lnfluence of age, sex and pre-slaughter holding conditions on live

106
CAvE et al., lnfluence of age, sex and pre-slaughter holding conditions
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non-ionizing radiation on body weight and growth of the
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. 2SN, England
Verlag Eugen Ulmer GmbH & Co„ Stuttgart
lnfluence of age, sex and pre-slaughter holding conditions on live weight
and carcass traits of broiler geese 1
Einfluss von Schlachtalter, Geschlecht and Haltungsbedingungen vor dem Schlachten
auf Körpergewicht and Schlachtkörpermerkmale von Broiler-Gänsen
N. A. Cave 2 , A. A. Grunder 2 , G. Butler 3 , A. Fortin 2 and B. Pawluczuk 2
Manuskript eingegangen am 26. Februar 1993
1ntrod11ction
A current commercial interest in the broiler goose, marketed
at 9 to 10 weeks of age has ereated demand for more
information on management ofthis type ofbird, particularly
for the finisher period. The market value of the broiler
goose is influeneed not only by the yield of meat, particularly
of the more desirable breast meat, but also by traits
influencing consumer aeceptanee of the careass. These traits
include adequate but not exeessive fatness, a low incidence
of pin feathers and eost. The yield- and quality-related traits,
as well as feed effieieney, are influeneed by age (BIELINSKA
et al„ 1978; SrnvENSON and GRAHAM, 1985; ]EROCH and
2
Centre for Food and Anima] Research and 3 Research Program
Service, Research Branch, Agriculrure Canada, Ottawa, Ontario,
Canada
SCHUBERT, 1977) breed (GRuNDER et al, 1991; FORTIN et
al„ 1983; ]EROCH et al., 1978) and diet (JEROCH et al., 1978).
As diseussed by the above authors, goals for the desired
traits are eonflicting and a deeision on the age to market
the goose requires compromise among the goals. Pin feathers
ean beeome a problem for one day to the next in a goose
flock. Such a problem entails labour eosts in processing so
as to avoid unsightly appearanee of the produet; thus the
ability to prediet effects of management faetors on pin
feathers is needed. Molting ean be induced by a surge of
thyroxine (VERHEYEN et al., 1983); hence untimely appearance of pin feathers may be effected by stress factors
influencing this hormone, such as deprivation of feed or
water (MAY and REECE, 1986) and extremes of temperature
(KLANDORF et al., 1981 ).
The present study was eonducted to quantify ehanges in
body weight and carcass parts of male and female Embden
geese from 54 to 66 days of age, and to determine effects
Archi v für G efl ügel kunde 3/ 1994
CAVE et al., Influence of age, sex and pre-slaughter holdin g conditio ns
107
Tabelle 1. Effect of age at slaughter and sex on body weight and carcass traits of Embden geese
Einfluß von S chlachtalter und G eschlecht auf Körpergel/)icht und S chlachtkörpermerkmale von Emden-Giinsen
Traits
Body weig ht (g)
Carcass/Bod y weight (%)
Breast/Carcass weight (%)
Leg/Carcass weig ht (%)
Wing/Carcass weig ht (%)
Back/Carcass weight (%)
Neck Skin & Fat/Carcass
weight (%)
Mu scle/Breast weight (%)
Bone/Breast weig ht (%)
Skin & Fat/Breast weig ht (%)
Liver/Carcas s weight (%)
Abdominal fat/Carcass (%)
Pin Score
Age 1
(days)
54
60
66
SEM
Male
Female
SEM
3937
58.0
26.7
32.8
17.9
18.1
4.2
4114
57.3
29.7
31.0
18.7
16.4
4.2
4638
59.6**
30.6**
29.3**
18.2*
17.1 **
4.5*
75
0.35
0.26
0.14
0.15
0.18
0.07
4537
58.5
29.0
31.0
18.3
17.3
4.2
3894
58.2
29.0
31.0
18.2
17.1
4.4*
50
0.22
0.19
0.18
0.13
0.11
0.06
43.6
21.0
35.4
3.03
3.21
2.05
50.3
19.0
30.2
2.87
3.08
2.06
53.5 **
17.4**
29.0**
2.60*
3.21
2.60
Sex 1
0.54
0.40
0.69
0.07
0.13
0.40
Interaction 2
49.0
19.4
31.4
2.82
3.25
2.06
49.3
18.9*
31.7
2.84
3.09
2.41 *
0.36
0.26
0.39
0. 05
0.10
0.12
*
*
1
Age mea n bascd on at least 50 birds ; scx means based on at leas t 73 bi rds
Si g nificance o f Age x Sex inreractio n
• p s; 0.05
•• p s; 0.01
2
of age of slaughter and duration and temperature during
the pre-slaughter period on presence of pin feathers on the
carcass.
Materials and lvfethods
1. 1 A nitnals
Experiments 1 and 2 were conducted in consecutive years.
One hundred and fifty -two goslings of the Embden breed
were obtained from a single May hatch for Experiment 1.
For Experiment 2, 174 and 182 Embden goslings were
hatched on two dates. J une 16 and J uly 05, from eggs
originating from a single Embden goose breeeder flock of
the same strain used for Experiment 1.
1.2 M anagement and diet
Experiment 1. Goslings were housed indoors, in floor pens,
in 9 groups of 17 with approximately equal numbers of each
sex. Light was supplied 8 h per day. Goslings were fed ad
libitum, a crumbled starter diet (210 g protein and 12.0 MJ
TME per kg) to 21 days and then a grower diet (180 g
protein and 12.0 MJ TME per kg). A goose finisher diet
(149 g protein and 13.0 MJ per kg; GR UNDER et al„ 1991)
was given for 14 days prior to slaughter. Mean outside
temperature varied from 22 to 24 °C on the day prior to
slaughter. Geese from three pens were crated at 0700 h at
54, 60 and 66 days of age respectively, feed having been
removed 15 h previously. They were transferred to the
slaughter facility where they were killed within 1 to 4 hours.
Experiment 2. Following each hatch, gosling were housed
outdoors in four groups of about 25 males and 22 females
in colony houses where they received natural lighting. They
were given Starterand grower diets as for Experiment 1, but
provided with access to grass paddocks from 21 days of
age. The goose finisher diet was given from 49 to 63 days
(July hatch) or 71 to 103 days (June hatch) . Mean temperature on the day prior to slaughter was 18 and 10 °C for
Archi v für Geflügelk und e 3/ 1994
the geese hatched in J uly and J une, respectivel y. Preslaughter holding treatments were imposed prior to slaug hter at 64 (July hatch) or 104 (June hatch) days. Feed and
water were withdrawn at 24 or 13 h prior to the beginning of
slaughter and geese were placed in transport crates (2 or 3
geese per crate, 38 X 23 X 61 cm) and transferred to one of
two holding rooms, in which temperature was maintained
at 8 or 21 °C, until transferred to the slaughter facility .
1.3 Slaughter
On the day of the slaug hter, each bird was weig hed, stunned,
bled, immersed in water (67 °C) using two immersion cycles,
each of 15 immersions at 30 seconds, had its wing tips
removed, and feathers were plucked for 90 seconds in a
rubber-finger drum plucker (Model JS2ARD, Pickwick
Company, Cedar Rapids, lowa, USA). The carcass was
eviscerared and weig hed after removal of head, neck and
shanks. Weight of abdominal fat which adhered to the
abdominal wall and gizzard, and of the liver were recorded.
Carcasses were given a score for pin feathers (1 low, to 10
high: 1,2 acceptable for marketing; 3, 4, 5 demand manual
labor to remove pin feathers and produce acceptable carcass
appearance; 6 + unacceptable for marketing) and, for
Experiment 2, in addition to the above procedure, pin
feathers were removed from the major feather tract of the
left breast, dried and weighed. After chilling in iced water,
carcasses from Experiment 1 were stored at 5 °C for 18 to
42 h before being cut into parts as described by FOR TIN
et al., (1983). Weights of the breast, leg, wing, back parts and
residual skin and fat were recorded. The breast was further
dissected into the muscle, bone and skin-with-fat components.
1.4 Statistical A nalysis
For Experiment 1 the followin g model was used
Yijk
=
where
µ
+ Cl; + oij +
Yiik
ßk
+ cxß;k + E;jk
is the trait measured, µ is the overall mean <X; is the
108
CAVE et al. , Influence of age, sex and pre-slaughter holding conditions
effect of the ith killdate, öii is the error among pens, ßk is
the effect of sex k, cx.ßik is the interaction of killdate with
sex and Eijk the residual error. The killdate effect was tested
against the among pen error, the remainder of the effects
against the residual error.
For experiment 2 the following model was used
+ cx.i + Yi + CX.Yii + Öiik +
+ cx.ßyijl + Eijklm
Yiik lm = µ
ß1
+ cx.ßi1 + Yßi1
where Yiiklm is the trait measured, cx.i is the effect of the
length of fast i, Yi is the effect of holding temperature j,
öiik is the among crate error, ß 1 is the effect of sex l, cx.yii•
cx.ßu, yßi 1 and cx.ßyijl the interactions and Eijklm the residual
effect. Fast, holding times and their interaction where tested
against the among crate error, the remainder of the effects
against the residual. All variables were analyzed using the
GLM procedures of SAS (SAS Institute, 1990). The analysis
of pin score was confirmed using categorical analysis. Pin
weight was analyzed on the logarithmic scale to moderate the
influence of outliers. The constant 0.01 was added before
transformation because of the presence of zeroes in the data.
The data was back transformed for presentation in table 2
and the average Standard error, appropriate for comparing
the two factor levels, has been presented.
R esults and Discussion
Live llleight and carcass 1veight
Age markedly affected live-bod y and carcass weights and
all major parts of the carcass, expressed either as actual
weight (not shown) or as percentage of carcass weight in
Experiment 1 (Table 1). Carcass weight as a percentage of
body weight was unchanged (P > 0.05) from 54 to 60 days
but was greater (P :$ 0.01) at 66 days of age. Sex significantly
affected (P :$ 0.01) body weight but carcass weight as
percent of live body weight was the same for both sexes
(Table 1). At both ages of slaughter in Experiment 2, sex
significantly affected body weight (Table 2) and carcass
weight. At 104 days only, carcass weight as percent of body
weight was greater (P :$ 0.05) for male geese. Difference
in body weig ht and percent carcass weight may be related
to changes in gut fill of geese, which in turn is influenced
by a greater digesta mass in older birds having a higher
consumption of forage, and by lass by excretion during
fasting - a loss limited in the cold as gut transit is slowed.
Duration and temperature holding treatments affected body
weight of geese slaughtered at 104 days but not at 64 days
(Table 2). Bod y weight was lower (P :$ 0.05) following
holding for 24 h compared with 13 h, presumably the effect
of fasting, and was higher after the 8 °C compared with the
21 °C holding treatment. Carcass weight as percent of
body weight of geese at 64 days, but not 104 days, was
higher with holding for 24 h compared with 13 h.
Carcass parts
The major change in carcass parts with age observed in
Experiment 1 was an increase (P :$ 0.01 ) in percent breast
and a concomitant decrease in percent leg part. There was
significant variation in both percent wing and percent back,
which appeared to result from a greater wing part with a
concomitant lower percent back part at 60 days compared
with 54 and 66 days of age. Skin and fat residue from
partitioning the carcass was greater (P :$ 0.05) at 66 compared with 54 and 60 days of age. Further separation of the
breast part indicated that percent muscle increased from 54
to 60 days and from 60 to 66 days. This change in breast
meat content is consistent with earlier observations from
this laboratory (BUTLER et al., 1991) of an increase in yield
of breast muscles from Embden geese from 68 to 86 days
ofage, and agrees with reports on White Italian and German
x White Italian geese that as percent of carcass weight
(BIELINSKA et al., 1978) or of live weight (jEROCH et al.,
1978; STEVENSON and GRAHAM, 1985) breast meat increased
from 56 to 70 days of age. These changes were accompanied
by decreased (P :$ 0.01) in percent breast bone and percent
breast skin and fat (Table 1). Percent liver decreased (P :$ 0.05)
from 54 to 60 to 66 days whereas there was no significant
difference in percent abdominal fat. This confirms our earlier
report (GRuNDER et al., 1991) that the percem abdominal
fat did not increase from 68 to 86 days in broiler geese.
BIELINSKA et al. (1978) found no change in percem abdominal fat of white Italian geese from 56 to 70 days but
Table 2. Effect of sex and holding conditions before slaughter on body weight and carcass traits on Embden geese at two ages
Einfluß VOii Geschlecht u11d Schlachthältungsz ustand auf Körperge1Vicht 11nd Schlachtkörpermerkmale VOii Emdener-Gänsen VOii z 1vei A ltem
Trait
Sex 1
lnteraction 3
Holding
Duration (h)
Conditions
Temperature (0 C)
24
13
21
8
SEM
Male
Female
64 da ys
Body weight (g)
Carcass/Body weight (g)
Pin Score
Pin wei ght (g) 2
3925
59.3
3.62
0.111
3989
58.6**
3.25
0.099
3905
58.9
3.53
0.098
4006
58.9
3.35
0.112
40.0
0.17
0.203
0.018
4186
59.1
3.33
0.077
34.9
3686**
58.8
0.15
0.175
3.57
0.103*
0.013
104 days
Bod y weight (g)
Carcass/Bod y weight (%)
Pin Score
Pin weight (g) 2
4981
60.1
2.01
0.189
5303**
60.0
1.86
0.178
5048
59.8
1.90
0.179
5230*
60.2
1.98
0.188
50.8
0.15
0.097
0.013
5568
60.3
2.05
0.192
4648*
59.7**
1.80*
0.171
SEM
D
T
*
47.3
0.13
0.094
0.012
1
Duration and tcmperarure means are based on at least 84 bird s, scx o n at least 83 birds.
D ata was analyzcd on rhc loga rirhmic scale and back -cransformcd. Thc standard crro r is th c avc rage fo r the two mea ns bc ing compa red.
3
Significancc o f Sex x Holding condi tio n interaction .
• p ,; 0.05
•• p ,; 0.01
2
Archiv für Gefl ügelku nde 3/1994
CAvE et al., Influence of age, sex and pre-slaughter holding conditions
reported a subsrantial and significant increase from 70 to
84 days of age. jEROCH et al. (1978) found an increase in
abdominal fat for 55 to 63 days but not 63 to 70 days,
whereas there was a decrease in the fact content of meatplus-skin through the period 55 to 70 days.
Although actual weights of carcass parts differed between
sexes, there were only few significant effects on carcass parts
when expressed as percentage of carcass. There was a rninor
effect of sex on percent neck and fat residue from partitioning
of the carcass, which was greater for female than male geese
(4.4 vs. 4.2%). However, no sex effect on percent abdominal
fat or percent liver was identified. Percent bone of breast
part was greater in male than female (Table 1), but the
concomitant decrease in percent muscle was significant only
at (P ~ 0.13). Sex had no effect on percent skin plus fat of
breast.
Pin feathers
The pin feather scores for Experiment 1 were low in general.
At 66 days only, there were more pin feathers for female
compared with male geese (54 days, 2.02 vs. 2.07; 60 days,
2.13 vs. 2.00; 66 days, 3.14 vs. 2.07). This was confirmed by
a significant age x sex interaction. This agrees with the
observation of GRUNDER et al. (1991) of more pin feathers
on female than male geese at both 68 and 82 days of age.
jEROCH et al. (1978) reported effects of both age and diet
on the stubbliness of goose carcasses. Whereas it was
high at 55 and 63 days compared with 70 days, when geese
were fed diets of moderate to high energy level, stubbliness
was low in geese on a low energy diet, increasing from 55 to
70 days of age. The finisher diet of the present experiment
had an energy content comparable with the high energy diet
used by the latter authors. The difference between the two
studies in the time of appearance of pin feather problems
may relate to the Embden and German X White lralian
goose genotypes used.
The main effects of duration and temperature of holding
treatment in Experiment 2 on pin score (Table 2) were not
significant (P > 0.05). However, for female geese at 64d,
there were more pin feathers following the 24 h compared
with the 13 h holding period (4.07 vs. 3.05), whereas there
was no difference due to duration of holding period for male
geese (3.24 vs. 3.42). This contrast was confirmed by a
significant duration x sex interaction (P ~ 0.05). At 104d,
pin score was independent of holding treatments (P ~ 0.05),
but was greater for male compared with female geese at this
age. Weight of pin feathers was recorded in an attempt to
evaluate pin feathering more objectively. Analysis of logtransformed pin weight data indicated a higher (P ~ 0.05)
pin feather weight for female compared with male geese at 64
days. Analysis of pin feathers weight data was consistent with
that for pin feather score but did not confirm the effect of
duration x sex interaction.
The occurrence of pin feathers can be considerd in the
context of juvenile molt normally taking place between 70
and 105 days of age, and five toten days earlier in the female
th11n the male (KRrz et al., 1979). Pin feathering gave rise to
processing problems only after 60 days, approaching the
time of this molt, and only for female geese. lt appears that
the beginning of the molt was accelerated at 60 to 66 days
in the present study, resulting in more pin feathers being
seen following the stress of holding for the langer period of
24 hours. At 104 days, toward the end of the molting period,
there appeared to be fewer pin feathers, though more in male
Archiv für Geflügelkunde 3/1994
109
geese than female, and pin feathering was not affected by
goose holding conditions.
A decision on the optimum age to market broiler geese is
based on maximizing profit margin resulting from income
depending on weight and guality of the carcass over costs, of
which the major item is feed. The present study provides
information on the guantity and guality of the carcass. With
age, both weight of the goose and dressing percent increased,
raising the saleable weight. In addition, the guality of the
carcass increased as evidenced by the increase in percentage
breast of carcass and breast muscle of breast and decrease
in percentage leg and back of carcass and bone and skin
plus fat content of breast. The gain : feed ratio, a major
factor in productivity, decreases strongly with age (GRuNDER et al., 1991; BIELINSKA et al., 1978). In addition, a guality
of the carcass decreases, in that pin feathers were increasing
in female geese during the 54 to 66 day finishing period
considered. Evidence was given that, at 64 days of age, the
extent of pin feathers can be controlled by minimizing the
stress of holding birds in crates for an extended period.
Within the period studied, excessive fatness was not a factor
affecting carcass guality.
The occurrence of pin feathers lirnits the age for slaughter
of broiler geese. As there is differentiation between sexes
in age at molt, it may be possible to increase productivity
by rearing males a few days longer than females after 54
days of age without encountering a problem with pin
feathers. Alternatively, depending on econornic considerations of producer and processor, females may be reared to
approx. 100 da ys of age.
It can be concluded from this study that Embden broiler
geese can be slaughtered at about 60 to 66 days of age with
advantage in breast meat yield at the older age but with
some advantage in low pin score to females slaughtered at the
younger age. However, geese reared outdoors to about the
same age may have slightly more pin feathers and preslaughter conditions have only minor practical influence on pin
score or yield. Marketing of geese reared outdoors to 104
days of age is also possible, with low pin scores but with
assumed lower feed efficiency.
Ackno1vledge!Jlent
The authors gratefully acknowledge the technical help of
R. D. Cochrane, ]. Dickie and M. Murray, P. Apedaile and
staff for looking after and slaughtering the birds and
H. Mucha and W. Routliffe for assistance in analysis of data.
Sm11 "'ary
The effects of age at slaughter, sex and duration and
temperature of ho lding before slaughter of geese on live
weight and carcass traits, including pin feathers, were
investigated. In the first experiment, dressing percent, 58.0,
57.3 and 59.6%, and carcass proportions of breast, 26 .7,
29.7 and 30.6%, and wing, 17.9, 18.7 and 18.2%, increased
through the period from 54, 60 to 66 days of age, while leg
part, 32.8, 31.0 and 29 .3%, decreased; abdominal fat was
unchanged at about 3 percent.
Pin feather scores were low in both male and female geese
at 54 and 60 days, but increased in females only at 66 days.
In the second experiment when slaughter was at 64 or 104
days, pin feather score was independent of pre-slaughter
holding treatment except in female geese at 64 days, which
110 ·
CAVE
et al., Influence of age, sex and pre-slaughter holding conditions
had more pin feathers when held for 24 compared with 13
hours .
When extended holding was avoided, the optimum age for
slaughter of the Embden broiler goose appeared ro be 64
to 66 days, when the carcass had a relatively high content
of breast meat and few pin feathers.
Einfluß von Schlachtalter, Geschlecht und Haltungsbedingungen vor
dem Schlachten auf Lebendgewicht und S chlachtkörper!Jlerkmale von
Broiler - Gänsen
N . A. Cave, A . A. Grunder,
B. Pawluczuk
G. Butler,
A. Fortin
und
Zusammenfassung
Effekte von Schlachtalter, Geschlecht, Haltungsdauer- und
Temperatur vor dem Schlachten auf Lebendgewicht
und Schlachtkörpermerkmale, einschließlich Stoppelfedern,
wurden untersucht. Im ersten Experiment betrug die
Schlachtausbeute 58,0 bzw. 57.3 und 59.6%, die Brustanteile
26.7 bzw. 29.7 und 30.6% sowie die Flügelanteile 17,9 bzw.
18,7 und 18,2%, jewei ls ansteigend mit dem Alter von 54,
60 und 66 Tagen, während der Anteil der Schenkel mit 32,8
bzw . 31,0 und 29,3% abnahm . Das Abdominalfett schwankte unverändert um 3%.
Die Sroppelfeder-Rückstände waren in beiden Geschlechtern niedrig bei 54 und 60 Tagen, jedoch hoch bei den
weiblichen Tieren mit 66 Tagen. Beim zweiten Experiment, wo es um Schlachtalter von 64 und 104 Tagen ging,
war der Stoppelfederanteil unabhängig von den Haltungsbedingungen mit Ausnahme der weiblichen Gänse mit
64 Tagen, die bei 24 Stunden Wartezeit mehr Stoppelfedern
aufzuweisen hatten als mit 13 Stunden.
Wenn man eine verlängerte Haltung vermeiden möchte,
scheint das Optimum für Emdener Gänse bei 64- 66 Tage
zu liegen, wo der Schlachtkörper einen relativen hohen
Brustfleischanteil aufzuweisen hat und wenig Stoppelfedern.
S tich1vorte
Gans, Mast, Zeit, Haltung, Schlachtkörper, Qualität, Tei lstücke, Stoppelfedern
r6w gesich ubijanych w r6znym wieku. Rocz. Nauk
Rolnych. B. 99, 77 - 87.
BuTLER, G., L. M. POSTE, A. A. GRUNDER, . A. CAvE and
B. PAWLUCZUK, 1991: Influence of breed, finisher diet,
sex and age at slaughter on cooking and sensory properties
of broiler geese. Arch. Geflügelk. 55, 176 - 181.
FoRTIN, A., A. A. GRuNDER, J. R. CHAMBERS and R. M. G.
HAMILTON, 1983: Live and carcass characteristics of four
strains of male and fema le geese slaughtered at 173, 180
and 194 days ofage. Poultry Sei. 62, 1217- 1223.
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Archiv für Geflügelkunde 3/1994