,
So solution who I can conclude to
press trans national crime's crime zoom
namely. Need to mark sense policy equality
of governments each,, security and extra
observation tight needs to be done so action
that took by State concerning deep handle
that problem will a lot easier karna marks
sense law equality in that problem handle.
With good approaching sort governance and
also police to police's culture and institution
needs to be done by pertinent internation.
REfEREnCE
source Book :
Agustino, Siwah‟s fount. 2006. Public policy
basics. Bandung: CV Alfabetha
Arikunto,
Abidin, Said 2002. Editions Public policy
Revise . Jakarta: Foundation. Siwah
Agustino‟s fount,
Bahrum, Syamsul, 2008. Civic Mercusuar
Batam Photographs and FTZ Batam‟s
development Prospect. Yogyakarta:
UPP STIM YKPN
Dunn, William N. 2003. Analisis‟s introduction
Public policy. Yogyakarta: Gadjah
Feebleminded University Press.
Winarno, Kindness. 2007. Public policy that
Earths. Yogyakarta: YPAPI.
Zaenuddin,Muhammad, 2009. Its glow is
Practicing Ilegal‟s Transactions at
Free Trade‟s Area Batam1‟s Zoning.
Yogyakarta: Heirloom Breath light.
Batam is Post. january 2008 Augusts 2009
Batam‟s Tribune newspaper (january 2008
junes 2009)
document :
Legislation:
Republics
Of
Indonesia
Commanding regulation Number
47 Years 2007 About Bintan‟s free
trade and Free Port Area Republic
Of Indonesia President decisions
Number 10 Years 2008 About free
trade Area Councils and Bintan‟s Free
Ports
UU. No.. 21 Years 1992 about Navigational
juncto UU.No.17Tahun 2008 about
Navigational or PP.No.69 Is Years
2001 about kepelabuhanan.
Website :
Penataanruang. pu. go. id . AGRARIA‟S
MINISTRY AND ROOM MANNER /
ERTANAHAN‟S BODY NATIONAL.
Accessed on the fifteenth 20th
November 2015
Riri,Knight, 09 FEBRUARIES 2009 are
accessed at web freetradezone bbk.
blogspot. co. id / on the fifteenth 20th
November 2015
newspaper source :
Batam is Post, 22nd August 2009, Tax
Secures State loss Potency Rp 30
Milliards at 2009, accessed in website
www.detik.com on the fifteenth 19th
November 2015
on Social Politics
589
HuMAn sECuRiTy And fREEdoM To BEliEVE: CHAllEnGEs in
PRoMoTinG REliGious RiGHTs in indonEsiA
Putri Rediane
[email protected]
Abstract
The existence of religious violence constitutes one of the non-traditional issues threatening the population
of the world, including Indonesia. The role of international institutions in promoting religious tolerance
has been recognized as important in International Relations. The existence of religious violence in
Indonesia has been broadly known as a prolonged unresolvable threat to human security. This paper
will analyze the role of European Union (EU) in promoting religious freedom in Indonesia. The EU is
one of the institutions which have been actively promoting human rights protection around the globe.
What approach has the EU adopted to ensure the success of its programs? Has it been successful? By
analyzing this case, this paper will suggest that the human right issue remains at the main responsibility
of the state. The success or failure depends very much upon the state‟s will in solving its problem. This
paper will focus on the human security. This paper will discuss the amount of religious rights violations
in Indonesia have been growing since the1950s, although there have been many attempts to solve the
problem. The case of religious rights violations do not seem to stop. This paper will analyse why even
after numbers of cooperation attempts in order to solve this problem, the Indonesian government seems
to be still unsuccessful in dealing with the related issue.
Keywords: Religion, Human Security, Religious Freedom, Religious Minority Rights Violations, The EU,
Human Rights, Religious Rights.
A.
inTRoduCTion
As a heterogeneous country,
Indonesia has to face numbers of different
disputes and tension among its people. A lot
of time, these tensions escalate quickly and
turned to be bloody incidents throughout the
country. Although the government has different
regulations and legislations regulating the
freedom of religions and beliefs, the fact
does not seem to stop religious violations to
happen inside the country.
Although there have been numbers
of different suggestions given to the
government of Indonesia by different human
rights (I)NGOs and help from International
Organisations such as the European Union,
the cases of violations keep happening and
there is almost no sign which indicates it will
stop soon. This paper intends to answer the
main question of
why even after numbers of cooperation
attempts in order to solve this problem, the
Indonesian government seems to be still
unsuccessful in dealing with the related issue.
B.
THEoRETiCAl ConCEPT
The main concept which will be used
in this paper is Human Security. Human
Security concept also plays an important role
in religious intolerance and violation cases.
Koffi Annan describes human security as:
“Human security, in its broadest sense,
embraces far more than the absence of
violent conflict. It encompasses human
rights, good governance, access to
education and health care and ensuring
that each individual has opportunities and
choices to fulfill his or her potential. Every
step in this direction is also a steep towards
reducing poverty, achieving economic
growth and preventing conflict. Freedom
from want, freedom from fear, and the
freedom of future generations to inherit a
healthy natural environment -- these are the
interrelated building blocks of human – and
therefore national – security.”1
Other scholar such as Ramesh Thakur
1
United Nations, Secretary-General Salutes
International Workshop on Human Security in Mongolia,
from
http://www.un.org/press/en/2000/20000508.
sgsm7382.doc.html (November 15, 2015).
on Social Politics
591
defined human security as:
“Human security refers to the quality of life
of the people of a society or polity. Anything
which degrades their quality of life –
demographic pressures, diminished access
to or stock or resources, and so on – is a
security threat. Conversely, anything which
can upgrade their quality of life – economic
growth, improved access to resources,
social and political empowerment, and so
on – is an enhancement of human security.”2
Human
security
approach was
introduced in the 1994 Human Development
Report (HDR). This approach also broadens
the scope of security analysis and policy from
traditional perspective of security to a nontraditional perspective of security.3 The 2012
General Assembly (GA) Resolution stresses
the role of member states in identifying and
addressing widespread and cross-cutting
challenges to survival, livelihood and dignity of
their people. In other words people‟s lives are
the key point to human security.4 The central
approach of human security is for people to
have the right to live in freedom and dignity,
free from poverty and despair…with equal
opportunity to enjoy all their rights and fully
develop their human potential.5 This concepts
relates closely to human rights concept which
also emphasise on human dignity.
C.
REliGions in indonEsiA
1) Religions Arrival and development in
indonesia
Although Indonesia has the largest
Muslim population, the presence of Islam is
thought to be relatively new in the archipelago.
Most scholars believe that its presence was
only identified by the end of the 13th century
Ramesh Thakur, “From National to Human
Security”, in Stuart Harris and Andrew Mack, eds,.
Asia-Pacific Security: The Economics-Politics Nexus
(Sydney: Allen &Unwin, 1997), p. 53-54.
3
For more information about debates and nontraditional security issues please refer to Barry Buzan,
Ole Waever and Jaap de Wilde‟s Security: A New
Framework for Analysis.
4
Oscar A. Gomez and Des Gasper, Human
Security: A Thematic Guidance Note for Regional and
National Human Development Report Teams, from
http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/human_security_
guidance_note_r-nhdrs.pdf (November 15, 2015), p.2.
5
Ibid.
2
592
on Social Politics
in North Sumatra, although other scholars
believe that Islam may have been brought to
Indonesia in 1082 based on inscriptions on a
tomb found in Leran, East Java.6
Robert Pringle stated that until the
5th century AD, most of Indonesians were
animists and ancestor worshippers until they
were introduced to Hinduism and Buddhism
by Indian traders and holy men. These new
influences gave birth to a long-lived Kingdom
Srivijaya in the 7th century and Majapahit
in the 13th century, as well as the world‟s
greatest „Indian‟ art, the temple of Borobudur
in Central Java.7
Islam was brought to Indonesia
by Muslim Indian merchants who traded
nutmegs and cloves with the people of eastern
Indonesia a millennium later. Although Islam
gradually became the dominant religion
in Indonesia, Indonesia has never been
Islamized as the existing religions continued
even during the growth of Islam.8 Although
the Spanish and Portuguese did not stay long,
they also introduced Catholicism to Indonesia,
mainly in eastern areas such as Moluccas,
Ambon and its neighbouring islands. The
Dutch soon after introduced Protestantism
and during that time focused on restricting
Catholic activity and encouraging Catholics
to convert to Protestantism.9Ahmadiyya was
also introduced by MaulanaRahmat Ali Haot,
an Ahmadiyya representative from Lahore,
on October 1925. Soon after that, Ahmadiyya
began to grow.10
During the Japanese occupation in
Indonesia, two divisions in the approach to
Indonesia‟s diverse society emerged. Some
wanted Indonesia to be based on sharia
law, but the nationalists, including Soekarno,
recognized the pluralism in Indonesia
6
AndréeFeillard and RémiMadinier,The End of
innocence? Indonesian Islam and the Temptation of
Radicalsim (Singapore: National University of Singapore
Press,2011), p.4.
7
Robert Pringle, “Indonesia‟s Movement,” Wilson
Quarterly, Winter 2011, p.28.
8
Ibid.
9
Robert Pringle,Understanding Islam in
Indonesia: Politics and Diversity (Singapore:Editions
Didier Millet PTE LTD, 2010), p. 41.
10
Setara Institute, AhmadiyahdanKeindonesiaan
Kita (Jakarta: PustakaMasyarakatSetara, 2011) p.17.
and wanted national unity above all else,
preferring a pluralistic state that only required
belief in a single God. When Indonesian
independence was declared by Soekarno in
1945, he enshrined his pluralistic credo in the
Constitution.11
2) Religious diversity in indonesia
Although there are many different
religions and beliefs in Indonesia, the state
only acknowledges six different religions;
Islam (87.18%), Protestantism (6.96%),
Catholicism (2.91%), Hinduism (1.69%),
Buddhism (0.72%), and Confucianism
(0.05%). As the majority of Indonesians are
Muslim, two Muslim social organisations
are the largest such organisations,
MuhammadiyahandNahdlatulUlama. There
are also many smaller organisations including
ahmadiyya, members of the Indonesian Islamic
Propagation Institute, al-Qiyadah al-Islamiya,
DarulArqamand JamaahSalamulla(Salamulla
Congregation).12
In 2010, the Indonesian Central Institute
of Statistic estimated that there are about 16
million Protestants (which locals refer to as
Christians) and almost 7 million Catholics
living in the state. The province of Papua
has the largest proportions of Protestants at
65 per cent, and the province of East Nusa
Tenggara has the highest proportion of
Catholics at 54 per cent. Other provinces such
as Sulawesi Island, Maluku Island, and North
Sumatra host sizable Christian and Catholic
communities. Approximately 4 million Hindus
live in the state, most residing in Bali. As
for the Buddhist population, which reached
1.7 million, they mostly reside in Java, Bali,
Sumatra and West Kalimantan. Confucians
reached 117 thousand, mostly residing in the
province of Bangka Belitung, Java and the
province of East Nusa Tenggara.13 The state
also has a small Sikh population primarily
residing in Medan and Jakarta, and there are
11
Pringle, Loc. cit.
US Department of State,Indonesia, http://www.
state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2010/148869.htm (November 15th,
2014).
13
BadanPusatStatistik,Population
by
Region
and Religion, http://sp2010.bps.go.id/index.php/site/
tabel?tid=321&wid=0000000000 (May 12th 2015).
12
also small Jewish communities residing in
Jakarta and Surabaya.14
3) Religious freedom legal frameworks
The freedom of religion and belief is one
of the basic rights guaranteed by international
norms universally recognized by states.
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights
(UDHR) has been used by states throughout
the globe as a standard for protecting
human rights. As a member of the UN and
international community, Indonesia has the
responsibility to ensure that its citizens‟ rights
are protected by referring to the UDHR as the
universal norm.
Other than international conventions
that Indonesia ratified, Indonesia also has
legal frameworks to ensure its citizens wellbeing, and through these legal frameworks
it is hoped that Indonesian citizens will be
able to prosper inside the state. These legal
frameworks also provide freedom for people
to choose religions based on his/her belief, in
which no one shall be forced to believe what
they do not believe in.
a) The Constitution of indonesia
In the 1945 Indonesian Constitution,
there are passages guaranteeing Indonesians‟
right to religious freedom. The passages
belong to both chapter XA and XI of the
Constitution; namely article 28E, 28I and 29.
Article 28E:
1. Each person shall have the right to the
freedom to worship and practice the
religion of his/her choice, to choose
education and schooling, employment,
citizenship and place of residence
within the state territory, to leave it and
to subsequently return to it.
2. Each person shall have the right to
the freedom to believe his/her faith, to
assert his/her thoughts and tenets, in
accordance with his/her conscience.15
Article 28I:
1. The rights to life, remain free from
torture, freedom of thought and
conscience, freedom of religion,
14
15
US Department of State, Loc. cit.
Indonesian Constitution, Article 28E.
on Social Politics
593
2.
freedom from slavery, recognition as a
person before the law, and the right not
to be tried under a law with retrospective
effect are human rights which cannot be
limited under any circumstances.
Each person shall have the right to be
free from discriminative act based upon
any grounds whatsoever and shall
have the right to protection from such
discriminative
that Pancasilais the key to unity and
discrimination could break apart the
nation.20
b. Government’s
legislations
on
Religious freedom
The Indonesian government also has
several pieces of legislation binding its
people from harming others who have
different identities. One of the laws
is the Human Rights Law No.39/1999
and decree of People‟s Consultative
Agency‟s
(MajelisPermusyawaratan
Rakyat (MPR) in Indonesian) no.
17/1998 in which both legislations
emphasize the importance of the
existence of human rights, including
religious freedom.
The Human Rights Law No. 39/1999
and decree of People‟s Consultative
Agency No. 17/1998 both emphasize
the importance of religious freedom in
some of its passages. In the human
rights law no. 39/1999 article 14 and 22
for example, the passages are in line
with Indonesian Constitution. Article 14
(which repeats the same passages as
article 28I point 1) and article 22 is as
follows:
act.16
Article 29:
1. The state shall be based on the belief in
the One and Only God.
2. The state guarantees every person the
freedom of worship, each in accordance
to his/her own religion or belief.17
a.
Pancasila
Pancasila is Indonesian pillars of
identity. After Indonesian independence
in 1945, Soekarno declared his vision
of Indonesia as a God-fearing state
and he introduced Pancasila (“the five
principles”). He argues that Pancasilais
essential to ensure the unity of the
nation and the equality between all
Indonesian citizens.18The five points of
Pancasila:
1. Believe in one and only God;
2. Just and civilized humanity;
3. The Unity of Indonesia;
4. Democracy guided by consensus
arising for the whole of the people of
Indonesia;
5. Social justice of all Indonesian
citizens.19
Although Soekarno‟sPancasila was
criticized by Muslim leaders as being
too inclusive and for prioritizing
pluralism over Islam, Soekarno insisted
Article 22:
1. Each person shall have the freedom
to choose his/her belief and to
worship in accordance to the related
religion/belief.
2. The state guarantees every person
the freedom of worship, each in
accordance to his/her own religion
or belief.21
Decree of People‟s Consultative
Agency No. 17/1998 also talks
about religious freedom, namely
article 13 and 37, in which both
articles again repeat the same
passages as the Constitution. The
other legislation which also protects
people from being harmed because
16
Indonesian Constitution, Article 28I.
Indonesian Constitution, Article 29.
18
Human Rights Watch, In Religion‟s Name:
Abuses Against Religious Minorities in Indonesia,
p.9.
http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/
indonesia0213_ForUpload_0.pdf (November 15, 2015).
19
Damien Kingsbury,”Indonesia: Arbitraty Polity,
Unitary State” in John Loughlin,JohnLincaidandWilfrie
dSwenden, eds., Routledge Handbook of Regionalism
and Federalism (Abingdon: Taylor & Francis, 2013), p.
412.
17
594
on Social Politics
20
Human Rights Watch,Loc. cit.
Indonesian Human Rights Law No
Article 22.
21
39/1999,
of their religion is the Human Rights
Law (Undang – UndangPeradilan
HAM) No. 26/2000. This legislation
includes violation which is done
to many people and is done
systematically toward a group or
association which belongs to a
certain religion can be considered a
human rights violation.22
Although there are numbers of
regulations protecting religious
freedom in Indonesia, violence
towards minorities keeps happening
to date. The next part of this paper
will then define violence and the
violence religious minorities in
Indonesia have been facing.
d.
ViolEnCE AGAinsT REliGious
GRouPs in indonEsiA
a. Defining Violence
Before going further with the cases
of religious rights violence that have been
happening in Indonesia, author will first
describe the term violence. WHO describes
violence as” the intentional use of physical
force or power, threatened or actual, against
oneself, another person, or against a group
or community that either results in or has
a likelihood of resulting in injury, death,
psychological harm, maldevelopment or
deprivation”.23 This definition covers a broad
range of outcomes – including psychological
harm, deprivation and
maldevelopment.
This definition also shows that violence
sometimes does not cause injury or death,
but nonetheless poses a substantial burden
on certain people.24
According to WHO, there are three
types of violent acts: self-directed violence,
interpersonal
violence
and
collective
violence. This chapter however will focus on
the collective violence which relates to this
research topic. As WHO defines it, collective
violence is divided into three types: social,
22
Indonesian Human Rights Law No. 26/2000.
Etienne G Krug et al, eds., World Report on
Violence and Health (Geneva: WHO Cataloguing-inPublication Data, 2002) p. 5.
24
Ibid.
23
political and economic violence. Unlike the
other two types of violence, collective violence
suggests there are possible motives behind
the deeds by a large group of individuals or
by the state.
Collective violence receives high
degree of public attention. Collective violence
is described as ”The instrumental use of
violence by people who identify themselves
as members of a group – whether this group is
transitory or has a more permanent identity –
against another group or set of individuals, in
order to achieve political, economic or social
objectives”.25 Among three different types of
collective violence, social collective violence
will be used to describe the religious minority
rights violations in Indonesia, as social
collective violence is committed to advance
a particular social agendas, includes, for
instance, hate crimes committed by organized
groups, mob violence and terrorist acts.26
Violence against the
freedom
of religion/belief is an action of removal,
revocation, limitation or reduction of rights and
basic personal rights on freedom of religion/
belief.27 The terminologies which relate to
human rights and religious/belief freedom
violation are intolerance and discrimination.
Intolerance starts from a belief claiming that
the related belief, group, and/or lifestyle have
a higher position than others. This kind of
situation could lead to grim consequences:
lack of respect or neglect of others all the
way up to institutionalized discrimination (i.e.
discriminative/segregation policies) or even
a direct destruction through, for example,
genocide. These consequences come from
the denial of fundamental rights values.28
Discrimination, as Law No.39/1999 (2)
described it as:
“Discrimination means all limitations,
affronts or ostracism, both direct and
indirect, on grounds of differences in religion,
25
Ibid. p.215.
Ibid.
27
Bonar TigorNaiposposed.,Leadership Without
Initiative:TheConsition of Freedom of Religious/Belief in
2012(Jakarta:PustakaMasyarakat Setara,2013) , p.19.
28
UNESCO,Tolernce:TheTreshold of Peace: A
Teaching/Learning Guide for Education for Peace,
Human Rights, and Democracy (Preliminary Version)
(Paris:UNESCO,1994) p.15.
26
on Social Politics
595
ethnicity, race, group, faction, social status,
economic status, sex, language, or political
belief, that results in the degradation,
aberration, or eradication of recognition,
execution, or application of human rights
and basic freedoms in political, economic,
legal, social, cultural, or any other aspects
of life.” 29
Should there be any intolerance or
discrimination towards certain people on the
grounds of their religion or belief is a violation
of the freedom of religion, as stipulated in
Declaration on the Elimination of All Forms of
Intolerance and of Discrimination Based on
Religion or Belief. As article 2 of the related
declaration states “any distinction, exclusion,
restriction or preference based on religion or
belief and having as its purpose or as its effect
nullification or impairment of the recognition,
enjoyment or exercise of human rights and
fundamental freedoms on an equal basis.”30
Intolerance crimes and hatred crimes
are actions based on hatred or bias on a
person or group in accordance to sex, race,
religion, gender, skin colour, home country
and/or their sexual orientation. This crime is
considered a serious crime as it could lead
to assault or fighting. It can also come in the
form of light actions, such as mockery to the
person/group‟s race or religion. This kind
of hate crime can be identified as collective
violence as it aims to harm or intimidate
someone because of his/her religion (in
this case) to pursue a particular agenda by
organized groups.
E.
ViolEnCE AGAinsT fREEdoM of
REliGious GRouPs RiGHTs31
Freedom of religion or belief is one of the
29
Indonesian Human Rights Law No 39/1999,
Article 1.
30
United Nations,” Declaration on the Elimination
of All Forms of Intolerance and of Discrimination Based
on Religion or Belief” http://www.un.org/documents/ga/
res/36/a36r055.htm (November 15, 2015).
31
Please note that this sub-chapter will describe
religious violence which was/has been done by the
majority (Muslim) to the minorities (in this case Christians
and Ahmadiyya people) in any form of violence,
including burning down churches and/or mosques with
various reasons. As having house of worship is one part
of religious freedom. This sub-chapter will not cover the
596
on Social Politics
freedoms which are (supposedly) protected
by the government, as it is a part of human
rights. However, the reality does not always
go along with what it should be. Indonesia,
for example, has legislation which gives its
citizens freedom of religion or belief; however,
we cannot deny the fact that Indonesia has
always been familiar with violence between
and/or against communities, including
intolerance and violence against religious
minorities. A lot of violations have been directly
done by the Muslim militants or hardliners.
According to Setara Institute, an NGO which
cares about religious problems in Indonesia,
every year, violence of freedom of religion or
belief keeps increasing.
Since the 1950s incidents relating
to religious violence have increased. By the
year 1995, the pattern of religious violence
had shifted from small-scale-attacks to riots.
The year 1995 witnessed widely publicized
riots in various places in Java. For instance,
in late October 1995, in the midst of legal
proceedings against a Christian teacher
who had beaten a Muslim student in Kediri,
a riot demolished a court house used for the
trial.32As in the year of 1996, a much larger
scale and widely publicized riot in Situbondo
was uncovered. Situbondo was a town in
which 98% of its population is Muslim.
The religious right violations keep
happening until today. Ahmadis, Shia, and
pther religions have become targets to the
militants. This part of the writing will now
elaborate more on the violations towards
different religious groups in Indonesia.
Ahmadiyya was
recognised
by
the Indonesian government as a nongovernmental organisation in the 1950s.
However in 1978, the RobithahAlamIslami
declared that Ahmaddiya is a group outside
Islam. Soon after that, MajelisUlama Indonesia
violence which was/had been done to the Chinese in
Indonesia. Should the Chinese is mentioned in this subchapter, it will be because they have an affiliation to the
related case.
32
In the same year there was also a case where
a Muslim student was accused of shoplifting and was
humiliated by the shop owner before finally handed over
to the police wit lack of evidence which also caused a
huge riot in Purwakarta.
(MUI)33 also announced that Ahmadiyya is a
misguiding sect. This then continued by the
fatwa MUI which condemned the Ahmadis. In
the same time, MUI also ordered those who
have joined to go back to the right Islamic
way.34 Since this fatwa, the religious violence
against Ahmadiyya increased significantly.
On July 15, 2005, for instance, the Ahmadis
headquarter in Bogor was attacked by people
who claimed that their teaching is a heretical
sect. Since the fatwa was announced by MUI,
the violence directed towards the Ahmadis
grew higher and as Setara institute described
that the year of 2006 was the most violent
year for Ahmadiyah.35
To make it even worse, in 2008, The
Minister of Religion, the Attorney General
and the Minister of Home Affairs issued a
Joint Decree as a warning to the Ahmadis.
This regulation stated four key points. The
first point, it warns citizen not to support nor
conduct ant of the teachings that deviate
from the real religion.36 Second, it warns
the Ahmadis not to promote their teachings.
Third, it informs the Ahmadis that should they
not comply with this warning they will be liable
to penalties under existing laws. The last
point, it prohibits vigilantism, by warning the
public not to take the law into their own hands
in relations to Ahmadiyya.
The violations directed towards the
Ahmadis had not stop for a few years after
that.37 The deadliest attack was reported
33
MajelisUlama Indonesia or MUI which claimed
to be a place where Moslem Scholars are able to have
discussions about Islam in Indonesia and will give
fatwas to the government.
34
The Ministry of Religion Affair Konawe,
PenjelasanTentang
Fatwa
AliranAhmadiyah.
http://konawe.kemenag.go.id/file/dokumen/
Penjelasan TentangFatwaAliranAhmadiyah.pdf
(Sept.27, 2015).
35
Setara Institute, Submissive to Mass Judgement:
State‟s Justification in Prosecuting Freedom of Religion
and Belief (Jakarta:Setara Institute for Democracy and
Peace,2008), p.11.
36
The government of Indonesia argues that
Islam only believes that Muhammad is the prophet,
and there is no later prophet than him. While one
of the Ahmadiyyasect believes that their prophet is
MirzaGhulam Ahmad.
37
The violence attacks reduced throughout the
year, and up until September 2015 there has not been
any violent case reported.
to happen in February 2011 in a village in
Banten. In this attack, three Ahmadis were
killed and five others were severely injured.
To make it worse, the police‟s attempts to help
the mob were half-hearted at best.38 Although
three people were killed in this accident, the
prosecutors said they could not charge the
ones involved with murder because the death
of the three Ahmadis was “an unanticipated
incident” and “an inevitable consequence of
an uncontrolled clash”.39One of the Ahmadis
witness recalled that the Islamic militans held
his hands and cut his belt with a machete.
They cut his shirt, pants, and undershirt. They
then proceeded to take his cell phone and
they tried taking off his underwear and cut his
penis. He lied down in a fetal position, trying
to protect his face when his left was suddenly
stabbed by the militants.40
Another infamous case of religious
intolerance is the Shia case in Sampang. The
tension between the Shia believers and the
locals started back in 2004. In 2006 the local
a MUI representative and the Shia leader in
Sampang met to discuss about the existence
of Shia in their area. It was reported that
during the discussion the Shia leader stated
that Shia is not a misguiding sect and is in
the right track. Finally the local clerics forum
announced that Shia is a misguiding sect and
should come back to the right track of Islam.
The dispute continued to be there, and in
2011 when the Shia wanted to celebrate an
Islamic event in their local place, thousands of
people blockaded and ruined the road leading
to their place. On 2 April 2011, marched back
to the Shia boarding house and threatened to
burn the boarding house down and finally in
December 2011 hundreds of people gathered
and burnt down the Shia boarding house.41
The Economist, “Murder in God‟s Name”, http://
www.economist.com/blogs/banyan/2011/02/religious_
persecution_indonesia (September 27, 2015)
39
The Jakarta Post, “Heavier Sentence Sought for
Ahmadi Man”, The Jakarta Post, Aug. 03, 2011 (http://
www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/08/03/heaviersentence-sought-ahmadi-man.html).
40
Human Rights Watch, Loc. Cit. p.1
41
KontraS,”Laporan Investigasi dan Pemantauan
Kasus Syi‟ah Sampang” http://kontras.org/data/
Laporan%20Investigasi%20Syiah%20di%20Sampang.
pdf (November 13th, 2015).
38
on Social Politics
597
Another assault happened in 2012.
It happened at 10 in the morning when the
Shia cleric‟s family, TajulMuluk, was going to
visit him in a local prison. While they were
on their way, some people cut across their
way and started to insult them, saying that
they are deviant. That time, the cleric was
imprisoned because he was accused of
religious blasphemy.
When the family tried to retreat from
these people, did not give up. They kept
following the family to their home. As reported
by Kompas, these people started to cause
disturbance which led to an assault. This
assault led other people who did not fancy the
Shia to come. These people were armed and
they burnt some of the Shia believers‟ houses.
This assault ended with 1 death and 5 injured
people. It was reported that this assault was
the second assault that happened in the
area.42
Not only the Ahmadis and Shia,
other religions such as Christianity also
have to face the same truth of intolerance.
Christians, Shia, and other religions have to
face increasing violence directed to them.
Communion of Churches in Indonesia even
reported that more than 430 churches were
burnt have been attacked since 2004.43
Another religion that has to face the
same intolerance situation is the Christians.
GKI Yasmin Church got their permission to
build their building in 2006 on the land they
owned. In February 2008 however, the Bogor
City Planning office froze their permission for
an unclear reason. In the same month, GKI
filed a lawsuit against Bogor City Planning
Office at the local court. In the same month,
local Islamic activists rallied against the
church, saying that a church cannot be built
on the road which has a Muslim preacher‟s
name on it. In September 2008, the local
court of Bogor illegally froze the building
permit. The battle continued and finally with
the verdict of Supreme Court in 2010 the local
Kompas, “Bentrok di Sampang, SatuTewasdan
Lima
Luka”
http://regional.kompas.com/
read/2012/08/26/17193393/Bentrok.di.Sampang..Satu.
Tewas.dan.Lima.Luka (Nov 14, 2015).
43
Ibid,.
42
598
on Social Politics
court unfroze the permit.
A week later, however, the local Mayor,
Budiarto, revoked the permit of GKI Church
building. He claimed that it was not the
problem of religious freedom but simply about
building location. However, the Governor of
West Java asked the Mayor to implement the
Supreme Court decision.44
Sharing the same fate as GKI Yasmin
Church, HKBP FiladelfiaBekasi bought a plot
of land in June 2007. The church obtained
259 local approvals45 in order for it to be built
on the plot. In 2008, the congregation wrote
to both the Religious Harmony Forum and the
Ministry of Religious Affairs, but none of the
agencies responded.
The 2006 require of local government to
provide alternative building place, should they
deny a congregation‟s request. This did not
happen in this case, the Bekasi government
did not provide any alternative, leaving the
congregation without house of worship. As in
the GKI Yasmin case, they won successive
legal action against Bekasi regent through the
Supreme Court in Bandung. Although they
won the case, in 2012 the Bekasi government
came up with a “solution” where the
congregation would have to find somewhere
else to build their church.46
F.
REsPonsEs on THE ViolATions
There have been numbers of responses
on the religious rights violations issues in
Indonesia. Numbers of different (I)NGOs and
International Organisations have addressed
and raised the issues to public and to the
Indonesian government . This part of the
writing will focus on one of the EU‟s programs
in addressing the religious rights problems in
Indonesia.
In order to be able to work properly with
Indonesia in human rights protection sector,
the EU set their strategy paper in which one
Human Rights Watch, In Religion‟s Name:
Abuses against Religious Minorities in Indonesia, Op.
cit.p.51-52.
45
According to 2006 Decree on House of Worship,
at least 60 approvals are needed.
46
. Human Rights Watch, In Religion‟s Name:
Abuses Against Religious Minorities in Indonesia,Op.
cit. p.53.
44
of its main cores is the importance of human
rights. The first effort that was made by the
EU toward Indonesia related to human rights
is making a clear agenda about human rights
which is presented in their strategy papers.
This part of the chapter will then describe
the relations between the EU and Indonesia
related to the human rights matter.
Diplomatic relations between European
countries and Indonesia started back in the
year 1949. As more European countries
opened their embassy in Indonesia, the
stronger international cooperation and trade
ties developed. The relationship between the
EU and Indonesia has been framed in the
EU-ASEAN partnership. The EU is also a
member of the ASEAN Regional Forum. The
first EU Delegation to Indonesia was opened
in 1988 and has become the voice of EU
member states since then.47
In communication from the commission
to the council and the European Parliament
in 2000 whose title is „Developing Closer
Relations between Indonesia and the EU‟, it
is stated that it was now time to establish the
EU as a partner of substance for Indonesia.
As a state with the biggest Muslim population,
standing at the fourth ranking of most
populated state and seen as a key keeper
of stability in the region, Indonesia‟s stability
plays an important role in the region. The EU
sees Indonesia to have the potential to play
a major role in promoting democratic values,
stability and peace in Asia.48
In
July
2003,
The
European
Commission adopted a communication
setting out a comprehensive strategy for
future EU relations with South East Asia,
including Indonesia, called „New Partnership
with South East Asia.‟ The strategies outlined
in the communication are: (1) Fight against
terrorism and supporting regional stability,
(2) Good governance, human rights, and
47
Delegation of European Union to Indonesia,
Brunei Darussalam and ASEAN,Blue Book 2013: EUIndonesia Development Cooperation 2012, p.1-2.http://
eeas.europa.eu/delegations/indonesia/documents/
more_info/pub_2013_bb_en.pdf (July5 10, 2014).
48
European Commission, Comissions Proposes
Closer EU Relations with Indonesia, p. 4. http://europa.
eu/rapid/press-release_IP-00-98_en.pdf (July 7, 2014).
democratic principle, (3) Mainstreaming
Justice and Home Affairs issues, (4) new
dynamism into regional trade and investment
relations, (5) development of the South East
Asian countries which are less prosperous
and (6) intensification of cooperation and
dialogue in specific policy areas (such as
justice and human affairs matters, economic
and trade issues higher education and
culture, transport, environment, energy and
information society).49
The signing of the EU-Indonesia
Partnership and Cooperation Agreement
(PCA) in November 2009 has made developing
cooperation a part of the wider framework.
Four opportunities for closer cooperation
have been agreed to at the highest level, and
those are: (1) education, (2) human rights and
democracy, (3) trade and investment and, (4)
environment.
Cooperation between the EU and
Indonesia is reciprocal. For Indonesia, by
2013, the EU has become its third largest
trading partner and one of its main foreign
direct investors. Also, in Indonesia these
partnerships are used to support the
government‟s policies.50 Although Indonesia‟s
geographic position is far from Europe, the EU
needs Indonesia for its commodities market.
Also for the EU, Indonesia is a favourable
place to promote democracy, human rights
values, good governance and a constructive
partner in combating all forms of terrorism.51
The EU has been supporting Indonesia‟s
development goals in various ways, both direct
and indirect. Indirect development includes
training, capacity building, and developing
physical and societal structures, while direct
development includes dialogues that have
been happening between the two partners.
The EU also has been supporting Indonesia
by providing aid through a variety of grants
and contracts, as well as budget support. The
European Union, Indonesia-European
Community Strategy Paper 2007-2013, p.
27.www.eeas.europa.eu/indonesia/csp/07_13_
en.pdf (July 7, 2014).
49
50
The European Union, Blue Book 2013: EUIndonesia Development Cooperation 2012, Loc. cit.
51
Gunaryadi,”European
Union Visibility
in
Indonesia”,Asia Europe Journal 3, no. 1(2005) p.51.
on Social Politics
599
EU focuses on a number of key objectives to
maximize results: economic growth through
trade and investment, poverty reduction and
the promotion of good governance through
good law enforcement.52
Discrimination based on religion or
belief is a problem which keeps happening in
all regions around the globe, and the persons
who belong to particular religions or belief
communities continue to be targeted by other
groups in many states. To make it worse,
the government‟s legislation of religious
defamation has often been used to mistreat
religious minorities, and it has also been
used to limit freedom of expression as well as
freedom of religion or belief.
On 21 February 2011 the General
Affairs Council adopted a conclusion which
again reaffirmed the EU‟s strong commitment
on FORB and recalled that it needs to be
protected for everyone and everywhere.
The EU also stressed the importance of the
state‟s duty in protecting its citizens, and
people living its jurisdiction, as well as people
who come from religious minorities. It is the
state‟s primary duty to protect all of them, and
all persons who belong to religious minorities
should be able to practice their religion or
belief freely, worship freely and free to do
so individually or in community with others,
without fear of attack or intolerance.53
The purpose of the dialogue is to
engage together and try to mutually discuss
how to progress further.54 The EU chooses
to raise thematic issues or to raise general
issues should there be any case mentioned in
the dialogue.The cases raised in the dialogue
are then used to strengthen the EU‟s points
related to the dialogue. During the dialogue
both the EU and its partners will sit together
and address the issues which they consider
to be necessary.55
52
The European Union, Blue Book 2013: EUIndonesia Development Cooperation 2012, Loc. cit.
53
Council of European Union, Human Rights and
Democracy in the World: Report in EU Action in 2011,
p.8. http://eeas.europa.eu/human_rights/docs/2011_
hr_report_en.pdf (July 7, 2014).
54
Florian Witt,on an interview in EU Delegation
to Indonesia, ASEAN and Brunei Darussalam on 29 th
January 2014.
55
Interview with Christian Behrmann through
600
on Social Politics
In relations with non-EU countries, one
of the issues that have been systematically
raised by the EU is freedom of thoughts,
the conscience and religion through many
kinds of political dialogue, including human
rights dialogue and consultation. The human
rights dialogues are held with many countries
including Indonesia. In my interview with
Christian Behrmann56, he stated that there
are two reasons why the EU is working on EU
– Indonesia Human Rights Dialogue:
1. Indonesia is seen as a key partner for
the region, and through cooperating
with Indonesia the EU hopes that both
the EU and Indonesia could strengthen
their relationship;
2. Human rights are and have always
been a key policy for the EU. The EU
believes that both Indonesia and the
EU share the same values on human
rights, and these shared values will
help both participants to succeed.57
There has been five Human Rights
Dialogue held between the EU and Indonesia,
although each dialogue talked about the
importance of human rights protection, each
of them focuses and highlights different parts
of each sector in the community. The Human
Rights Dialogue is a multi-stakeholder
dialogue where it includes not only the EU
and Indonesian government but also NGOs
which are concerned with human rights
protection. During the dialogues however,
only the delegation of the EU and Indonesia
are discussing the matters, while the role of
NGOs are to give input for the draft of the
dialogue agenda.
G.
CHAllEnGEs foR REliGious
fREEdoM
The first Challenge which the
Indonesian government has to face is the
existence of certain elite groups who have
been influencing the Indonesian government
on this issue. The Human Rights Watch
phone on May 2nd, 2014.
56
Mr. Christian Behrmann works for Human Rights
and Democracy Directorate of the European External
Action Service, covering South East Asia in the EU
office in Brussels, Belgium.
57
Ibid.
reported that these groups are Ministry
of
Religious Affairs,BakorPakem
and
MajelisUlama Indonesia (MUI).These groups
play an important role in fabricating the
government decisions on religious affairs.
As reported by Human Rights Watch, these
institutions have a great amount of role in
religious affairs in Indonesia, from issuing
ban of a certain religious group to influencing
the government to establish laws regarding to
religious matters.
Another challenge that Indonesia has
to face is the unwillingness/incapability of
the government and its apparatus to protect
the violated groups. This is proven by how
state apparatus (such as the police, court
prosecutors, and so forth) seem to be taking
sides in each of the religious incidents cases
provided before. Without state apparatus
functioning as they are supposed to be there
is a big possibility that the religious violations
incidents could grow worse in the upcoming
years due to the lack of equal treatments to
every citizen.
Another challenge that I see important
is that the state has numbers of regulations
which make religious violations possible
despite the fact that there are other regulations
which provide the so-called protection.
Those regulations. For instance, there are
numbers of Decree on House of Worship,
Anti-AhmadiyyaDecree and so forth.58 These
regulations have been used by certain elites
and/or hardliners to justify their act of abuse
and violence towards other groups.
The challenges that Indonesia has
to face come mostly from inside of its own
body and/or institutions. Although there have
been numbers of cooperation and dialogues,
including the Human Rights Dialogue,
conducted by different international relations
entities, the violation case still happen
around the year. Although religious freedom
has always been a part of human rights and
state has to ensure its‟ citizen security and
human rights protected, numbers of violations
against it keep happening. Human Security
58
For more information please read Human Rights
Watch Report, In Religion‟s Name: Abuses Against
Religious Minorities in Indonesia
and human rights which are supposed to be
protected by the state have been violated
because of numbers of influence by certain
elite groups inside the state. For such case to
either persist or decline, in the end, it lays on
the decision of the related state. Should the
state have less power because of numbers of
challenges it has to face (internal challenges
in this case), the problems such as religious
rights violation will remain.
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on Social Politics
603
THE EffECT of indonEsiA’s CulTuRE dEVEloPMEnT And
CoMMERCiAliZATion on BAlinEsE Hindu soCiETy’s soCio-CulTuRAl
VAluE sHifT And THE usE of AJEG BAli As loCAl PoliCy:
A CAsE sTudy
Chikitta Carnelian
[email protected]
Universitas Kristen Satya Wacana
Abstract
Indonesian tourism growth in 2014 was higher than its economic growth because of Indonesian tourism
potential which combining ethnics, socio-culture, even gorgeous landscape. These aspects are the main
keys of selling power in modern tourism. Indonesian government makes tourism commercialization
policy which sells socio-culture-religion value and landscape at the same time. Bali is one several places
that government sees as very potential places to be commercialized. The people and the ambiance
of these regions still strongly influenced by its ancient socio-religious-culture yet have very beautiful
sceneries. Even though the commercialization increases the economy, the Balinese are afraid if their
cultural and religious life now is a part of capitalism. They feel the changes in their socio-cultural values,
because what they got from their ancestors now been applied for different purposes such as Kecak
dance which now only perform as a show not spiritual ceremony. Hindu Dharma influenced Bali a lot
but now it shifted due to a lot of migrants who came to Bali are bringing other culture. These HinduBalinese are now also concerned about their spiritual life which disturbed by this commercialization
policy. GunungAgung the holy mountain in Bali is one of the places that government wants to build more
access for tourist as a form of commercialization. Balinese are not comfortable with this idea, because
there are already a lot of Hindu sacred places that been open for tourists and the purity of the place has
been vanished. Balinese are afraid if they are going to lose their cultural identity. Since a decade ago
start from Bom Bali I, Balinese voiced a slogan called Ajeg Bali as their effort to maintain the real and
intact Bali; the Bali government implementing Ajeg Bali as a regional policy. The society also supports
this program as a whole. Indeed they cannot take the ancient Bali back, but at least they can maintain
what left in Bali. Ajeg Bali is a portrayal of the exclusivity of Bali and Hinduism, also reinforcing HinduBali and its people also with all of their features, but still makes spaces for Indonesian multiculturalism.
Keywords : Culture, Commercialization Policy, Hindu-Bali, Cultural Shift, Cultural Maintenance
1.
inTRoduCTion
Indonesia has more than 300 ethnics
groups with their own cultures, manners and
landscapes. Indonesian Minister of Creative
Economy and Tourism stated if Indonesian
tourism growth in 2014 exceeded the growth
of economy with the percentage 9.39% and
5.7%; thus the Government of Indonesia
feel very optimist with the development of
Indonesian tourism1.
Indonesian tourism seeks to develop
and empower all of the potential of the country
in order to compete with neighboring countries
SMM.”Pariwisata
Indonesia
Lampaui
Pertumbuhan Ekonomi.” Indonesia.go.id. N.p., 06 Mar.
2014. Web. 7 July 2015.
1
such as Thailand with its beaches and
temples, Malaysia and Singapore with their
shopping destinations. Therefore Indonesia
should provide unique culture variation by
doing cultural commercialization.
Commercialization need to be taken
due to the demand of tourists who now prefer
culture, history and nature in one tourism than
only natural tourism. Indonesian government
has two options to commercialize, Bali the
Island of 1000 temples and TanaToraja
which infamous of their mystical death
culture. Commercialization also means the
development of infrastructure to make several
rural area that counted as sacred places
to be reached easier. This action alarmed
on Social Politics
605
the locals where those commercialization
happeningbecause they feel if their cultural
life being sold for the state‟s capitalism, even
if the profit could increase the welfare of the
locals2.
In this paper, author would focus on
the culture-value shift that happened in
Hindu-Balinese caused by the tourism overexploitation and cultural exploitation. The
native Balinese are experiencing the changes
in their socio-cultural values and norms, what
they received from their ancestors now applied
for different purposes alongside with shifted
norms. It caused by the commercialization
which sell the culture for tourism and also
the wave of the coming migrants from other
part of Indonesia3. This entire thing resulted
in Ajeg Bali that has been raised by Balinese
since a decade ago, it is not only becoming
a catchphrase but also a local policy for
Balinese, to maintain Bali as a whole.
In this paper author will describe how
the development and commercialization of
cultural tourism which could increase the
welfare of the society actually shifting the
socio-cultural values of the society and how
the Balinese maintain the Bali “the island of
Gods” and its society through Ajeg Bali.
prosperous
and
politically
stable.”
(Moore:1967)4 This seemed to justify that
modernization turn pre-modern societiesinto
modern societies or westernized through the
process of economy growth and changes
in social structures, political and cultural
structures. Thus developing countries are
trying to go forward by changing their system‟s
order in accordance with the West to increase
their economic condition.
When Michale J. Arner and Katsillis
discussed about the main subject of
modernization stated at the fourth point:
“This modernization will produce western
technologies that would overcome the
structural features and traditional culture
that still arise.5”(Arner and Katsillis: 2000).
It was interpreted if by modernization the
Western technology would enter the traditional
society and produce growth and development
of the people also change the structure and
culture of society; so that the public will have
individual activities and special structures
which different and integrated with the
Western form of economic, social, political
that are considered more advanced. Then the
society‟s culture and social structure will be
changed and shifted by Western values.
Research Question
Theory of social Change
Moore stated that “social change is an
important changes in the social structure
which is a pattern of behavior and social
interaction such as norms, values and
cultural phenomenon.” (Soekanto 2003:
306)6 It explained that social changes alter
the structure in which the value and norms
of society‟s behavior and interaction are
changed. This means that the original way
of living of the people shifts due to social
changes6.
Gillin explained that7 “social change
How commercialization of culture and
tourism development can shift the social and
cultural values Bali?
How Bali can maintain their society and
culture through Ajeg Bali?
2.
disCussion
Theories
Modernization Theory
Wilbert
Moore
stated
that
“modernization is the total transformation
of traditional and or pre-modern
community to the technological society
and social organizations that resemble
western development which economically
Wali, Taufik. “Pariwisata Menjadi Strategi
Pembangunan Indonesia.” Academia.N.p., n.d. Web.
07 July 2015.
3
Muhajir, Anton. “Ancaman Komersialisasi Kajian
Budaya Bali.” Bale Begong. N.p., 18 Mar. 2012. Web.
07 July 2015.
2
606
on Social Politics
4
Moore, Barrington 1967 Social Origins of
Dictatorship and Democracy: Lord and Peasant in the
Making of the Modern World. Boston: Beacon Press.
5
Borgatta, Edgar F., and Rhonda J. V. Montgomery.
Encyclopedia of Sociology.Vol. 3. New York: Macmillan
Reference USA, 2001. Print.
6
Soekanto, Soerjono. SosiologiSuatuPengantar
7
Ranjabar, jacobus Perubahan Sosial dalam teori
makro: pendekatan realitas sosial
as a way of life that has been accepted,
either the changes in
geographic,
cultural materials, the composition of the
population, ideology and also because of
the diffusion or new discoveries within
the community.”
(Ranjabar
2008:16)
Gillin explained by social change,the way
of life alsochanged due to changes in the
composition of society and cultural material.
It emphasized that the arrival of new people
with new culture into the community will slowly
change the variations in the ways of living of
the locals.
According
to
Soemardjan,”social
change is any changes in public
institutions and affects the social system,
including values, attitudes and patterns
of behavior amongst groups of people.8”
(Soemardjan 1981:303) It is emphasizing that
the changes initially occurred at society but
affects and change the values, attitudes and
their behavior. It concluded that social change
is a change of all structures, patterns of
behavior, norms and values of society due to
various factors including cultural material, the
composition of the population and geography.
Theory of Globalization
Brunsvic
and
Dazin
formulate
“globalization as a wave that swept the
worldin terms of connecting the interaction
of human activities. increasing number of
interdependency is no longer limited by
national boundaries and barriers such as
space and time differences. The economy
affected byglobalization and ancient
culture shaken bynewinformation cause by
the rapid development of the technology.”9
(Brunzik and Danzin : 2005) Itexplained that
the globalization wave crashing the world and
creates the interdependence between states
and groups, which removes geographical and
time boundaries. Globalization initially affect
the course of the economy, but the meaning
of the cultures are shifted and assimilated
8
Soemardjan, Selo. Perubahan Sosial di
Yogyakarta.
9
Brunsvick,
Yves,
and André
Danzin.
LahirnyaSebuahPeradaban:
GoncanganGlobalisasi.
Yogyakarta: Kanisius, 2005. Print.
or changed due to human integration and
information that overwhelmed the society
through technology.
Tourism
development
and
Culture
Commercialization
Developed countries have realized
if tourism is important for humanity, social
and economic activities. Indonesia as a
developing country gets benefit from tourism
since the New Order era, especially starting
from the 1990s. The tourism sector itself was
expected to drive the economy of the people
because of its facilities and infrastructures are
more prepared compared to other business
sectors. Thus, Indonesia plans to build a
community-based tourism. A communitybased tourism is a major tourism promotion
for domestic travelers until the destination is
famous within domestic visitor and boosts its
popularity until reaching the foreign visitors10.
In
2014,
Indonesia‟s
tourism
growthexceeded the economic growthwhich
made the government very optimist with
the development of tourism in Indonesia.
Indonesia should be able to use thissituation
to develop tourism in order to compete with
neighboring countries which the tourism
sectors considered more develope;Therefore
Indonesia‟s tourism should be as attractive
as possible. The main strength of Indonesian
tourism industry is thenatural landscape, plus
relatively affordable facilities which attract
tourists that are need to be developed1.
One way to give a unique variation of
tourism is the commercialization of culture.
Especially now there has been change in
customer behavior patterns10. Travelers no
longer just want to focus on the relaxation to
enjoy the holiday but also want to consume
high leveled tourism which issocio-culture
heritage, historical tourism as well as the
nature of the area; therefore the government
will optimize tourism in those fields. Indeed,
tourism will have major impact to the region,
with the development of cultural tourism in an
area revenues will go to that area either.The
Santosa,
Setyanto.
“PENGEMBANGAN
PARIWISATA INDONESIA.” KolomPakar. N.p., 14 Feb.
2002. Web. 09 July 2015.
10
on Social Politics
607
multi-culture of Indonesia is forming infinite
beauties of local cultures. Each tribe has their
own particularities and everything is very
unique and hashigh selling power. Therefore
the government does the commercialization
of culture in several regions in Indonesia such
as for example in Bali and Toraja11.
The mechanism of commercialization
presenting traditional culture that is not
been done on daily basis of the localsbut
tailored to the time and tourists‟ demand.
Commercialization occurs in the form of
customs, arts, crafts, ceremony and anything
that being the target of community. Exhibiting
cultural ceremony could bebeneficial to society
and could secularize private ceremonywith
showing it to publics2; it was deliberately
done by government and tourism operators.
Concerns are rising from the natives; they are
aware when the culture will only dissolve and
based on the tourists demand and losing the
essence of the culture itself.
Commercialization is very threatening
in Bali. Bali has been commercialized since
the days of colonialism, and growing rapidly
with foreign investors since the New Order.
Bali with its tropical nature assets, beautiful
beaches, Hindu culture and sense of family
is the target of culture commercialization that
very profitable for the government. HinduBalinese feel threatened if their culture
will be eroded when it commercialized12.
For example, when GunungAgung and
PuraBesakih become the official tourism
sites that going to be developedover a period
of 15 years it makes Hindu-Balinese felt
their spiritual life can be disrupted as selling
goods. Both of these places is indeed spiritual
destinations that‟s still quite less exposed,
meanwhile the tourism ministry is planning
to improve the infrastructure of tourism in
these places to enhance the tourism industry
in those areas, but this would interfere the
spirituality life of the Hindus in this regions.
Things like this are what must be
11
Dampak
Komersialisasi
Budaya
dalam
Pariwisata. Academia.edu
12
AFP.”Rencana
Pembangunan
Pariwisata
Ditentang Di Bali.”Deutsche Welle Indonesia.N.p., 30
Oct. 2013. Web. 09 July 2015
608
on Social Politics
considered by the government. Indonesia is
a nation which is culturally rich, Bali is a living
museum that still preserve their ancestral
culture that is based on the Hindu Shiva
Siddhantabecausethey continuously doing the
ceremonies in daily life. Commercialization of
culture will bring a lot of economic advantages
for the people of Bali and Indonesia but then it
opened wide the gates of globalization and let
globalization and modernization entering the
region and shift the cultural values that have
been maintained by the Balinese13.
The image of Bali
Bali is often dubbed as the Island of
God, Island of thousand temples, Paradise
Island and many more. Even foreign tourists
often stated that Bali is a mythical island
which has a strong spiritual aura. Bali is
recognized foremittingtaksu (magical powers
from the inside). President Yudhoyono in his
speech said that Bali‟s nature is beautiful, its
culture is high and its religion and spiritual are
strong. This emphasizes just how sacred and
beautiful the image of this island and it is also
recognized by artists and anthropologists13.
Hindu-Balinese community is also
considered to be very friendly and have
strong family relationship. Indeed, it is the
characteristic of the communal order that
characterizes the people of the East, but the
nature of this family emphasized with the
understanding that called MenyamaBraya14.
MenyamaBraya etymologically derived from
Nyama means relatives, and Braya means
neighbor or human. So menyamabraya
means brotherhood among human beings,
in other words is an understanding that all
men are brothers. According to the Balinese
people, menyamabrayais the main treasure;
the way to achieve happiness and harmony
of life and local wisdom of Bali which is
believed to maintain social integration.
Menyamabrayaconcept existed since the
time of DalemWaturenggong intended to
maintain harmonious community who living
inside and outside of Bali after that there
13
Burhanuddin.Bali Yang Hilang.Impulse.
Damayana,
Wayan.
MenyamaBrayaStudiPerubahanMasyarakat Bali.
14
are some identity arise such asnyamaselam
(Muslim brothers), nayama Buda (Buddha),
nyamaJawa(Java brother) and others14.
It is no doubt the biggest selling power
of Bali is the Hinduism practice which is
very broad and deep. In Bali, Hindu culture
animates the tradition and culture of its people,
so Bali is attached to the understanding
of Hindu mainly Hindu Shiva-Siddhanta.
Hindu-Bali pillars consist of tattwa, susila,
and upacarathen Hindu in Bali is not only a
religion in thoughts but also practical, and by
practicing the religion in the reality is believed
to be able to simplify the way people to reach
moksha. Therefore Hindu Balinese always
perform religious rituals either individually or
collectively, especially on special days that
are generally associated with PancaYadnya15.
In the ceremony there are various symbols
that characterize the Hindu ShivaSiddhanta,the symbols have been attached
to Bali since the very beginning. These
symbols became the embodiment of the
divine force that created the creatingmaintaining-dissolving (upatti-sthiti-pralina)
which shows the power of 3 Gods, namely
Brahmins (the creator), Vishnu (preserver)
and Shiva (exterminator) which when united
are symbolizes as “the creation”15.
Everything that is set in Balinese
life symbolizes certain Hindu values. This
can be exemplified by the composition
of Balinese housing
are
accordance
with AstaKosalaKosali (Hindu version of
FengShui) which shows the rules of the house
according to the traditional Hindu-Bali custom
or the concept WarigaDewasa which is the
use of time should be generally applied when
looking for a good day for special occasion15.
This also can be seen in temples that
coloredin black-white-red which symbolizes
Brahma-Vishnu-Shiva. Certain meanings
contained in the terms of art practices such as
CalonArang and RejangDewa. CalonArang
dance symbolizes of the fight of man against
the dark forces while RejangDewasymbolizes
to pick up the presence of God. In term of
traditional clothesudeng are closed and white
15
Atmadja, NegahBawa. Ajeg
identitaskulturaldanGlobalisasi.
Bali
gerakan,
it issymbolizing to leave worldliness, also
a scarf wrapped around the stomach in the
kebaya which means to curb lust15.
Regarding socio-cultural issues in
society, there are some non-religious events
like mebanjar where all kramadesa(villagers)
are present, and there are some social
sanctions for the ones who are not following
it. Kramadesaactivities in Bali symbolize
togetherness and solidarity between citizens
in a banjar (village). In the socio-cultural
system, Balinese has Tri Hita Karana15as
anideology. With this ideology Balinese must
develop a harmonious relationship with God
(Parhyangan), human (pawongan) and the
environment (palemahan)15.
Through a ritual in the temple it always
involves a lot of people that cause integration.
There are four types of social cohesion
linked to temples; first is family harmony
relationship creates between goodfamily
bound using PuraKawitanas a symbol;
second territorial harmony among villagers
using Tri KahyanganDesa and other temples;
Third, professional or occupational harmony
using the Swaginatemple as a symbol; fourth
the universal harmony between people of
the Balinese use PuraKahyanganJagat. The
development of mutual harmony through
these temples are tied because the Balinese
are bound by family, villagers, professional
groups and residents of Bali which make
Bali full of temples and strongly practice the
rituals.
The things described above arecultural
assets that cause Bali producedtaksu due to
religion practice that integrates with nature13.
Collaborated with the beauty of Tropical Island
makes Bali becominga popular destination
because of the tropical atmosphere with the
addition of strong Hindu culture and sense
of close family relation.These things are
combined becoming a cultural treasurebased
on Hindu culture which able to create higher
tourism level compared to other countries.
Therefore the Indonesian government
commercializes Balinese culture for tourism
purposes.
Modernization and Changes in Balinese
Socio-Cultural Values Bali
on Social Politics
609
• The Erosion of Brotherhood
Bali tourism development provides
great economic impact for Bali especially
the residents who live in the tourist center
such as Badung, Gianyar and Denpasar.
Economic development and tourism caused
many people come to this island from various
ethnic groups, classes, and places. The stack
of these people brings negative effect on
the social condition13. This happens not only
because of the heterogeneity of immigrants
but also because society intra Bali itself which
has lineage and caste differences. Bali tends
to be inclusive to the tourists but quarrel
with other Balinese until battles between
banjarhappened15.
It shows tolerance among fellow
Bali diminished and increasingly to be
individualistic until they have the phrase
“idupkae, matiiba” which means that you are
living your life and I am living my life, do not
you bother me then I will not bother you14. This
is illustrated by the conflict between banjars
or banjar with its citizens. Conflicts generally
occur due to violation of customary law based
on Bali and Hindu customary norms15.
Bali tourism is dependent on security,
peace and tranquility. Thus the people of Bali
have to maintain and preserve the assets of
religion, tradition and culture that became the
pride of Bali and tourist interest. In the Suharto
era, he invited foreign investors to invest in
Bali and became mass tourism in Bali like we
have nowadays. This causes a lot of citizen‟s
lands being sold unilaterally during Suharto‟s
regime because it was considered favorable
by investors and officers but certainly not
fair to the people of the villages (ie. Pecatu
village)15.
Indeed, there is positive impact if Bali
opens its door for small and big investments
such as multi-sector and region development
also good economic movement. But the
downside is the waning of cultural assets,
especially in the central of tourism cities. For
the examples buildings such as art shops and
cafes are not follow Balinese architecture,
whereas very essential for Hindu-Balinese
culture. Balinese society considers that
these newcomers do not care and are only
610
on Social Politics
concerned with trades and businesses15.
This causes a gap betweenthe
newcomers and the natives. In fact, most of
the crimes, prostitution and drugs trafficking
are conducted by people who are not
originally from Bali such as Java and Lombok,
so the potential for conflict were rising14. This
reinforcing the belief that Bali is threatened;
this causes a big difference in relationship
between Balinese with other Indonesian
citizens. They used to call people outside
the island with NyamaJawa (Java brother)
is now changed intoJelema Java (random
Javanese) or Jelemaselam these nicknames
brought distance between Balinese and nonBalinese who are labeled as troublemakers.
Things like this make nyama turned into
Jelema designation that indicates distance
to the Javanese and Moslems especially
after the Bali bombing. There are changes
of character in Balinese to have tendency
becomingmore suspicious, sorting the natives
and immigrants, and strengthen their ethnic
identity with Ajeg Bali as a discourse14.
• Shifting Value of Life
In addition to the problem in social
values such as nyama beingJelema, the
people of Bali are also changed the purpose
of their spiritual life. In Hindu there is the goal
of Hinduism namely “CaturWarga15”. This
goal was once highly revered by the people of
Bali for achieving moksha. The sequence of
“CaturWarga” areDharma (goodness), Artha
(wealth), Kama (lust) and Moksa15. However,
since the globalization, the order turns
intoArtha, Kama, Dharma, Moksha. Money
becomes very important for the people inBali;
they are now competing to pursue wealth
not goodness. Kama came after money, so
that people with their artha always fulfill their
relentlesskama and it emerged with a high
sense of consumerism and hedonism of
Balinese. Goodness that should be the guide
to findartha and kama is now on the third row;
with modernization,people start to think if
this is an abstract concept, more particularly
moksha, in regard to the life after death which
is increasingly considered as abstract in this
modern times15.
The search of Artha is not based on
the Dharma,we could find cases of Balinese
people become criminals, drug dealers,
thugs, corruptors, pimps, and others also the
incidence of dirty politics at Bali political levels
that plays money around. Sex industries also
raising as businesses cause by the effort to
achieve kama without dharma such as PSK,
Gadis Mall, ABG, dakocan, Pijat plus-plus
and others. In addition there is the increasing
number of infidelity and kumpulkebo (living
together without marriage)15 which against
both the Eastern and Hindu values.
Greed of artha without remembering
God also made most of the Balinese people
is no longer in good relationship with nature;
with the exploitation of the environment.
For the example they use of electric current
to catch fish, hunt rare birds for decoration,
forests destruction to open fields that
resulting in frequent flood in the rainy season
and drought in the dry season. It is rising the
pollution of soil, water and air. It‟s in contrast
with the Hindu-Balinese citizens in the past
that always preserve the balance of nature
and obviously it violates thePalemahan point
in the Tri Hita Karana where human should
live in harmony and respecting the nature
and it is corrupted by getting Artha in order to
satisfy Kama15.
Ajeg Bali as a policy
Ajeg Bali movement first emerged
after the 2002 Bali bombings that emerged
and spread from variety of medias, started
in Bali TVgrowth to be the themes for many
event.Ajeg Bali is an effort to adjust Balinese
concept. Ajeg comes fromjejeg that means
firm and unchanged. Ajeg Bali is hoping that
Bali can be interpreted as a solid, not wobbly
and sustainable island. With the addition of
the globalization, the discourse of Ajeg Bali is
strongly tried to be achieved14.
“Ajeg Bali” has become a trend in society
and used anywhere, in the political campaign,
the newspaper until marching. This happens
because of two words that unite the people of
Bali, maintain Balinese culture and Ajeg-ing
Bali together (Strengthening Bali); it becomes
a cure when the Balinese try to find bulwark
to protect culture. Ajeg Bali should be Ajeg
Hindu either whichis the base order of Bali14.
Ajeg Bali becoming the dream of
Balinese to not be an object anymore.Ajeg
Bali is an obsession to make Balinese could
involve, enjoy and keep the results of obtaining
the economy progress in Bali that interpreted
in three levels; at the individual level, with
the sense of Balinese ability to have cultural
confidence that is not limiting to the physical
things only; on the environmental level,
interpreted by the creation of Balinese culture
living space that is inclusive, multicultural
and selective against external influences and
at the level of the cultural process, Ajeg Bali
defined as human interaction with Balinese
culture‟s sphere to produce new cultural
markers through the process of cultural
values and local wisdom14.
Then there areAjeg Bali practical
recommendations that has been made by
the government as local social policy14: first,
the implementation of special autonomy
to the provinces in order to prevent the
fragmentation of Bali cultural space and
triggering conflicts between regional level II;
Secondly, the intermingling of various social
and cultural contract to minimize conflicts
between Balinese community and cultural
institutions (banjar); Thirdly strengthening
and expanding the role of cultural institutions;
Fourth educating various cultural institutions
and cultural heritage of Bali to confront
modernity; Fifth making culture legalization
product to maintain the existence of cultural
and religious spaces within the Balinese
society; sixth vigorous law enforcement on
the legalization; seventh manufacture of
specific legislation to set limits of authority of
the government of Indonesia to the Balinese
culture institution; eighth Balinese culture
mapping and documentation.
Written in Bali Post that there areAjeg
Bali strategies14to understand, appreciate and
socialize Hindu-Bali forces that arediscipline,
Yadnya and dharma; leaders need to
understand and apply the teachings of Dana,
Punia and Kirti which directed at self-liberation
for mokhsa; spreading these teachings in
everyday life including rituals and concepts
on Social Politics
611
of yadnya; doing reinterpretation and
revitalization of life teaching in DesaPakraman
to be fit in the century, strengthening Hindu
teachings to the youth, giving role models
and developing Balinese based on Hindu
principalities; observe the demographics
condition, and avoid the radical attitude of
exclusivity in order to remain to be strong
inside and sympathetic to the outside.
Several matters in Ajeg Bali that already
implemented in various spacesin Balinese
life14:
1. Conduct population administration. Then
the issuance of Migrant Identity Cards
(KIPP) and seasonal migrant identity
card (KIPEM). The city government
will coordinate with custom village and
religious leaders with the regulations for
KIPP and KIPEM and should be under
recommendations of custom village
and the officials. Its main purpose is to
restrict illegal migrants and provide a
greater opportunity to the people of Bali
for the process of economic, political
and culture.
2. In cultural and religion field. Balinese
culture posed by exclusivity in Hinduism
with its ritual and religion facilities which
unite people in unison. Some media
stated that the roots of Balinese culture
itself is Hindu, the Ajeg Hindu also
need to be done. Ajeg Bali is an effort
to preserve the culture, religion and
customs of Bali that is now changing.
3. In economic affairs. Ajeg Bali used to
build new economic concepts with
the objective of winningthe Balinese
market share that has been taken by
migrants. Then the emergence of the
KKM program (KoprasiKrama Bali) with
the purpose of developing Balinese
economy especially krama Bali (HinduBalinese).ButAjeg Bali still raises
several questions regarding Balinese
who are not Hindu.
3.
AnAlysis
Indonesia experienced globalization,
Brunzic stated if globalization as a wave that
swept the world in terms of connecting the
612
on Social Politics
interaction of human activities. increasing
number of interdependency is no longer
limited by national boundaries and barriers
such as of space and time differences are
all gone. The economic globalization and
ancient culture shaken by new information
that entering the human being cause by
the rapid development of the technology,
the whole world is affected by globalization
including Indonesia, then the activities and
events happening across the country make
us dependent. This leads to economic activity
in Indonesia depend on the arrival of tourists,
especially from foreign countries to boost the
economy of Indonesia. Indonesia became
very dependent on other countries, especially
in the field of tourism, causing Indonesia felt
the need to open the market in accordance
with the demand of tourism market,this led to
the opening of regions in Indonesia to develop
its tourism industry.
This resulted in the development of the
tourism industry which globalization goes into
the area such as Bali. Because of tourism,
Bali former main income was agriculture, is
now reaping huge profits from tourism, people
open the door wide for the globalization
brought by tourists and migrants who are
entering the region. Butancient culture
shaken by new information cause by the
rapid development of the technology it is
not a threat to the Balinese because there is
no change yet in Bali, but slowly Balinese feel
that the brunt of globalization come to shift
the social values of their culture.
Newcomers are dominating, thus rose
expression of Balinese sell their land to buy
meatballs while Javanese selling meatballs
to buy land. This suggests that immigrants
are now coming to Bali to buy land in Bali
and openbusiness; this causes a change
in the composition of the community in Bali
to lead to a material change of culture that
would lead to the modernization. Besides
the dominance of non-Bali in the tourism
sector of Bali made the social gap between
the Balinese and the migrants made the
majority of Hindu-Balinesecommunity no
longer considers migrants as brother but as
stranger that bring chaos in Bali, which take
their job field, commercialize their culture
(which the profit mostly enjoyed by investors),
and cause assimilation in a culture that shift
and marginalized Bali‟s ancient culture that
couldn‟t be up to date. At this point of this
globalization the Hindu-Balinese experienced
a cultural degradation.
Plus globalization and modernization
are two things that always come together. With
the globalization that lunged to Bali, it brought
modernization with it. Since the Dutch colonial
era, Indonesia has always felt that the Western
powers are superior and describe civilization;
that has been implemented by the West for
hundreds of years during the occupation that
the West is the symbol of vogue. Developing
countries put the West as their standard for
advancing their development.
Balinese has mental perekan (slave)
that is embedded in the culture. This mental
implanted since the days of the kings with
the master-servant relationship, and servants
must abide by the host. But they did not just
regard the king as their master but also the
colonials or white people are considered to
be higher than them. Sincethe 19th century
Balinese orientation is no longer Java but the
West which considered havingmore economic
and political stability. Bali seesthe West as a
sign of good example of development.
modernization
is
the
total
transformation of traditional and or premodern community to the technological
society and social organizations that
resemble western development which
economically prosperous and politically
stable. When we examined here,
the
people who are pre-modern or traditional will
westernize themselves through technology
to be the same as Western countries which
are prosperous and stable. However where
will they put the traditional tradition? That‟s
the richness of Indonesia and Bali now. If
modernization continues in Bali then Bali will
not be Bali again just be a westernized island
and lose all the culture that are considered
obsolete. Then the cultural assets of Bali will
disappear and it will turn into just a usual tropical
island as the others without any mystery and
taksu.This modernization will produce
western technologies that address the
structural features and traditional culture
that still arise;It emphasizes the structural
and traditional culture will be gradually
eliminated by Western technology. Then
modernization not only a change to resemble
the West, but also the dominatingBalinese
technology and knowledge with Western
knowledge and technology.
Without
culture,
teachings
and
knowledge of Hindu, Bali will never be the
same again and most likely the tourism flow
will decrease. Because if we discuss about
tropical island many countries have it and
most of them are much cleaner, but Bali still
stands out because of its culture, when the
culture change, the government has possibility
to lose tourism market;sadly people of Bali
will lose its identity as a community which
rich of culture that still maintain the culture in
modern time, the loss of ancestral culture is
the biggest loss for an ethnic group in which it
covers identity which they already maintained
to distinguish them from other groups.
Globalization with modernization will
continue to enter Bali through the current
commercialization of culture and tourism
that raises social changes. Social change
was initially originated in the era of New
Order development that led Bali entered the
era of globalization which change the social
value quickly. The root cause of the change
was capitalism that concludesthe thought
of gaining benefit from cultural imperialism
resulting in consumerism that causes
hedonism which happened to most people
in Bali. Modernization also occurred with the
dismantling of the cultural value and meaning
so that when this happens constantly the
relativity of values will be missed and the
community will lose the guide of right or wrong
there is no such reference for determining
dharma or Adharma.
Moore said that social change is
important, changes in the social structure
which is a pattern of behavior and social
interaction such as norms, values and
cultural phenomenon. It demonstrated
changes in the social structure in Bali where
Pamekraman village is now dominated by
on Social Politics
613
DesaDinas and behavior such as norms,
values and cultural phenomenon. It showed
by the shift in the meaning of cultures as the
authors describe above. One of the example
is now CaturWarga is no longer prioritize
and based everything in Dharma including
searchingof Artha and fulfilling of Kama is no
longer happening, but now the search ofwealth
(Artha) is done in various ways to fulfill Kama
where Dharma sit on the third place formed
as abstract concept due to modernization
which obscures goodness or badness, or
even the change of the Balinese people
which were open and welcoming NyamaJawa
and nyamaselam and now being suspicious
and did not implementing NyamaBraya and
make distance between them to portray the
un-friendliness.
Gilin said that the changes affected
by changes in geographical, cultural
materials, the composition of the
population, ideology or even diffusion
and new discoveries in the community.
This is what happened to the people of Bali,
the composition of the population changed
because the number of migrants entering and
causing Balinese cultural material changes by
itself created by many people from different
cultural backgrounds and religions. This is
why the Bali feel threatened now with the
new people waves and the shifting of cultural
meaning causing the Balinese realize that
Bali is undergoing a phase of losing their
marginalized cultural heritage, unfortunately
the Balinese become silent majority in order
to maintain the stability of the tourism island.
Same with Soemardjan, values and
social behavior that are transformed causing
social change and shift especially for the
Hindu-Balinese who still holding on to the
beliefs of their ancestors. Even now they
are willing to do things that violate the Tri
HitaKirana guidelines, such as environment
point to gain profit. Therefore to resist change
and to be aware of the “sickness” experienced
by the Balinese which called capitalist and
degradation of cultural values causeAjeg Bali
policyto be implemented.
When we examine Ajeg Bali is a
movement of Bali confirmation or getting it
614
on Social Politics
back which lost with every bit of its culture
and religion. Ajeg Bali became strengthener
for the Balinese silent majority to unite and
defend their holy land. However, there are
exclusivities in AjegBali; whereas it also
strengthening Hinduism meaning only Hindu
values is retained in Ajeg Bali. We couldn‟t
deny that there are hundreds thousands of
Muslims, Christians and Catholics in Bali.
Then what will happen to them, would they
only involveto strengthening general culture
of Bali? But in three levels Ajeg Bali explained
that Bali will accept multiculturalism in Bali but
be selective. It shows that Bali will no longer
be an open fortress but will begin to provide
filters for upcoming cultural influences in order
to maintaining its culture through theiAjeg
Bali policies. But on the individual level will
be very interesting because the Balinese
urged to have cultural confidence as well as
creating a space for the formation of cultural
knowledge which able to stay up to date. Let‟s
assume that the new culture is still based on
the Hindu-Balinese that is not commercialized
by the people of Bali in accordance with the
demands of modernization; when the culture
is able to follow the dynamics of the centuries
but still based on Hinduism, it is believed that
Balinese culture will remain stable.
In practical recommendations and
strategies,Ajeg Bali has focused on cultural
preservation and upgrading the Balinese
culture and Hindu for the youth.Educating
cultural institutions to be able to follow the
flow of globalization rather than eroded, and
the legalization of culture for no intervention
by the central government also governance
structure toprevent conflict. It is good to
maintain Bali but systematically seems quite
difficult, especially in terms of prevention of
interventions. Bali could orderthe community
if they agree upon the maintenance of Bali‟s
wisdom. Questions still comes to mind
society whether Balinese culture is totally
right until they need to strength it up until
special autonomy implemented and the
governmentintervention are blocked. Ajeg
Bali certainly will help to slow social change
in Bali or even may be able to maintain its
culture without any value shiftingbut it will
give exclusivity to certain groups which are
assumed to cause tension in the future.
Capitalism and lust already spreadingin
Bali,Ajeg Bali expected to help improving Bali
so the value of the culture can be enjoyed
again, and even better tokeep the taksu in
Bali with its thousand temples and empower
the unique spiritual values of the people and
keeping some space for multiculturalism that
cannot be rejected by upholding the Bhineka
TunggalIka.
4.
features, but Ajeg Bali still trying to give some
space for Indonesian multiculturalism but by
filtering the culture, migrants and government
actionsin order to prevent adverse impact
on the indigenous culture that is trying to
be maintain. Let us hope that with Ajeg
Bali, Bali able to sustain its unique culture,
religion and social values and still upholds
the value of Indonesian as pluralistic nation
and prevent any prolonged conflict in internal
Bali community who has different religion and
social system.
ClosinG
Conclusion
Indonesia keen to develop its tourism
sector until opened the gate of globalization
through investments on the highest demand
of culture value in tourism. However, the
development of cultural tourism through
commercialization was gaining awareness
of local residents. Government developed
tourism focusing only tothe country progress.
But modernization and globalization that affect
tourist areas(focused to Bali) are crashing
and shifting social values and culture of local
communities. Judging from the tourism point
of view it could cause a decrease in demand
when the culture that being “sold” is lost, but
even worse when that culture still exist but
the value is shifted in their own community
because they were trimmed by modernization.
The shift of current socio-cultural values
will gradually eliminate Balinese identity
that has been built so long on the values
of Hindu Shiva-Siddhanta, the missing of
Balinese identity would eliminate identity
that distinguishes Balinese with others, and
therefore the people of Bali began to take
action with Ajeg Bali as a local policy in order
to maintain Balinese culture and religion.
Ajegbali is not only a discourse,
some policies have now been implemented
through it, the community has also been very
supportive of this movement. However Ajeg
Bali may not be one hundred percent take the
past Bali back but at least still able to maintain
the current Bali due to the displacement of
some values as a result of capitalism. Ajeg
Bali portray exclusivity to strengthening
Hindu-Bali community alongside with their
5.
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AnAlysis of iMPlEMEnTinG lAnd PRoVision PoliCy
foR PuBliC inTEREsT in suKABuMi
yana fajar fy. Basori
[email protected]
Post Graduate Student in Goverment Studies at Padjajaran University and
Lecturer of Faculty of Administration Science and Humaniories
Muhammadiyah University Sukabumi
Abstract
The stipulation of implementing layout plan policy of Sukabumi region and the function policy of Sukabumi
municipality as the centre of region activity in layout structure of West Java Province encourage the
Sukabumi municipality government to provide land for public interest or others. Research problems
are how the implementation of land provision policy, process and strategy or implementation of land
provision policy model of South Sukabumi region. To obtain the comprehensive research result that will
be the main consideration for decision maker in formulating policy, this research uses policy analysis
method that refers to interpretation of land provision policy for public interest in Sukabumi by observing,
document study, literature, and in dept interview to informant about organization, interpretation and the
implementation of land provision policy for public interest, and consequences that is going to have from
land provision. Based on the research that has been conducted, the implementation of land provision
policy in Sukabumi has done by considering the stipulation of implementing layout plan policy of
Sukabumi region, the function policy of Sukabumi municipality as the centre of region activity in layout
structure of West Java Province, and land act for development implementing in public interest. It has
been done by Government Layout Division, Sukabumi Local Secretariat Asset Division, Local Asset
Management of Income and Finance Division and Sukabumi Local Government Asset. Its process by
discussion whether by selling and buying land or compensation decision by money payment refers to
NJOP or the real value of continuing year of NJOP around land liberation area. Model/strategy of land
provision for public interest in Sukabumi is done by discussion in agreement; (a) discussion in deciding
land price, (b) discussion in buying land from people, (c) discussion in land replacement.
Key Word : Implementation, Land Provision and Policy
inTRoduCTion
By embracing the paradigm of local
democracy models, Law Number 23 Year
2014 on Regional Government explained that
the regional government has no existence
in line with regional interests. Efforts to
fulfill the accountability process Regional
Government to encourage the fulfillment of
public accountability become part of the local
community instrument for the sovereign as
well as the ideals of autonomy, in addition to
essentially encourage the establishment of a
policy adopted by the Regional Government
in accordance with the aspirations of the
people within the framework of NKRI.
One concern for it is the spatial
arrangement especially with regard to the
determination of the public interest. Based
Spatial Plan (RTRW) Sukabumi from 2002 to
2011, the land requirement for development
activities and government offices until the year
2011 was 94.00 hectares or 1.96%, which
leads to the construction of a new town in
the District of Baros, District and Sub-district
Cibeureum Lembursitu. Entirely intended for
the activities of government and private offices
that will be expected to continue to increase
in line with the development of the city in the
future. Spatial planning is needed to address
the crisis in the space that has been going on
in addition to ensuring consistency between
planning and land use. In the perspective of
urban systems, land requirements and the
space becomes necessary in the fulfillment of
the performance indicators of the city and city
management performance indicators used
on Social Politics
617
to measure the ability of a city to compete
against other towns in the region.
Policy of land acquisition related to the
regulation concerning the making process of
land owned by the community or individuals by
the State and individuals or other community
groups. Tesebut land acquisition related to
the implementation of development activities
in the public interest, or which involves
setting back the use, utilization, ownership,
and control of land (land reform) in line with
land stewardship. In this study, acquisition of
land is defined as the transfer of ownership,
possession, use, and the use of land for the
implementation of the general interest of the
land owned by individuals or groups of people.
Land acquisition policy will also include
the redistribution of land to realize the
structure of control and ownership of land
equal in society, which affects the level of
welfare. These effects arise because of the
great importance of the land to the community
livelihood langung relating to ownership and
control over the land. Evictees generally not
been able to feel the meaning of justice in
accordance with his sacrifice, because the
legislation that is not guaranteed to equal
the quality of their lives before and after the
occurrence of the takeover. As of this writing
has not been done in-depth research on the
quality of life for those whose land is acquired
for public interest.
The procurement of land for public
purposes is a very important thing. Especially
in terms of implementation, because of
the need to understand that the land has
economic side that can bring prosperity for
current selling value will usually be greater
than the previous sale. Moreover, if in the
know that the land will be used for public
purposes. Therefore, in order to understand
how the implementation of policies on land
acquisition for public purposes in Sukabumi
the study entitled „Analysis of Policy
Implementation Land Acquisition for Public
Interest in Sukabumi‟ important to do.
REsEARCH PuRPosEs
The aim of this study is expected to
achieve things like the following:
618
on Social Politics
1. Know and understand the general idea
of the organization and interpretation
of policy implementation of land
acquisition for the implementation of a
common interest development in the
southern region of Sukabumi (BACILE).
2. Know and understand the policy
implementation process of land
acquisition in the southern region
(BACILE) for the construction
of
public interest by the Government of
Sukabumi.
3. Know and understand the strategy
or model of land acquisition policies
undertaken by local governments on
land rights holders.
REsEARCH METHods
This research uses descriptive method
with qualitative approach. The required data
derived from the data collected, according to
Usman and Akbar (2005) include the place,
perpetrators and activities. In this study, where
the conduct of research in the office area
where the actors are in the environmental
policy of the Government of Sukabumi,
West Java. Perpetrators of all those who are
involved in land acquisition policy includes the
actors. Data sources use resources related to
the science of government books and papers
and reports in the form of documents relating
to the location of land acquisition for public
purposes.
In this research, in-depth interviews
carried out to informants purposively set
consists of:
1. Mayor Sukabumi
2. The Head of Governance Regional
Secretariat Sukabumi
3. Head of Asset Finance and Asset
Revenue Service Area (DPKAD)
Sukabumi
4. Head of the Department of Agriculture
Fisheries and Food
5. Head Cibeureum, Head Baros and
Head Lembursitu
6. The owner of land rights are waived.
The research instrument is the
researchers themselves who are personally
conducting research to better be able to
respond by dealing directly with the informant.
Stages of research that the researchers
conducted the pre field by conducting research
in the area of the City of Sukabumi, requested
permission to the Mayor and prepare
equipment include cameras and recording
equipment. To process and interpret the data
by analyzing qualitative data or processing is
done by following the steps, namely:
1. Data reduction.
2. Display Data
3. Taking the conclusions and verification
Techniques to obtain the level of trust
the results of qualitative research must meet
the criteria, as proposed by Nasution, namely:
credibility (credibility), compliance (fittingness
transferability), can be justified (auditability
dependability and confirmability).
Data collection techniques used are:
1. In-depth interviews (in-depth interviews)
interview is an oral question and answer
between two or more directly by using
the technique of in-depth interviews.
In the case in selected forms of
unstructured interviews were conducted
to the informant, in Sukabumi. Interview
guidelines contained in the annex.
2. Observation.
Observation is the sisitimatis observation
and recording of symptoms studied. The
most important observation is that the
researchers relied on observations and
memories. In this research, technical
observations made by observing
directly at the sites.
3. Study documentation and literature
Namely retrieval of data obtained
through the documents. Among other
books, documents related to the study
material, ie the final report on land
acquisition in Sections Government
Secretariat Sukabumi.
The location study performed in
Sukabumi, West Java Province, particularly
in the City of Sukabumi.
REsulT And disCussion
Use descriptive method with qualitative
approaches such as on land acquisition
policy analysis in Sukabumi, proved to be
more easily adapted to the reality of diverse
and interacting, in addition to revealing the
hidden reality. With a qualitative approach, the
analysis of policy implementation in providing
land for the implementation of development
for public use the model of a comprehensive
or holistic analysis that direct analysis of the
consequences of a policy that may arise,
both before and after land acquisition policy
implemented.
Framework policy analysis focused
on three main points, namely: the policy
of land acquisition, land acquisition policy
implementation, as well as the consequences
of land acquisition policies implemented by the
government of Sukabumi. Parameter analysis
used, first, using a qualitative approach, and
the data presented include the place, actors
and land acquisition activities. Activity acquire
knowledge is done through observation, study
the documentation, study the legislation, as
well as in-depth interviews with informants
related to the organization, interpretation and
application of the policy of land acquisition
by the government of Sukabumi. Second,
the parameter value orientation growing on
all actors involved in the implementation of
land acquisition, throughout this research,
encourage the practice of deliberation is
done with sincerity, without pressure let alone
a threat, and a third, political considerations
which are generally used as a basis to ensure
stability is maintained.
AnAlysis of THE lAnd ACQuisiTion
PoliCy
Based on the review of the legislation as
well as interviews with informants related to the
procurement policy of land (land acquisition)
for the implementation of development for
public interest and in addition to the public
interest, and based on the RTRW document
Sukabumi (2002-2011) explained that the
acquisition of land for public purposes related
to the advancement and improvement of
development. In this case the construction of
infrastructure that aims to provide substantial
benefits to the public. Any difficulties in land
acquisition, delays in the implementation of
infrastructure development impacts resulting
on Social Politics
619
benefits of such development can not be
immediately perceived by the public.
Based on the policy RTRW Sukabumi
which serves as Activity Center Region (FGM)
in the spatial structure of West Java province,
could be said that the policy of land acquisition
by the Government of Sukabumi intended
to acquire land for various development
activities in the public interest and in addition
to the public interest, such as which has
been agreed stake holders in a variety of
development planning documents specifically
relating to the implementation of the RTRW
which can not be separated from the need
for land acquisition, which is implemented by
way of the release of rights over land and by
way of sale and purchase, or exchange.
Due to various reasons, including land
acquisition financing difficulties that are in the
district of Sukabumi some implementation
plan land use and space can not be realized
to the fullest. Delays in the completion of
proficiency level, will automatically have
an impact on other policy implementation
plan khsususnya related to the fulfillment of
the functions of the city as in the structure
Regional Activity Center West Java Province.
There can be mentioned, for example, delays
in the completion of the southern ring road,
inhibition of terminal construction type A,
inhibition of construction of the Parliament
building Sukabumi, delays in the completion
of the building SMKN 4 due to a lack of
financing land acquisition, or inhibition of
terminal development of agrotourism in the
absence of financing for land acquisition.
Completion of public facilities is believed
to be decentralized crowd, in addition to
encouraging the formation of centers of new
growth in the city of Sukabumi like to plan the
establishment of public transportation route
in the city or outside the city that can not be
done due to the completion of the ring road to
the south and and terminal type A.
Procurement of land held by local
governments in large or small scale, actually
relates to the setting of the process of
expropriation of land owned by communities
or individuals for the purpose of development,
as well as arrangements concerning the re620
on Social Politics
use, utilization, ownership and control of land
(land reform). In a broader framework for land
acquisition should include activities organized
include the redistribution of land to realize the
structure of control and ownership of land that
is balanced, which has been shown to affect
the level of welfare. In this regard, the BAL No.
5 of 1960 indeed show a spirit pembaharauan
agararia to be enabled to change the character
of the colonial to the national state. As already
explained, the basic principle of „land for
the tillers‟ (ground for the work), and „lands
enough for a household‟s livelihood‟ (land
sufficient to ensure the needs of a family) in
the philosophy of the BAL is a policy basis
BAL to bring people towards prosperity and
progress through the realignment, the use
and utilization of land and natural resources
which are then known as agrarian reform or
agrarian reform (agararian reform).
Thus, the implementation of activities
to gain ground within the framework of the
implementation of development for public
interest and in addition to the public interest,
on a large scale or small scale, involving the
Land Acquisition Committee or not, with regard
to the provisions of the legislation, especially
the problem release and termination rights
ground and objects on the ground of the
owner who has been part of the life of the
owner of rights to land and objects on it which
is basically a human right. Certainly different
if the release of the will of the owner of the
rights to which it bemaksud relinquish their
land rights.
Noting the intention of publishing the
Presidential Decree as instructions regarding
the procedure to be followed by enforcement
officials in obtaining land for development
activities, could be said that the President
of the procedural Regulation contrary to the
provisions higher. For example, Article 8 of
Law No. 10/2004 on the Establishment of
legislation. Under Article 8, the provisions set
in the Presidential Regulation is supposed to
be regulated by a law, because it deals with
further adjustment provisions of the 1945
Constitution which includes the right of human
rights, the rights and obligations of the state,
the implementation and enforcement of state
sovereignty and the division of state power,
regions of the country, districts, citizenship
and residence, state finances or dperintahkan
by a law to be regulated by law.
Moreover, the ownership of the land
is part of the fulfillment of human rights, as
stated in Article 28 H Paragraph (4) of the 1945
Constitution Second Amendment which states
that „everyone has the right to have private
property and property rightsshould not be taken
over arbitrarily arbitrarily by anyone „. Article
28 J Paragraph (2) of the 1945 Constitution
Second
Amendment,
explained
that:
„In carrying out their rights and freedoms,
everyone shall be subject to the restrictions
set forth by the law with masksud solely
to ensure recognition and respect for the
rights and freedoms of others and to satisfy
the demands of justice in accordance with
considerations of morality, religious values,
security, law and order in a democratic
society„.
The use of instruments Presidential
Decree in the procurement of land for the
public interest, contrary also to Law No. 39
of 1999 on Human Rights, which provides a
balance between the interests of individuals
with a common interest, as defined in Article
36 Paragraph (1), (2) and (3) , as well as
Article 37 Paragraph (1) and (2) relating to the
acquisition of land rights in the public interest.
When Article 37 stated: „implementation
in accordance with the legislation‟, it is meant
as a container or other form of arrangement
is not law, not in the form of a Presidential
Regulation. Overall, the law ensures that
the rights to land that belongs to someone
in accordance with the national law of the
land is protected from the interference of
others without in any form (physical and nonphysical). Land rights a person should not be
deprived arbitrarily and unlawfully, including
by the authorities. In the event of a takeover
of rights, waiver of the land is shaped
arrangement forms a law, not a Presidential
Decree.
Analysis of implementation of land Acquisition Policy organization
In a seminar, Mayor Sukabumi said
that as one of the pilot areas in the pilot
implementation of regional autonomy at the
end of the era of the New Order (Decree
of the Minister of the Interior No. 178 of
1996), Sukabumi interpret autonomy as an
opportunity, especially to improve service
quality and expand public access to enjoy
various services, both basic services,
administrative services and public services
are bound by various government policies,
and / or within the framework of NKRI. Thus,
the determination of the hosting organization
of land acquisition for public interest activities
in Sukabumi attention to regulations that have
been established by the Government.
Under
the
provisions
of
the
Government on the establishment and
regional organizations as well as government
regulations on procurement of land for
interest, all the research that has been
conducted, the Local Government Sukabumi
set the hosting organization of different
land acquisition. The first, conducted by the
Regional Asset Management Section in the
administration of his duties assisted by SubSection Procurement and Management of
Fixed Assets at the Regional Secretariat of
Sukabumi. Secondly, by the Regional Asset
Management Division is assisted by the Asset
Management and Maintenance Section Fixed
at the Department of Revenue, Finance and
Asset Sukabumi. Field of Asset Management
Area at the Department of Revenue, Financial
Management, and Asset Sukabumi, has the
authority to organize the procurement of land
for small-scale (less than 1 ha) directly by way
of sale or other means agreed, appropriate
proposals approved The Regional Head,
both in the public interest and in addition to
the public interest. While land acquisition
for large scale (over 1 ha) conducted by
the Land Acquisition Committee, which was
established by Decree of the Mayor or Mayor
Regulation.
Thirdly, carried out by the Land
Acquisition Committee consisting of the
on Social Politics
621
elements of regional and elements of the
National Land Office of Sukabumi, which
shaped and determined by the Mayor‟s
decision, namely Sukabumi Mayor Decision
No. 146 of 2006 on the Establishment of the
Land Acquisition Committee for Development
in the Public Interest. The provision is
amended, corrected by Mayoral Decree
No. 170 of 2007 on the Establishment
of the Land Acquisition Committee For
Implementation of Development for Public
Interest. Furthermore, the provision of land
acquisition wear composition of personnel
as listed in the Mayor Regulation No. 60
Year 2010 on the Establishment of the Land
Acquisition Committee For Implementation of
Development for Public Interest considering
Regional Regulation Sukabumi No. 6 of
2008 on the Establishment and Composition
of the regional organization Sukabumi
(Gazette Sukabumi area of 2008 Number 6).
Changes in the regulatory policies of land
as such, which is followed by a change in
Government policy on land acquisition, shows
the weakness of the political commitment
of the government for the implementation
of agrarian reforms (agrarian reform and
/ or land reform) that includes issues of
land redistribution (rearrangement of the
structure of control and ownership of land ),
an increase in production and productivity,
the development of credit to agriculture, land
tax, penyakapan relationships, farm workers
wage system, as well as land consolidation.
Weak political commitment of the Government
in carrying out agrarian reform, seen in the
management of the relationship owners and
penyakap (land tenure reform), as well as the
maintenance of a change of control over, the
pattern of cultivation, as well as the law of
land ownership (land reform operation).
In
addition
to
strong
political
commitment, accurate data availability, the
availability of an adequate budget, and the
availability of social capital (social capital) as
a powerful peasant organization, suspected
to be a prerequisite for the implementation
of agrarian reform (land-reform) overall.
Conceptually, the agrarian reform consists of
two different main aspects, namely the control
622
on Social Politics
and ownership aspects and aspects of the
use and utilization. In the MPR Decree No.
IX of 2001 on Agrarian Reform and Natural
Resources, Article 2 states that: „agrarian
reform involves a continuous process with
regard to the reordering control, ownership,
use, and utilization of agrarian resources‟.
Aspects of possession / ownership is clearly
different from the aspect of use / utilization,
because the first one with respect to how the
legal relationship of man to the ground, while
the second discussed how the soil (and other
agrarian resources) used and exploited. MPR
Decree is a negation of agrarian policy in the
past, that does not make agrarian reform
as the cornerstone of development. Land
and other agrarian resources (ie everything
related to earth, water, air space and natural
riches contained therein) is simply viewed
as an object, where all the development
activities carried out by a single orientation
of the economic growth. As a result, up to
now can be perceived imbalance in the
structure of the ownership, acquisition and
utilization of agrarian resources that are not
infrequently lead to the occurrence of many
conflicts between the subject of rights with
the bargaining position of different Moreover,
over-exploitation of the sources of agrarian
proved to have resulted in deterioration of
agrarian resources in quality and quantity.
inTERPRETATion
On behalf of the organization
development for the benefit of the public,
people hardly have a strong bargaining
position with the government in land
acquisition. Payment cases that do not fit,
or the lack of documentation of consultation
between the community and the City of
nonequilibrium prove their bargaining position
with the government of Sukabumi. Thus,
people hardly have the power to request the
replacement land area doubled (as agreed
consultation), which is known to the public
is already available and is intended as a
replacement for of waqf land that is used
for landfill. Imforman sources admit that the
doctrine of public interest (for education and
for TPA) has been encouraging people to give
up property rights and / or community tenure.
Information on the list of activities that include
public interest informants acknowledged very
limited and inadequate. The public does not
know, for example, that the acquisition of
land for the construction of office buildings
or the construction of educational buildings
excluding the category of public interest.
Ideally, good laws are laws that contain
provisions that integral and able to provide
certainty and a clear picture of a term so as
not to give rise to different interpretations.
Provisions on land acquisition for public
purposes not show such principles. Multi
interpretation is one of the problems in the
formal legal system in Indonesia, especially
with regard to the provisions of land acquisition
for public interest.
Multi-interpretation of the term „public
interest‟ may be due to the absence of
unification definition of „public interest‟. Laws
and regulations related to land acquisition
for public purposes has a definition and
understanding of the different and changing,
that although the „soul‟ it is not much different
but have the completeness of different
Procurement of land for the implementation
of the construction of office buildings, or
building education , for example, no longer be
categorized as activities in the public interest.
Lack of access to information encourages
people to do their own interpretation of
the term „public interest‟ is based on a
general understanding that he has, which
could differ from the interpretation of the
Government. For example, the group of
people who understand the public interest as
an interest group, and not the public interest.
Furthermore, when viewed from the standpoint
of political economy, the background of land
acquisition for public interest issues can
be traced to the influence and pressure
of international parties in the formulation
and determination of policy. Indonesia
Infrastructure Summit 2005 on 17-18 January
2005, which was followed by the signing of the
Declaration of Action by the representatives
of the Indonesian Government, World Bank,
Asian Development Bank and the Indonesian
Chamber of Commerce and Industry (Kadin)
has required Indonesia and other countries
to make changes in its domestic policies to
accelerate the development of infrastructure,
such as by changing the paradigm of the
policies and regulations of land acquisition
for public interest by involving the private
sector‟s role in development projects in the
public interest.
Opening opportunities for the private
sector itself contrary to setting land acquisition
for public interests in Indonesia. Some of the
reasons underlying the prohibition of private
involvement in the process of land acquisition
for public purposes can be described as
follows. First, based on the concept of
Article 33 (3) UUD 1945, Right to Control the
State and Social Function Concept. Article
33 (3) UUD 1945 is the cornerstone of the
most fundamental laws of the land issues
in Indonesia. As an implementation for the
purpose of the prosperity of the people
through the Right to Control State as in Article
2 (2) BAL, namely:
a. arranging and conducting allocation,
use, supply and maintenance of earth,
water and air space of the
b. determine and regulate legal relations
between people with the earth, air and
space-space;
c. determine and regulate legal relations
concerning the earth, water and space.
Second, if the private sector is allowed
to participate in the procurement of land for
public purposes, the real condition is the
control mechanism in Indonesia is still weak in
addressing this issue. The difficulty that arises
is to ascertain whether the private sector will
give priority to public interest objectives in the
implementation of the project or otherwise.
Third, as a safeguard for individual rights
holders and customs. In addition to limiting
or load control over government powers
through legislation, also required a balancing
mechanism or system to create proper
treatment and balance between development
and the rights of individuals.
on Social Politics
623
iMPlEMEnTATion of PoliCiEs foR
lAnd ACQuisiTion
Political policy of land contained in
various provisions, in fact should provide a
foundation for everyone to have the same
rights and opportunities to receive part of the
benefits of the land so as be able to earn a
decent living. Political land that became the
basis for the achievement of the objectives
of Article 33 Paragraph (3) of the 1945
Constitution is generally aimed at achieving
social justice oriented on three things, namely:
social justice, improving the efficiency and
economic growth, as well as the preservation
of the environment and land use patterns of
sustainable.
The principles of the land acquisition, is,
first, the principle of the agreement, namely
that the entire land acquisition activities
carried out by agreement between the parties
that require land and land rights holders. At
the Head of BPN Regulation No. 3 of 2007
determined that the physical construction
can begin, although there are those who
objected to the compensation offered.
Second, the principle of the benefit. Land
acquisition is expected to bring a positive
impact for those who need land, affected
communities and society at large. Benefit
from the development activities that must
be felt by society as a whole. Thirdly, the
principle of fairness, which ensure affected
communities are given compensation that
can restore their socioeconomic conditions,
at least equal to its original state, taking into
account the loss of the physical factors and
non-physical. Regulation of the President and
the Head of BPN Regulation No. 3 of 2007 did
not specify the form of compensation in the
form of pemukimam back that needs attention
regarding various issues, among others, (a)
that the choice of resettlement site should be
the result of consultation with those who will
be moved to include receiving communities;
(b) the transfer must include the location of
infrastructure and public facilities. Facilities and
infrastructure must be also be utilized by the
local community. Regulation of the President
also made no mention of compensation for
non-physical factors such as the recovery
624
on Social Politics
effort of income (income restoration). Fourth,
the principle of certainty. Land acquisition is
done according to the procedures stipulated
by the legislation so that the parties know
the rights and obligations of each. In the
Presidential Decree which require more land
guaranteed legal certainty as compared to
those who lost their land. Fifth, the principle
of openness, ensuring in the process of land
acquisition. affected communities are entitled
to obtain information about the project and
its impacts, compensation policies, the
construction schedule, the resettlement plan
and the right of people objected. Sixth, the
principle of participation that ensures the
participation of all stakeholders (stakeholders)
in every stage of land acquisition (planning,
implementation, evaluation) is required
in order to create a sense of belonging
and community can minimize rejection of
the activity concerned. Regulation of the
President and the Head of BPN Regulation
No. 3 of 2007 does not contain provisions on
public participation. Seventh, the principle of
equality, which locates the position of those
who need land and affected parties are equal
in the land acquisition process. Eighth, the
minimization of the impact and sustainability
of socio-economic kesejakhteraan with
efforts to improve living standards for people
affected by socio-economic liberation of that
activity did not decline. This effort as a whole
does not appear in the Presidential Decree,
especially when associated with the absence
of an earnings recovery efforts after land
acquisition.
Not the realization of these principles in
the land acquisition process, further it can be
proven based on an analysis of compensation
which is based on the value of money that
should be adapted to SVTO. Moreover, the
strength of non-juridical variables in the
implementation of land acquisition has been
explained about the failure of the legalpositivistic approach in land acquisition,
because it is not able to uncover the root of
the problem why every activity at the level of
land acquisition implementative experiencing
resistance from the public.
Based on the document Regulation of
the Minister of Finance of the Republic of
Indonesia Number 58-PMK.02-2008, it can
be seen some of the following. First, the
cost of the Land Acquisition Committee for
interest are operating costs provided to the
Land Acquisition Committee to assist in the
procurement of land for implementation of
development for public use. Second, the
operating costs are provided in the Budget
Implementation Entry List (DIPA) work
units that require land acquisition for the
use. Third, the amount of operating costs
Land Acquisition Committee determined the
highest 4% (four percent) for compensation
of up to or equivalent to Rp. 5,000,000,000,
- (five billion rupiah) and subsequently with
the percentage decreasing as the basis for
calculating that specified in Annex I to this
regulation. Fourth, the amount of the fee is
based on the calculation of the compensation
set by the Land Acquisition Committee. Fifth,
the operational costs are used for the payment
of honoraria, procurement of materials,
stationery, printing / stencil, duplication,
support meetings, socializing, sessions
related to the land acquisition process, a task
force (task force), security costs and travel
expenses in order land acquisition. It can be
concluded that the issue of land acquisition for
development purposes in the public interest
simply rooted in the budget allocation for the
payment of compensation to rights holders on
the subject of homeland.
ConsEQuEnCEs of PoliCy
iMPlEMEnTATion lAnd
ACQuisiTion
Implementation of land acquisition
policies that do not pay attention to the
principles of the implementation of land
acquisition decrease the respect and
protection of human rights in the form of lack
of sustainability of the productive capacity of
society. Paradigm guiding land acquisition for
public interest and not in the public interest
should accommodate three things, namely,
first, the elimination of poverty, expansion
of employment, and equitable development.
Secondly, the sustainability of the productive
capacity of the people, and third, empowering
the community through the development and
implementation of good governance.
The results showed that the excess
land acquisition for various purposes, it is
because the legislation being applied, in
principle, almost did not meet the principles
of the implementation of land acquisition. And
others, because there is a gap between das
sollen as legislation in force, with das Sein in
the fact that occur in the field.
In the long run, the handling process
as it will only reduce the level of public
confidence terhaap Local Government,
especially with regard to the procurement
of land held Local Government well for
activity in the category of public interest or
for activities other than the public interest.
The study also describes the lack of availability
of information that is clear and thorough about
land acquisition activities, for example on the
impact and benefits, the form and amount of
compensation, the recovery plan income or
other assistance related to the sustainability
of the productive capacity of society, resulting
in people losing bargaining adequate and
Local Government.
Land acquisition policy for the
interest and in addition to the public interest,
requires rules and regulations are clear, not
multiple interpretations, and does not conflict
with statutory provisions thereon. Research
to document the legislation and practices of
land acquisition policy makers show some
different facts.
First, the land functioned as a
mechanism of capital accumulation that
affect marginalized the rights of owners of
agricultural land. Secondly, along with the
development of capitalism, the value of
the land only seen by nlai economic (land
as a commodity), the values become noneconomical on / neglected. Third, changes
in the function of the soil, where the soil as
one of the main factors of production as a
means of infestation and speculation tool
/ capital accumulation. Fourthly, economic
globalization land policies that encourage
on Social Politics
625
more adaptive to market mechanisms have
not been followed by strengthening access to
the people and communities of indigenous /
traditional / local to the acquisition and use
of land. Fifth, the land no longer calculated
as a development strategy, but only made the
object of ongoing development activities.
Such a policy has caused various
effects, among other things, first, the land is
getting scarce and backward quality. Second,
conflict acquisition and utilization of natural
resources, including land, both structural
and horizontal sharpened and improved
in quality. Third, widespread poverty and
the limited employment opportunities due
to conversion of land that is not controlled,
especially agricultural land for non-agricultural
(industrial, residential, services / tourism,
infrastukrur). Fourth, the gap in access to
acquisition and use of land / natural resources,
due to differences in access to capital and
political access. Fifth, the more terdesaknya
community rights to natural resources (land),
which became the living space (lebensraum)
of his, while the land on a large scale in
controlled by a small group of people.
ConClusion
Based on research that has been done,
conclusions can be stated as follows:
1. The implementation of the land acquisition
policy in Sukabumi has been done with
regard to the provisions of the policy
implementation Spatial Planning and
Regional Sukabumi Sukabumi and policy
functions as a Regional Activity Center in
West Java Province spatial structure, as
well as by legislation on land acquisition for
interest. Its management is performed
by the Governance Section, Section
Asset Regional Secretariat of Sukabumi
and by Section Asset and Wealth
Management Regional Office of Finance
and Asset Management revenues Local
Government Regional Sukabumi
2. Acquisition of land for implementation
of development for public interest and
in addition to the public interest by
the Government of Sukabumi in ways
626
on Social Politics
3.
deliberation, both for acquisition of
land by way of sale and purchase as
well as the shape of the land that has
been unused replacement landfill.
Determination of restitution to the
payment of money or value based on
the SVTO real / actual notice SVTO
years running around the location
of land acquisition. Determination of
restitution by replacement location
adjacent land covering an area twice
the land unused landfill is based
on consensus agreement between
the citizens of the Assets section on
Regional Secretariat Government of
Sukabumi. The agreement was made
orally, without being followed by the
documentary evidence. Part
Asset
and Wealth Management Area at the
Department of Finance and Asset
Management
Revenue
Regional
Government of Sukabumi as the hosting
organization for land acquisition do not
find documents that can prove the truth
of the deal.
The model / strategy for land acquisition
for public purposes in Sukabumi done
by deliberation, namely:
a. Deliberation for the pricing of land
b. Deliberation for the purchase of land
from the communit
c. Deliberation for replacement land
suGGEsTion
From the research, it can be suggested
following things:
1. It should be stipulated laws on land
acquisition which will be a reference
to the establishment of Regional
Regulation on Land Procurement for
Development for the Implementation of
Public Interest.
2. Determination of the compensation
system should be followed with
consistency varies fulfillment of the
procedural aspects of such designation
is made in writing and binding, as the
protection of the rights of individuals
and / or communities.
3.
4.
The consequences of land acquisition
carried out by the Local Government
Sukabumi must emphasize, among
other things, the fulfillment aspect of
welfare improvement after the delivery
of land acquisition carried out.
Consistency of all rules and regulations
pertaining to the implementation of
the absolute ground run as part of
sustainable urban planning, as well as
the protection of the rights of individuals
and / or communities.
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on Social Politics
627
sofT AnTi-PARTy senTimenT in indonEsiA
Tunjung sulaksono
Lecturer of Government Studies Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta
Abstract
Recent works on anti-party sentiment mostly focused on established western democracies. The decline
of voter‟s turnout, decrease of party membership, and the emergence of third parties were evidences of
the symptom. Little attention has been paid to this existence of the phenomenon occurred in transition
countries, such as Indonesia who has remarkably succeeded in replacing its authoritarian regime into
a more democratic order. This work has at least three goals. At first, it seeks to prove that there has
been an anti-party sentiment amongst Indonesians, even in the very early times of this nation-state
formation years. Second, it triesto conclude that all the forms of public attitudes manifesting the antiparty sentiment according to Daalder theoretical framework, which are the denial of party, the selective
rejection of party, the selective rejection of party system, and the redundancy of party can be founded in
Indonesian party history. Third, by figures out the relation of the sentiment to democracy, this work tries
to prove that the sentiment may be classified as a Webb & White‟s soft anti-party sentiment.
Keywords: Soft Anti-Party Sentiment, Hard Anti-Party Sentiment, Denial of Party, The Selective Rejection
of Party, The Selective Rejection of Party System, and The Redundancy of Party
A.
inTRoduCTion
The soft anti-party sentiment is a
terminology that on one side, refers to a
condition of public trust decrease toward
political party, but on the other side, the
expectation of public toward democracy is still
relatively high (Webb & White, 2007:352). It
differs from hard anti-party sentiment, since
within the soft anti-party sentiment still there
are trusts toward democracy. There is no
hatred to democracy, and parties eventually
still haveroles to play.Meanwhile, the hard
anti-party sentiment does not only express
public disappointment toward parties, but
also the disappointment may deconstruct the
democratic system.
Nevertheless, soft anti-party sentiment
is a strange phenomenon considering that
anyway political parties are admitted as
relevant institution in modern democratic
system. The role and functions of parties may
not be replaced by any other institutions such
as civil society organizations and interest
groups that also represent public interest as
parties do. Political party can be describedas
a bridge connecting government institutions
to elements of civil society and public in
general. Party organizes any ideological
differences and interest dwell in society. The
very importance of party within democracy
encourages some academics to believe that
there can be no single democratic political
system that could be sustain without political
party. (Macridis, 1996: 17).
Almost all of the mainstream works
regarding democracy put party as inseparable
element from democracy. The existence
of party plays as indicator of degree of
democracy of a country. Party becomes
structure strengthen democratic building,
meanwhile democracy permit party to execute
its essential roles and functions in social and
political life of society. There is a correlative
relation between democracy and political
party. It could be concluded that if there is a
high public trust toward party, there should
also a high public trust toward democratic
system as a consequence, and vice versa.
Nevertheless, in the soft anti-party
sentiment, it could be founded a symptom
that the correlation of both is opposite. Webb
and White found many of the symptoms in
Eastern Europe and Latin American countries
(Webb & White, 2007:352), meanwhile
Meitzner beliefs that this phenomenon could
also be found in Indonesia. Meitzner draws
on Social Politics
629
such a conclusion based onmany surveys
held by research institutions resulting a fact
that parties are public institution with the
lowest degree of public trust, but the surveys
also reflects high degree of public trust toward
democracy (Mietzner, 2013:4).
The phenomenon is of course very
worrying. As party fail to properly manage the
sentiment there would not just a decrease of
trust toward party, but furthermore there could
be a public distrust toward democratic system
as a whole. Based on this concerning fact,
this article seek to prove that there has been
an anti-party sentiment amongst Indonesians.
Second, this article also seeks to prove that
all forms of public attitude manifested from
the sentiment classified by Daalder could
be found in Indonesian party history. Third,
by using Webb & White cathegorization this
article seeks to prove that the sentiment
amongst Indonesians could be classified into
a soft anti-party sentiment.
B.
anTi-parTy senTimenTin
indonEsiA
Usually, anti-party sentiment discourse
focuses on western democracies. Many
research findings confirmed the existence of
the sentiment. Nevertheless, this negative
sentiment towards party that frequently
happened in United States and European
countries also exist in Indonesia. Many
surveys discovered the negative thinking of
public toward Indonesian parties. People
perceived parties as ineffective, corrupt, and
disable in understanding pubic interests.
Degree of public distrust toward parties
occupied the lowest rank as compared to
another political institution.
Negative sentiment towards parties also
indicated by parties‟ electoral support in 2014
election, where no single party succeeded
in maintaining a relatively similar result
compared to the previous 2009 election..
It shows that eventhough democracy opens
up a space for various political alternatives,
nevertheless the available alternatives is
less quality. By analyzing the result of three
postSoeharto elections, there were trends of
decreases of support toward major parties,
630
on Social Politics
resulting more equal support toward all
parties. For instance in 1999 election, nine
major parties successfully achieved 91,64%
of votes, but in 2009 election it decreased
to 81,70% vote only.Total vote to the party
with more than 5% in 1999 election reached
86,69%, but in 2009 election, it turned to only
68,53% of votes(Tanuwidjaja, 2012).Those
comparations show that the disappointed
voters began to have more nerve to vote
for alternative party eventhough they have
less opportunity to win elections. Parallel to
that, decreasing degree of participation in
legislative elections also shows the decrease
of public trust toward parties, which are the
contestants of elections.
In many polling conducted by LSI
(Lembaga Survei Indonesia) and SMRC
(Saiful Mujani Research and Consulting)
since 2004, there could be found consistent
facts negative sentiment toward parties and
politicians. Since politicians fill parliamentary
seats, public perception toward parliament
also tent to be negative. According to LSI,
in the beginning of 2015 is around 50 %.
This is the lowest percentation compared
to the degree of public trust to the present
(83%), KPK (81%) and TNI 83%). After
2014 legislative and presidential election the
percentage was even lower, where public
trust to party and parliemant were just around
40%. What had happened in early 2015 may
be perceived as positive trend, nevertheless
itu could also may be translated as a high
trust to the new administration. The public
negative perception might have correlated
with any information that had been heard and
seen by the public regarding the party and
politicians. When the public had been asked
to describe party and politicians , three most
remembered things were all negative. The
politicians always care to their own interest,
the politicians makes too much promises with
little commitment to realize, and prefer to talk
about thirself. With this negative memory like
this, it is not surprising that the public trust
toward party will always be at the low level
(Hanan, 2015).
Negative sentiment and public distrust
toward parties of course did not happen
instantly, but it reflects accumulation of
public disappointment throughout democratic
elections. According to Tanuwidjaja, the origin
of the sentiment was in the early stage of
democratic reform, where public perceived
party failed in responding democratic
euphoria, expectations, dan extremely high
degree of public trust.The failure impacted to
public distrust toward party and subsequently
created pragmatism amongst society.
Pragmatic people, just like the pragmatic
politicians, have no more trust toward
parties‟ promises. This situation exaggerates
pragmatism pattern of the parties since
by being more pragmatical, they could
meet more pragmatical people. The cycle
continues and as time goes by the negative
sentiment toward parties fertilized by political
pragmatism are getting deeper and broader
(Tanuwidjaja, 2012).
In general, comparative political
scientists actually agree that Indonesia has
experienced amazing political change since
the fall of Soeharto‟s authocratic regime
in 1998. The most important of all was, the
Army, who had been a key political actor
in Indonesia since decade of 50‟s, has
lost almost all of their institutional privilege
(Diamond, 2010; Barany, 2012). Moreover,
Indonesia has stepped at least a tremendous
change in electoral realm, by holding free and
fair elections in national level as well as in
local polity. Those Indonesian elections does
not just vote for legislatures, but Indonesian
people also directly vote for their president,
governors, and majors/regents, something
that had never been dare to be imagined by
most Indonesians in Soeharto‟s era.Jokowi‟s
triumph over Prabowo in a head to head
fair and free 2014 presidential election has
confirmed the belief. Even within the issue of
central-local government relation, Indonesia
has successfully transformed from the most
centralized government in the world into a
quasi-federal regime by arranging a vast
decentralization that give local governmenta
a lot of authorities and many discretions. The
transformation experienced by Indonesia
did not just became a precious notes of
political scientist as reflected above, but it
has also been reflected in democratic index
recorded by international institutions such as
Freedom House, Polity TV, The Economist‟s
Democracy Index, and the World Bank‟svoice
and accountability index (Meitzner, 2014)
While most comparative scientists
agreed to Indonesia‟s democratic advance,
they at the same time also identified
the weakest link within Indonesia‟s
democratization process. Without any doubt
they described that parties are the biggest
obstacle for Indonesia‟s democratic reform.
Dirk Tomsa, for instance, detected that
parties in Indonesia are less-profesionally
managed and less rooted amongst society
(Tomsa, 2010). Paige Johnson Tan described
Indonesian party system as in the middle
of
deinstitutionalization
process,
and
subsequently predicted that Indonesian
parties will be weakened in uncertain ways
(Johnson Tan, 2012). Besides, Andreas
Ufen (2006) has also identified a symptom of
Filippinaization on Indonesian parties. Choi
added a depressing picture on Indonesian
parties by exposing their electoral corrupt
behavior in both national as well as in local
realm (Choi, 2007). Latest book based on
research conducted by Aspinall dan Sukmajati
focused on patronage and clientilism in
2014 legislative elections showed us how
intensive and massive use of money politics
exagerarates image of Indonesian parties.
Important fact came along was the
voters shared anti-party sentiment. Reflected
by opinion surveys to some key state
institusions, parties almost always inhibit
the lowest rank in the surveyed institutions.
In May, 2011, Lembaga Survei Indonesia
published a poll reflected how the military
received highest public trust, followed by
presidential institusion, police, and the court.
The parliament, which is inhibited by party
people, took second from the last, while
parties took the tail position (LSI, 2011).
d.
PuBliC ATTiTudE in AnTi-PARTy
sEnTiMEnT
Hans Daalder argued that anti-party
sentiment could be observed from the
manifested public attitude. Daalder classified
on Social Politics
631
those public attitudes into four manifestations,
which arethe denial of party,the selective
rejection of party, the selective rejection
of party system, andthe last one is the
redundancy of party.The denial of party based
on a a thinking that neglecting legitimate role
of party, and perceived party as a threat to
the society. The selective rejection of party
initiated from a thinking that cathegorizing
parties into the good and the bad type. The
selective rejection of party system is almost
similar to the second one, but it operates on
thelevel of party system. So, there are some
systems that have been cathegorized as the
good systems, meanwhile there are party
systems that have been cathegorized as the
bad ones. The redundancy of party perceived
anti-party system as a logical consequence of
a periode where parties lost their relevance
since the birth of other actors in political
system, such as mass media, interest groups,
as well as pressure groups. The new actors
take over main functions previously belong to
parties. (Daalder, 2002: 39).
By using Daalder‟s framework, Sigit
Pamungkas has identified those all of the
public attitudes had been found in the history
of party politics in Indonesia (Pamungkas,
2010). The denial of party had been occurred
as President Sukarno in one of his speech
asked the people to bury political parties.
Soekarno‟s attitude manifested as a reaction
toward parties‟ behavior which perform more
as power-seekers rather than consensusmakers.Anti-party sentiment in the period had
been more concreted as Sukarno emitted
a July 5th 1959 decree that subsequently
brought Indonesian polity to some kind of a
Guided Democracy.Shifting to contemporary
cases, Pamungkas borrowed Armunanto‟s
research finding discovering anti-party
sentiment in Bone Regency, South Sulawesi
(Armunanto, 2006).
The selective rejection of party in
Indonesia can be traced downsince the era
of Sukarno‟ presidency where some Islamic
parties, especially Masyumi and NU rejected
PKI (Indonesian Communist Party) to join
coalition cabinet.The more contemporary
illustration of this attitude presented in the
632
on Social Politics
New Order period while the regime structurally
and systematically put communist or Marxist
oriented parties and their underbows as
common enemies for the nation. Nowadays
it is still impossible to create a communist
party since there are many laws restricting its
revival in Indonesian contemporary polity.
The selective rejection of party system
also presented in Indonesia party politics. It
could be found in New Order Indonesia. The
allowed party system was only hegemonic
party system where the number of parties and
what the parties are was strictly determinded
by the New Order government (Imawan,
2004). Multi-party system was considered as
a liberal influence toward Indonesian party
politics that did not fit the characteristic of
Indonesian people. New Order regime had
also used propaganda to create anxiety
among society regarding a potential chaotic
situation if Indonesia had a multi-party system.
As a result, people had beenconditioned
to be familiar to a hegemonic party system
that put Golkar as the ruling party.After
the fall of Soeharto selective rejection of
party system has been found convincingly
since there is a discourse to simplify multiparty system by employing a relatively high
percentage of bothelectoral threshold as
well as parliementary threshold, and by
narrowing district magnitude (Pamungkas,
2010). A survey conducted by CESDA –
LP3ES prior to2004 election confirmed the
existence of the public attitude. Most of the
respondents agreed with discourse regarding
limitation of the number of party (64%). The
number of party tolerated by the respondents
was between 1 to 5 partai (55%). In other
word, the expected party system by the
people was limited pluralism.
The redundancy of party in Indonesia
showed by many surveys conducted to
indicate public trust toward party. The survey
of Asia Barometer (2004) stated that level
of trust of society toward party occupied the
last rank under the parliament, police, and
legal isntitutions. Meanwhile Army, central
government, dan local government occupied
upper position. Polling by Kompas, an
influencing national coverage newspaper in
Indonesia (2007) that seek to figure out what
institution that has been trusted by the public
to be a channel of aspirations put party in the
last institution as public articulation agency.
According to the respondent mass media
and NGO became a new actor of public
interest articulation.This negative party image
recorded more massively in many researches
and discussions held by universities as well
as student organizations.
Low level of public trust toward party
contributed to the decrease of voter‟s turnout
from92.74% in 1999 election to 84% in 2004
election.There was a 8% decrease within
voter‟s turnout records, a relatively big deal in
Indonesian elections considering multi-party
system operates in Indonesia produces many
party in the parliament with relatively low vote
distribution for each parties.Related to what
factorsinfluencing public distrust toward party,
LP3ES‟ survey may answer the question by
focusing on party functionality. The survey
pointed out that 64% of respondents did not
sure that party will articulate their interest.
Only 16 % of the respondents optimistic
about that party function, and the rest opted
not to answer. Kompas polling in April and
September 2007 seemed to confirm LP3ES
survey above. In April and September 2007
polling absolute majority of the respondents
unsatisfied with party functions. In five months
there was a decrease of public dissatisfaction
but nevertheless the percentage is still high
since it was still above 60%. The performance
of party functions such as control to
government, political education, and program
socialization should have been tools for party
to obtain simpathy from the public. But in
reality party seems to face a serious trouble
in performing its functions.
C.
anTy-parTy senTimenT and
democracy: BeTween The
hard and The sofT
In recent days almost in every democracy
there is a similar paradox. In one side people
are free to express their articulation and
people perceive and committed to democracy
as a form of best governmental system.
On the other side people begin to ask the
existence of parties as the main pillar of
democracy. And when people failed to figure
out a party to which they could express their
political preference and since party failed to
substantially influence polity, it is a condition
that is called as “crisis of party”. One possible
consequence of the crises is the decrease
of voter‟s turnout in elections. (Mair, Muller,
Plasser, 2004:8). Another consequence is
there is a symptom of party membership
decrease in those countries.Meanwhile
according to Pamungkas the terminology
of party crises is popular to describe a low
trust to party and usually it goes along to the
criticism towards other democratic institutions,
including the government, legislative, political
elites and also policians (Pamungkas, 2010).
In Germany, parteinverdrossenheit orparty
disaffectionbecame theterminology of the
yearto illustrate a concentration of aggravation
or support crises to political party. Furher, Eric
Hobsbawm found a public opinion, ideology,
sentiment and anti-party movement between
1914 to the end of USSR (Pamungkas, 2010).
Eventhough initially some empirical
researchs were skeptical in dealing the
phenomenon in European countries (Reiter,
1998; Poguntke, 1996), nevertheless the
symptom of this phenomenon became much
more clearer in the decade of 1990-an (Mair,
1998). The recent case of Italy was obviously
a strong example of the symptom. In Belgium
and Austria, the parrallel trend also occured
(Mair, Muller, Plasser, 2004:8). All the
symptom eventually point out to on thing,
there is a minor attitude or negative attitude
toward political party, an attitude that has
also been well known as anti-party sentiment.
For general, the minor attitude is manifested
as a people respons to dissatisfaction of
party performance in government, party
management, and party in the grass roots.
In one way, the respons is occured as
a logical consequence of excessive promises
made by the politicians in campaign that
raising the expectation amongst people. In
another way the anti-party sentiment also
related to people respons to the essential
failure of party and political elites in performing
what they should perform. So many social,
on Social Politics
633
political, and economical problems failed to
be solved; mostly of those party leaders were
irresponsible; some of them may abuse of
power toward government‟s resources and
their privileges and similar atoher activities
(Pamungkas, 2010).
In some literatures concerning antiparty or other similar terminologies, there are
at least three focuses of study. The first are
studies that focus on organizational structure,
functions, party membership, and its
performance in government or representative
body. The second are studies that focus on
voter participation in election. And the third are
studies that focus its analysis on aggreement
or disaggreement of the citizens toward
existence of party as a pillar of democracy
(Torcal, Gunther, Montero, 2002: 257-258).
In the first focus of study, anti-party sentiment
perceives how party performs its functions.
To assess party performance what could
be done is by asking the people concerning
their satisfaction toward party behavior dan
public trust toward the performance of party
in executing its substantive functions. In the
second focus of study, what considered as
an important element is voter‟s participation,
the swing votes, and the change of socialtraditional bond between party and its
constituents. The focus of this study is by
analyzing public respon from their voting
behaviour. Fluctuation invoter turnoutthat tend
to decrease, the loose and strengthen of party
identification, and split voting phenomenon
are vindicators to assess anti-party sentiment
in this focus area. The third focus of study put
its analysis to aggreement or disagreement of
public toward the existence of party as pillar
of democracy. Torcal, Richard Gunther, dan
Jose Ramon Monteroin this focus of study
developed six survey questions to assess the
sentiment.
From those six questions, Torcal et al.
classify them into two series of indicators.
Those are cultural indicators of anti-party
sentiment and reactive indicators of antiparty sentiment. In research they conducted
in southern European democracies such as
Spain, Portugal, Italy and Greece, they found
inconsistencies or ambivalence of citizen‟s
634
on Social Politics
attitutude toward two series of indicators. It
said as ambivalent since those two series of
indicators proposed by Torcal et al. showed
a different result.Cultural indicator serie
showed the existence of anti-party sentiment,
meanwhile in reactive indicator serie showed
a pro-party sentiment.
Indeed, reactive attitude is easily
changed. The main factor is usually
unconsistency of party behavior and
incapability of party in performing itus
functions. Meanwhile a cultural anti-party
sentiment manifeseted as a result of a long
social and historical expeience related to
bad behavior of party. This kind of anti-party
sentiment is rooted amongst society and
has become a political culture of a society.
According to Torcal, Gunther, dan Montero
(2002) the reactive anti-party sentiment
occurred in southern European countries
gave a little influence toward the legitimacy
of democracy, meanwhile cultural anti-party
sentiment gave negative impact toward the
legitimacy of democracy.
In this point of relation between antiparty sentiment and democracy Webb and
White (2007) entered the discourse and divide
anti-party sentiment into two kinds, those are
soft anti-party sentimentandhard anti-party
sentiment.Basically, the terminology of soft
anti-party sentiment is more or less similar
to a condition in which reactive indicators
proposed by Torcal, Gunther, dan Montero is
met. Meanwhile hard anti-party sentiment is
a condition in which cultural indicator is met.
Moreover Webb & White suggested that soft
anti-party sentimentdiffers to hard anti-party
sentiment in the sense of its influence toward
democracy legitimacy. Parallel to Torcal
et al., White & Webb agreedsoft anti-party
sentiment is a phenomenon that in one side is
manifested as people disappointment toward
party performance and party people behavior,
but there is still a high trust of the public
toward democracy. It means this sentiment
is temporarily and will be loosen as the party
performs its functions better.But in the hard
anti-party sentiment, minor attitude toward
party has also been followed by distrust of the
public toward ongoing system of democracy.
d.
sofT anTi-parTy senTimenT di
indonEsiA
Recently references on anti-party
sentiment in Indonesia are still luxurious since
there were only few studies available. Most
of the research on anti-party sentiment even
paid no attention toward the relation between
the phenomenon and democracy so that
dichotomy between hard and soft anti-party
sentiment are rarely discussed. Some study
on anti-party sentiment tended to neglect a
fact that there is still a high degree of trust
toward democracyin Indonesia and left it
untouched eventhough party and democracy
is closely related and unseparable.
Within a study conducted by Marcus
Mietzner (2013:4) in Indonesia, he beliefs
that according to some notes concerning
a relation between track record of party
support and support to democracy he drew a
conclusion that Indonesia is in the middle of
soft anti-party sentiment, using a terminology
coined by Webb dan White. Mietzner came to
the conclusion by observing the lowsupport to
party in Indonesia does not correlate with the
decrease of public support to democracy. It
means people still trust democracy, still trust
to the existence of party, and still hope that
party will perform better.
Although the assessment of political
scientist and many surveys produced blurred
images concerning parties, nevertheless
there are a lot of scientist stated that
democracy polity in Indonesia is extraordinary
stable, especially since the implementation
of electoral reforms in the middle of 2000‟s
(Aspinall, 2005). Many people slapped parties
so hard by giving a negative assessment
toward parties, but still there is a high degree
of support toward democracy. It is reflected
for instance in the survey result of LSI in
May 2011 that showed 77% of people still
believe that demoracy is the best system for
Indonesia. According to Mietzner, there are no
any serious fluctuation in the support. Lowest
level of support occurred in April 2004 (71%),
meanwhile the highest support reach 90% in
September 2009 (Mietzner, 2013).
Webb and White had found those
kind of phenomenon in their study in new
democracies in Eastern Europe and Latin
America. Similar to Indonesia, enthisuasm at
the beginning of transition had opened public
disappointment toward party, the main actor
in a new political system. Nevertheless, antiparty sentiment is not a shocking phenomenon
in established democracy. Recent literatures
on party system in western democracies
offers effort in tackle down the decrease of
membership and electoral participation.
(Kopecky, 2006)
Mietzner focused on an effort to proof
that the cause if the sentiment is more on
the failure of party in performing its functions
and meet public expectations. Mietzner also
used and also critize the assumptions of
theoretical approach used in elaborating and
observing party problem in Indonesia, those
are institutionalization theory and cartelization
theory. Unfortunatelly Mietzner gave no further
attention toward the anti-party sentiment itself
and tended to consider the phenomenon is
caused by an internal factor within party.
E.
ClosinG REMARKs
By analyzing the track record of antiparty sentiment in Indonesia, it could be
drawn some conclusions as follows: First,
public disappointment toward party had
been emerged in the very early time of this
nation-state formation years. Many surveys
conducted recently obviously have a strong
root within Indonesian history.Second, it
could be concluded that all typology of public
attitude manifested from anti-party sentiment
proposed by Daalder has been occurred
in Indonesia.Third, this writing is trying to
proof that in the relation between anti-party
sentiment and democracy give birth to a soft
anti-party sentiment.The conclusion has been
drawn since in in one side there is a negative
perception toward party but in other side the
public trust toward democracy is still high.
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Normalization of Politics in Indonesia,
South East Asia Research 13 (2), 11756.
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635
Daalder, Haans, Parties: Denied, Dismissed,
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Richard Gunther, Jose Ramon
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Parties: Old Concepts and New
Challengers, Oxford UP, New York,
2002
Diamond, Larry, Indonesia‟s
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Global Democracy, in Problems
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Mair, Peter, Wolfgang C. Muller and Fritz
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Macridis, Roy C., Pengantar Sejarah, Fungsi
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case study on chinese - Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta

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