Hashize iminsi itatu gusa ku ya 28 Nyakanga 1959. ibyo byegera by

Hashize iminsi itatu gusa ku ya 28 Nyakanga 1959. ibyo byegera by

.-
_~,r,.;;;.'i.;:
;,
Hashize iminsi itatu gusa ku ya 28 Nyakanga 1959. ibyo byegera by'ibwami byahise byimika
undi mwami wiswe Kigeri V Ndahindurwa. Yimikiwe i Mwima hafi y'i Nyanza ku mva ya
Rudahigwa batarashyingura umugogo (umurambo) we. Ndahindurwa uwo n'ubwo yari umuhungu
wa Musinga yari umuntu utazwi na busa. Yawkiye i Kamembe mu wa 1935. akurikira se aho yari
yaraciriwe n'Abazungu muri Kongo ahitwa Albertville.hiswe Kalemi Kongo mbiligi imaze kwigenga.
Aho se apfiriye mu wa 1944. yagarutse mu Rwanda yiga mu ishuli ryo kwandikisha imashini i
Nyangezi muri Province ya Kiw. ubundi aba umusushefu hirya no hino mu Rwanda. Iyo ngoma ya
Kigeri V Ndahindurwa ntiyatinze na busa, kuko ku itariki ya 25 Nyakanga 1960 yagiye i
Léopoldville mu minsi mikuru y'ubwigenge bwa Kongo. kuva ubwo ntiyongeye kugaruka gutegeka u
Rwanda.
4.2.3. Intambara y'amoko mu Rwanda
Mu mpera z'umwaka wa 1959. ishyaka rya UNAR ryatangiye politiki y'iterabwoba igamije
kwica abanyapolitiki bigaragaje mu mashyaka y'Abahutu. Ni ko byagenze rero. kuko ku ya 01
Ugushyingo 1959 insoresore z'abatutsi zashatse gukubita Dominiko Mbonyumutwa wari sushefu ku
Ndiza akaba n'Umuparmehutu ukomeye. Zamuteye mu Byimana awye mu misa, baragundagurana,
ariko Mbonyumutwa arabananira kuko yari afite ingufu nyinshi.
Icyo gihe inkuru yarakwiriye muri Gitarama yose ngo Mbonyumutwa Abatutsi bamwishe. nuko hirya
no bino mu Rwanda amazu y'Abatutsi barayatwika. abagabo. abagore n'abana barakubitwa,
birukanwa mu byabo. abenshi bahungira muri za Misiyoni.bamwe baricwa hamwe na hamwe.
Umwami n'ingabo ze na bo bahise bategura ukuntu bakwihorera, ni ko kohereza ibiteroshuma
bigamije kwica abategetsi b'abahutu. Ni muri iyo minsi Secyugu yiciwe i Nyanza.
Polepole Mukwiye akicirwa i Nzega ku Gikongoro naho Kanyaruka wavaga inda imwe na Gitera
bakamutsinda i Burundi. Hari n'abandi barwanashyaka b'abahutu biciwe hirya no hino mu gihugu. ku
buryo intambara yabaye iy'Abahutu n'Abatutsi ku mugaragaro.
Ababiligi na bo babonye ko byakomeye. bahita bohereza mu Rwanda ingabo bitaga iza
Kamina, zari ziturutse muri Kongo mbiligi.Ku ya Il Ugushyingo 1959. Koloneli BEM Guy Logiest
yagizwe Rezida udasanzwe mu Rwanda. Mu rwego rwo kugarura amahoro mu gihugu, Kolonel
Logiest yafashe ba batware b'abatutsi bari bateye imwruru bagaba ibitero byo kwica Abahutu nuko
arabafunga, abandi barahunga. Yahise abasimbuza abashefu n'abasushefu b'agateganyo ariko
b'abahutu. Ibyo byemezo ni bimwe mu byatumye Abahutu batsinda amatora ya Komini yabaye ku ya
26 Kamena kugeza ku ya 30 Nyakanga 1960. Ayo matora yatumye hashyirwaho ababurugumesitiri
229 n'abakonseye 2.896; muri bo abashyaka Parmehutu na Aprosoma akagira 83,8%. Abo bategetsi
bashya bahise bashyirahQleta y'agateganyo ku ya 20/10/19560; Kayibanda yayibereye Minisitiri
w'intebe. Hari hasigaye gukuraho ubwami.
UMUTWE WA V
U RWANDA MULI REPUBULIKA
5.1
Ivuka rya Repubulika
5.1.1 Amatora ya Komini (26/6-30/7/1960)
Ayo matora yakoreshejwe n'ubutegetsi bwa gikolonize bwari bwemewe icyo gihe, maze
46
- --
,.
~
~
~-_.
.~-
-,
,
-
'
'--..--
akurikiza Itegeko O.R.U n0221173ryo ku itariki ya 10 WefÙrwe 1960 ryahinduwe nlirya O.R.U
n0221/134 ryo ku ya 3 Kamena 1960. Muri ayo matora yari agamije gushyiraho ubutegetsi bwa
demokarasi mu rwego rwa Komini zose z'u Rwanda, amashyaka yari yemewe icyo gihe yabonye
amajwi n'imyanya ku buryo bukurikira :
IMBONEREHEMWE N° 5
ABAKONSEYE BATOWE
Amashyaka
Ijanisha ryl amajwi (%)
PARMEHUTU
APROSOMA
RADER
PARMEHUTUAPROSOMA *
UNAR
Andi mashvaka
Umubare w'Abakonseye
batowe
2201
233
209
189
70,4
7,4
6,6
6,0
56
237
1,7
7,9
* Muri Teritwari ya Shangugu, PARMEHUTU ni APROSOMA byishyize
hamwe.
"
Ubwo ni ukuvuga ko amashyaka PARMEHUTU ni APROSOMA yombi hamwe yabonye
83,8% by'amajwi, akegukana imyanyay'Abakonseye 2623 ku giteranyo cya 3125. Mbere y'ayo
matora ya Komini yari yarateganyijwe gutangira ku ya 27 Kamena 1960 ariko mu by'ukuri agatangira
ku ya 26 Kamena 1960 kandi akarangira ku ya 30 Nyakanga 1960, ishyaka RADER ryari riherutse
kwishyira hamwe na PARMEHUTU ni APROSOMA kugira ngo ayo mashyaka yose afatanye mu
kurwanya igitugu cya UNAR. Icyakora amatora ageze hagati, RADER yabonye nta majwi menshi
izabona kubera ko yari ifite abayoboke bake, noneho yitandukanya n'amashyaka ylAbahutu, maze
yifatanya na UNAR yari yanze kwitabira bihagije ayo matora. Aya mashyaka yombi yafashe inzira
ajya i New York muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe
ZlAmerika, avuga ko Ababiligi ari bo bazanye ibibazo by'amoko mu Rwanda, ko Abanyarwanda
bashaka ko umwami wabo yagaruka (ayo matora yabaye mu gihe Kigeri V Ndahindurwa yari
Usumbura asa n'ufungishijwe ijisho), kandi amatora ya Komini ya Kamena Nyakanga 1960
akagomba gusubirwamo.
-
Amatora yandi bashakaga yari ayo kubaza Abanyarwanda niba bashaka ubwami. Mu nama
y'Inteko Rusange y'Umuryango w'Abibumbyeyabereye i New York ku ya 20 Ukuboza 1960, uwo
muryango wafashe icyemezo cy'uko ibyabaye mu Rwanda byerekeranye no guhindura ubutegetsi
bigomba gusubirwamo, maze hakaba itora rya Kamarampaka rigamije kureba no kwemeza icyo
abaturage batekereza ku bwami ndetse no ku mwami wari uriho ubwe (Icyemezo 1580/XV). Ibyo ni
byo UNAR na RADER zashakaga, cyane cyane kuko ziyemezaga nta shiti ko rubanda rwari
rukomeye ku bwami no kuri Kigeri V Ndahindurwa.
5.1.2. Ishingwa rya Repubulika (28 Mutarama 1961)
47
-
-
-
--
-
--
Abakonseye ba PARMEHUTU n'ab'APROSOMA baherukaga gutorwa muri Kamena na
Nyakanga 1960 ni bo bateraniye i Gitarama ku ya 28 Mutarama 1961 hamwe n'Ababurugumesitiri
babo n'abakuru b'abamashyaka yombi, maze baca burundu ingoma ya gihake ishingiye ku bwami,
nuko bashinga Repubulika. Bari batumije inama bitwaje ko ari iyo kwiga ukuntu babumbatira
umutekano. Muri iyo nama, Yohani Batisita Rwasibo wari Minisitiri w'ubutegetsi bw'Igihugu yabajije
abari aho aho umwami yagiye, kandi niba ubwami buzahoraho iteka ryose. Yozefu Habyarimana
Gitera yahise avuga ko ubwami buvuyeho bidasubirwaho, ko u Rwanda rubaye Repubulika, kandi
yerekana ibendera ryayo. Geregori Kayibanda na we yahise abisubiramo mu gifaransa, kuko Gitera
yari yabivuze mu kinyarwanda. Icyo gihe Dominiko Mbonyumutwa yatorewe kuba Perezida wa
Repubulika, naho Kayibanda agirwa Minisitiri w'Intebe. Ibyo byose byakozwe vuba vuba, kuko muri
icyo gihe intumwa za ONU zari zageze Usumbura uwo munsi zishaka kugarura umwami Kigeri V
Ndahindurwa.
Amashyaka y'Abahutu yihutiye koherereza muri ONU intumwa zo kuburanira inzego nshya
zaturutse kuri kudeta yo ku ya 28 Mutara 1961. PARMEHUTU yohereje Fideli Nkundabagenzi na
Kaliyopi Murindahabi, naho APROSOMA yohereza Tewodori Sindikubwabo, Gerimani Gasingwa
na Aloyizi Munyangaju. Izo ntumwa ni zo zemeye ko Kamarampaka yabaho nk'uko UNAR na
RADER zabishakaga.
5.1.3. Kamarampaka (25 Nzeri 1961)
Abatishimiye ibyari byarabereye i Gitarama bahise babirwanya, bakora ibishoboka byose
kugira ngo biseswe banyuze ku butegetsi bw'Ababiligin'ubw'Umuryango Mpuzamahanga wa ONU.
Ni cyo cyatumye hagomba gukoreshwa andi matora ku ya 25 Nzeri 1961. Ayo matora yakoreshejwe
mu nzego ebyiri : urwo gutora abagize Inama ishinga amategeko n'urwa Kamarampaka
(Referendum) yabazaga abaturage niba bashaka ubwami cyangwa niba batabushaka, niba rero
babushyigikiye, ko banashaka umwami uriho, ari we Kigeri V Nadahindurwa.
Muri ayo matora hari handitswe abaturage 1.337.096 bashobora gutora. Amajwi yabaruwe
akemerwa ni 1.255.896, ay'imfabusaaba 22.248. Mu byerekeye itora ry'Abadepite byagenze bitya :
48
-
-
-
--
---.....
-- -
:~.....----------
~--
IMBONERAHAMWE N°6
ITORA RY'ABADEPlTE
Amashyaka
Amajwi
PARMEHUTU
UNAR
APROSOMA
RADER
974.239
211.929
44.830
4.172
Andimashyaka
20.636
Ijanisha
(%)
77,7
16,8
3,5
0,3
Imyanya
y'Abadepite
35
7
2
-
1,7
-
ryabonye.
* 19isobanuro : akamenyetso kavuga ko nta ntebe n'imwe ishyaka
,
*
-
Naho ku byerekeye Kamarampaka, ku bwami abaturage bagombaga gusubiza ikibazo giteye
gitya: "urifuza ubwami" ? Amajwiy'abatoye yemewe yari 1.260.302, ay'impfabusa aba 14.329.
Amajwi y'abashakaga ubwami yabaye 253.963, naho ay'abanze ubwami aba 1.006.339, ni ukuvuga
80% by'amajwi. lkindi kibazo cyabajijwemuri iyo Kamarampaka ni iki : " niba wifuza umwami,
urifuza ko yaba Kigeri V " ? Amajwiy'abatoye yemewe yari 1.262.165, ay'impfabusa aba 11.526.
Abashakaga ko Kigeri V aba umwami bari 257.510, naho abataramushakaga bari 1.004.655, ni
ukuvuga 80% by'abatoye. Iyo rera ni yo Kamarampaka yashimangiyeibyemezo bya Kongere y'i
Gitarama mu kwanga ubwami, maze bituma u Rwanda ruba Repubulika yemewe mu rwego
mpuzamahanga.
Amatora yo ku ya 25 Nzeri 1961 arangiye, Geregori Kayibanda yatorewe kuba Perezida wa
Repubulika, maze ahita ashyiraho Guverinoma nshya. Mu nama yayo yo ku ya 17 Kamena 1962,
Inteko Rusange ya ONU yemeje ko u Rwanda n'u Burundi bizaba ibihugu byigenga ku itariki ya 1
Nyakanga 1962. Ni ko byagenze rera, kuko kuri iyo tariki nyine u Rwanda rwasubiranye ubwigenge
kimwe n'u Burundi.
.
Icyakora kugira ngo u Rwanda rugere kuri iyo ntambwe habaye ibibazo byinshi :
abanyarwanda benshi barapfuye, abandi barahunga cyane cyane Abatutsi. Imibare yatanzwe n'ishami
mpuzamahanga
ryita ku mpunzi itumenyesha ko mu wa 1964, Abanyarwanda 153.000 bari
bamaze guhungira mu mahanga. Abapfuye bo ntibazwi neza umubare, ariko hari abavuga ko baba
bari hagati ya 10.000 na 15.000, abenshi bakaba barapfuye mu wa 1963 nyuma y'igitero cyo mu
Bugesera cyagabwe n'Inyenzi ziturutse mu Burundi. Murumva rera ko ibintu byari bikomeye, ko
irnzika zari nyinshi cyane, kandi ko ubwumikane bw'amoko agize u Rwanda bwashegeshwe.
5.1.4 Ubwigenge bucagase.
49
'-
--
-..::...--
--
-'~
a_~
cr~__
Ubwo butegetsi bwa gikolonize bwahise butanga Iteka N° 02/3221)'0 ku itariki ya 1
Ukwakira 1961 rihamya ko ubwami buciwe mu Rwanda maze busaba Inteko ishinga amategeko y'u
Rwanda gutora vuba umukuru w'igihugu. Na none Iteka N° 02/326 1)'0ku itariki ya 09
Ukwakira19611)'asimbuwe n'il)'a N° 02/3341)'0 ku ya 22 Ukwakira 19611)'emeza ko u Rwanda ari
igihugu gitegekwa muri Repubulika Ïfite umuperezida wayo.Ni bwo Inteko ishinga amategeko
nshyashya itoreye Geregori Kayibanda kuba Perezida wa Repubulika hari Yohani Pawulo Harroy
(Haruwa), Rezida Jenerali muri Ruanda-Urundi. Icyo gihe umubare w'Abadepite wagombaga gutora
wari 44 bari bagize Inteko ishinga amategeko. Kayibanda yatowe n'Abadepite 36 ba PARMEHUTU
n'ab'APROSOMA, naho Abadepite 7 ba UNAR barifashe. Ijwi rimwe ribura ni il)'a Kayibanda
utaritoye akariha Gasigwa. Ubwo Kayibanda yari abaye Aerezida wa kabiri w'u Rwanda, kuko
Dominiko Mbonyumutwa yari yarabaye Perezida wa mbere w'u Rwanda, ashyizweho na Kongere y'i
Gitarama yo kuri 28 Mutarama 1961.
Aya matora tumaze gusesengura yerekana ko ishingiro I)'a Repubulika na demokarasi mu
Rwanda ari abaturage barwo ku bul)'o budasubirwaho. Nta wazabeshyera Abanyarwanda rero ngo
ntibigeze banga ku bushake bwabo ingoma ya gihake na cyami. Aramutse abivuze yaba ashaka
gusuzugura abaturage abafata nk'amatungo umushumba ashorera akajyana aho ashatse. Ubanza
abagihakana agaciro ka Revolisiyo yo mu wa 1959 n'inzego z'ubutegetsi ziyikomokaho ari ibyo
batekereza.
Hag"atiaho u Rwanda rwavuye no ku butegetsi bwa gikolonize bwuzuye, rujya mu bwigenge
bucagase bwatangiye ku ya 21 Ukuboza 1961, umunsi Perezida G.Kayibanda abusinyira i Buruseli
hamwe na Pawulo Heneriko Spaak (Sipaki) wasinye mu izina I)'a Leta y'u Bubiligi. Iyo nyandiko
yashimangiwe n'Iteka l)''Umwami w'u Bubiligi 1)'0ku ya 25 Mutarama 1962 rihindura il)'o ku ya 25
Mutarama 1960 yerekeye imitegekere y'u Rwanda n'u Burundi, bituma uwari Rezida w'u Rwanda
ahinduka gusa Intumwa y'u Bubuligi mu rwego rwo hejuru.
5.1.5 Ubwigenge bwuzuye
Umul)'ango w'Abibumbye (ONU) na wo kubera ko ari wo u Bubiligi bwategekeraga u
Rwanda, mu cyemezo cy'lnteko rusange yawo N°1743 (XVI) washyizeho Komisiyo y'abantu batanu
bashinzwe kunga imitwe ya politiki iri mu Rwanda, gutahura impunzi, kubahiriza uburenganzira
bw'ikiremwamuntu, kubahiriza umutekano no gushyiraho ingabo zigizwe n'Abanyarwanda zigomba
gusimbura iz'Ababiligi. Iyo Komisiyo kandi yari ishinzwe guhuza u Rwanda n'u Burundi leubul)'o
byagira urwego rukuru rw'ubutegetsi byazahuriraho, kandi igategura ubwigenge bwuzuye bw'ibyo
bihugu byombi. Ariko kubera impamvu zinyuranye ntibyashobotse. Mu cyemezo cyawo N°1746
(XVI) cyo leuya 27 Kamena 1962 Umul)'ango w'Abibumbyeumaze kubyumvikanaho n'Ababiligi,
wakuyeho inyandiko yo ku ya 13 Ukuboza 1946 yemereraga u Bubiligi gutegeka Ruanda-Urundi,
maze ibyo bihugu byombi bikazigenga guhera ku itariki ya 1 Nyakanga 1962. Koko rero kuri iyo
tariki ni ko byagenze. U Rwanda 'u Burundi byasubiranyeubwigenge bwabyo ku itariki ya 1
Nyakanga 1962.
Koloneri Logiest wategekaga ingabo z'u Bubiligi mu Rwanda ni we wahise agirwa Ambasaderi wa
mbere wlu Bubiligi mu Rwanda.
5.1.6 Itegekonshinga 1)'0ku wa 24 Ugushyingo 1962
Kubera ko Repubulika y'u Rwanda yari itaragira Itegekonshinga I)'ayo, ubutegetsi bw'Ababiligibwari bwashyizeho Itegeko I)'emeza ko ubutegetsi bw'u
Rwanda ari Repubulika ishingiyeku Nteko ishinga amategeko, ikaba ari yo itora Perezida w'igihugu
50
- -
---
kandi ikagenzura Guverinoma igashobora no kuyikuraho. Mu by'ukuri imiterere y'ubutegetsi bw'u
Rwanda muri Repubulika ya mbere n'iya kabiri yagendeye ku Itegekonshinga ryatangajwe na
Perezida Geregori Kayibanda ku itariki ya 24 Ugushyingo 1962, u Rwanda rumaze amezi hafi atanu
mu bwigenge. Iryo Tegekonshinga ni ryo ryahamijeburundu ko u Rwanda ari Repubulika igendera
kuri demokarasi izira uburetwa, ubuhake n'ubundi bucakara bwose bushingiye ku ivangura
n'isumbana ry'abaturage iryo ari ryose ryitwaza ubwoko, akarere, amavuko, igitsina, amadini n'ibindi.
5.2 Repubulika ya mbere
Itegekonshinga ryo ku wa 24 Ugushyingo 1962 ryagize u Rwanda Repubulika ishingiye kuri
demokarasi no ku mategeko agomba kubahiriza ikiremwamuntu ku buryo bujyanye n'amategeko
mpuzamahanga cyane cyane n'Itangazo mpuzamahanga leuburenganzira bw'umuntu ry'Umuryango
w'Abibumbye(ONU)ryemejwen'IntekoRusangeyawoleuitarikiya 10Ukuboza 1948.
5.2.1 Repubulika irangwa na demokarasi
Kuba u Rwanda ari Repubulika ishingiyekuri demokarasi ku buryo budasubirwaho, tubisanga
muri iryo Tegekonshinga ryo ku ya 24 Ugushyingo 1962 ku buryo bugaragara, nk'uko tubisanga mu
ngingo ya l, 2, 3, 4 ,7, 8, 9, 10. Izo ngingo zerekana ko ubutegetsi bwa Leta y'u Rwanda mu nzego
zabwo zose bugomba gukomoka gusa ku bushake bw'abaturage bose b'u Rwanda bafite imyaka yo
gutora igenwa n'amategeko. Ubwo bushake bwabo bakabugaragariza mu matora adafifitse kandi
azira iterabwoba iryo ari ryo ryose, abiyamamazabatanzwe n'imitwe y'amashyaka menshi yemewe
mu gihugu. Iyo ni yo demokarasi nyayo. Igabana ry'ubutegetsi ridashingiye ku matora nk'ayo
ntirishobora leuba rijyanye demokarasi.
5.2.2. Leta igendera leumategeko yubahirizauburenganzira
bw'umuntu
Nk'uko ingingo nyinshiz'iryo Tegekonshinga zibivuga: - umuntu ni inzirakarengane kandi
Leta ibereyeho kubahiriza ubwo buzirakarengane bwe.
- Uburenganzira bw'iremezo uko bwasobanuwe n'Itangazo
mpuzamahanga ku burenganzira
bw'umuntu Leta y'u Rwanda yiyemeje kubwubahiriza.
- Ubwigenge bwa buri muntu ku giti cye ntibuhungabanywa.
- Nta wushobora guhanwa bidaturutse leuitegeko ryatangiye
guleurikizwaicyo cyaha
kitarakorwa.
- Igihano cyose kigomba gucishwa leumategeko yanditse.
- Uwakoze icyaha ni we ukiryozwa ku giti cye.
- Ukwiregura ni uburenganzira budahungabana mu iburanishwa ryose.
- Impunzi ifite uburenganzira bwo kwakirwa.
- Abaturage bose barareshya imbere y'amategeko ku buryo buzira ivangura rishingiye leunkomoko,
ubwoko, ibara ry'umubiri,
igitsina cyangwa idini.
- Umuntu wese afite uburenganzira bwo kuvuga no gukwiza
ibitekerezo bye.
Umuntu wese afite uburenganzira bwo kwiga nta nkomyi, aho
yashobora kungura ubwenge
hose kandi hagerwa na bose.
- Abaturage bose bafite uburenganzira bwo kwiremamo amashyaka n'imiryango uko bashaka
banyuze mu nzira zemewe n'amategeko.
- Ibanga ry'amabarwa, ry'ubutumwa bunyujijwemu iposita,
telegaramu cg telefoni
ntirihungabanywa.
- Abaturage bose b'URwanda bafite uburenganzira bwo kujya no gutura aho bashatse hose mu
-
51
-
-
---
-
-
gihugu.
- Nta muntu ushobora kugenzurwa hatari mu bihe byateganijwe
n'itegeko.
- Icyo umuntu atunze ku giti cye cyangwa asangiye n'abandi benshi ntigikorwaho. Iyo gikozweho
binyuze mu mategeko hagomba
indishyiikwiye.
- Urugo rw'umuntu ntiruvogerwa.
- Ubusugire bw'umuntu mu mutima-nama we muri rusange no mu
byerekeranye n'amadini
ntibuvogerwa.
- Umukozi wese ashobora kwinjira muri sendika yihitiyemo.
Uretse ubwo burenganzira Itegekonshinga ryemeza, hari ibyo ribuza nk'ibi bikurikira :
Uburenganzira bwose bushingiye ku moko.
- Ubucakara n'ubuja ubwo ari bwo bwose.
- Umurimo w'agahato udatewe n'igihano cyemewe n'amategeko.
-
Ikintu gihora gitera ibibazo mu bihugu byose, ni ukumenya igihe Leta yemerewe gusatira
by'agateganyo cyangwa ku buryo buhoraho ubwo burenganzira tumaze kuvuga.
5.2.3 Imiterere y'ubutegetsi
lkindi kiranga Repubulika ya demokarasi ni imiterere y'ubutegetsi bw'igihugu ivangura inzego
z'ubutegetsi, ku buryo urwego rwubahiriza amategeko, urwego rushinga amategeko n'urwego ruca
imanza zitandukana ku buryo bugaragara, ntihagire urwivanga mu mikorere y'urundi, ahubwo
zikuzuzanya mu nzira ziteganywa n'amategeko.
Itegekonshinga ryo kuri 24 Ugushyingo 1962 ryagiraga Perezida wa Repubulika umukuru
w'igihugu n'uwa Guverinoma, akunganirwa n'Abaminisitiri,akaba kandi n'umugaba w'ingabo.
Umwanya wa Visi-Perezida wari uteganijwe ariko ntiyigeze ashyirwaho.
Ububasha bushinga amategeko bwari buhuriweho n'Inteko nkuru y'amategeko na Perezida
wa Repubulika. Ibyo byateganywaga n'ingingo ya 73 y'Itegekonshinga. Ikongeraho ko : Inteko nkuru
y'amategeko igenzura imikorere ya Perezida wa Repubulika na Leta ye. Iyo Nteko igizwe
n'abaturage bitwa "Abadepite" batorwa ku buryo butaziguye n'abaturage bose bujuje imyaka
ngombwa yo gutora kandi bagatorerwa imyaka ine.
Ubutabera bwari bushinzwe inkiko zica imanza muri Repubulika mu izina ry'abaturage.
Inkiko zisanzwe ni izi : Urukiko rwa Kanto; Urukiko rwa mbere rw'lremezo; Urukiko rw'Ubujurire
n'Urukiko rw'lkirenga..
Inkiko zidasanzwe zari ziteganyijwe n'Itegekonshinga zari :
Urukiko rwa Gisirikari; Urukiko rwa Gisirikarirw'ubujurire; Urukiko rucira imanza abakoze ibyaha
bihungabanya umutekano wa Leta n'Urukiko ruca imanza zerekeye ubucurizi. Ingingo ya 99 ivuga
kandi ko itegeko rishobora gushyiraho izindi nkiko zidasanzwe.
Iyo Repubulika ya mbere yubahiriza mu ngingo zaryo zose iryo Tegekonshinga wenda iba
yarakomeje. Kubera kutubahiriza amategeko kw'abategetsi bamwe bo muriiyo Repubulika ya mbere
nk'uko bizagenda mu ya kabiri, u Rwanda rwagiye ruhura n'ingorane zikomeye cyane. Kuri izo
ngorane hiyongeraho n'ikibazo cy'impunziz'abanyarwada bahungiye mu mahanga zajyaga zirema
udutsiko twagiye dutera igihugu. Ni byo tugiye kureba ubu.
5.2.4. Ibitero by'lnyenzi
52
-
-
-
---
--
-
Revolisiyo yo mu wa 1959 na Leta yayiturutseho ntibyashimishijeabo yavukije ubutegetsi.
Bari bahagarariwe cyane n'ishyaka rya UNAR ryashinzwe kuri 15 Nzeri 1959. Mu nyandikoshingiro
yayo, UNAR yahise yerekana ko idashaka demokarasi mu Rwanda, kuko byanze bikunze iyo
demokarasi yagombaga Irugendera Iruri rubanda nyamwinshiy'Abahutu, UNAR yitiranyaga
n'ubushyo bw'inka budashoboye gutekereza no gutegeka.
Ubwo rero abari bafite ibitekerezo bicuramye kandi bibi nk'ibyo, hamwe n'abandi bahunze Irubera
ubwoba, bageze hanze barisuganya batangira kugaba ibitero mu Rwanda, Irugirango bongere
barwigarurire Iru ngufu. Ibyo bitero byahungabanyijeumutekano mu Rwanda Iruvamu wa 1963
Irugera mu wa 1967, binatuma abaturage bahora basubiranamo bapfa amoko, aho Irugira ngo biyunge
baharanire demokarasi nyayo. Ibyo bitero biri mu byatumye demokarasi ishingiye Iru mashyaka
menshi izima hagati ya 1963 na 1965, hagasigara ishyaka rimwe rukumbi ari ryo rya MDRPARMEHUTU.
Ubwo rero UNAR yakoreraga mu gihugu yazimye nyuma y'igitero cy'inyenzicyo mu Bugesera mu
Kuboza 1963 imaze gutakaza abayobozi baya b'imbere mu gihugu. Ubwo hasigaye UNAR
yakoreraga hanze, ari na yo yagiye itegura ibitero. UNAR yo hanze yarimo amashami manini atatu :
irya Rukeba, iry'umwami n'irya Sebyeza.
Ishami rya Rukeba ryatangiye mu wa 1962 rikorera i Bujumbura riyoborwa na Rukeba,
Hamoud Ben Salim Kayitare na Nzamwita, nyuma yaho, riza Irumeraho andi mashami abiri : irya
Mudandi ryashinzwe mu wa 1964 ryitwa "Armée de Libération" rikomeza gukorera i Bujumbura;
irya kabiri ni irya Rwangombwa ryashinzwe mu wa 1963 rijya muri Zayire aho ryafatanyije n'aba
Mulele, inyeshyamba yo muri Zayire yayogoje igihugu.
Kuri ayo mashami y'i Bujumbura haje kwiyongeraho iry'abasore bari bavuye mu mashuli i
Lovanium muri Zayire, ariko bakaba batarashakaga ubwami. Iryo shami ryiyise "Front de Libération
du Rwanda" (1963-1964), maze ritegekwa na Gakwaya na Munana.
Ishami ry'umwami ryakoreraga i Dar es Salam, i Kampala n'i Nairobi, rikaba ryarategekwaga
na Kayihura, Mungarurire na Sebyeza. Mu wa 1963 Sebyeza yaje gushyiraho ishami rye akorera i
Bujumbura; nyuma mu wa 1964 ajya gukorera i Kampala, noneho ishami rihinduka Ishyaka rya
gisosiyalisiti (parti Socialiste) ryari rigamije kugendera kuri Repubulika inyuze mu inzira ryashakaga;
mu wa 1966 rihinduka Umuryango w'Ubwiyunge bw'Abanyagihugu (Organisation pour la
Réconciliation nationale). Amwe muri ayo mashami yaje kuvaho burundu, andi asimburwa n'andi
mashyaka yageze aho ~byaraFPR-Inkotanyi.
Amashami y'abo bakunze kwita" Inyenzi" yagiye atera u Rwanda ku wa 1963 Irugeza mu wa
1967 akomoka Iruri iyo UNAR yo hanze. Ibitero by'inyenzibyakurikiranye bitya :
19itero cyo Iruri 25 Ugushyingo 1963 cy'abantu bageze ku 1500 bari mu Burundi bayobowe na
Rukeba, Hamoud Ben Salim, Kayitare na Nzamwita cyahagaritswe na Jandarumori y'i Burundi
kitaragera Iru mupaka w'u Rwanda.
- Igitero cyo Iruri 21 UIruboza 1963 cyahise gik:urikiraho.Icyo gihe bafashe ikigo cy'abasirikari cy'i
Gako mu Bugesera,baza gukumirwa na "Garde Nationale" ku musozi wa Kanzenze hafi y'ikiraro cya
Nyabarongo. Ubwo Inyenzi zaratsinzwe, izidapfuyezikwira imishwaro zisubira iyo zaturutse, n'uko
zicika mu Bugesera. Icyo gitero cyabyukijeuburakari n'imvururu mu baturage cyane cyane muri
Gikongoro, zihitana abantu b'inzirakarengane, na demokarasi irahazaharira.
- Ibitero byo muri Mutarama 1964 mu Bugesera no mu Bugarama byombi byavuye i Burundi.
-
53
- -- -- -
-
-
-
- --
-
- Mu Gushyingo 1964, habaye igitero gikomeye mu Nshiri na cyo giturutse mu Burundi. Nyuma
y'icyo gitero kugeza mu wa 1967 hakomeje kubaho ibiteroshuma, bigeze aho birahagarara kugeza
ejo bundi mu Kwakira 1990.
5.2.5. Repubulika ya mbere yaie kuvaho ite?
Repubulika ya mbere yamaze gutsindira demokarasi n'ubwigenge ntiyahamya ibi bikurikira :
kurangiza ikibazo cy'impunzi n'ubwiyunge bw'Abanyarwandabose; gukomeza demokarasi ishingiye
ku mashyaka menshi; kubahiriza uburenganzira bw'ikiremwamuntu.
Ahubwo yaguye mu mutego wo kwirara no kumva ko nta bibazo bigihari, cyane cyane aho Inyenzi
zasaga n'izatsinzwe burundu.
Ku byerekeye ikibazo cy'impunzi, nta wavuga ko Repubulika ya mbere yari yarakirekeye
aho. Hari ibyo yari yaragerageje gukora kugira ngo kirangire. Dore nko mu wa 1964 mu kwezi kwa
gatatu Perezida Kayibanda yabwiye impunzi z'abanyarwanda ko u Rwanda rwiteguye kubakira
rubifashijwemo n'imiryango mpuzamahanga, ariko ugarutse wese akaba azi ko nta muturage ugomba
kwibwira ko yavukiye kujya hejuru y'abandi, kuko muri demokarasi nta wugira uburenganzira
adahawe n'amategeko. Ariko iyo politiki nziza Perezida Kayibanda yatangiye ntiyageze ku cyo
yashakaga, kuko nyuma y'aho ibitero by'Inyenzi byakomeje.
Ku byerekeye demokarasi ishingiyeku mashyaka menshi nk'uko yari yemewe mu
Itegekonshinga ryo kuri 24 Ugushyingo 1962, iyo politiki ntiyubahirijwe.Mu matora yo mu wa 1960
hari hiyamamaje PARMEHUTU, APROSO~
RADER, UNAR n'andi mashyaka mato.
Icyo gihe PARMEHUTU yari yabonye 70,4% by'amajwi, andi mashyaka abona amajwi asigaye. Mu
matora yo mu wa 1961, PARMEHUTUyari yabonye 77,7% by'amajwi, naho mu wa 1963 yabonye
97,9% by'amajwi y'abaturage bari batoye mu matora yo mu Makomini noneho mu matora
y'Abadepite yo mu wa 1965, kubera ko PARMEHUTU ari ryo shyaka ryari risigaye, yabonye 100%
by'amajwi.
Ubwo rero ubutegetsi bwari busigaye nta kivuguruza bwariraye, hatangira ibyo
gutegekesha igitugu hirya no hino mu gihugu no kudacunga neza umutungo wa rubanda
n'uw'igihugu. lkindi cyagaragaye ni
amacakubiri mu bategetsi bo hejuru ubwabo ashingiyecyane ku turere, ku buryo abari barafatanyije
kuzana demokarasi mu Rwanda biciyemo uduce basubiranamo. Ibyo byagaragaye cyane ubwo mu
wa 1964 no mu wa 1968, Inteko ishinga amategeko yashyiragaho za Komisiyo z'Abadepite zo
kugenzura imitegekere y'igihugu.
Iyo mu wa 1964 yari ishinzwe kugenzura imitegekere y'igihugu kandi yemerwa na Perezida
Geregori Kayibanda, ijya aho yagombaga kujya mu gihugu hose irakora, noneho ivuyeyo itanga
raporo yayo yerekana aho ubutegetsi bw'igihugu budakora neza. Ari Perezida wa Repubulika ari
n'izindi nzego, nta witaye gukosora ibitagenda neza bivugwa muri iyo raporo : ahubwo iyo raporo
yarabitswe birangirira aho.
Naho Komisiyo yo mu wa 1968 yagombaga kugenzura ibitagenda neza mu gihugu. Ubwo
bamwe bahise bayirwanya ku buryo hari aho yageraga bakayima za dosiye. Imaze kurangiza raporo
yayo iyishyikirizaInteko ishinga amategeko. Bamwe mu Badepite ubwabo batangiye kuyirwanya ngo
itigwa, kuko harimo byinshi binenga imitegekere y'igihugu,ndetse bimwe binavuga Perezida wa
Repubulika ubwe. Ubwo koko iyo raporo ntiyashoboye kwigwa n'Inteko ishinga amategeko.
Ahubwo yakurikiwe n'itotezwa ry'Abadepite bari basinye iyo raporo. Ibyo bise "guta umurongo" ni
aho byavuye.
54
-
--
-- -
--
-
---
Ibyo ni bimwe mu byabaye intandaro yo guhindura ubutegetsi mu wa 1973. Bimwe mu byo
iyo Komisiyo yasabaga ni uko hajya habaho amatora akurikije demokarasi kandi adafifitse. Ikavuga
kandi ko ubumwe n'ubusabane no kwitangira igihugu mu butegetsi bisa n'ibyazimye, bikaba
byarasimbuwe n'ukwikunda, ubutiriganya, uburiganya, umururumba w'amafaranga n'amacakubiri
ashingiye ku turere.
5.3. Repubulika ya kabiri
5.3.1 Uko yaie
Repubulika ya kabiri yatangiranye na "Coup d'Etat" ya gisirikari yo ku wa 5 Nyakanga 1973
yayobowe na Jenerali Majoro Habyarimana Yuvenali wari umukuru wa " Etat-Major" na Minisitiri
w'Ingabo wahise aba umukuru w'igihugu, bityo asimbura Geregori Kayibanda. Ubuyobozi bukuru
bw'Ingabo bwahise butangaza kuri Radiyo rwanda ku wa 5 Nyakanga 1973, ko ubutegetsi bwari
bugiye guca igihugu mo uduce no kukiroha mu rwobo, bitewe na bamwe mu byegera bya Perezida
Kayibanda byamushukaga, akaba ari yo mpamvu abasirikaribafashe ubutegetsi kugira ngo barengere
ubumwe bw'igihugu.
Ubwo inzego zimwe z'ubutegetsi bwa Repubulika zarahagaritswe ndetse na Guverinoma ubwayo,
maze hashytrwaho Komite y'Amahoro n'Ubumwe bw'igihugu yari igizwe na ba Ofisiye cumu
n'umwe bo rwego rwo hejuru. Ubwo hakurikiyeho ishyirwaho rya Guverinoma ku itariki ya 1
Kanama 1973; yari igizwe n'Abaminisitiribatanu b'abasirikarin' abandi umunani b'abasivili.
5.3.2. lmitegekere ya Repubulika ya kabiri
Repubulika ya kabiri imaze gushyiraho Guverinoma, yihatiye gukangurira Abanyarwanda
ibikorwa by'amaboko biteza igihugu imbere, ishyiraho inzego za politiki, Itegekonshinga rishya
n'Inama y'Igihugu Iharanira Amajyambere ari yo Nama nkuru ishinga amategeko. Ku itariki ya 2
Gashyantare 1974 ni ho umuganda watangiye ugamije kumvisha Abanyarwanda ko mbere na mbere
u Rwanda ruzazamurwa n'amaboko y'abana barwo. Umuganda wageze kuri byinshi byiza oka
guharura imihanda, kubaka amashuli, ibigo nderabuzima, kurwanya isuri, gutera igiti, gukora
imiyoboro y'amazi n'ibindi bishoboka kandi Leta itari kubishobora iyo binyura mu nzira zisanzwe
z'akazi k'amafaranga. Ariko hari byinshibyashoboraga gukosorwa mu mitegurire no mu
mitunganyirize yawo. Nyuma y'umuganda, hashyizwehoMuvama Revolisiyoneri Iharanira
Amajyambere (MRND), ijyaho igomba kuba ari rwo rwego rwa politiki rwonyine rwemewe mu
gihugu, rugahuza Abanyarwanda bose mu mugambi w'ubumwe, amahoro n'amajyambere. :MRND
yagiyeho kuwa 5 Nyakanga 1975, ubwo rero na yo iba ishyaka rimwe rukumbi nk'uko MDRPAREHUTU yari imeze.
Ku itariki ya 20 Ukuboza 1978 hatangajwe irindi Tegekonshinga rishya ryagize 1\.1RND
urwego rumwe rukumbi rwa politiki mu gihugu. Ryavugaga ka rishimangira demokarasi yazanywe
na Revolisiyo ya 1959. Iryo Tegekonshinga kandi ryashakaga guhuza n'igihe igihugu kigezemo
amahame yashyizweho n'Itegekonshinga ryo kuwa 24 Ugushyingo 1962. Ryiyemeje kandi kubahiriza
ikiremwamuntu no gushyigikira ubwigenge bw'iremezo hakurikijwe itangazo mpuzamahanga ku
burenganzira bw'ikiremwamuntu. Ryavugaga kandi ko ubwo burenganzira budashobora kugerwaho
hatariho inzego z'ubutegetsi bushingiye kuri demokarasi zubahiriza ubwigenge, ubutabera, amahoro
n'ubumwe bw'igihugu.Nyuma yaho hashyizweho inzego za:MRND, hakoreshwa amatora, hajyaho
Abadepite mu Nama Nkuru y'lgihugu Iharanira Amajyambere(CND).
Ubwo igihugu cyagize umutekano uhagije, hakorwa imishingamyinshi, igihugu gitera imbere ku
55
--
~ - - - -- -
-
-
.i~~J.;e\~.i~ i~J:fJ;;jja;.:J.1J1/J.';.~~~~l},.1J,k.t:~_\'~~~wautr~~'ÙA;i.fJ..W!.i~'J~;;~~~,~t!:'~i~/I~~::'~'
::::.jt,;:~;~:~'~~~
:.i.iJ.i-}~:'):~~:&;l;~1.::.~~[.:.t.;'O :~~:~t~..~t .1 .~.~-_'~"
".. ......
buryo bugaragara n'ubwo hatabuze ingorane.
5.3.3. Ingorane za Repubulika ya kabiri
Repubulika ya kabiri, n'ubwo yazanye arnajyambereakomeye mu gihugu, yagize ingorane
nyinshi;muri zo ikomeye ikaba iy'intambara igihugu kimazemo imyaka irenga itatu. Izo ngorane
zavuye he?
Ingorane ya mbere ituruka kuri rya Tegekonshinga ryo mu wa 1978 ubwaryo, ryavuze ko u
Rwanda rugomba kugendera kuri MRND yonyinemu byerekeye politiki. Demokarasi nyayo igomba
kugira amashyaka menshi ya politiki n'izindi nzego abantu bavugiramo, kugira ngo ibibazo bafite
byumvikane, bishakirwe umuti.
.
Kuba mu ishyaka rimwe ritagira kivuguruza, byakuruye kwirara mu bakozi ba Leta mu nzego
nyinshi, bashyira imbere inyungu zabo bwite n'iza bene wabo, aho kureba iz'igihugu mbere na mbere.
Ubwo umururumba w'ifaranga no gukira vuba uzana ruswa n'ubundi busarnbo bwinshi.
Ingorane ya kabiri ituruka ku kibazo cy'impunziRepubulika ya kabiri itashoboye kubonera
umuti ku buryo bunoze kandi vuba n'ubwo intambara yatangiye kiri hafi kubonerwa umuti nyawo
ngo impunzi, zose zibishaka zitahuke mu mahoro.
Ingorane ya gatatu ni politiki y'iringanizaitarumvikanyweho na bose kandi no kuyishyira mu
bikorwa hakagaragaramo arnakosa menshi.
Ingorane ya Kane ni uko gukemura ikibazo cy'ubukene kizana inzara buri gihe mu turere
tumwe na tumwe tw'igihugu bititabiwe bihagije, ngo habe porogaramu ihamye kandi iboneye yo
kurwanya ubwo bukene bukurura inzara.
Ibyo Repubulika ya kabiri itashoboye gukemura ni byo Inkotanyi zitwaje, zibigira intandaro
yo gushoza intambara y'Ukwakira 1990 zibeshya ngo zirashaka kuzana demokarasi n'ubutabera mu
gihugu, nyamara mu by'ukuri zishakira gufata ubutegetsi ku ngufu kandi ku buryo butagabanywa.
UMUTWE WA VI
INTAMBARA Y'UKWAKIRA 1990 NA POLITIKI Y'AMASHYAKA MENSm
6.1. Intambara y'Ukwakira
Kuva ku itariki ya 1Ukwakira 1990, u Rwanda rwaranzwe n'intambara yayogoje ibintu
n'abantu. Mun iyo serwakira y'intambara ni ho politiki y'arnashyakamenshi yatangiye. Ibyo byose
byatumye u Rwanda rusigara iheruheru, ku buryo kuzongera kurwubaka bizagora.
6.1.1 Intandaro y'intambara
Na none umuntu ntiyabura kwibaza imparnvunyakuri zatumye FPR-Inkotanyi itera u
Rwanda. Mbere na mbere turasuzuma ibyo Inkotanyi zagize urwitwazo ngo zishoze intambara,
56
--
-
------
---