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Linror Undompd' Syrtcm
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Nonlinror Undonpcd SYrtrm
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ill
Llnror Donpcd SYrtrm
FIGURE
l.t -
TYPICAL
Nonlinror Dompcd Syltcm
HYSTERESIS IOOPS
a
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al
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l
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lr krra
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la
Choroctcrlstic Hyrtcrccir Loop
FIGURE 1.2
-
VIS@ . ELASTIC
SIIGLE DEGREE
Chorqctcrictic
Modcl
FTGURE 1.3
.
COULOMB
OF
DAMPED
SII.IGLE DEGREE
FREEDOM
Hyrtrclic
OF
SYSTEJt4
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FREEDOM
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Choroctcristic HYrtcrcrir
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I
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-7 -
FIGURE
I.6 .
VISCO.ETASTOPLASTIC
SIN6LE
DEGREE
OF
,TNEEDOM
SYST EM
lrlctlon domp*
FIGURE .1,?
. TWO. PHASE ELASTOPL^STIC SINGLE DEGREE OF
FREEDOM
FIGURE
SYSTEM
I.8 - ETTSTOPLASTIC TWO.DEGREE OF FREEOOM
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thrmrrrclFrtDdlbyacat"dt4catr|p*s.|r3ade*Ia
lp* la p*allrl, rd.t a ty a drr*|irr firdas rb3tln d63
c thr lg1rt. Da Eartg3 'rqa totcld.at lr t$ ll{digi|lliltlil Of
qlrceoh rer b arar thrt tilil| rlal a rtr{;r
tbo Dsr$L.
'te
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t[' tbudm twlla, 'ld to flna tbt rf,rtrn otr th. rentlil cG
Itla rEd ildn rattrff tb onrreaas uonaiary dltltf'
-9 Bcgoro cuFnl. of gtcaity rtrto qlltudr tarall ficgucry rr
to f,lfty 9c olt
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to tht
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nlt'aadl
rcgccsd a. ool of tlbe darelocl sfiuAtcr tD tL Flrpom of
lystcctto elntan.
In tbr Bar. lnler utbc DeDGr lud n'e to bccr a d'erdo ls
tH.s flcld dco ryped"ca - that of Jaodrra (tgrO). Jrsobr.|[ta
of mllnr4)
study nar aLro ooerapil wlth tbt rtfiily rtrtc reqp6t.
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stbodl of olutlo fu Et|.nter hyrtcctl'o rlaglc dtgrcc cf fi!'b
a rsaspoblo
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ta.l, b lltroahrorat tb orqlt otr cedrslot vim|| itililsgf a tm
rtdl.|
vtrtch lraa a&lail a Sncat Fgt c.G rls, De,ltxqrlstlt b
of tb dry|lg obarasta{r0tor of udna!' 6nrtcr. Jrobra mdnIlr
thet th. nrt rl,gnlf,loant frots tr alctadaLng tb rtcoatt statr
rctr)@saofae5rrtar1!tlhaorglrebrcboilpcogdo.Erthc.ftls.
qrrFl tb a drourly d4ca ltncer
lurqprrdl tbst, er tbc rrrq,arG
tb r'a!Peg3 of a nllncar tV*cetlo rUrtl
a5nto r6q ffi,
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!OOU!3!r $fto
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trhtg cqElval'ot
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drorsxydlpPcaryrtr.llJurttf|.dtb.amooretlcbycrr|ng
thr r?sEil!. olffil! ottataoit c*wlrutarry fio rdantoar' Dddl
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cly ha! rocl c€atrS lrith rofcnrcnoc to rtot{t .tat fUfO $t tliltf.
Uaftrtruatd'y tbt tpiltr harr Et alrqf ba ftffy efsraat'A tu
ol,1 rto bana r.iL urs cf tb tcr dffi tb pt&llntta of thlr lqtc.
2., G l4FI lcm!8r
I! tb tnty tter! lbll'*f,lg
tb tbo]' tF
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thl orJ.yr,lr of dlacgr $lutottl'c rg6tcmr affuu$ r 61fDr1ac'tDlo
rEst |D! Fq|ort.a il trb r!|rrttsatti cf
e|!t of qlclxld
AnryCng tl nrtclak art S/Etor, D|alt l[ tall of tbr r$nftlct
ntroqrr 6gry1ng oorpt - lrc ff6dL[ (t*f )'
It| th. carly 1$$rr rrhc ansrrtr e8ala bloo rntrrut.il |s ut
hyetgotto Srrtan. OP tc thlr ttr'
Csraecfo t6qt6s. Of, ullrg'
tb 11ID qfisr1r ta carthOralc aellcclrg har toG mari dth
tto clrstilo 5reqltff;rl of rtrrroffi6r 8d, tb d4t5g ed aCAf &t6?tl6
tbat l,nprtLglt6r haA bcaa qo*lnoi dlrh rartttatcsac$l$ tl't[il!
th. ilrrftt,a 5leagt. Is tb carlf rlllrr brp.npr tt b{5a to bo
qrcodatcdl irlrrt dnstrg1r ray ytdil frg{rg d't lB|A tgr i fclthp
qaalcr oA er a lcsult l[lf,ttr.gttss bqn to Elt lltc.ltaa b thr
tbe fretlloat]a otr
-l.fD6rlittstl6 of tb $rgorc f! tbo 6lyr6t of yfcfdfrg ttlllg Dl"s.
t6.tncgr lrdl*tnn .oA galvldo'l (tgl) ibrc1bri a rtQ'ao4!1'
roil11tlo ffil tt tlqPo16 of, cl.ertlo f|6achgror to orthmolrr ad
rcrtllf rctdril to t{r rrn
rht tb stnffil 16l a|1roarcd bqnn ttr clartls lldt.
lha lD 1952 et trhr snorll- * rstreurht oa sr|t ltlbst
o $tnrtrro!, tta;r4.A by thr E4"DhEtFba lFgtlll*rtg $1;aaf
Ircrttffio, Oalltbdar trne DeDar! rec pcrrtat c tb nffnct
1cspcfc of rtq1rgtrl,cr - Saobtcn (r9ta) sd lcntt (lSa). lott
|tth tha rcqmcr o|l en fdrrtlo dadl. d.gil
Irella! nrc offi
of t!c35 sgntG to fnrd,o fordag thnr|h tDo *bilr trc dllflbd.
Jaoobra Foforcd I grrap[oal 3.t$lr rtrtlo trnat fqtoml I
uleloaf Ectbat
Jaobro rgrl3 poaroca I Palqi rli,6f, lui a s!gn|1[]teot d:lbot
o nnltnca, stullol ln tlrll Dipgr b lgu'l'bd thr phr1ctilodlclta rcthoil of otntlo, *d.oh ir o ctad.a of tb tFqfol.of nhra;
d
rritu a6th.al d nlgtt6 rf Facly olslllrttlj lonUnc jrtt-"
rnt|.liu'gttarq'utceboqrcacrlyecaglhl.c,ltlxoucltobrr
nrt qocfirl tool. Oa tb otfur hrdr ll6u*rr pqDF1| url1l e
nr*{.cal tntrgrattil sFrtld FEtUld to Dt I fc'crGl of, rctblr
sd.dl rcc ilrwtqndr andl urct urc rdrndrrly al ilisltrf oqltrt'rt
tdloabd thrt tb rctb{, oula
bc
brcm rrc r.4{ly atullabilc.
tblto (t*ff) itru1Dot B rtlDd of ilrtaddrg
tb rcquc of dtl-*tryy ebc* turratlp adstallg orrrtqil'rrtlo
cla6tr by a 1otboaf of, 15ard ndlcr' lha mthot lrrult A fru tb
$lqlloLt tb
rtt'b
cartcnrfon of uk ilde |.a mstin
'lortfu
Ooha, t;;ry aail
-7Q,;
r t&r lt*t
burl.rlfig but, ar far ar t$r pnrrnt ;r!.tl' l,c arulp lt hil Et
sthrr
str$.A
th.t tb Ftbaf
bal bosa apllca to
thiln rroh aooqgtrmr
Eo far sft I*to8n ro* ha! bGar dfrnunir Drrtly bron
thla glh rar trbr nat rcaltl,y a6gceelDlo to tb F|tr|c-t Eltc]r
tb JsDanr, b:rtr, rrrt alu latcrlt.f ln tb rorponr Of rlnnttllr
Ar carty u 19JI t fel$reE
rtrcsscil b.FA thr cl,aetb lb[t.
ry3rerat\y r..eth.if th;t tb eoct-rlertlo bffaal 3f rt1lrfrsul
uar tupctut b tblt Stttty to rccld c*thmnl6 ad rfroorte{
qt6611r6 lttNdy b lrtatdr fDr clrrtt;lfrrBa bcharlar of ;t$ilttrdf
rstcl.slr - rxfo tatrrbarhl (tpt6). UHr Br ldLmcc an LrrrsrtlptLn
uae bttLatrrl at SD0o Unftwd.qy mtrodl gurraA tb ro4or of
tit.el|;d rUrtOfrrtfo ryrtan tO fdrafbrd rlorlcatLo nilgr
IoaiberH., trcb6{, ild Inrtc (lg*) ibrryl.bcil tb lattli of Wtr&n
ln wtd.ob ;q1151 rnrr roc!4;a|{"o pulr. d Cr qlda ilrrSll q:r
b tht ban cf tbr rtructrge ft[A ru.a a cl te DC
f1ftfl$,t at rgtt anA |a c+rfilffinr tlrr cqrrtl'Ol Cf DtLO [l
raf,d ty srqtHslt t.,tut'qtlf aSgedcc tt lctrnr (rgrr-ta) U
Jreba (t*rZl, !b sr$fuir alao atrxrlDral tht 6}6da of tb
rpthoilr of lclrw ed tagobeca to plrr tho publr of tb. Ef|lrc
!.rpilso of t|n-rt*v ltruoiltta|r
qnn$ra
2.4 ffiErELrri(r
rs-t tb flftfcth rralvcraaqt .f, tbr dlrartrour 196 8o
t!.uo[ro carthspb! tb Berth4glj nCggll4 bnalob la$ltutr
ryo;6lca a krl.ll Coftlr6oc o Bertbnr& qg|a.altlg at thr
Eo
-1rualmeLty of oqll'fEala,
an
tb
us0,,yds of,
Bclolcy. tbt trc pqrcr m lrcrctcit
bdsstl'o qYrtan'
o tb tmrtffatror orlai
mt at ftoto Uatrwal,sl er ilsrslbct abo'trrr tn c{c to oDteb E!
rdg'standfrg of thr sLertelartlo ril'Etr hr illtcdard tbr ldn
!sqBG!. Of tb aletl, ar a flnstlo of tb ratlo of tFud nd56
pc1gif b rlaltl,G pcfoal of tb rhrortrng ttr illtl(M dror oG
fedag fu+f,o oqrrril to tb yldA elnngth of tht rlrtrohaft
fq thr illfifFrrt d.tuatlart(1) arstdng tb qtLtdr of tlb gruaa ea!.crtilareled
Iarabsrht (tfg6) lrcaaatcll a IEIXr
m;teotg
(ff) arsd4 tb nsa rrbaty of, tb ga1sl r"rafnaf mdantl
(fU) arr*rng thr +}ltdr of tb. EIud ntla ne|len artst'
la6abed. fbd thst b5r lr1rtas tb rmlcattn o|tcrt tir
1rrspusc !retaem tlth o lncrarr of tha DG{Oa Of tb eolcil"clr$m
prrlt.r, ftr oortrat raea ralodtl t'b r*or lr e ldn |l tb
rcglm calrasgodng to tb clsotlo peladl of trb rtruottlrl d
frG o@Saat dllqitaffirt qflthdr of tb tFud lftln' tb rr|F
aln qpcara to b. a rednn tD tht rcglo dsc tbc jrlait of thr
lnrl4 |1 about tb sf+ a,r ttp cla.tilo Pqrt5n otr tbc atrnnQslt
aLtbru! tbc rarposoc *br nallc pclot grrhm arc atr ro dgnif,lont.
tsabarhf tbnfib.c mohrilps tbet rH pclo0 ctar[ftlot rhfn
bc itrrlgncit fo 6nrtad aocla:atiollr' tfig DCXoa rtstf@lr rhild'
bc ilml8n e fc coatut arr$emrtrr d ntitot lsgp rlnrtcrr
&uf,A bc ilcrlenoA ltr aantaat vlfoof$ee. Oa tH! bad.t hr fqrOrrf
a letcrat tbc orffld.cat rtloh lll a lbstlo of fclOl.
I
-lslhc otdrr tltlpr pcaartait at 8a*crtryqg lrrlqrtlo rr?illtt tar
by Eotranc (fpgg). llrle p4rc prcratoil a q1{ttc ill'f,fc1jt tcahlgr
fi@ tb1j lrcrartcr| pvfaaaty. Eou6r mrllj1l that I po'f
ldloatroo of tb carthnra&o 11!4tost of r farlartfr qtltr SufA
bc obtalnodl 1tl6 th. .1,8!tto r6rt onrrr ?coktt flrrt ,mpor|, bt
Btg.t (r9jt), sil,oh htd b.a {fIIl4Gd nt 1galnatcal fal rny 14;ttrflufm
ail lila ollcagror at tb CalltLdl llrtlffi. d lbchdoftr
toum Ft fcvca t'b rororrr thrt tb cs/ tilat tl rlnffig
o,f eiilsr tdo8 611LA bG tba c{l ll! ry fu.ttnufct calth$*f D
rattc hcr tb ltftoEr ebroEibcd tfirt nrg7, lh.tb tlr cfastlo C
Llolrctls acttmr nrrr b mrlilcraf thrt tb Gltdt.Jr ttoollr
tlr aa cl"a*to h1tl!|ng, rtdcb ls a aclgo of tb Gjt6/ lryt l$b
clarGlc atgtratrsr| llno a partcrlar cu.tb4rahrr odli b. Ul|A b
alctadan tb rcqm6 of futl,tttlo rilg1re*u alrg to fi rr1
calrtlqrslrl by arcrdsg that oresr *tgh 1r nt atorait rr tntltlal
il;tsr 1r illelprtril Ef fid'*rtto f'fcldnfr h thir ted'r, it'l'tB
bcror a lrttc of ai$rrtfrg tb t'l'dif Dobt of r rtilgffi 16tll
tb tlcrilrg dtaiad le qntlbla ttrtb th. ultlr3tc rtra$.h
ePDL|dt tb ntH to
errsctcc{,ct!,c Of thl #ndurr. hn
thr ilcti.Se of o ctnrtcil ratce taok.
IbLe pqlc rrqroaatr u ryqma1h tC troj|.ct 1t*rru ur|nf a
rirtrLar DE3pDD6' b tbat urod by Jadro (lfp) fg, 13r133.g1ffrS
DG,bdro rc!po[l., n|n lt bil tbil.a tb bed! of thr n cllrd'
rargtrl EtH.r.
tlhr Dg4, 1r al6 dbttfcut tb ltr Gfsrds
of 'tl! loflt of dcr tDat tb t$W of reftff fgnlnrt rctfmaL'r
|bilfn bc bN|.al @ thc dttlnrt oryrdu| cf r ltanstrtr)r oil rt n tbt
by Eounc
-ltcla$la
llldt.
d Eersr rai, r afuDffi.odt uf,rllctlc tc
thr pHlor3p[r of lcltb6rehr AtdgD tg pilrt|qe 6rrt thit 11 e rrur
fiEthqupLltmgrtrllrtrelobaoo;trqstallrutcfr{f$fnf
thrg dre.idng t&l rfto|,l oqc1trlt rf rrrthgr&r nddcf
la e rffir,
ibrflgn *d5| g to tbat ttr. hrA b.a b rqpr| fi rtrqfiaa er
Soth lanrDelH,
e&n!n
2.9
raafdlg cl,sltio,
lg8Cer
noenre fr inlertlc rcqrcaec b.ttcc ,# d 1960 rar r.ltj
ty tb oocadcrt 9.DG o tb droct.
tt nl*bg pt*fe l8lltflt U
,r ln dl"o*-to aafoS cLrord.t
trrrtd sllpotf of btttstf lVrt6tta rydnr trr aggpJtaa tt
Eturren ltlltl,_ H, Iilsglo (tf5g) ngf,patdl a ntbil fi. cbtrbflg
tb fyado rorD6g. of fisE rlth dgd{flr.ttro cls-r*cfrtns tll
udrg a trr otr u'nl ndlo q4nuaA.
tn tb !t ytg., E[n (tgS) rlr I r3t rrtngN,r onEltluSln
h th ralrrtadtng of, o*thqpaLc rrrilrtat ndgn tJf frlisrg lr
tsh bto aoqst. lht DE c !.. rabf,t dlclrrlf*ir, tb eS
b.lsg to pcnt ar ffirt cf tbr bodo fUfolery cf .lst4qrbr
6gflrg'trS Ld.gr ratb thu a ldgn rrtHr !o llldltc Er
c.glpt hr ljrillri tb rarthq1rlr 1ra|rtnor of h tUfloal'
rr r
rtnrctrilo !| &oril thl nrcsalty !F ardgil'rs r rffi
fro!3 mil ilrortritc[ botr tb'gq& tdaltlo e3tlilr Dgltfnrl'rf|l
rtnrohlcrr tnirfrd|Fol by d'artilr lnblr
of n rtcrrtrcrl rldr,
rur stlll or9$l'r of rod.rtbg cffidm.
-16Zcetd oa5 lato thc ploturc rbclr Egcotrtl rttr?F cn ll!!n
(lflf) ibec:fDcd trbc mrtn1gtfo of m d,aortrlpal aalogur to dnl'etl
a vilo-alrrtsplartlo ellgfc dsgrtG of ftrcb rtrnchn r$trt'dl to
o oc.th4rrahc. !h. yf.ln ;Dcotra lc1ltlry fi.r tb f*O A Ort1r
f,.S arcalcratlc rceil rug glccdcA tbr ltlushrcr Cf vsfnr
I6ar
rtrqgtbfr. ar lcll ar Grrl' gtprlns totat rc8lr oidprtro
!ti.r p4+ prcsatll a lt.ceh sfgraaOt to tl
anil gcnnut rt.
y1.!.4
patblo of ladastto roryoer, eftloutb a 1rrtbc loCmf 6a, t! tb
c.tcnrlm of tb roq,Cttr qpctfi[ afnaoagh te larl.artls ro4cr'
It d.;q rqrrceof,ol!, tb f;l1'rt nroocrylbl *;gtloeti.a of t'hr urfefp
o#[tc t| tb lnubll, ertbilgh of g!'r.r tby hgi D|a u..a d'th
banflt ta cl.ertto "titirl. In both rcqnotl tb lqrc nr
tb. ftnt of rr4r. Thc artfio1'g lbtd that tbc fuitvlfitrl' tldi
ralur *fd tdai to om at lerlr ralor
p.oilFa lhf,oA a rdtr
of frr13if ar thc !ilragth of th. Biauotr! ra.a dlrtrreacdl. lftr GfEf
Ittarlpatla org"n! ad thc p€ilsunt ent cunrsr Plottai a! fustloal
of hrtlil,as 1ntod, lF lltf,?cot $crn str'Ggtb of tb rtuttr"
lhonfl thr ror gccrlal. doraetclrtloc aLtbrS! to i||ilUut tcds.
groat
2.6 lrg0,
of thr g.ad yns'lt O6lcmoc c 1*'tlqn"lr
ru.g!-cc'tqg ral rgllfA by r grut qtrrlt ll tb GDt d lUfdr|
nct o tto nlfnoer no1polo of stanohltl'
lanabar$ (tfe) il36a'lbc{f thr um of o rfroffinat eodogr
196, ttrr
yrcar
oqnrtc, onstnrstcd at (yoto Unfrud,tf, to ootlnr thc I'nr**g*tor
Url.ae tb odogtrt e d
d/oralbrd crrllc - lanrbarhi, (lfe).
c1l -
!h. cnd't'r!8 tus rar
glcrtar nsa. of srcl rG|. andlrdL
kqrt thr ra[ r om $41' of a rcoteagnff lFornd roorfcrtln tril'lc of $|rt tb rllltotblttt Gr. bd!8 mdilrrtat tb
ol,ndte fcrr ortr.rrbrdl r thit sry btullos egrtc nn u. clrlili!
to tho orrtoerarBo oa|. ONlri bo t[|r}t*ngEt l. l' et8tlcil ilnrl'tr
rhfoh Bbraf oharactctstLoa rlrll"ar to tbs h hif sbtetd lnrvLaldt'
altblgb fb tbl oaar of msts8t ryIltdt sf aoOrleatln of tb
br$ r|rd.dl
FnrlnDt|Fbfudthatartbgwrrbtl|lrcry$fbf,'Cl
ol.crr to t;b ltastls rurta thsa tb dart'IPl"Bltfs ryrtlt tb
radnr lrrpoorc plottri ar a !'unotf'o lf, flr'scry lhardl a tdory
to hrrl a ladnn, ratb tbDn to f,tcrltsa fnarnaftt[V t[tb
rnccari* Dd'toa of tbr cd.t|!g pil|cr furoa|H' ds Fltttd
qflttloatfo i]atra lbovfng tb ;"rlatlo of tb ratla of 6; rd'E
!aT$m cf, th. 4nta b th3 eutd. d li. all*leerut of rD!
grqnAntlaraaeftrutlcofpctoilrftrilltlt5rntryllh|imd
Fo frrlA tbat b slcal' tb
aoril,ceu.o of ths 8rlcrns rtln
qllfloatlo dglcaro{ ar tb rrtla of tb! DdoA of tb 1gl1r b
|b gcrloa ef tb rtnrttrrc r*rcasd. !3 e[p fbi tbrt tu r'r'l
nlrrre of thr 1ct6A ratlo ttra rylflcatta bac relllc 1g tb
411hd. of tb Snllll aooclcatla 'ta. tlslcloa, rbcrcel fE| lcrgp
tld'r tA'ry
va!.lrae of th. rat{o rf put4 ldoi to rtnrchrrrdl Dalfo{
rar rolcrcl. tn tba tgD DIDG t6abtd, dr ill'rarereA s frlld'r*ff
tawrtlgetla tato tb nllrar t6dildf vllrrtfn of rlulnnr
ust4 lrilrsnrf r repbloal rthoirr El! rta md.urta ta tEf
lcstls app.rrs to be th,at tbrlc trlltr, bc r polrilbttlty of rnd$llnttl
lf tb tccfcaf
llG.torl{n8 lulos har a |dFtalae EdDg
ohllettttrfrtls'
-18+
lbilr pelt of, s. Dcgar, brlqt, tr re odoilld tlth .;tu!g Et a
rltthod retb tha tl'th t cr.il.tt.
A063 ed, Iarpta (f gfi) afro itelc15c1 ra tmrtilgjtl116 ud1g
ut. (y'sto erlrloen3 qrutc,r t'blf tatclott tr| ll tb vlF;rtln
cf bGlAEt ptg.t ;t$€h trhoy lt G}[SGA a.s 1{4ie bb6ll 11[ to til Spqd'
Itr bctrrvLorr cf thlt eylkr rar mdiard to b. arfolpnl tc tlhrt d
e lrrflr o B btllsrt lvttctlo qlntagl d tE! t"r th' fotlr U'f
ut 1p O th. aelcgUr. It b thr ror rglgtr al fa! tr'at''t tt
!affb6!h1 (rE6O). qoto ad garto 5arfalril both rrtogSf5' ni
o pcfon ihrr$ol to rot C. tb
A'|tc. fbry t!|ui that tb rceultr frr dtfrlEut abr|rl of, aIlfer$n
pqf53 gaf! 3!tpo6!. ryestgr|n er8|lt?t !41ry fn rpg-u3| tril d'ffilllag
oriilc;[|g
f11 11egnntudar lfhl rclIdlt firc t]rt 1aotrqgqfg llul1ql '153
gpat6 th6 tb. t!![,fr1. tu dnrroddaf grd'gt cb *botcr tdrg
h4t oortogil - SFstar t! fact tlan thet brtrra tb. 1l'lulttrs garyf
tllqflaode. Ara artba eLn prrcntti aurler to fu thr ocfnf
tora ihsllg tb rd,tetl@ hrt tb drctetlr Elrn a!}. aot acrldlt
to rrbr tHr DsLltg cl,cu.
IDth; (FCo fnoJcd rar dbrcrlbrl tt !db*t d n!6f (ft&).
thp pcaentcit o s$ytlcal 113'tbn tc cuablc tb dtrtadrattr d
thr rcrnroer of qr al^afttr d.ul trdrfil8 cf, C't{tllct !l!fr rtitllsr
dA dq)frg i|t.trlhrttal, rutcil O I d;rtrylr*|o dstr{ltrffi
lw,ccatoa ar a Lranll cptor !b nrtlrr 8cru a qryrf' otr lt'
r|l., alo udag a! tdralr.r.i erut|na dtrtto r8 tb tbl of r
Alt ;jl$ r*tgDf,i rt f|E,
re66sngrflar t\rll.il11! aooaf,caff.o p|la.
rt & dr.uoficel eilrta lE! @34!.4 ree mdicri to D' tb rrtic
d,nrrefdr.f rmcl,6a'tle Pultcs of
rl!o
of tb grbg 611taat otr tb g1stt111Efrtgrc b tb rqllraLGrt rylrg
rrc
fht letth
snctalrt of tht Dela ttnstlr..
'hiradt*tttios
rilcfltad w th. ratto otr tbr bs|| lbgt lbo. t8 tb nlr dllufrrl|
gua
,rndc, a ltatlo sedaEttfr tsr41 to b ql,tt[d. of tb
Gtr tb arblt-rsttrrr llb Dclld of tb
p,ulrc to thr yrcrn ffi
€d.g11g lnrlrj ral trh.a sl bdq7, cgd b th. DGIgC of tb ftr'tr"
h antbr t5d that ft lrfupa13tlo d I rhrt3fla1f,|3 rrbgilg'uofiil
rdx,"d {nr ron-orc of tbe !.trr rtnrEl; ad fr'E ut lEltf
t1*, reo etr,3 to ;ugrlt rttdour latcrat lbrc illstr|ffio, t|Ddn0
@ tb ori,all pqctlr! d, tbt rltrt-r fu' il.lrdqg th. rr|fl
lt,frxfirlo
lrs{h Flgrrrc
r,,Bqp@ro
Ln
tb oEa/ ntlcl
oC
rtulytng
tb lrlartto
rar nar*rdl by tbc nfrffeatilo 5l Ehr (f tO) of e drtdba
effiil0 of H.. bra'.rt haEr lb&ril'gr, leru?crtlng rry 'f tb
tdacr pwora l.a tdr catlrr Ea|tcr ' Elllr (tgtS). lr thr otb
poLltro glc, tb rproalb rae aot ilgruur hrt ||! dta ticfilHo
ths cLerfifo rtbdl th - d tt'lll - lE ulcr |l! rtH lrgffir
thr ort*uotto of thr oqficto ltatls fbrecdrflrdl6 Ctafrar {!l
a ltruohso c dlgt of e slsuc,hil. tfu! oaa trh ta ur.a to
EnEr t|1 g|1r;ta o3lgr 3[r wrt osDedr of tho rtcuotult el
nill ar tF cr;tlratl,l8 p6toa, PGsrl[|Gt |ot eil clr!.. utr d^r
ut.a tho dti"agra to E1!! Hl a cryldo8|l Erfi|m cf tto uhrt
dlatarlc,aflo rnih| lTeeba lsailbS. b 8thl alStr tbrt tf,'
qrooil od) roariag ei Frs h!,dry rur lnfinor trb fr-trt ht
or|1ljlr tbt;l dflst to b. rj6|g;fr qrofrUy Itt tl5ll 'C fi
tdnry ltt th, ilp 6|fccte to oarrl ch otbr. ta ilrstlr
-&qlr]rlr ad rrrffrl*
rltb trhr onrb.uonilo of tlrc @
(xEq)|rtlM.dgedrnltcrtoiMngthfbtblnrtdrrtt,g
rfftg, EhD aalrcr thc ra.y frygltsgt Dolgt tbet r1glj;l {&r Fl;pox
&.'3ga'f;3lor of gr bu|tifig e! ffi, ot ooo tr crtLrtrdl $lomr
sb& rtlrr !D b fatt$. r rrthod, otr dLd8 c nelvrLl rc 1fitc'
br g.lggqr, nathetLoal 111, tltiliil oa mrlrtctt'y 5r. tnrydlt
ps3ill& ffl cmfoaf d poafotOfr crthnnlr 3tldrtr6a, r
Blrrr llrrc'lDo{ tb. qpfloetl.o cf Hl trei$r tc a gml'
gntcr, to tht ;ldal oarr of rtre&flrrtio
s1agtc ibgtro? of firg;
bahavl$a rtn b n8tl-aar rlrtr,
tlrOdag qtlot of ttl uf.
to als fqorcA a ryrtt of Frtlrg dr||rg rtrno@l1; brteit o tb
tcolulgr. ILrco oharaotcrrtloc lrg Ggrdlrl to dlrtldr a
rrdrfrro GGEr
bnrllilagrr oqnol,ty to |trfflF - oagaod.ty
'U)
abroqrtln, lnrdblr itdrT,rdrar aaa nroqft$ilutv to ilr|8p - d
gLlr f6*ord qrtrtoal ld!,oa to narrl cloh of ttrc qlctltlcrr.
fftbugb lt bat ltt thst odagp, of rH'& tb a$b ql?'c!
to bc ftqt sl5rle tt It thr ctlt adrarpcd nfiba ilob h|f t G
by $r Frotrdli
FrqPo.car !o fia ll a tur rbLoh crrli bc ut.a
agl*.
Lt tb aqr mfcw Emm (r9e) prcntoil a lltrthc tlDG
ou rtlrtrs,u rb|,ch f,B|lGA plufl,elly b fbllil qr H.r crlilr Et &m (1955). tElu stb rtall u.'l tbt ctrr5r ruanrr ' l'cr
th.t tb G3lgl fm$ to r rtrqotrc dll b. I ftr;|lr d ldc|
Cly ad |an4Gitat of tht rq;lgr dtrdgrtla oh6rrstqrt3tloE. I!
trh|r pafc, Eu3c. ararri that oll4n tltl b. &to to fgrtrbllltf
aurrd by tb Glgbt d tbr rtnrotrsr, d tbfr rTllrmtrd a ftrr&
]x riru$rg* t'lr
agttg oril"|grcd a s61|6r of, rtrpotrg frC a rrrr nfngtri by
a tttrgl,c olrn to a nltltta? fifl, anddas tb rrqtdlta
!.Arilo occnfod,ata tul cadh Oeas |l t-!n! Cf cs}tbgrab rolE@t
fif
19.gtnr6 tEifq6g. lqnrr afu ooril$rrn tgr$Oaf Cllgra
ttp oarc of a rare qFcyt i on tbrlt €drrrr alla &!ilr th3t tb
Dtbi u..i p8|drdotl tlda |l thl Dst lllalt ftm Otr Ol14lr.
!b autbr rlr llfucurrn tb naalrg of tht tlr'trdtr8 tlotrt
a! eppll.e to ccthgqntc agflcdrg ilrrLtFr
Srral FPC. re ntblflbril tr l19€o .l tb alotccdldfo of
id,argo r.rlrcrp qcatra. Ecdo (f 960 A, t) D6ff*.l tr
PqPc!otats,lgtbrcrl.tccfqrohrfficr-&of'$t|bre
utr tb aEl ru,
ctagl,c dcgroc of tlcsilo rlastonrsstlo ffir!|
a nrltl.d8F . sf frdlo clartqlartla rMtrcf t! toilb orrc
d15 oA rlthrt rfmllilqrl,rngr ll,c 44tnrefr 1lG.3t urt nr
thrt of tll r*o E Oatm lr orycst. ntt|rltr G. .btalr3
rrt{nlr c
W lst 8ratt.lg thr ceuetlor of ntio tE rtql+'r'*q9
ndrl
a dtlgital, qFtC' ui rrcntrl tu c*tlnr tbr rrttc of t'b
{t!d,o Latcrta,f iffnfaomt oaureil by t;f, :dh$1g!r b tb ltrtlt
tnterncZ dlsfaost po&rca tV qptVdng e t I mf,catlr to
tb rtrus6c argtrfag tbat lt var pc{botly .ladilor rs o llunotln
of tb l\dntaf darilo Da|lli of tb dsBctEltt *ul tE tlf,ltr
ai;7gil t! tb 16i!l1!dgg of
oablnatlot
t'ho
C&fOr
Of
d rrrotnr aryrsg ad trru rtrlgtb'
ED'otrr
r't
lts cb rtngtc .ts.l/ oarc ad fE csob ttfit of, th nf,tlrtoyqyltfi"6.lyoopertf,onrlsrnrltlltclrtrtrtrrrrElodlGdl. str,rtoly lts'uotrllo, dfi .qral rt*? H.g!tr1 rfi!f,tdr dEri
peemtott
-22e
n8 S;gtcf, !b.a1r ttt cf alaf,urratla, and, rltb r;b alndo
otarsott'trtlor !o iU.rtrlhilcf, tbat tb fidmtaf Id. &lc rrr
t,tugflg,. lthr qrtbc oeaglnalrd tbt hdfiltngr aedSnd tc g!l||at
€iLr ad.A tr emcctoil to yllcf,A rb.a tdbrcetcal to 8tuDA acd'crtlor
of tb. Dggnfhd. ujcA |3 gp "o't!tif. lc sLto fld thrt tb
qrcotFa,
b prottcd tba, .bld a tdnry to lrcr.r|. |!
'l
Eae1131it lg th. rtrGgth otr tbc rtrtotur rus ltocrca[il utll c
c!.ttoa! tatrp ru rcachodl bqfA dd,oh a clccrcro ln rifnClh rud't.l la sfgfAo* t1orca11c !a rerper. !!H.r gl{ilccl rrlu tdd
to lr a f,lnctto of Dc.f.A bc|lg rullc lbei tell' ttdD'b tuf&illgl
tbor ff tgr rtttf bujlilnga. tbs' f;fi partfcrlar t|l!)c rf rf,lil'rtCl
r,!,uorlng'it mdalgrce Pcri.o fh1aA tbat t[ !|g!6r Da.r octrllutd
enrcototly tr tb. d81|l,o rFldron13 uil ry alo bo .l,gd,f,rogt ft
b rrrclc a udlfr
ttd,t al pladla dlrtbauttna er mdicli"
rrrtrllnrtl,c otr plartto ibebr,tfa |r rrlltfrtqT rtrufiCl tb
slsr ocrldscrl that lt urf.il be dlcrt;l3[lc to nrovtdr ctgua$rl
rcttetooe 6[d $ocan nltlr plutlo dlrdtsla,tLm fiF rO l!d't t
!.erg3 at aqll a! a t6rstp6l letcal aftgtr{fullc of dsasth. Iftb
r|8€d to th3 lrttG b fqd tbt ll1 th rIluoen rrr ilailnd I
that ert ltg'C.r J'ldid rfnrltueo,raltr uEdc a trl'agLr ltrilF{tntln
of loail, tha thg toD ttosy tdtit to br tb 188t3st ltttca!6't
alcftcod"ou tnt tdrcrr boour al.nct tb roilrrt lf tb ail'trElr
ras rtrogtbd aoorillng to tho 8trfF troda,tfOr otr mp
tpstfgg tm nenmt of thr latcel ncds! lbnor rt tbr tqt'
ts63g aaA lbaJ.ilor (tg{O) afu rportc{ o. lqdJr d I'r.farfno
rrqp6sc !p.otra. lh.t lhdl.a e vbandy aa.! d,n3lo dlJagFc oill
_2rtlFtdb rbbDlarti'o tFtG rn$t'd€'l td tho r$O E Oatro t'S
by
emrtrcatil.o tcstt *bfd lr tfi. cac lurdil'ra af lar rtr*llrd
(tf$) o !o ,..ohg$t'
Edlt|cl Ecfg d Ehcrl'dar aarryac tb pr|oblr E' urr'oel
ncthiloOa.lctdoqrrtcradthd'qbrfrlarur*atalffEd.
IastGeA of bctrg l$*rrtcit ta tb rtgl$teht6lrt roqt€!|sr llstflE,
thqr;Glc ulc lstattttr rn finiu4 ilt tht vatidtty of tals.rr
acryun o,f tb 6lE, rdetlorhip. h.llnr tstlt mr td ntbc
D8r!l.a at nl^l ar ihr !tdton-. tra th rceuli r t*re eurtbe
aal.rdc0 that, attbutfr tb cnrgr fqnrt rnpoarcif to bc Uaceafat
of tb m!3 of rlcou! aqtligr tlsr; rra. a tdmgr tlt !t to
itccrcalc rlth a loGrtag of tbo fl€la vailur, GoGDt at tb cttlr'
Ior d of thr lnrloil loalt, tbc autibls Aloldtca that tbl
aclgf ntb(trr E|rfn glrt pt|rltr o thl refb riir. llb!/ {D Etdl
thr ec cftfcot er dtd Fcrrlo (196O, A) |tth rcgarrt to tht dlrtUg
of e etttoal vatuo d ylrfA lE.aaggh g!i'S gErE tb d'rln ilLr
Bycroftr nrpby ann E'm
pfaorut tllrq)@la tbr a pertlorl"c pclodl'
Y.l.rtol d r|Est (1960) rrerclca firilrhc rooiltr of rtnfl.r
of lnrlestts rqoElroBtc qrcctra4 lbtt rtrlo mtlil|ldr thr ltngtc it8ll
of ftcdla rtrartqlartlo 6ntca ad a&Jtctca it to trr r'lo II ffii
t].S ad tb. rgrt Ycru aertbeualc ffils,atto trooc|ib. lhdl| lli|!
lst61t;t trsy ts |gp{sg to 3olatr ttro frfrrtlo 4rctra to {fu drrtlo
*co|l}a. Ttrc roqnnsc ra. GIItr\ cltal l8 tCrn of tbr ratlo of tlll.
ertrerp b tb lrEin
tbis bcflg that tnflsoGt rhlcf, $rt oorcr
ltartnr rylda drarlamt
claatlo
iltftsat,
oauaai by tlhr
irlroctfirotuDotrg5Acllr!h|'grat|owaedrfltncilaltbgdttlgtlllty
't
_2bf,rgtco lbc ortlnw, by lgtctnil,at"La brtma tH8 Garflbtrl
rcnrltr, prtlsnttA tbr|r roalltr ar plalr Of tb rerlnrn dart'tO
ctrmgtb vermf pctoil, ilti.h tparld
br rqdrcit to d.rc vartsl| dtudflrty frstoEr tn rceom to tb
cErlltbqllilc aottatlco Ey €oryarlag thds rrrtrltr tlt'tt tbt!
of a1r ctgtlo {1rjtar Valrtmc qif fgnct C"rc to tb dduelo
that tb. rrrgnore qlco{g|e fbc o rlaebplaricuo rUrtr m! bt rdatcil
di.rrFleoeaqts aoi ths yd,elf,
to thc cpcotra ttoc a oaa|cspGillsg clsrtlo ltrtt! rltlr a mamaDil.e
rbgFsc of emnodutrl6a. fh saLy a tdl scat of rlasur ifqt{ng
ts lpr!ilt t56y mrtdrcil lt Erti be a rcaaoabih aff8drs.tl'6 to
cqnatc trb 3:fa6 afa|.amt d o cIarBC ryrtr to ttrc adn
rtlrylamt of a clrrtqflaetlo qt!0Gr rBls tbf br6nt rr{'cr of
dryrtg tbrr msf1r6cil tbp eocgr nthodl to bc tbc rrt rcasoablo
!.tboar In t rlr of a ibalgn coft!'o'lot tlr er$tu! rhrril tbt
thc latcaf fr3oo ocfflct5qt fbr o flartqlaetb sFta m br
obtataedl fiu that obtalaril ial o clattto e5nta by ll'rltrag ffir
tattc tm
(f) t53 ano611ty ftst4. tu ttf". !r lrr thu flr p6pt
vlrall dryfag Errtat
$i -f-+tq rh.r P t th. &Ftlt!,tt ftcEr rh thrt lr
6,c thea ft1g pcoat vlrour aryllg IF.ttEt. lhl fltr&stfa of
tlr oco+t of e|ctfi!,ty fastct at .|il l'Dd,t|8t cttrrn ln ibrt'O
1r oo of thr lE8n{f'oaff ooncfbu$.cr of tfitr !Et.
lhc il4uct| alp Drliboca re Est otr tEr !ahE'|r b a pqlq|
c (lpe) hafiA b17 f,. luih. !}c!r
by thr no*mrc rdrfF6 httt
wt rrer nrc alni,.lar to ttrc rct of, Eycotrtr Ilr?F ++ Ensa (lgtf)
_29flr tfrry al19 6bta$ca thdr. ranrltr G aE aaategar - la ||ll'r cal
!tD'
ar dGctco-nocbadel oalegUr. b tH,. tEDcr tb d'ttl
crlD.it ln rnnr afcfutl tfir rarnol tn tH.sh tftr .anhgnr lsHlr
ttfi"r r6s fOllomil by a loectptto of tt tpptloa$n d t'h. $sillgt'f
b tt5 ifutcdaattc of tbc rcqor D.otre lb a rlnglr e;g;lc d
A.IoAol bf,llncal ffimr,tl,o ltruofirr. i$tGd to vslour cstfryfr
*rb
aooa!.eattg rcornr taefd|ag tht flf [l, CGtrO I.E rcg{'
regqlts rrc p.reatcdl ls th lbu of alnfaomt |Dmt[|f rr a ftnotia
o hrrlldtag g*{on fll rtrlor1; lst6la1 rtrmgth 6t{ieldftbf. lhry
al6 pfo$cil qrrrrg rfor|ag trs!6Gat errt ar a hotln of pcCoil.
tril.6 thct! r.cnrlt! tho utbe omfrdail tbt th. trillrl oFell
Af*borrnatr ifcnd u3rr o th Dcfod of tb DuJfnbg t$en c tlhr
lateed rtrogth, thra agletrng to !@ at€ot thc msfudor of,
f,cnarL ail Velrtaa (tg6O).
brangfu of, a arrrtet alllrl aat13! rar rqr*t:ll by Eyctft
(tg6 a, Ef C)f la tlrr of tb, loc'dtt cf,Gteotnt|G roctr
Bta"oft lg1t*l.gatrl izl13 us. of rhl,ta El13 to rtnlltr rc'thqml6.
Aftc epffd,lg lt b o melogna ryrcrutqrg a rtlglr rt*' ol8Jtoplartila ltnru,ro d qsl.as tbc renCltt tAth tbt ottalurd utlng
b dftold.A that rfo[ta !oil!. og||li Dt
aa agtra[ s+hmafr lrgl,
b thn
utrat to d11fato csthmrl;1 - t11! Bt/t$ofr (lg$ a, !).
f-nrutlgptrXl ttt yftln dlglaoumts tn a nlttttg:t rlrrfie,fartflt
rtrrrtrco udlf s rlrstr|.oel ualogrc to drirtr thr rtnshlt d
*Ltr Etlc b rlnlatr t{r c*itrqppts o lti lFoft (rt& €). tr
tEa pq,tr Eforloft onrl.C3lcd a llrr rt*ff rhrul UUnf4 ilttr rqn.f
flos trltllr ft yfOa vals of caA fi.os nr orldrrt to br
.
-fiFleortlrd, t th. rtij:fbcce *!ah E; Fn3tiEla a. Et?lst! t$ I
Usar trE|g} nu tO to totta. t!h. .Dt ot of th, l$nrtfgatlo
rro to flnil tb. Drrt rrartatnm of tb ttilflfhmr. tLral lq]&f
A'cl
rnas trtr&od. brtrrcn aAjrrat f&*l al alr3 bcffio
'td
saf thc be13 tr eld Fpartidr al to lalt t3f, dryilg trtlil cf
tlp rarlnl! Elllr annmaratlty cqnd. tb atbr fud tbEt fb}
a qfgQc[f rdfin r!11rotrp nrt .f t'b yfGil'i[rg trb plaoa at
tb baD, rrillt ftr e rtrrnhru b rHd trb *r.ilbt|l d rtrqdl
tryc otrf rath qrrrdd,t, r rhllDl!8 stLs oodrr, tla o8ul.r tb
rajgl Jrlda to bt lt tib turr Ey tqfll8 et latdl'a*l oalcrt
Bygoft fhd thst tTttb a ltl,tllbro lrtilo of rb3rrt | | I Drtm tb
t51r d Dottg ltorlct, d, a ltaxr Ya1llrtln bdrrj, ttt tlrli
afrebaratt la tb rarlcr flffir ilrrr togt .di oEtr lt ;er
fb|ot, lsrsrc, that th. t |t tryG rar il;rdnt u tbcqnry d
nryfrgh Iln st;fur als iltor;d tbrtr lll th. crc e6dri;'dt
r.olatlrr dtalamtr b€t;too ftc,l'.r rEt
r;b arrrp ry
eprodrr!3[t tb ec tft tt afartlo ad ;flrrtffr1|lo orlrr, e
tcllnry fud by c|bc rmrttgrtcr |a {$ illcc 1!*? Glor
By6|oft ra! Dt tb Gly Ol to tsFor$b tb retnilr url* o
td.altlci rraulo d.tailoo to dnrlrtr tb .6'thglabt l!. f,. gn{Fry
(fg60, g) ooardmcal tha rcqtoc| of a rtEelc dogrc d Annn ryUtr
rtthDlumclyrtaectatoertat|.ctyrd[ourrrancdte|iln
h.vlag a ffe pop fcstsrn' Ea rhrrrir fion an lrallttotl €ltF
!|oil!t, that lorlns th| ttcld laln E|dn eurr r drerar ta ||ryCr
uufif a tldtr-g yi.fi Efur nr nadd eft |F tttd.d fb-th, attqur|.
Efla o*ut' a8 tsr er' r! tb !!*loor"
-tltrdin thc wt oC ftaaDrdf d ltlr ollrs8nar at Stc &lwltSl,
rttb larratiCpttc of, tb
a octsla fitrt of otbc ru.L mril
barl,o ohcactelrtl,oc t' nmUrs brtlrtfo !yrt@ ma lqrcrtdl.
ldo (1t60) omrlilccaf tb rcryor of dd,r btltl.c d quailr.fno
Srrtrnctfo ryrtar to herulo Gsd.tfuS llnatfcr, m! b fr DqDc
lrF.rctcl tba reolts of a nde of ltflfffi faratlertln . ltr
Slrrt frvcrtl{ptfm sar qncrlral dth a rtuily of tb rtrlt rtatc
r€qpaJt.f lfngb dotf: of tlrrib rfarOpl,artlo '"te qlffio
tVatantlo ryrtcor b e hdo otttal tUrrr StrilJt rtrtr
$tsEorl! crtr uc prrotcil tb totb tb rar $6 tb llr lr
rbln by n @d,ttrg tbtil ad atD itb car fu tb ba.. lr dt l
by o tFsrd rlFrtlm' Ia enard. b annrr d{bttd tb dlfs
Fh;l-ilsr cf rlmam rlth a qnril badbar tgplel d rcftcdg
lryrllrg eFta.
h rrtboit uroil nr atrllc to tbt u!.4 bt Ek
fstrg (tfF) lo a ddlar firrrrtfgat|s a I cue$ Cqld +rtr.
l*b aln ttrcrtfsrtd thr rtablltty of t'b rohtlfrr rd fhd thrt
tb' rll oero. stlior{ th lt.cty rtetr vlhratla s rtebilc.
fdb tha frntltlgrt A tbr tnrytat bcbcvfrs of tb Ullnre ry$r
by al,ttag trb ryrto rlth ar bduto tFtrui rrtdFoilGt, rtartfug
fic lcrt tD tbqrdtlb{rn pd,tla, ui obr*rlng tb ralllt|ag
h{li up ef rlFrtlnr. lllr antb pcro'tr t;pl,cal rwrfhl of
th rcsltfag rt|'a Ofa rde h. ibur rs tatrtilr colltlill.
lU thr rl,artqflartfo q$rtr frib frrni thrt tb traudat ;errr hd
a tdmy to ccre8p mtafoelly to s hado tgpc of rtrtincy
vlbat{.a rtEy rryld{y, allfd d,th tt bGfrg e talory tc cc* b
op dlrcotle rlrtob bGoan grcate ar tb ftoqrnrry d eqtllhdr of,
-?8-
Dtb nl b4.|rriL fb blttnr* rytc $touniltr$r
br6po tb rlrr6r oil .[.rtopfart1l atrCr tb rluc|tffi ffi
cf ctc#rf rar rt r rr!d'
ron f,tuoturt!.s ad trb jM
fdb Oa 6!drn tb rlt to lrnsttgato tb tsanrl.cnt YlEtstfo;r
of lLtlrrr lyrtartlo ry*ct rltb trr dcgF€e of tbcrilro !b.
etnrtraal arta ccdfll;ui hsrl rtdtor of ceual lar.f rtl,flfn
ad rtnufth, ad a dluroldnl glilnd illrplurout pgs agala wd tr
mlte Lt. rilb fUd that tb taltftsnl of th lrefltfng Etfcr
of tb t;n rtil'Lr rhoril e|rfhl &mrtelrHoe te t'bnr afrnfrnl
lb rtlln gf {rb tettl rtoqt nr uA
by tb s rtclf .:nt-.
gncrtc thu that cf, tb, Wpc .tort thtdr lr e &cartclrtlo
fmn !t Dtr.cft (!9S, 0) fc rlra.lc Gildtrtlil rf r ln$at
dj'far rilrtr{
cn$ry (1960 rr B) rrp rqcha a tb rrrlpd rf tillln
lvrt srtL ryrto b dulilllal tbed1g tbotlanr Ir {fi tltut
IlaDG b |trslci tb rtt{t rtatr rotgolrr d e rl'rulr Lgr.. of
ftrcln Tntrr *trfdnf tb slrrtfa bt tb rtbf oO .f.ily
TaltlsS Dgrrtt6rl, thcmrr lado (tt&) 1pqlUmC tb fcfoifo
shtfl d tr rlrrt'rtutlo ryrtr rltr OruSry frrro0cA rnBdrr
orrlr. fc th trcol tilllrs oirl ll tb .Hf pryc lrE!ry
ilrrctbrt tb lnffrlr of a attn5rp ryctr rdilf|;f rrf Hllnul
$6tcrrlr, ta th! c.rr r ad-lnf,bl,tc iltd rdttf rt r d !y r
;flrlloldal fon" b rSnl,a E O tb rttLl of dtilt refytf Scrrtrr,
ui praotdl tb r..anltr to rhil tb amt d gllfidr rttb lllr]ct
oqarlrg tb nafltt rltb tbo Of, tht tfrc'-ofrd{e ctlG.
Erra rd Da Dqno (tf6O) nrcechif r mlnal rctrtli ftr r|n||l*
thr
t11lg|rd
-29_
$r rc|Pcr d $rrflae rtrugtlll.. b r G}tugarr tt"' cf tlU||rl
ntls.
rmurtil'c
t!60 nr $rl a Ft! rtr Flrt r.'tltlty b fr tfriy d?
ryrtan $tF tHt lts1filc to ofrhqu*l'
2.7 ro{l:'JlF'
ht 11E to b. n lbult tbat tf,3 lFlf Cantblg1 rt lolUu
fo f g60 lEavtA.al tb rttnll|. tu. tb. bl8 d1gt |g rt$r turt o
tb rbr|tElle t|Hra tu,la Gotual o ril'$mltr hgfsllag to
te bti !a lcr Zrslrd lr mly 1*, Ls rrwtr|lr a rtlr8.rn at tb
poaat tbrr lbr flt*rur!3 pc|!e, horc, tar p'lrni a
mrfdrablr fft orf rlfi. l odiasta ffit of tli'! hrr
DcG lltlatoll at lnoal ooa aotlna;l oodu$r ltlt cutnrtdyr
ttr n65t G.[t6 h6 rt bca a}[o to lay btr bdt I noh rf
litlr E*f
rrthnan rfi'l.t*ffrr
rar occl.i*rbly .lvrloa w tll rulattl d th. rllos r{{Dmrlr
nr*or radfrU Onf'ttc (m|o) b Jqn, dth tb tnllcn d
nl6tlrg rreoosaf, lsto tfip mf|3ag1r ;l;1por ralilr d rilrucffi:f
sd tb. rrta$.lshat cf a qtldo rt'h| rf cffirtr lF{Fr
qD'
As u eli tmrrlr roH..vbg tEr fnllOrc thcy fcletr.d oA
gDSt c*aUlr sc
druotri o odagnr oqntel #d Ghry Esr
bilfagt
nag[,|5g ryata of uP b llt; ilrgr1;e of tlrcib rtth
bErur rctgfng fbu dorsotcbti'or' lhr lqnt; It dd
ilatF
by csthonrlr roorrrrttn rcos{g red ttr r 1ffi'rlrdrrc
mailr. trril gn5 ttu fbllslas f!ftD'tlr ou bc obtehrft
fu
rlndy of tzhr 1aqpca.. of rtnn31lrr ts
-F(D tfr ml,atf,rr df+fs'ct |r rd tt*tl
(U) tf rhrc tee i! rad ttg ll
(Ul) tb rclt-tli clooil'tv tn cad rtry1
(fr) tfr dralutr aorcette of re dilti
(r) tn Yfcltr mrrto of, cedr rt*t;
tb outtvnr'ng ffta'
!b rcnltt of thtlt l.urreltgatlo herr Drl Feff^di !l a rclc
of rqctr - El8 (Sttor (rr6a, 'l9fih rt6b)'
&.'l8rtryftiDrc|Dcrrthpocerstrs@ier*u*tcca
8&lO. ttr rrot of tb tteltcts ilrplbdf thl mtlctla of tb
q'FtGtoilrucnr.dlgtlbroqloroofurrcrrudrgar,rlnlr
catrgr}r
tel fldag rtatp nil c arraEv h|,:|,t' to rg|'|r
cdtatic. lbrno rfltf.tocy Uilllul8r x]! uelf7'| tbr ryrtO
b lrt' (t$b)
161 l.bct re&rodl to 4rrlrr.ct tbe rerr rryt'tr{
&r frutlfrtlar of tUrtcc trrrbslr' rnglag lll a '|l*r
!ilcviotwtffil.||lEst'baGbcr+rtr"x!r|t8.|i
tbr'|f'tgtotiU!|fmt6.d,gC.ltd"o'aaulardls*rlttd:t
el t|ll rr tb
aa iurtrlffiln of, fre! !ulc, DI|r !|c morearcn
ter dnrocrn* tthr
cfifto0 of {ll.filFa0 c*tbgrstsat lb dtt
tou
sd.tt c lat ul|il ltru3 ntJm .{ltbqF*l rroufi Stafld t!
(r1)
JegadtbE;$l.,tbd$mspftuldb0l!8firtot!oaEuI.t
rcosd.rlltbaooa[ctgrur:rr.tloisotl'at'nreffil.tt|cr
rrentlobr.Iltb'DCsesdlagtil,lrucf.a&aoatedratrfl"
Or!! g all OrF 8 F*
XoEt of tbr prnrltr brrr blm obtalad fF
tletrlstb |le
aoocLrrat!ilrr lt b wth rt5l8 thrt tbt trr a $dr
raf,'otofiEtbrcrffbGtcg+bgllb|rtgdnr{i,ro|btfif,rtilIi'
-!ltdfortfag tbat thr D.a'ts afplltrdr tr Dt qff,bf.qt 6 ltr m to
dt flm th. ttrtcdtr of, rttJa.
Hr rcntrtr el^o fdjcrtr tlhet
dllntctl.or of tb tql ttsy osn b. rrlEf ft .dltlcrl rFc;tfn|lg
cf thr ttctr, nl,attr to th. ottell, i.dgn of th. tdlilfi8r 1r nfr
pmvl,ilrl" It 1r |ltndtag to ntr, lultrrr thrtr ff, fit GGS7
abmptla of tb tql ttc1f fr nrwtarn ty ctrr rtrofth:dry' ft
dtocr rut ryp.sr to ids cfgnilloqfrL" 8rrrtc clF/ Orrl|,tfn
t! tbl oiftrr rt&t r.
lqg (tg6t) rtdlrdt trhr rcrgcar d lltlfbot t'Itt d yld'illf
rtnstr.slr to cathmr&c d.tatlfr al]|lUae tf fLcr to ArE
lTrr bard.o aiructrsr E3 a IUE rtdt ltr!. ftd
atl.rrsEt lqpstlarf
fu latcal rld f.oir oqy, hrt frigl iilf,fbrat ddl lFl ocnrillhtilr
(f) - r'nr.rtril olartlo tlcS
(U) . *ranrly dryod dartlo F*3
(fff) u w{qrcn c!.artlo lbo rtth dlrt1fartlo rhr nllr;
(fv) u urnryca rfedod"irtlo Grr.
Bcg prectril thr p*on! al a tWla cf tilr ff S
partlcnrler rsth4tlglr rcol{r - l*O L Cretro t g ed f9!! fflr
E{n Otr tbt baglr of trlr rcrnrltr, tb aut}ur ne um&[r to iElr
ary gooi,ffo ocolnd.or about thc lnrlsrtll brhevlm Glag lo tb
ana mrtilccd"
brldrr (lf6b) pruahd thr rarlts of r tl*& tnurtlnillr
oc tb! reqp6lf T.otrr of blllFr' hr*G|.tl3 rt|ul. iltrr cE tl|Cb
Srgtas b crrthnralsa rsoalcattil!. &,e lr a mtlrusNg d &
tld.tal, nubc
of,
rh{y rsectca W Ecg and fha||rr (lgft). ltl asoela'oer;a urt
rcc trha f SO n OGt$o f-g !d| tb rt52 lrft il6t rcotl. bGlnf
-t2u6r lFolct a fE arob a re&r et tc D6tt tb qtartln d
ril.artonilartfo lotla r[th pei.cp lbsrj6t d bll|3.6l rotln - L"r
of
!ilrat11 bd.of3g - tbr afft$ng Jdtfi drqstb ad rutr
yls6113 OryLrO ln eranral. lhcrrafir lhd that iha 6|trarrtt
ryast1a td.a to bg rc&ln| Au tb1r 6}ts|ad ff: th1r rlut4lfer'srr
ty ratl |;crcaa |1 t|. 1qil. d b lftffibrs rffl' tfdi
to t&. rtlftlbmr bd!l. J{.U. til! tr frefoUfy rrlrt i to ttr
firtg. fUrfng tht rra rrll crtr of rEa|l btdl8 rf|Flf|n*f
rrihood tfu pcrannt ltt - ffdr tLcr la dth thr 15cl'te d $|,
(IgS) ttr rtrutld. dtrtlil'
Qnclrrl nil,otr d rAr illtt
d3l1 F.art16fft p illflflrnoo bdr;G trb c6r lry$t tO ggrf
bllluer glrr0lr ed tb dartopXadilo ryutr Ln frrtfaibr, l$hc
ralllbd,ns tb cg7 amaraoh to aLd,gEr Ebtr of tb totuf
tnLutlo dlqpb.rut ls.re.otl; of 1flg! Ctild tH lj SErf
tHl rar lcalt ftr tb .1altqt1s8tf6 ryft-. thil'l tl p*Off
rllatril to tlhr sEBr rdrt|n*nO frrvtsdy tlhrnll.
A rtiy of lndrls,o *)osEla E{Fr tl|[ to th il* of, "$lrft
(lf6) ras pratril 5l Jolagt (tg6!)" In;g.ai of' .rr&U afr13i,
csthsr& rcc{r, tmfngt ud m udl, ef, fndo-eclfiglhr
ao1!.3latfc rrc{r fmane tgl rtatLrttgal Doe. ni 6grli3pi tO
harr rldlc ohn'eotcf.rtlor to tbrc of rrcrtri etttng oartbgnabt roo e6 bnry' d Jsrilag; (lf6b). !r al.E uroil o El 3naf
tyDc of, 6.l|rler dclastc|rtilc, drt$ fl CrctaL lr rrra, d of
itddt tb claet|3 sil btllrc ryct1ilqtf. rycto cll pltllnfn' ollr r
pr sLo tqdqr (f$tr). Jcrr*r g*t tb rcf,flt of dtlag e
t56[oal, drg[c dry,g. of lbottb ryta iltth tb l.lbfr of Dtfirb
oarc
-3!orthmr*c, lnorntlag tb rrwagn arrylmacqt lpfiar tb ag'1gp
ac.Sr ry.atra, tb ecagp rc!.atirr orrt! sf omr df,rr$rtd -tf
ylOnbg aoA o3rg/ dfdpatcil W vfrour d41E d rr5rapr of th
lrcmamt aetr lb atb al,r tdls$d U IDllaA d tb tlnlt"
hlr roru.ltr trnrdngi qoil'r$dt tfirfil
(f) ftr a mJtilt rqfilo of th. rwt a6u !{$cr 1all;t cf tb
roorl.catia nosd b th! lrtcal yidA ardndat of tb rtnnttrtl
Urpfrrot to tb!
tb qno1;f rbr d i$c ratlo otr tb dlr
yloti tll,plaoanat ls{rruct dth a tbcrrn la ncloil
(!t) ff 6f,tbct otr vlrqu dqbg |1 !3 ibcug tb. Ie|tffil of
tb AtqFtroailt ar rlll ar lo ilocglrera t$r tllstlr ltl*ClrlC of
&rsn
rlmr dryra8 ib Et qpD.s b rt:?.ttt tb
qualrtatlrr laturu of th. illqllamt qp.6t*Et
(ttt) tb cupaae of ea;gl frpr* to tb rgrtl 1lllglbroc ttr rc
arrl4ltf6u thet tlr totrl rnlrgr lrgnlt to r ytctdilrf rfrruotu6 lr
cppsa661ratcLy tDr re!. ar fbr a lfu.q. rtnnofrn dth th. |Nn uinnrL
dla$ac ftsngpa |s
pclo8l
airaffh ef tb oatlh65lj ls63a13r tb pq*{ilo
"r t5c
of a6rgT dll,erilfntod bt yl'olilsg ltcuf,tr tht ls r[bot bd;;
Iftftru{ Dy e ilc6g.ealt ll ttro frnt str dranr dAf,!g. fu} e
O|tut amrlerat{m to yld,n rtrugtU rtttol r8 lglr|| t[ t'b
perloit of th. d111ghllr nnrltr fn $.ilrtililly D8l QE|Ef tdl3
dltsrilpatcl bY dmur d4tfng;
(v) aftcraAn8 tho slCtatln to t':1.I4 duogth retlo raltrtrly
ro&rocs th gcctcA ralur 3f pcruot rrte !h. rt$, fcgt tbt
ttr Oootra of pj1agct rat rurl,rif 1aln ft ftr t[r fdtilfuf Drrtdo(fv)
-![aatbqunbri
d
3h*"c (rt6l)
rln *tr*ri
fr*l,o
h a rtaffrttal Ddnt of td;, Sry aGdrFti ter fr$fn to h
too orllGr to b. tsrrtcll aaffi.laaffy d Urt & b.rt r*lr*
fr
to gnca,tr rootcognan rtatt*tcally ad elnly tbt b druetc;,
d tlu rcr$re th. Jtatlltlcsl 1wfctfcr of tb. !4nil.. - rU'*
la b ftrst rhnt tmlret (t96!) af& St srtbwr ratu 6dt! rr
b th o;lrcttn of, fh. So! otr tb fryt Anstlnr th.f tcld i$
tbat th. rgfn c rlll br btcstrl ll tb. strr xlil dllrtrffia,
mt reasirlty thr awagc rulna, d that tbm al,rHhtlc dtl
trrbrhilJ br wrlr Acnalnt o thr paOOAfftV flultfd. blrnalnd,
a|{Ftlrtty tc prihrr tlr stlftchl etbsnrlr.
lbo u* br alr DG 1rOffOra a tb fnrltigEUc d tb
brslo chcst*trtl'cr of nl.:lnro 4rrtcr lbrDarH, d lrytr
(tg6a) hm epamtly c*tdra tbd! Et b rlrO Srel nl|rc
ryttal la a ppre dob tb pormt r{trr h.r rt !.d D 6ailt
mtG.
tru (rt6r) ffd
tb ffi or oqrlry (1960, e) u nt (lg0)
c thr rctfiln d btLlmar br0:uofc rylh of, prfrero dtlnl
Aru$or, oDtaldng tb ctaity rtatc lrocpouf c6r!. tb'hth iltrot
mave d trrgnrbro dtatia
ftr au:ftrd snrtr d ilrou
dlsqrlagr EIocMo {rfognr ftdtoa d tb llntr rttht vlrar
daqltag rmalril thr drtso of, uf|rahsdos ruar ilFtrb alr
illttor - rlG .Ls lria (tf6f). lo atp LrrrrfiCatdt tbr Fodnt
aaq[nrur of thr bfffnrs rultrt tlu lhr d d dtrtl^c utff
tha rtraily rtdr otl'tncr rc r*ff,
ffy|lg la furtlrul"c e
Golftcg, fog6amCf
thr
-15tdnry tc ccqr. lraa tlgl thrt, e4+ tlc tb ?drl drrtoplaltts oart, tb ffit of c.rq c pecrpqt rct nr banlri, tb
na#qF ptdll,o c.ql Arlag tld'r lld d lrnnrfat Dttn f,rqrdts
fral trbr dffihr
as tibt ryrt- ry!6eadd tlc rtartpgfsril|; c!f.
bqpnA JtuLA rar grrrtc thm blf tb rledfc rtilfhmrr b. tlnd
that n r;lxD at .?r ;1dn ooorg ful ttt.r t4o of trutlt ntla"
tHE sbn tb aa pettca ar Statlll tt Ado (t9&) d brLr
(f g6[) ftr {Ufirsu0 tslldct r,Horo lm tDl nt r to |rrrrltilerfr
tb rt alt d$r Fqp6r. of t;p dagpr of Frcab H$,nc f.rtltt|r
ryrtan to almrrlila.l citrtln udgg t;f, ryldrrt rc[!| cE
;;ryllg lrjrrn]t6f. ir obtallt FI1pO; OglFI rtdf^c b
r1gy rt.Ipotr to tb;; of tb ltncc tlp lagrro of ftrin ;1nlt-t
gbta|afry tr roloul trna[eo k" .rgh otr tfilr. Dt*t b t|0l
tbut thlt nr a cltf€el dtatila absrr ild ttol nr rdourfil
r'lnnmol" b glrtb dD t d. F lltrttil8it|Ir n tb rfuD|ulf
of tb afutnlr. b antlur rcr&lotrl H.a oa$dr tc t$r cr
tln totb ltoricr bDal tb sil. charaot;ltdtor, flob 1r tb lil ar
trb oarr trcatrd bt rdc (lggO) tr tdlg tElcss,3atf.al of ittr t*udrtfi
tqrqpdt otr atoh a qntr.
tdngr (lf6r) alp proutca th r.og|tltr of o Lm|ff!8tfIr
ttto tb. dary rtatc astp6r. of rtadr drgcc .f ltmh ryilI|
hevfng rerfour ml|nlrg' hVltGGCfc'trpqct*lJllot
Drtblutth od, htra (tgdd EluBomi a Drrtla{.rrr ttDo cf Ld'
ilrfbmatlc r.6!.etf661[fr tu efa!.n frb Dobrrts ctr dl8ffft nf|[|a
tryeterrftlo ryrta, tsr ftl€U tb cgr1trrrlof vlrqorr i4|aS Dr6.
ty oorll;|ng
qrllGarrr to bc fdryonrlrt of ftsr$mry ad qlllfiSr.
rf.ilAy
-!$rtmly !ilrt rlffil-r o'f tb strta at lta retstl lgl||itr tb
autbt nF. rbl. to ilrtrr rya16ilil Frfrdil th dfilf 1}dutr'r
f.stllt to th!ffiQHlr
1; DsDGr d rdfi tltl.ul tc rc"t[g*r rdwllS tr|
n$rgba tv tbaca (il6) rd nas d tertn (tffal r b ffi
1rc1tr)e1j
of
rhrtgro b rl5a1 Suf56r
nllrc
.lEf$l
2r0
fogrfrg lr a ld.t nro1z d ttt Glbu$[| drctel tl
tb Dsrcallg !.otfu!., 8!q)ra .6sslt b ffit ffil G |lrFcr*
I@
(r)sd,.rnln
gfidt dtF.f d
D.n
GFccdb
tn'tlg (ft
rgrta ' lcrltlia P{lrt
o)
(a)@
a.!rr lf firdb
(l) rcrfro ltrcr. - ls
(a) grndt
(1960)
cdr$E (r#0, e)
(Af)
lrurlnt
DrQlrlfo
r
lrallafi,, Id*1, d futr (tggtl - rctqilc
t
rc*arH, lt**l
'
!d taa (ftt$
heln (rt6, e!
tagbr#, (rSO)
Bc'S d tbr0ar (r9e)
tyugrlp b.p6r
Doblr
t
- lfp ff. ffi !16
r rl0 tf OGFI !il
' !.drnadf tnln
r flo lf, odrr I-3
{tS lrfl
IFt
'Jl '
- Itto [' ffis r'3
'19)5 !;*
D;4lorolrt'vrccd,tt.'{l#o}-rsn01til|0t-t
Ytilrtla d rrerr (116o)
ed rfif*rr
A!o(196}.dgs.e&[rdt$|;
(r)
nrurtcr trrtt
llrd, (f t6O) - n!-ar6.o tdfglg n rilld;ifadil
nbsGr$l rr - rlrth$ic fnSra
lurla (rf6O)
' 6 rkracj - ffiO !0' Gltro !{
- 5 rH't.cr * d'tt dlr
ttndt (lfgO)
r.r&! (rt0)
- 2 ctcl.cr - rilnpldal Emf r$n
- $ l0*!rs - fSo ![ OrtlU I'f
rFg (rfei)
f 9)! Erl'n l't
f,ahd, ilA
gErg ($6ar l]65t 196lr) r !al$p ct builff,agr ' dllillaut
rtadartilLed rqtlf,nrlrr
(r)@
(r) dlgL .lcrP C Ordb
(l) rcraarq rcepcnlo ' oflgb3t (rt6t
A)
rrrn (196t)
(fr)
ttcl,clt - rrldqlrrlar Ptlrrr
Iurbarhr (lg6o)
I
't
cota sd fEFb (tf6o)
- tadoo cd'tetrn
a{Sry (lgfo' t)
- d'nrntlld' Gdto0la
rdo (196)
- fitc vtFottn
lwqr (1961)
- ll0 B oab I'E
trd-r (rf6l)
&osilqgt
rglH tatr3
li6r]
-ft(t) rurtlrtcr
ttntr
r*rdfr tmrr - tru (tfgl) r i rtrl'l
(ff) *srrt 1;aru. - 1;do (rf$l - 2 rt*ln dmUar
(r)
dtatls
(c)
ortlmr ryrn
Cu!!ry (196, G) - rdplafldtr t* o dulr|lrl
dttil|n
(r!
(r) rql*ro
ilncr.
o snribrilr
r*o (tgo)
DrreULwth
,@
t'drr6r rytf
d &6grr (ff$) r l1lr gg-tl fultt'oil'
(t?&2,
trs)
(!|.) ranart lc$flrr
tdlgr (f6t)
ryrtO . ro Frqrr nurc
fv*ccfr ry*r gmet nt$-r dr
dtrtlc
tt@
Io|toftbrDu'|F'Glrbctrtbtridnr|vdrg
dl ra tbr brhslrc. ta .flltils $r fttlr|f
rntb drdDllg rtrblr of urflrlrr
wr!
(a) rUgr Ntgtx rf, tlndlr tyrtr
(r) rclouo
llr G' cr ddt
ddln
sedro (rgt)
(u) naart laqlo.
redn (lfa)
lrnst (tf*)
r !!le!. rdlnc b|nclHt uar
- ;lqrHod rtbf
- nlinl lrtbf
all-
bun (t#r rt60t + rrFlf rttrt
tttln (tf!7)
- ndlnln r&f
r rtrrtlv rfrl
llm (f ts)
(t) ntrrtry rutr - trud,Gt rllPilfl
h$uilr ttDt'|. d IEb (tl*)
e t filrr frftlrd'
Qh, ttt, d Hln ltf0l - +r!'traill
U racb (tgtS)
- nlfinl
r crritr rtirlr
nn (rS8r tfe)
Ecg d ue 51 (lg$) - rlrlill rrbi
-{O r
sGrJ
F+F@!nGW!{trsm#4
Ia tfttf G[O|;l thr rd5 Do;;filf |1lrd5t A[!t1|. 1r
dlrf|5d ad a itrnnnlo Dsl;rn$c! 6a Sr rrd.frul;tr to erlttbOlF
cafrFla&
!.f aF,lt|p m$frlsfiItrt! dTfilfq'
,.t .[rr a gploal Af+fmt Un rmf #d fili
Dr cbtaf!.il fr a dll.ar lgrtctfo ryttr l| @[t|l ||b
rtbattn. hr sr rcred. frrhrcr d rA rccrlr d'A an
of btct0o 0F of tbr !r tb qll'lH. of annd'r drgrl
IH6 rytltrab m tr iffrA u lb riikrramt bcfno Erft
a$nfrmt D.rfi 5l fnrltlcr of 3r;lc !t[.d,tt, d l|ll b3
rdtlrrl to ar tb trndd rylttdr, t, e tll #ab ?trcr t
ber tc Clrat u*l la t$r oneda lf lndrd, (ri&). DF
dltlnmt rroost Ir tb !.ilr tp .f niltdt dr8r d will3
l!h, grartcel of thr ib!'|lt ry n*tlnl',tf
treorLat qlLldil.
crdtril,a trlll b. lldld ar tb rd5 trtgrfnt qfllhdr of tb
11g1r.o
DrSn'
&r.e d llrrlr ryrtr |l;dd*
ad thl FtF brlrrrcr lt r:tbalLv blib trr f'F lrt dlln
tgrt sd|n ryrta - a.fitl, Wa Ut a pctle0r tlil cf {Ed{l
finctl-, t'bt d.ll bc e narln fcrglr drlc tF tb tFrn
trautfn; aqillHo, daoo thalt ir o l$t b tb dc'Cf ld.$.f
tb
fhUv y{rUfie rlnglc
'lf
+
ttl n;ltrn torrnDlr |llurftt
qlltuAo !b tbr f5.'tilslal f,|; 1| 6g[t!g tlffil.
qdltilflr
lH. lr &ftr8
r,2 FqrrFE
fo
sffin
ra
EFriltrryr
h5rc ,rl, tildr rrill Dr nCn|ri rr r Ultld
r.olrlotr thr"&ail|rucf enftrc ffihrr
nctalrlag a!al! to
@
al'|Bglctlplr'!h!egr$cl'uh|tdbtb.}rurof
E rt'taftErr to Ctbtd tHt Et of r|brttor trc lr tESUr
fntccrtoal 11 tb farUOar tlohret d tflr nct lbt sr UHt
tc hrt a ing|ag .etfct I {fu rtnrhsr' fr1 g;t
(r) th| rdn ff.Ethrrt frn fr ldt{rl qtdlfb'|lil
nd€c F n'
11gfd eil1d. h - Sr d1tr rt ancllf
bt rgodrtrf lfth trb r.s Drts at gm! r|rr to Lt
lr riurc.a bcJd b
(f) tn dc rf ttn tb effii
Jifdn ro&t sa ltt l1trt - t$t dll' Crr ltrr tr fbtlguo 0raj;t
(f) ttr afrnfeocrut of it tlrd oqdlSibtr Drl$fa frn tb
rO.
trft&l rdule'|ga lcd.ilc, rb,oh tr M er tb lcnt
!b. aldff6r b crni,Btt tb rdn Darrefc trufct Affd
itns bcdcr denlftoot ttql !t dLl glrt r E4;r lldt b n d
tbj3 quq}ltn.o d ntr glrr r fld\rl gtill. tonrtr rm d U
(a) tfr lr!ilrrr"
otba' enoutttilgr
5,lW
Feriltt tb !.!ulta of a orfftr d tb rffr
psriblr trndnn qll,lU. fra a rsrctd grq) .f tbfft fflffrf
lbLr tsrdg
ttp,)
rtilsfrltt dt d.t h rnnrrofiaf dtatfn.
Il a; old,ia n rct;hqntf,c rood'r'afrie rl€sir dfr rrgruatr b D.d. ilr of, th. dtll3 tbr tctrns I I dltcsl
b &rdlr
&rltl3 n olltuq[l&r, tt Slt br Dr tbf lt i| tD t*
ar a r{rlt rluoildar, Dtlo !', flD{ G|.onry d allttflf
aqlr, tfthildr thG. bF ba til*at trlt|0t|ltdfr d & ttlf
rtetr rn1ail cf dlgu' {rrrt:lctl,o ryatr - rr fr;trr 8 '
tt b dllfltlfrll,t to g d Gfr |1 |f,r lll n ru'$g1|;l
rillF C'ng FIS Of rlt
tb'trc, lt dto.t rt roa too tilcdtrttc t| lidllo a
Ggtbmrb rro{ 1 e rclr of dnr*hl, Flrrr d recd*
ttdd
tb r&pl|nr
lEgEl6trl11 ol1ler{rifr. Iit o M
AUt1|. ilfr 611l{ l; fnrnsrf t5r 111|.t tb11 p1[rar tta tb
6lrt of th.I ao te urd t ttttrt fs W;l f|lrilt of, t[
E dn tru.fct Aflh1|. l[; to thc octbgub. lt d|l c!r1
bc6 gp4;3t t&rt lt ou De u..a to otOsln a rsfdr ltbtr
otr tb !aEr. d clur d rcbr aL+flclct ?.otrr'
6 tH.r badr tb Gtta bd,llrr bt tb &rfrrtln d tr
n3ffi FrrlDl. trdcl quado T.otra ftr dm|irr dtdil
crd!ilr
r. cf
to tb @rb
"ctut
,l
- 4r'-
FIOURE 3.1
-
DISPLACEMENT.TIME RECORD
gF TYPICAL NOI{LINEAR
HYSTERETIC EYSTEM
I
t
"'t
-llc
g!S'-fp
@
r.r@
!h.*,.otdth.|,!!*&|t|F.|#|r.r|rt.B,rec|nrt'
r
ddcdrr tD rdn t)orltsc rllndcr arrs rdrr {F
rt#lrrlrsrnrart|cryrtrltorfrd'thrGlfrc|drtnrl|til!3
rolltrudttar.s|strtmntbrlr*|.rdrrrrt|'lrtatrrtl
lt 1&r to
tbror remltr; d to |lnrfg$tf tnJ drrrr d
rat$rrr of fi|.b anilr
l"a .s.I5nt
turt
'|dlF
frn
rt
nd
{Dr
af
fcrtulr
ll| rtrSr llhr d*r.t*{rtb
h tb| cr |.flrt.ir l.Fn r il'tdn prtttc tlr rr*n r
o
trc.rn !r rdrtlg fFc rua r tF.rr 1r lt'crr dlrlr -ilf
Lt. tHr rtril. elr rt drnlpo &s r rtetr t' uil 'r tt'
rret |a tb lbUy
tbfry ttrlld ileto l rturtrsr fdtni'lt rt
|tfb rd.a tlr bt e p,*rdr dEdaar $Gr dlL bt
'{.lnd
tlr rc !rrlp1r., rqrlqpgtlrr cf t'lr rol d tl''[!lrf fl1f t13
talm iltrr fF s to ltr bGbt et rlrt'
rur srrct*artl!, thre lt lllnrilrrfrn r! rulll l'lt d
*l& b.. rt hdn IE rtrafr b{nlrf ryrtr' t6f tb hd'
of th rtbi d nalldr unl f! tht' ffi'
!b prcnt tffitrsrqa tr asrsl
nrdJ, dtb
-49-
1.5W
ffinc a rllClc ilrgrc of tlocdo rtda havtrg tlb tbilitdl*tts obr$tcn$tuo &ora f11 flgrlr. |1.r rna dth r dltddrl
tfrang fbortfo P o3t (tt * /) -tt"s o trhr trjr, tuo P Ei. t rna
tb aqlltudc rd filqrnry of tbc ttrotng nutfar t nrlrrr
tl "Bd I L. a gerc -4o. lUr rtf.:l br cqr.ilrd,cat to a d^EdArl,
ad'catl.l of tb barr of a dl ("t * fl tt P ' - ia ilFo r 1r tb
nan of tb qntn d A tDs aqrU,hdr of tb baE aoodertla.
Asm {.hat at tlr t : O tbr ryrtro !r tD tbl lblll J'fGfi.A
rtatc grA at rt1lt. Udrg 11t1 663{d],Gotle sb1q|rctr'frtd,t| rhil
b frgglr br(b) iltb a at thr dartlag Dolnt lt k fodblr to
Ib lrsqret lb. b tb qll:lHr
Actcdo. trhr a$rrqunt rt!s.
of a rtaglr erlllattm. lh! objcct lt thr to oaldletr fu t|
ry;ta rmt cr to roet, aflil tb alloi.etdl itlqtlapnt lltn ttt
poeltl6 et tS t ' O. By pfottfag fffr df+laout frr dff,llbaG
rulrrca 8 l I ta ileure f.e(a); or q f,bd ltt ultnl d.rn lb
p*-tlcelc ttl.wr of ? aril r, anil thl^r rlll br ttr redu poslbl'c
trerlrtrct rylth{c fLt tho araootatce rlffnldsl d,tllg IIUIo.
It lr Etb notlrgr et tbl.s rtagcr that, lf ifir tlr talto to
c to rcrt agst! lt atn plottrat aedrit y' u b f1$. ta(t)'
tha lt 1r lnrslll,c to da ilrtcdr trb rtrdy rtatt qlolo fil
tHr c56nvedr.
fh! tbUy yloldtng ryrtar twuOleptil rr rcltrtotci tc
tbla rttb lbot-ddtccttar oharaotoryl,rtlor aadr ql cf rtral'g!3
llnr. lbr radt nglar tb ill,f,lorctlol, rstntla nr rdril
aDafttloqltJr, d tht rlntt6! q{'ttG bto oqnte Drlgl.ear.
.f5*dd filrnrr tb rtlc rd rrrlnrtral fu til ryrtr or
tc
rril sd tfrc uldrtri llqll*to
PlloeF*f rIf Gl,tto b t0Elf td rftrl t u llr{la
frntG.
fu nlrrlr
c,f cr.h
rurtr rrnr*rgirr dI* rr
Dr
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re)sttdlJr.
l* rF strFTF DF qArilF twrtft
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(tl trr dnlc rlrrtonurtb r9r0-l
(z)
Sdr tlir trrrrUf*|lt
tf @rYrtrl
(f) U 6ryhrlr Oertoffutle ryrtrr
l*A'r
nfrr ht 1!7r nf; Drdc lrrtcrr .f tb dfilt 'lrr|;fr;fif
ryrtr that rrr !,il;*ffrtd+
I E lrl,ag rilGDrn
l1 r flrl,i tus rf ft|lllr artr
rb
t '+ r tbr -rlF4 dr.tls ffrrfrmt t:
ceulll,Hll fodtln
lrtbarrnrmtdry|trtrtb.|dt|d,rqdl.lErn
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a ultt|l dttln s! thdbfr t' !r r r b d I I O *r
lrtbltratYdtbqiltr'
'17 -
!b ||,ll!utlrl rrpritg3 gnr,nrlr5 tb rtln rfi11qp;t to
t r O oent *atilr el
(t) rf t > o 1.+ rtrlg Drth &
fl'Por(rt*il-5
(r)
rl
4o
(r)-1
fl+Er!,crt*r/l
(u) r € rl 1'j. rlilStrlbD
lfr?s(*t*il.t
rr fr rft |rtclrt lrt lD th. rtrr rlttl lt rrrdrl O rc D
lt nr E3 Dilrrr!/ b adar rtb forOfffftlrl b tbrl
rq5ceatcA by
tbnr GprrtLr.
rf tbrr cmatLcr rr obtelgfl lr nrlbinrr
ftrr. tb n'.eurnad rrrtShr urd rrr
tb
t
16lrti1al
toruuf |t.rlilrmtl
* 't
r to rarcl tb. c?[td. f tb tudrs tEtln
lrl$lp to th. t{rli freu. otr fi A6h.
b r rytt- .dtrA bY r dmnlfaf brr rrlr*fn
.f a;fh{. t lt cen b. fic ttrt "_"*
t . * r tbl ultlrrt bn &.! F*lllcllltr
F ' IP b rrrtrt tb tbrery .f tb ilS'rf hillr
rddl'rr to tb lrEd, .l.rt|e firW d fr rydfil I r ,tA
rfEr
b rlslrl*td$rrlr
(rll>e
r|+$
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(r)-1
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f, trr Jr;g'dl tu tb tilr .f D rltndttc tr tb
rfertll b tb Dfrdfa rOrfi..
A t@f p1IFD nr 1'lttra to r.il1f fil ttr !ll1[tlr t$rl,
!t I < Or lt tb frrftilr ilrl tb ryr0- rd n to lrtt tr
orn fdt1'l r1u ef a, F d,l,
ttr n&. rf rc$lg rrr to rvrfndr tb *fryldr grdtlrr
l.t,
a, tctb fiir rrr*tr fr rnnrlar nrnr .f t.
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6 O.1 F, Ct i] Fu l, *
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q
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tFl Fsd![t
f . O rrr rct5llrhd, t;5 f5utr
off ttrr. $n, n tfid tb flall rowlr ru *trtnr{ tth c
a.otrary af
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ts
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1r
nl g 'Fof !t Fv lt
!b |trrrrmt fr I ' o rt trb ot cf tb flll|t r;l{ du
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nlg nr 5tlrl I /u tb ifud$ttt fblt;l lrslllrrf rf, thf
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lhr r fistr rf;1[ll
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fh
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tr
p.
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d.rrtar,rartl. trrls - lF t&ilu'r Ll' tb nd.rffi
rr tr bt nr.a fU fi .|rpf. dertqltrrtfr crh rttb til 'fl|'Uil
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lqpo!. tr
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f
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tO rcanro ttn rru brtut *-: r - (r + rtf
+#1
tran$|5
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tb nrtrltr lltifu$ci
dfrlt rfertonfortf rYrtr.
lhr gnollal an &pt
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t"6 (o).
1.5.1.
StclEll$Ilr
idElt urrrnrlg tb. fr ib8F.t otr &ldb ryilr lt 1! n illrol?
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rtnrcEc tllt D. g|u tUr
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to tb glnd Affd'arr:t
et trbt d of tb lltrt rrfry
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!il. rl et t'hr d rf tb. fiilt rlIS'
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cC
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qf ,
t sr tb Dlfil ar aFa b ilea' fo6l
rqrCl,r{n
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THE
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?cco(rto
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FI6URE 1.1 - rTHE
VISCOUSLY DAIvIPED
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t
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FIGURE
4.5 -. THE TWO.PHASE ELASIOPLASTIC
SYSTEM
I
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FIGURE
4.6
. TWO DEGREE OF
FREEDOM
SYSTEM
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.
MAXIMUM TRANSIE.NT AM;'LITUDE SPECTRA
V ISCO
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-
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DAMPING
12
to
t
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F
Frouae 5.3
MAXIMUM TRANSIE NT AMPLITUDE
l'
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VISCOUS
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FI6URE
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MAXIMUM TRANSIENT AMPLITUDE
VISCO
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SPECTRA
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DAMPING
c
o
I
2
0
FTGURE
o
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c.3 - MAXIMUM
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AMPLITUDE SPECTRA
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F.I6URE
,
I
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3.G - EFFECT
1.7C
t€
tt
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VISCOUS DAMPIN6
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ON
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FIGURE
5.9. EFFECT OF
VISCOUS OAMPING
PHASE ANGLE
ON THE
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CRITICAL
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FIGURE C.IO
iANIITION NS(D|oN EH
cRlTlcAL FHASE ANGLE
. EFFECT' OF A
T
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F
I
F]GURE
TRA'NSIENT AMPLITUDE
5.II
. DEGREE OF
12
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THE TWO
ELASTOPLASTIC SYSTEM
rr1
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FIGURE 6.12
FREEDOM
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SPECTRA FOR
tt2 ---
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TRANSIENT AMPLITUDE
DEGREE OF
FREEDOM
e5
3.6
SPECTRA FOR THE
TTVO
ELASTOPLASTTC SYSTEM
-oo-
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THE TWO
5.t3 - TRANSIENT AMPLITUDE SPECTRA FOR
DE6REE OF FREEDOM ELASTOPLASTIC SYSTEM
l2
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SPECTRA FOR' THE TWO
FIGURE 5.14 - TRANSIENT AMPL]TUDE
. DE6R EE OF FR EEDOM ELASTOPLASTIC SYSTEM
a'o
-87-
Ec[q$d 8, g!ffi'F'
tn &tr d{ltc tb rcaStr FttGotcA b drytc t 6' diraolai
o ttLat'it fs*13'
aai qapi tlth tb tct of otbs[| I'!|rrtlgFt*a
6.1
ttblg tt!^l bc illanraotl
ls tb lbffoufng Fnl:t
(r) tr rt+l.c crsltqplaltio q'rtrl
vlrour Aillfrst
(f) tft cttlbct of e trmsltlm rcdm bcffia tb rlcttlo
(e) tnc otrfcct
of,
aoa
plsrttro ttatle.
6.1.1 tb Stnlc xlnrta't'4lo 8r4rt
6.1.i.1 SFnfffoant Srnraotcfr$Clt
}lgur.o'.t8tl!rtnrrlsrtgnpororbbtruelctory',l'tui|rrrotre
ofaetrylcclartetrrt|.orgrrta,nsJactc0todnrm&erdtrto'
tarr o,f tbr dlustl,l.lty frstil rcqullll Dy tb ;tEustrfr to nrtrb
Lt. fln thrl dtusrao tt dlr bc rca thrt tt rrqt{rta 'udllltt
p nil al
fanlts laoarll.r rlttr a dtcrccro r! tha ilrqua3,y ,'il{o
Ln
trcaatr
f,t;
atr
t'h DgFltuitG of dtatil[
dr
A
oo8
ad {3:;
d.
r
t r thi nehral d,astlo parfodl of th' drwtttc
t = & Pctofl of, thr oftlag nlfrrr'
-88!t!! !,f e frartlmlar ltnlotsc 1r nrbtcot to a tcll! of llnnotid,
cd,tetld! of Allttrfa rylt.tulfi ad Dsl€ttr tlr rltatla ll^kctt
to pruilru t.bc uednr b'aartrnt qllltrd. tlll bc a tlaetlo of tfulr
ryllHr en ncrfod, ar tb radnn lurdDl.c trautol ryIlttda
l.aeearr lvlth bcth qqntltltr.
Ir tt oaa bc aranril tiltat an lc'tbqtrat. rpoaLaatle rrosl aa
bc |lcalfr.al a. a r*acr of elrmmiliol gulrr of reqy!4 rasd,dtf
qd Fcqraolca, th Lt oan br lnfcrod *ltor tbel r.$ltrr thrtt
lf a lntLqrlc rlarto4llaetlo ltrrrstrsr b rr$t otcA to a ndc of
calthqtnho, tha rlrr-n ttortot rrl.porl cf tb atartur. to mS
r4'thquslt rrlll bc e n1otla otr tf3 qflttultr oA pcloA of tLr lu'gr*
1nrlaaa. It ruLil .la bc qrrctca tbt tht ldnr afqlbout
wldl ltpt thlr oh*act*{.rt!,o abo.
0o thr othc hd, lf a partffrflE orrtlgunl. lced ra! @.tianl,
ar{ thc llqpilrc to ft elaffra ftr a rsagr d dnsturrr tb. pceat
rcrnrltr ldtcatc tbat lsm pcrtod atrustrns cufd Dc qrotai tc
ytel,l qoh Ec 15"n hfghc DGIgA etrrrtrrrec of tb. rc latcail.
gtrroglhe ftrc t.grc tilr trtcal rtaogth, s tbc lar$c ttbl tgthgu.b,
tbc uc erum
Grl'o D. ihlr cfilbotr
bc potat tbat rbufi bc !rtf.c.A h that thar 1r r rfgE of
thr renons clllcot errof^atd rlth ttr rtoftr ltat rrsrftgr of
rtrrnhrca. ltrrr, Lf thc dafnot pulc.s of u eartfmaf han e
Dcrlod of thc aan cilc as tbe aatraf .lrrG|o Dcryloi of a t*ttolg
cl"crt4larilo riruotcc, lt uuLd HO qprc to her r gnrt db.l- of
ergrulrroeryrt rr far ar tb nrrllr t*rdrt
rclpolt lr mrrl.
It 1r lqlctant to nadc, lworrr, thrt tho lcerl.tt fu th. ndrn
-q'.*lttdb lo atP.oi o tL. .tn|stlat bvllS errl.|t)
rrrr
boc Gd.t il llto tb trGuFa ttrt ' aaa bnc 1u| rrtatlrty
&arn8 fr
crrth{u8lcr trh trroarc Dffiatt aay tr r*ortct
hrila q la thr dattis-rcglo lt flafi lr to JtE tal flo'
tlr tnrrre rhorrr tn fi8rno 5.8 rlurrbg ttr rralu of / dd
et
ylddr trb rda; poarlblc trur.at 411hff ar a tloctiln of,
u Or
cd, p &r E! aPPrar to hot a grcat |raf of, dgdffts
o ldcatln
ar errthnreb Fg{FrctFg 1l omacat It ibt tntdd'
|a
of thr regls |n *tS cr rbulA lod tE ttr radn 'il?crr
th. ftdt!'!g vaf;nt of f n F tf
eqy t$|3r fffer o tihr !t*c"
DolBlD[. tr.rD.lrst
fre€rri tb a(
grcetcr
h,=qt'1 *
6.t.t.en#@
b
I
sPPGcrr
(o
to b' $rrn tY
F)
It !.r of, t!lc..t to oryarc tiho rrnltr tltb tbro orf atb''
llcrtlgptlmr of tr.l^utcf Inotilo'
ncobdft tb. ao.tt ryfrcadt to tb Dt'!6t tllrrtlgltto
(ltt6' f96O)'
nosdrtt tnttr,,l.ltcatrro 1r tht rI of, laaabadi
lsflDtd rler eil,l tatalrtcil fa rrrarfng trb rdn trgd'al
rrr!Do..ofitiqil,sOe*ofa$fcdndtilcrcccfOcdlatrtl
fffi'
a$Jcct,Ga to an ldsal'laoA dtl$t
tlfsrct 6.1 lhil th. bad,o tcahri.. rf, lorbarhff r *Flr&
qlnf
trr if$tb'r filr thl p.|lt uLtcre rynstd 1n tb ftoillafrg
(r) lenauarlt @tdlGr*t a rcctugrlg ftrorn8 nil.ltLc d allsrrl
fu] ur o'Ul. illJrr lhl.. h tb prolar
th. Gdtarlfirr to 6tl''
lldtr o tb
anutaoh a rlnr'olial tFdag frD.'tl0 ru urrit dth rn
tllc tbr rffi'oh lt egtocl.
-pryrta to br trftlef$ $ rr* tlr
tb oqrLllbrtn Dodtlogr rfrF.ar thc nrcrct GIIGG orlArclt tb
{ntu to b€ LaitlEtly at rao ln thc ftfft yrrlidl ltetr,
(r) lerOe*f 0!l tut vuqy ttr ghan of tbr dt|ss lbaur,
(a) loatarH. anndcre thr
f'rrat E'ltG af,bne I U rlafy srtc th riolc lugp ttr O to ar.
(l) toatarH. plcatsit hlr rrsrIir lD tqrr ef, tb ebaolsl
vr[rr of tha nr#r.+ ttuglat Alldt
, ilhrrrxa ter Itrrltt
rltr. prcrntcif htu reafltr la taor of tb rcqdlril ih$i.lr,ty fLdE.
(l) fryrOrdf fmreotdl li.r rrurilte ar thr !orE6r. of a ps{fnlc
etrustur.c to v..,ryllg coil,tatilar, rbarla! tb lrcmt GltF pmratd
brr.
hLs srrdtr ta qlctafy nrflnrfcal
thr iltffircnoor la prarmtatioa oaa cee{lr bc oracr hrt tb
lc$rdl
ibpt th.G. rU.f;fbcrre l4re the fmbka Sdto dff,fqt.
p.racota lb ndlr trauil.at qll|.tui. of a rllrl,c cllrbltleftno
er'rgfc dagp. of olrdb rtrucllr. a$Jcot to e tl**tnrtrc cdtatto
llu parttarlc tlttlrf sditr.rtl, rtmar tb nrcgat r.ttG prntr
thr rar|la lroagibLr teaortot €qrllhlb atr rrh r Srtl r&t ct to
alnrrolfuf ocltatlo.
Enrvc lt lg rHl!
to qrcr tb drrtslrtlo.
d
".t."at"e
tb ta rrtr of ralir,
tb Drt C8nff,bot tt tbat la$ed
ftd tbat tb. rsnn tranril,cat ArUd. ef e p*thld ilry
faecani rlth s Llorrtalc of trbr aoodcrtla Allda d tb
pqlcA of th. guh, tb rc *.rastctrtle el rtri by tha Flrrt
gltra.
lbrr tdbaUorl l.A loabalbt to fril thrt lllhryr fr 41fd.
-9'lof thr trl.dF of tb 8tlNd rtl6 rc@rta to potor tb
ilcdm(l Sp6d eooEratln rar a E! Dc'ttlnt rust$fr tc l|rnm
tb trtc.relty of tt6 g!@n lctilc thao t;b rrplStdr of aaodratla.
At thcoftrl pforilln cnlqrr ab*n8 tll rlllnc er a lbattrn f b
pcrbn ratlo ftr e:ffccfi rytltuiba of closlttr Ec tlrji that
tb.sc raol,tr rcr al"o a ltnstto of thl DdoA o,f tb tnilrrr dthgL
tb bchr7|a5' raf qdtG i$fft3sat tlril tbg fbr onrtot sinrlClGljg
rylltulc, re tbry dtonl, e tdry to her a rd,E nlur h tb
rcgln o, P aqugf to I t tr5.
It osn bo lhon tbrtr b & lreat tstrrtfSptlst
?e
q
l-
d
rs
lie prrlt crltc har
tffi'Fo r.qlottoil hlr rlnltr to rW P rr a tWra- at F lb
Y.'
Aic(bat nlrrr of trf,. lbrr qr.vllr iba ln flaro 6.2r
ala rh tb pollr3 rc.r'H Wo ty lEArtU, rltb tb. D.aI rill[
vh6
V6
.
rplLtrrdr of grud
rtlcdtt
Y-
1rtnrrr|.
lusqrbt sfro Dfott A Er rrcnltr & iftftrt AElhlrl of
grr.nd ifrylennt qd fhud thrt tbrl drf,f rlt gablr hil rt
rbrte pclodr tbar lr tb ralc of tb arSo! Elvtd lfad.ty
ClFrt& It oan b. sbn tbt i,n tb trrrlt Lnnrtl|latla
tolffvalucslf Fu ;f
dll!ill.eord.
tltli. I0
rylltda
ZZ
t3
Iter. 5.t rbr!
lrcmt nl.tcf r rorrltr plottrll tb iftltrat
d,
1! tho
t
of tF .
a
of, tbc trto|nd
thc
ldoatc thet fnEfag pmtaily d.ao oanrr la
tHr oan et lcgp relufl I f3 r rtdd clrqloa to rffi pcdofr
ralwc
lhrJr
-/2thnt tb r*t
tb. .d$a3 ftrttlmo It lr llpoltaot to ldl
to th vafilF
f{gr rrnor ot F t / Md
tr .
!lr11, Diltbtadf4 thr illfiaraoc b enmaoh d d.tatlst
thcr l^a e gncat ilral of, Allarttr Sqrl trbr oharststltlo otr tb.
ilrpdt |! th tr c'to thil| stn trr b nsrert srt tln
aro drastlr{,stlrr llatscr rf thr tradat artDail of rl'rrt*fltlo
rtnrottlol
tltb tir rcanl,tr mdlcoO aber tt nr rt lDltlbL tc rrtsc
Eolrru turDafH' 6!A rqrtot Et
e il$cot qnrstltefln qr*t,m.
rrat'tacfilnotr1l d a( r ltsnbr
rrrlltsl,Etort*+
oC
dtrn thrt, lb th. pcrat ELt}rr rcefltrt
*' #
(,p*
f)
qr*r gntlteifrrlf tb t'glltt of
tarsilhfr" rnetlrtr dth tbt of tb F.ilnt fnrrtfg[ttr. l'B.
le lhon |r flerrl. 6*. It rtl,l br ra tbtf rr llr rl tb. rdn
paelblr traorlmt tlXltr{r dhro to r rcotugdar llcrfl ast,catln
Itnotto fr mlril, trnrDraErr rolrltf mfi 8lr r rrry lcr
ertbatr. If tb E'L of Soto ad Inrta (lg€O) tr ry ld.on{!ioa,
p*U,r
trbl,r nuli bo aryUrg r1t ta ilfi grrtr thm tb tdn
traarlrut qlltnile ihrr b dnnofdal. grmn aoocl,aatln of tfir ra
qrUM. uil ta!.d.
tb alt ct&a nt il6l o tb htlnt rqtu. cf drill
d,artqllqtilo ril8l,r ae.GG of tbcedc rgrtru b &ft{|.A tbodrs
frnatfos rar tbt ef ldo (t960) ail ttr 1r nt rypfro*fr to tb
It rar tb.
1rerat rtr$r.
Dcrtlbf. to
-95lho
ro*
o'f thc
lltcatrnr msaod rlth thr trudnt rypo
of clertspledlc eptu tr oclrfl rttb tlr ilrtcdlrtto of t*thnrfr
rilspcr€ qro8a.
thr itdradnatt.o of e'thqub tD.otrr iilllbr Ata tb. 1r.!ct
ql1ntoaO b tb ftD.wtag rlltrr
(t) f*tfrnralr ql.fia rclrolat thr rrlltrt of an orffrtr of tb
traaalct rlEqstla of e rangr ol rhrstrsu d r*:llry darrd*'lrtl,r
to e pel{torlr od.tatln - t&c mr4rlrtr ethmabr r.rd"
(Z) nc ca'thqrst ?.oira rl9namt tb rsrlrr illt{tamtr
of riruchs.r dEtrg lld,tatla by o rc-ttflnhr fir th. fdt|.rl
o$ilIlHlr Friltla, rt t'b rdu lrod,ct *l:lh'filr lr
ruoh tbgr otrtm rqrrrot t|r ctetfrr r!'!lbot of rrrrrl mrrlmr
brJ,un t}r Jtdfil tdrt.
fcctt:lcaa cc prfld qlrot so rr-rlrrlty tlth thr frat
rroiltr.
lbf flrut ol,artqtrartlo anctra to b. 1ntlf.Oa il. tbr Df
Fnll, rb frurtef qlatn ft tb tt0
EC. Catil.o I-8 rcqt'.
tt rpstra m pnratril tl tlrr of, tlr
rartn ytdd af*fnr* tu thr td,tfuf redffHll lnlrt at r
finotfo otr tb Dd.A of tfic rtrrrtrrrc, vbmr dr+fat ad l$cd
rtrolth d tb dauoturaf !h. rUryca qri. rer rt ectneljly
ocrlilacil, tnt fts th.n! llr*rlte tbG antbs.t aL'tr th. oefndo
that thc yleli 4mcrfira-bwardl t! rrgnlhdt rlt$ &cca.ra fD latcrf,
rtrugth of tb rtmttrc, ru,a du;A . DssI raln. thet ooqrcl at
Eyrcoft,
natF
eod
Erun
lorrl nluce of, etnratstl, FrLd frc grcc0c rahnr cf lgtrrref, ttncatb.
-*,-
ilot oC tb prceat u.Ltcrr rtmltr.
lhts ba! bcl dctrod by udlg tb rcl,etlm
La2
IlFDo 6.5 rbsra a fldlar
r :o(
+
lC
(y-t)
fu.. b r tb t'ldd il!,ryfaorat eaod,atrll rlth tb. rcb
lnedbl,c tEanrlot qflltrfr.
E!.nil trC ant $ cc aeo€datril rlth thr 1lp*tt r of th.
dtlag fttrrstln tbr arrrr ea bc oryclrO rlth trb erra d
Dyeof!, nEp$r !d llur,
lhr qrrrr rh thrt thr tlda rrlod.etd
lrlth tba ndnn lpEdhb trad.qt qll,lhdr afuo fn'rrg rlth a
ilooraru la latcal etrqgtf - rld,oh 1r flllrrCy naqstfcd to o( qad lbil a rsrlD! trlno
norra trH.r 1na! ul,ur tdf to oar
rt lruterrng vaf,uc of rtnotr.ral pariodl dth teoraec & frlardf
rtroglh s65r?rrlrprltc te tb d:tbst Dt t ty Et{roft, nEpDy
eri lltoa., b Ft rrt r"!.tc tr ruable to qlkfl tHl Afnqlanryr
but lt lhoufi bc pol.atcil at tbrt tho trdary f. ut rGT rcLrt ll
clthcr oatfr
Panna (tf6), rlbo dbtld.d ll.rrpcr. qlcdrs A. thc rSO
E!, O.atco S!f rcs{, ad BeS anil lhostdil (,tl&), r|n alctodnril
ttr thr rSO U.. O€lt! f-8 Eodl tb lSlZ laft !6fi
raUrda, toth raib nt^lO of, ttc tla€t tbit tfrsn tb laflm rt!,rIr!,++at
llqlosc
q?.ctaa
qlcotra ras plottril, lba cuy partLaflar gtl.uqtusL Di.toil, tbtta
agpoasca to bc u qltl,ln taluc of ldcrl rtrqcryth rEoh gart a
dnfnn cdrr.r i[,t)lamS. oalghrgr (196O, O) dold anfttfcafft
tDat thtr ier a dctadcdrtlo fcahsc of tl,lLaser $lrtcrtlo rydd
d.t il by a *etlasqy rrcala gauldc coi,tattm hchg r r&itr
EoG qpcotnar PanLm ab ntal thrt tb cLfcrl ratflr ef trb
-95br a l\lrstl5o of tbr 1u'lef
of lfic rtlnpha., lrorlrertng rfth lascarlg petoile ll'gpr 6'6
Blur6 thc prceat q{tcrtr rcafltr plottd |3 ta.1 of th. C,Uefearut Oror tho fdtbf o$dllbl'La Dorltlo af a r:rtL of th. Elcod
d!,glfamt q1tffiS., ;pe13 p {t5 a|ff.sct c( . tl1l r prdldsr
ufltlratc roflil,a
ocfitlslat
apoarca to
$urni rtlo $r t eDA !F d,ll bc fftcst rd to tb c*nr
6n Do troatd ar sltrllrrg th. ifi+leonlrfi ft.il tb ldtld cg$$rln
r!
fpeltla srcapcill8 to tb ndrrn porgf[r tlurfi0 qllilt
a ftnctlo cf ncloAr fU rrcf.oul raluor of taterl' drcetb - tb
to o( . It dll br .|||r that
t"attcgl bGtrg lnG!.r.ilJr fe*tfoal
phm
of r cttfsl rail'ur
lt!trrct.
of ultlrato rd,st€ orftldot Sfilrg ddg l&
ft d,lJ, ol,^r bc rctd that tb irtd le tb tar af ffu$ rtrf ty
PanLa - th 6{tt6at cordtlclant accrcorlrrt Tnth lreadr!! 1c&C,
It 6tiln appoB! that th|ir lc a6tther otrclestcllGlo frafrrs of thl
tronrlat rrnpoEra of d,artqlartlo aSntc ta partlotlr'rr d
Frtcl'tlo
rrrubob\y, b rtrl of 9qleh.t.|a fldlagrr * nllnc
ryrtar !,a grcal,.
lb erarw lnafyrs Omlttr (lfCO), rrb Caultqlra rfactoplaetlc arlDoc t)cotra fb rotra.l c$thsrebe lm&dtrl8 tb f$O
!0, O6ir.o l-A nnrd,, ad Ll.trf aa! I;*'L (f 9&), tb rfr
Crnl.Cca rclpolr lDcstra tb' tbo f tl0 11 Octrro t 3 rea{ rcl
ntl. ar th. rtt Ym nsrdl, rtai tbt tb rdrn efinfernt
of, a rtluohuc cf a parfl.sul,* pcnlod illi ct rra gro$Ly ilcfoa6t
m thr latcd. dragt?hr b.lr8 re d4a|rEt m tb 9d.A of, tht
hdldagr If c oddrr tb artru l,a tlsrrl 6.5, tb'
{ilrso otFrrr al,ro ilmrtretc t.hfr
-!6r
ilta ilff c#
to tr frFrf ffqltb d
$toul, trt rlll Dr rl thrt tF .f6 U. dU. r r$dfrdl
o( r
OrB
to l,
silru, Dd.
f frnollf tbt h.. De Cnrtll fd t*nrt lr ltrt h rff
rnt' emffaf tc I rlnrEr dttr r lcild* Da.ld ir frllrad
o'f tfr fiWth {rlde.lltlnr
tr rF |r frrd4grb U rrlft
of tEr fqloref !.rt d ltrn ldm (rte) Cltrdd fr6r rt
tb rrdn c5i rmil,fd b drdnfrfi|r dr*srr lf n tr.fi'
qurEi, ltr' fid lf,.O fr clr llril t r ttsr d trtl
tr.loC d trEif figtb, d thrtr cft rt fr It d f U
DG{.d rcbl r hrooc lr ylda l.i[, tr rud,rildl rlll r
Efrc ln cgr l4tr3r At tho fr tr'lra d S rlrGt
tUtry l1pc.i to m.
t:tfurr 617 &r tb ra!,tr.C tb Flld l,nrenflt|r Dl.ffi.f
fr th. rb'r .t r*Er ltnt. tr tEf orr tb Cl' ltnt dll fr
cpf b ttr rt lh. dlrl* yldf|af u b ffr||r hry Ir m
a0 thr brElntr| d d cf tt rtlrf
ad fr to0rtfrl Dry f.
ttr rn r0 tb ltlrdaf U ib GA, lhr cgr lr lldmr $ fr
csrrdrrr tb
fir
-+
l.vo-
Al r iltE/ l{ld
I r Dr et tL. ryrtr
Yc
| 3l ' Tl1B4firUoaff.Ctbtrd
dla *laqlollry tc ttr amdtrHr fUBr
url.
-97
It
oea Dosif}y bo
-
thsr tbt
AE
t''f
It tlll bc aoo ifirt tb. !Gr1ttf4 calr ef $ot tb ru chgleatal
trttoc a! thor d Dcg ad tbcrtira. In alilltlil t&P clr rha
a taarihry to brrr I rnrlrrr talrrl. !bl'r taary oo a[r b. rcG
pold, hrt
t;1 tilT ed, 11rafigr qg6g f6g, tlr 19te lrft f6tb
trbc gtncs fbr th. f *O rl OtntEo lq8 rucd ap not !o @ll'Dcll8.
Ihry dgr a ihtblte hbff fcatlry tgqd6{'|o tur xy b. Or|' to
the ob*actarlrttos of tb. !L Oa!trtc I-S rrou{ tbr lt Crdi c{ra
Au tD ts-rrqtrt 16tr of n[rcr otr d.gd"Gfoc$y lllfltrd lrlotr.
tt tht agp.ells thst tb Elr!?tlqn gosdDlr lraDd,Gt allttd.
of s1ailc Asatqrfarmo slngtr 4.8pc. of, fird ryrtg d$Gt to
rtmraolial cdtetlru .lwr th ranr dnrstrrlrtl,e fratrros B! tt
rclEoto e.6l11ra of thc er ryrto eDJcotci to t$tbaf .afthtfahra.
Ead$g oqarrrf th. t6ultt Splltatf;[t lt rrdg to qtcr
lllrn q111;tltstfif5r' ftb har bc! it6. ln t!.gtlt'f S.! rE,t qtalu
thr reculig of Eadaf e (f 9&, A) eo+rJlrlr of tb. f lO t|' Orctlp !'tr
|h nqlt! gl gln la
ruaogrn dth tb fcrcrt *atrllre rcultrr
trr!! oC P ptottcl ar a Grn*tlc of tlrtlfitlng pcld oll Eltlna0t
tho Fcscat rltcrrr rmltr an buo8 oa *rt
rcfdo odlidCtr
ltlr hae
al|Fcar! to bc ttp wrut prl'r la t"h r*"thmrlc tG{?
tlrr foil.fodng Fqrcttmr | ' O.eal lF * 0.65 lfor
It dll br 196 that {bE trbfr p*"}1311lar o&13 aqtny, tb qt6eonlmec 1r lqy ol.ora.
-9Gtb
rq[rld! ths Gilatlrt offr'ct gf
trnselDlf t twdl J'!dd, cosstms fifl5 tb erth6.fr loa11'ta gfrr
6n qDcr ltrlt to qrlltdc of argr rtugb
|[b
tlilraHil.
oloracer of tb rcanltr ls pobaD[y ihp trr
(l) trr trwraqy tb elmoc!.w yldd drnframtr to oerill
oadr otb ety
(e) tU fast tbat n dlgl. oooil.lLatln tllf F$rDll b u
ca.ihqnefo qllo&E
rdnr pertrblr ryllHr.
It t! nt rotldtrtdoi that rd gmf glc!,ettc mll D.
dtalrrn vftb arr rcthqnaborr tb I,cnSS s olthnu*r lrrtr
dthmt a drcrar |l lltod,tt tbr lccr ll!.lJr ll tbt. to b. r tnl
eqralattO bctnea tb lndn podDb traarld qrllHr tr tt
tht B.6t lnillr .rS tb na6t! afrpfamt of tt rtsnsbl t[
tha f.ltti,al qdl.lHrn Dodttn rblsS t& fgaCp rf ar crfthenb.
f,crcethrlcrs tln up*{,6r lb tdtatr thit tb rrtrratlo d tfu
;trr' parntlo iasod.ct rrttpcrc dXf girr o Fce[$!,a ca$stc
of ladnn lU.qFlgot ihrrl$g an crthOrahor lr fb ar ltfisr
cslbqnalil sG omrd tbr orna rlll f$*0,y Dc ar 48llrql-rt
ae tbso obtctloil bt oy othc !nu.
largo ar t&l
6,112 lha fr:Lrlpac.
oC U.+H|qa
hlqFt
tfelrs )r2, 5.5, 5.t 8A tr5 Cct l!3 r+{rn porriltb trunds
ryttlQdc of r atnglc d*y rl,ao.rlaltr1llartls stnrtrn Strdd
to rl^mm$af dtatla, qtrl!!!.d &! t€. of th. ndn0 ibtll&f
factc, al a lllnstla of o< d F , tb. nrlru rmtr of rtrmr
dqtrng. lbr srr lbil that qgaUtadrrty, tb. rcnl,tr r$r rc1r
-9ttlrllar to tlnr. cbta|lcd fe thlnirFc alnrtc. tlgrc 5.6 rbE
bow tlsc arc quant!.t8trrly rcslat al to tb r*a+ca ralset. lr
oo rurlil qroot, bcrarras tb mrt of rfucur lelrg orEtrtl a
ilccrcera |'a tb fcqgcrt.
tfggc 4.6 sbra tbet tb reilstfna ln roqrorc tt als a lbptln
of o( d p . tl. tomry |r lb trhr ratto d dqrd to dqra
nlncr of tbr lrqponro to tutam |. F lr tnorarrat - lrrr thr
rl,muu dqllag bs tbt encetd d?ost tt ler
at
o lb
"afffi /3
cllcot of o( lsLlro lla rfi yd.ucr d ra , nmrrrs tt
"(
aroal'ateil rlth e rarbd lreclo l.a rrH,o of 0ry.4 to tnitryri
rdnmr rhlla tb lrga rducr I (3 thr rrrr
tdr to ooc.
rrgrro 5.9 droill tbat tb vdur d / el.rtleg trhr ldrr prrilDr,r
trmdrt rrqmlr 1r nt ercatlJr a*lhotcdl tt Vtrolrr lqrll&
tlo otb s* rypoaa tc harr E€a dbr o thr dflct of rrsan
Aryiag a thc tttpotc of cfaJtqilfettl,s rtruotrrr to tiaailld
grbrd ntlnt
Ecrcru nlt of ttr rmrlrgatlg d cetrnuFc
tpcgtEqa tare oortlccal tb cflbot of rlrour arylra
brt ef
thom fmttfsatloaa barr Etcif thetl
(t)
1l tb
ratto oeusr a drcaagr lrr rqorl
(e) a reU fiEt of ilatp,S har a fryctfanto\y grrlrtr.
ofillot !a rdudlg tb !'lqDcsc thrn a lrrar and of &*ragl
aa laorGaao
a',r?lag
, (r) drryrlg tdr to mth oat tlr D.eIr !,n tb lreolf rDoctrr.
lst flrrt tm aberasccol,rftl,oe oaa bc rtll b flgr nr61 r/drilr
{lhc tbsil dtocs rtt qDF.B b har qy rrrrwaro to th. porat rsl,r"
lor of thc faprtfgatcr ilo ber itetadd !llp[!a tp.cFr
barc astual$r pccretcat tb itryd ri.spfr!. tn tanr cf ttr raarr
-100srtrrilrr h|t frF ltb rnl,te Drclctd !f tada (tf$ f) fr
1g.c|.!1t rr{.tc bar attqrt il b 0uflni tU. tbrtlFc. It nr fd
thrt ttr rranltr rr reiibc tBttcca |t|A lt f,r dllflstlt tO
prroclr sry trd er trc er nrtrtloo ilth 1n$if nr omsrlnd.
noltur uli t.It$ atilt p plltr effrg t&. tc|ta d. d cnlrdll
thr lahm cf tb rctto ef lb. da.A trlcb. to dAcA rpcolrr tb
rsultr ta tb trbil.r bcl,t ml &tolnd.
avtrrsr
vrril.f ffi
t
fc tada
1r,10
.!g
t! = O3!
(r9€o
l)
lrrfS
l.O
*9
.J0
.7L
,jS
|l9
.15
.7L
.*
.fi
.5f
tn qlourlf rfth tb rcrltr d tb 1rf'rut tailrUfdr
. lrl thrr tDf
talllg elfu'drraf. flglgcr AE tb !€8fa of
lhmc
oan
!.abtlc |r rrlrtlttlt fdrpolnt
oE
r lhrt lqr rbt t$ fi
elfod13 trblr|
rtDcc. Yalurd
1-
O1O2
.9!
a
.
0r0i
.4
ffi
a l OllO
ar
O120
ti}
.72
Iftbqgb it rr lcrflt! err .Il rcrfat TDstillrat th.Y td
to djlr that vbOur drylag alifbstr thr p*ror qnadt!'a m! tbo
lhr fcrd.tr
lt ef?cctr tht narlqE fpgl'.btr trend,rot qifftd.'
of Pnrra a|,ro ladroate tb0 fi"o t ia r""ect -
"oiJ&&a;;t
- lo'l to traU ralree d 01 - lirofit drytlg rrdug tb p*oct ty a
qroh grcsts! arcr[t tb.a |l tbr sat of valucr of
$ ctcryoa[lg
to rrE ups of o( grcatc thrlr o.Z tE tou oar tb !.&Etta llrp.sf
fliblldllrt of t.
tH.e qrld bc bcoaur tb r6on
of rlarrsbcr rtth laegp ultlrat -ldo crffrclatr b crthqlrlor
tr pactloally oll ls thl Cf;rd16 rongO eaA a'rdr C r n*nrrut
cfifrst to btdli tp to thr ;nal qftlfidca1 !ld.r rrnm
cfllgt
Erfif br acut]y ltd,tol by thr lltniludlla otr rm rall rretr
of r,lean dlqlll8. ttrfu nlgbebly rb snta ftr tb ttdnry
of tb ca.tDqpato tl.ltra ranlta to bc rlrlr taf,lrnod by r|,rau
dqlrg tfan thorl tb th. rdrtrn lnrdbLr trod,lt qillHr er
a mdiceblc mt
of oerthqraro lqFanc dll b. iltED tb drdro
r.clati.rrly
rcgl&.
scf,urln f! tbat tb ur otr thr cta th b fl.grr 5.5
to crtlratc thr cffcofu of vlrcur dstpla8 an l|Icfy b bc s tfu raft
el.ilo rr tb re ou.thquako cgtslrlas 1r ffiu.il,
tF ty rrllg th
fa m$motlo vlth ttc tdryci re6p@c, lt mL, d)poar tbt 3n
Dulil bo ul rtbty to orrrcrtbst tb ropora thn b drertl,natr lt.
rho
6.1.5 lbrJaf},mc of a baldtla bcrar
llsrr. 5.7 rhr tbat tbr rGflot ef hrtlrg I tralril.tl[ rofr
bctitar tb rLartto erlaitil,artto rtatte tnilr to h*rr &r qlpod,te
Gffo€t m tb dnr
Dorclb|.c fraarfmt !'t81ulrr ffin vl.rcnr lqlngl
tha rcrpoet td! to b. er.Btcr fu ttg. lr e lrurltls rqgls
tfist ttr a rl4iLc Gfa.telartto r3ratcr lr rlth vl,roqr itepta3 tha
-
'lO2
r
dlltst tdt to b. r ltrnorlla I o( d t3 | aa rrll, arr lr l$r rr,
th. nrtrbto :f rcrrag th. ffit s't b llmd,€a.
ttr c*tr trlllrtr thrt r!,tra tb Slqrsry lrnlp oalilllai,
thr cflt'oot cf a trurt|ilo lrmare ri,tb ae |lcrar cf c< , El
tE talur I o( llllttc tb6 A, ad :r lru thar 0.f tb lftlbril ir
rrqllFrGlaeaf. It gpcal ttr rrtN,l cf nfpmer rtttr a trrUlttf
r'{t'o to tb. ltrpcrl d r *rrcdar dlDt orrtru*rl ryrtr
laslarr tlth |loanc of f, sa td. to &r rrtFr.rrn relu fu
plottdl 'g{r.rt F , tb porlr rhttrHal b gntc rdnl d/s ilth
frcorrlf a d&anrarcof r.
lha rard,tr harr brl etalaeal fbr th. S.cfrf cr of r lln.
taodtl"o !.gla rltb thr ecaotrtgtto tbt, lf ga fi. tUrrD
ifrllcotto dlatlsrr fbr tb anta tb lla. grrqlcilaf to {b dnrttr
etatc b drn rt tf, thG tb tcaanltrar tJil dll br drn $ a*',
ar tn tlleur 6.8 (e). lrl lnar, fi{lJr #'dgtas ryrtrr dll h.r
a qcrdl trsfittls rcdr, tut tt r.rrr nanebil.c to art thrt
thc rccrorc of rroh r qnta cild. ep1lndDst to th. rrrparr d r
ry;to rlth a lllcry tradtta lcgto rmdlatf^lI tb alil] Ur
ea In fl'88r 6.S (b) - rl)cdrl.lJr |l rfrr of tb red^rtlrr tar+rl,Brltlr
of tb !q!!pcr tO r trorl,tln rqlac
trgrr t.to lhorr that th. cdlbot of llcaerrr tn thr .nr lf
thr trssl.ttm mglm o lfir vnluc of I crrrpoffns b tb t&
lnsdhlr traaenqt roqror I,r rrletlrdy tall, n*tlrilsllU tt
largf velnr of o( .
_lo5_
Io rdatcA ut qTerrs to harc bro D$tlrra o arsh a eyrOc,
o lt !r rpt SnrdbLe to r&o oryerleot lt rouli qtrfxlirr bnrcr
that lf, orthquab qnotra ra alrtccd,loil tb tldf elaar of rtuofil.r,
lt rouldl br f,dDA that tb. rlqronsc nr llttl,r dlltrfccril fiF that
of tb cqrdraLGt alqflc .Ee.teradlo rtruofirrc. Err d th. lclrlta
fa flSurt 5.7 to crtlrato trb rcqnre tla tbt of r dqflt alertrplartto !g!ta oau bc spcotod to glt aa ouretlretf, bcoanr, el
tD tb. tlcql aryfng ca.c, lt wllt bo re ifffielqrlt to od.tr ble
tb f\dry yrd,iba rtat , wltrg to tb lbot thrt a octeln mt cf
oGFr $ulttlm vlll om fn tb tr.Edtt.a rcgl.c. lUl rt'ifost
oan bc qtcotal to bc grcetcrt fbs. the fdf valnor of o( , tL.
*tailr th. afl-ot otr a trrodtfo rcsto egD.cra to b. grrratrrt.
Bar thc cflcot of r hdtfm noglm c tb !!69mrr ql Ctra
rbq!.A br acgl$[bb.
6.2
zEttoE@oFlt@sMr
rh rdy otr tb. tr C$roo of firlr rlartafrr0lo ryrtr
qll,cr*rlr lsgrl, ratb tbn o
a qflctr funrrtgettn h tH,r brartfgttls th. rrdru
trsnrlst 411dc otr sarh ttosy la tb. flr.lt illrg of .r&,rrbccqucnt to th- belng dliftnanrfy at lort tn Gt.$rr rN, of tb
lully ytctdcn rtatc, *m tb rtruotrra lr n$Jcotri to a elnrrllrl,
alorlcatLo of, tb. baer, hat bca afotcn{llil. lhthc tH.r g1rr
tlr rsdrr prlbb tranrlat qillh,rilr of oaa rtct dar r dp
uroldal barc amclcrtlm rr ;a quortlo, edrg b th. cryfaty
ef thr Dtf'c of a h dryFoc of Occalc rtEugtrll.. lt dff brrr
rboul,il bc rcgn{oA ar brfag
of
en
-l0fbd to thc radll lnerl!&c trsd.at ryllht!., eln
bc e6st.al to lbf, thc lsna othrasca{rtlo!, d rrrn lf rct csAl
to th nrrlrl ralnr, lbul,| ba otr trb tu ctr otr reFtd..
ttr rndc of oerc d,ifrraal rar I|rltell, d rar elrcil at
artstdag E'dar rattc tban ilrtcsrrdl8 tb orylctt dnrstr.
81tr a fora.
!h,
ryata orrcgoaoa to e rtnrtrpc ha?rag aqnl floc. rerra.,
tnllfbm trtrstcy rttflfbrar, ol,rna itcd.gnd to J'trf,A rdc a
uaf.&m {*rHhrtl"G of mftla osdltlolat, d th. utttrat brrc
&.r oorf,fid.ot cqrrrl to th. qllituib cf tSe taer -oa*rrtfn
lo tclr, of gt. &f rr"oltl€aHn ret lrrtrldd to auorlng cd
of, tbr grratltl,or tb. nare iu.sHhtta, th. |atcrtcy rfl.f:thcr
drrtrrhlilr th. drogth itlrtrtlgtlo, Ed tb r+gdu. otr tb
d.t8ttc, to rarlr, fcc?tlg thc otrb qnntiltLca ortut, ad
to obr*rp tbc df.ot oa tb. lrqpdrdo a.a e ftnotLo of tJrc lbrglry
bad.o
ratlo.
r18[g. 5.11 shorr tte cf,fbst otr vsdatlil
d th. retnlhdr of thc
ctdtlng fualltfo rrrccd, by o\ o lthrlt rtilsablc tHru ft
thtt tbr crrot aEc quu.tati"cly afullc to tb. srrqaffnf
rrt of qrtt ftr th. s!;il,c clart4legt|,o qlrrtaf In ctl. to
larcatlCrte tEr ld,atr€r-rrdn fr olordy, llgtrc 6.fO fr bo6
pbttsa efsdlg tlu rcalte plottcd tl tlggc i.ll el a ftrnslln
of thr ..rfql prdblo iraad,nt ryufinb cf e dDlr crartoDbrtlo
ryrta bar|rg occrreofUg ralrrm of c( d F . It dlil bc
raa trbat tbt rrlrtr6rHp tc pt rlqila Et t€o|r to b. a ttrnoil,o
of c( d, P , cqnriagr d,th rqga{ to tb !!tt oon of th. ED.f
rtc1r. Ibc owrrrr alm rbr that tb tbr ger*forl.c cer, rlib
-to'tb tql rtryt f! lggpr thn tb GlrrgDdL[8 dlt[.
$*Ir trcfran, ttlr t$r tlcgpcac otr tb6 tdr rt*trr lr lr:r t[a
trlat of trb omccpclllng rtryln rtclt nc*Urlng q8e{q to fl.Enrr
!.ft lt t1U b. ebemt tbat ihat Lc a erlla oilgr l.a tb rUDe
cf th. cn*u! iU' th. rrod rtlrt ruqpor lD tb rqln of F . !,
ftls nar.b thr pLnt rhl tb crrttLoal t ltt^l roL !h.D. @pr
t'la tb {!tlt b th, !.Gi Dd.. lltt c.titnrf. f,tur d tz ir r
fiffitfe otr o( , rld lr rypodfy grrr*rt b o( fr qlfrdntcfy
ml,t.5rr It tr nS Etfrg thrt tb. ima nd. of rlrrli,o rlbatlna
of th. syrta odAcri oropmifr to tS . )t72,
negr 5il2 rbr! thc rffftrot of rur'l,rtla rf thr dragth ltarrdr
f . !b. Esmtc rf 1r tht retir of tb. ultlrat barc tE cor{:ilafct
to tb ultlnt .har orfllrl,at of th. qllrc rtc.t/, ilf tb ulp
tlr.t &.ar cofffdat 1r irGlarll ar thr rrtlo of t!. yi.fA r|rro$h
of, a rtaqy to tb ryc-tngocA rlfgm of tlb itrttr abor. thi,l
lt Lt
lr rt tte umail, Ftbt ftr adldag rtnngtth ffrffi*fnc
unrffy ecoinca ar e O.rtrllutln of rritft s.enf{f;t ry tb
eilr.notrn. A rtrrrtrsrc lr dlcdgnr{ to rlilhrtd r rtatilo t t of
tlosc! obtaLt A by gmlgfrg to cad slr a t-b.s. cqrnl to lts Efsil
tlner tzhl qlnnufrtrtc roladc odlfrlstG. !h oaa bc ddlld ea
c1 au| ca { lbm b fl4nr 6"tg (r).
It cs bc rlnr ttat
!.s6rf
oC
,--
A f . r orl
rffit1*V,
Ej
tb valum of r ureal ta tb prcrod selrdr *. obrn to ef,rr fr
rclds orflllcllt dlLrtrtNfs cbm b flgrrf. 6.fe (t) rH.d
-106OlrtTnA to a ulfEl dtrtrlDutLol tutra3nl,c rl.dlnitor
eal$olfo iU.rHh$ta eri th. dfbn rtrlgtf arr. t&j4 t 1,
rH.dr 1r the oar ln flgrro t.lz thr roerrttr leluoe of .-r EFf lr0p
Q,7F, 0.62, Eri, .!P0.
fr fltln ,.12 .fui tbit tb. antporc of thr r.d
rt*:r lg Dartrqrtc qgpca!! to b. E:r aeortt a thr {rrtrthrtlca
of Ddrto od':nlalct. lbmoar rlth a ui.lEl dllrHlg$o, tb
loqrolt of tb uD!)cr rtcy la cdirsty grcatcn tban th. lqrqrorr
of tbr lor atc]tr ta t6. of tb mqutrd Gotrutt fafrr, th.
rnlttc 1r tnrr et tb tgre d of i,b f3 eclc lb r U^qfnfer
ilbffilnrtloo', lalgaly iluc to a tag rdhntlc t! th. rrcol rtcT
rosposit dthsF t'brc te a rtgrrlf,tcaat l,ncoara ll thl f|l.t rblt
rclpsllc ar lcillp tt aggoara to bo dut to r olrengo lD tb darrota|rtlcr
of tb trf olrrr ar fwhlr rihrclrs of ,r Dc.loil . o.E harr oalSr a
ralr cfifcot uy qerrro, slvlng rtro to a ftrthr itoccaro rD tb
rcd doqy $t$,orl a'i t*tc .qpcar of a dtglt tsr.rp b th.
tlrat ltoory rrolpor. A rl,gnlffcaot faatrrc of tb lorpsrc b thst
ftr .f rqnaf to rd, lcas +Jl6 O.?5r trhr ra*or of tb E?c dct
1l eamoiateil rfth trtr rd EiL frr ihr ffLc raa3. d
orrtird.
It aPlrca8l -lo thrt, rfrtra +."ho rcoci Di|r dar6t trrrttt tb lc;cjj,
thr lospmrc !r aLEd rareaarrt of P . hrcqlntlgr rt t&r EFpc
ctd of 3b 1l roalc t&r rd
Jrft' trrlgur! rtlLf t+da to b.
grcatc ttm th. flrat rtcT rraq)olrro sl.thdr tlsrrrfagYFlruf
tlp olor togpthc, f'br lf trn drd,gn ct srilcr trht u
rbuln rti.Lve for equal. requlrecl thratillty factong tr both utories,
lhc crrlcr
-lO7th tt ru$ qE .1l tbet lt lrdrf t|,r!1l|hrtln of rflrln crtlldot
dll bo e ftnatilo of th. pc'o| of thr uraugr rlrrar b ld I
rrqy tht rt ll1graaa6 dth tlgrrare b Dlg'IJa of tb tdulaS. It
lr alro ldsrt FrbrD[r that tt r{u bt r frrsc of }1 sl 1 .
Itir ftGa..rtLag to ebrcrr tllr r0lld lr tcrr of rrrtllr
abroft.A by tlr ry*cr. !b c1;:pr t;1 fftg. 6.rr |adtoetr tb
cqrdral,ot 631Er eDtupttn cf a rtnstgl b.r4 ib(Iroi to st
rrarfu rd,rr b tbo fLrrt aoif roopai ltoalcr dnLtrlnrrfn h
practlc tht trc rrd6r offi11, at {tilr3lat ralum d , a 5lflA
fb arlrr cl ltlottoil te rlar b
rot ooarr rlnltoccrly.
tG!
fu
rh'.
Ar r z!2
p
Y
ra
tr +.nl
frn-
t) +
t*r'
^
LPr- r\
r .qdmlct orrEr aDruPtiln.
I r r.l + lz . tltail rau d [lrtr'
!h. tli!}|t t!l{ to rott3| t| th3t tzb dll]fglaor botno tb
carc of rf . lr0 qd thf tbrc othc tafs. cf f rbrl U O tHl
c6,rl et5. Dr cr oqrrrl torA[nlthrhO.?] t|r .sdtflt c8r
6 .f Dut n F lclr tfin
lb.dtvtlc 1r vf*haft.y t*lrat
'
r'l- r f r Hlg'frg tb
gruater
{Aet
1g'
thoa
rferd.flfiottJr
Lt
1r
!'O
orllrlt rlth tb ome4dlag rnm tbr tb dndtr &jrrl of ffi
lptc rbn !r fl.g111lr 5.? lt dlt bc reG trhrt |b ohsglt*{rttcl
t[a
asc g1fto |tffrcut, prtlalecLy at jpratc rrl,ml 11!p fr
rroil r.d. D!*qErr e ddnt Pert.
Ifgrr. 9.15 tdteatcr thc oflcot of, vrrlrtl,o d l m tb
rGlpol1. lhr olrrr Lnllcatt tbet th! rtltlbn llrtrlbrrtln bar
-
'fO8
-
afy a red os{c. ff,fbqt il ttr{roturu Itd,tE l rtth r r&ilfUr
allrtdbrrtlo ef, rddc srl]notd,
At lor rntHr at F tb lffi
rtory a5ryrcan to bc atlbotral thr nrt, dth fncced4 ihtotllltt testcr
bclng ngullril rtth bcGarfag vsluc! of tr , dllt at tttgF val,ur
of fs thc ra f$dl lr &on |l thr rfqroo!. of tb l54xs rt*;y dth
tb rcapoe. of thr fffi rFy b.fng pastl,oaf\y U4oatt of I r
tfgr. Srrl rh! tb nrte Staf,aci fu o( , f d*
rrr
hrpt ogal to url,tt" lbr r!.rs frE drdl3 } ar tb mrtut
nrlatilc rae that lt rar f'l!trt thBt # t$n Dr a deqlftalut rrs!.&t
bcoarno tt dll bc thr ut rlgarfioeat tlr lD tb ruletlclHpt
b*pan trhc natulql af,sdlo frelod of tb tC rtolf rltfng dn ad
the natral poiloifr of thr ltrustur. Ia lbot, |'f ffglgr !.,1! tr
tnloal d 1*r o!.an, ttn i tr pt rry dcdtloant for tt oc
bo rcger{lod as a rrl.atlc of + hqlflg pi oodatt.
It dl.l bc rea tfu flSs.. t.ltl, that vaqrtaf, }. d, t'l tt
nrch a EG ar to b;
+ urtant bsr a fnlG dttlcS s tt,
trrporc of &. top et*y than that otAfr0 ty vutdag + , rftho{b
tb. verlatlm !.s rtllt rnsll opelcC rltht8isftObtelarit by r*ftl;
D( ate tr. llgtrr 5,tf strffi tb qrwrs tE X r .4 - O.5r aoil
1.0 arr lraotloa,Llf 1r!6ttosl ttq. tha rcqmre af loth rtc|ll, trut
vttb l o ll E 2.O, rd, /3 Larn t&arr at, th. *ql rtrt rr.Glo
tr onddcaDly iLc$car.il *ttdr e harc m rtf:U rl5d.nnut Infrr
fa b rolponac otr th. lG rtclrr b rrlms of /3 g:r8t6 ttrD
2.5 tha.o 1r mt nrch ififtbrrnoc totrcq tbr rcnil,tr tlr m& rtorlr,
rlth thr rmod raL taitl3 to rhfutr tb lgrDc rrtc7 loglanr
adf tb rrrtpo.c of both rtclor tacrer|l8 Of8Etflr d,th tlcerill3
-109> od',t4,
llnrr n thr be.cLr cf thl rradtr ottdnl frr tf fro &F.r
tblt tldtrtlnr of tlcdlc dotqlfa,dlc arrta - d dcfal
i,t appo*.l trhatl
(l) rru*rtla of o( haf a nJc dffd s tb rrrpcrr of b.t[
tb trG ad u5pc dorlrrl
(a) rarfcr.@ of f ber r ntor dfid a tbr t rElarr of tbr
Uppc rbqyl
(l) tb d:trt of x d, -e1 qlrcal.l to b. of, ffis:f f*ctuF
o;gccil dth tb rllbct 3f cr oil d, j
(l) trm lbcr pt lDr)fr b br ry rESo rrrfrtncrhln Dclna
tb radlr 8!!DOsr d tD dryFc. cf Crrcilr ad r|lflr aejr.. od)
ficrib cLartqlastto r5zrto t! tarr of, nqulnd ilnotlllbr fi|'ict
c thr 6cgy abrctrl.
(l) room| rcir dllbotr tci to itdsate tb rrrpcn ef tb
qD.E rtcy ftr laqp ralrre of p .
Srveal. rrrcsch EsUr br farrliltltcd tb bulat lqDar.
of qrltfirgrcr of flr& ellrbDfartlc ryrtcrr Drt of th hsta3
relrn thnrlrrr rtth maUlt.ng c*thnralc Arotrr.
ra& (r9e) fr tU olr o rb bg sr|lmn I h rlat artr,
sd br mrfarral tb ro4cro of a g*tllnllsr olrrr ef rtnnfircr
fdtlall5r at rrot ll tb cqulllHrn norttto, te a rtuusldal 5rnf
!b g*-ti.olar rtnrorhrsr b ocddrril bad u$Ua lilt'
rtfo.
tdg rtitlhcr d rurltbl rFngtb - l,ror tfry e*rrrponfoa b
: .4 r t,Or tf - 0rl |n tb fllrnt rtfdr tqrrn E tlrd
^ th. rleqpor d tl, tor rtdtrr ne nd E t ulnr tb tb
that
-lletb upp@ ftclr. ttrr lrmcot E{.tG. fhd tbr er
tdmy for lfi nilrrr of fZ .
Ibc rcst of thc wk Lr orcclod rlth tilrpoaaG ryootra fbr
lyrtcer rltb rrrrml &grecr of flrdlc. It tr mt lnrelblr to rrlr
iU.rcot cqar!.ror, hrt rO of tDr gmcelilal fcattrcr ona !i 6parcil. 0a. of tbc iltfltqrltLca rl.th etrdLs of uiltLdcgroc of
fboolla rifrtrl'r la thst tba nrdc of rarl"$l.ca dof{$qg fu qtft:
aloa lr rty lergcr ad cedr antbr ber rrH.stcal ldnroEf to m
rlBlpelo of
ol.al!.
Fcrfm (t960, g) &tcrufnra $r rorpoor lD.otra of a ctau of
dl rtcy olartollfaetlo rEuotrrcr &$trotcil to tb fSO Et Offiu l{
efthqnr'kr noct
tb rtarctrl"m bad, r rnllba rarr irlr$hrti.a
.ni rtttllbcm tqrerlng t-"ar tb. totl t! rnb a rantr u to glrr r
trleryuLar f,lrrt Dib lbr vlbratlo dthla tbt clar0i,o trogt. tb
otbor ooefilccif a El,angular vaar,etlm of rild.o orfttld.mt d
als cs tltb catra atsctrs$aflg of, th. tql rtory ar poffrf
ln
tb e$C eat. E tbri tbat tb lG![Doarr ;ratre rr qnal.;ttetltd't
lbdrp to ryGa obtalE il fb d.Etl.c rtctrr drrrhlrr ar{, thrt &
rcalra!. of, tbc taD rtd? rel eoril.til,n to thr rtocelh illreilu3ln"
thalc dprla &nurabb rfth tb luooat rttef r I'lndlagl,
Btgoft (lge O) artdani thr n+oasr of o flva atclr c8usfiDc
*{th a rnf&rr dllrHh$fm of lrac to a bara aocl*atlo hrtfag tb
aoo oharaotcrl,stle ar !il.to Dlrc. f,c agand thBt tb. strqgth
to atlf:hua rnil oaatdcdl tha rospom of
strushrqe ;ftn rrrl'qrr itl,rtultutlmr of, t:br cnntltlcr, f.
SrsA th, t rlth a atnroturc of unilol rlrogth md rtLtrlbrr -
ttar Dropoltlordl
-lll-
tO X r !1Op tJ- . 0.5 - rl* ctr tfdilr8 nr rt tb
bottr rhrru riltrb r .ttuotll.. hrvl.ng a rltuodt trnclag dtrlrlltt|n
oc.zr.rrD€dfilS
of rtlllfbou ed rkrfth I rH*llag rdfn oclnMlri rHlg ttl
ibfioctf.c of th. t4 abcy EFCatd. E ds tbd bt tb lfirl
Itretlnrtic dil.ls thr lct ra itlrslrilh d f{dilnf ffilffi
tb rtu.tta. frl r nradf6 cf ttr rtrrdrad Dc:tal. t;th thue
rraflta eE! 66tf,rtct d.th trbor fUd ty th. Fltd F 'tG.
f|rc rqr*tr of tb gnro @0,ttr (r93ar 1955t r96b) mtrto
mnt of ldbatl* llr| SffrHf I b rrycn rf
nrltt-rtc7 alartilllartlo dlrrchr.r to t*tDCrrlr rtlcr, fnf agd!
tt fi rtr ttr jgrt|ollf o.ro.f !h$ & .!fr, buir, th. [dttrltf
of tb lctposo d th. tqt rt*l to tb |lrlrlhrtlr rf rd5o
sd!ildGt.
of U
OD tb Dari.r otr th.t fl.dl,aet tt qfner tbt tb fft
tdrn porrlbLc trrnrilnt lcqnrr oq br ctlihf to nlt$rltl
of tl&
ryrtr arll that nroh rtnillrr rill tadl ldUlttl
of eilgnlflcm ll t*tbetrbr aCtrctl3.
tbc gpatrrt
l-'
-112-
(o) cccclcrotion
opplied
to thc
(
bose
b) initiql conditionr
(c) displqccmcnt-time rcc6rd
iraune
c.l
OF TANABASHI'S
- CHARACTERISTICS
APPROACH
I
12
to
),""1
ft=;
\
l
I
ll
I
/,
'4-
2
o
L
/
-29
o
\
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--
|2?
1
? n:o
I r:o
/
,/
\
.y
.60
o.5
.73.
t.a6
.t.O
1.50
t.7a
B
FIGURE C.2
. MAXIMUM
TRANSIENT AMPLITUDE .SPECTRA
I
FUNCTION -OF
THE GROUND VELOCITY
AS
-11r12
? n=o
I t: o
to
f
t
/
i,=
It
/
/7
6
-4,
o
'
''y'
z
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v
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r.o
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O.6
,/
.75
.50
.2s
2'o' ,/
t.o
f
.25
r.50 1.75
2.O
B
FIGURE 6.3
- MAXIMUM TRANSIENT AMPLITUDE SPECTRA AS
FUNCTION OF THE GROUND DISPLACEMENT
? n:o
I r'o
Tqnobqshl
Author
,
10
I
t
f
o(: o.2l
I
Xru
o'1r
,
t
o
O
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t
a
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tJ,
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.26
,
t
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f
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A
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4
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1.26
t. O
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7'76
2.O
E
sHt,s
nE
sulis
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114
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c
n:o
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6
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2
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1'26
l.O
l'50
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B
FIGURE
6.5 . MAXIMUM
TRANSIENT AMPLITUDE. SPECTRA
OF THE YIELD
l2
(
--rt*r.
/
I
/
6
o'(t
x =O.2r/
x^c
\t
1
+
4
7
*o/:
2
1.4./
o
TERMS
DISPLACEMENT
or o
? r:
o
-[-
lo
!N
4
o
.21t
oy'
'v
-+
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w/
./
.50
,73
l.O
1.25
1.50 1'76
2'O
IB
FIGURE
6.6 . MAXIMUM TRANSIEN T AMPLITUDE SPEC TRA IN
OF DISPLACEMENT FROM'INITIAL EOUILIBRIUM
TERMS
t
-115l2
to
n:o
I? t:o
/
* ='r".y'
I
t
I
t.o
I
AE
I
l
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i;tr
/-
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1
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o
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z
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2.O
4.O
.75
.29
I
r'25
1.O
t.:o
2.O
t
I
MAXIMUM TRANSIENT
FIGURE 6.7
AMPLITUDE
IN
SPECTRA
TERMS
I
OF THE
ENERGY
INPUT
'
(o)
system onolyscd
(b)
octuol system
t.
FIGURE 6. E
-
CHARACTERISTICS OF
TYPICAL TRANSITION
REGION S
I
rf
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3I
oo
at ll
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o
E
ctr
F
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t'
li
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=
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12
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1't7
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ier
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=1-
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t\,2
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t.
A=i.o
f:l.O
A=1.O
1.25 1.50 1.75
o
2.O
B
FIGURE
6.|c}. TWO STORY
RESPONSE
AS A FUNCTION OF
SINGLE STORY
THE
RESPONSE
24
,4
20
*"tt
z
4
t-:1.O
AE
12
,/
.a
lt
1
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r'
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-<=
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+ =1.O
l.O
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Lt=l.O
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a'O
B
FIGURE
6.II . TWO STORY
RESPONSE IN 'TEFN,IS
ENERGY
..OF
EOUIVALENT
INPUT
'a
-'1
18ls!.Fsl oollcpre loadl
<-
ciwe
t
<-
w1
ctut
(ol dclinition
E
uartorm dlrtrFutlon
q'o
porobofh dEtributbn
(b)
FIGURE C.I2 I
ur{fonn
rtrufth
digtribuuons uscd In gnorysrs
DFTRIBUTION
OF
SEISMIC
COEFFTCIENT
-llg-
.gEg_I
pllrol ry.IcA4E
I! {rilr ohgttc |rrLgD *t-,
pcoat rh$r, uc lmntrt.
7.1 IE 8llftF4.,l$f
Datd
o t&l r.rliltr of b
8llG[il1
I! tb frwlsr d4ltc lt nr h thrt tb r&
fcrOlr
tranalat qrlllt 'r ca bc rrld tc glrr e nruab!,r rd-tr of
tb rad,rl dfrflnmt o,f r dqglr rt*t rfdqlfarff.r rtr.rErr
dhrfrg m o*thgnelr tlr tedlg lt a th. tlt.ld3 rd F.tol tuDrrr
tL! oC tb Urt gulpr Of a cr*l$rfr enrlcatil'n nC{r
Eorrrr, a aglnc tr ut rc uoh tr0esfill tD tb $aqloil
of a glm Euililhg of bu rtra3th, rr |l l!il|l3 Crt rbof$b
b ib.fgn r hrflfing ro t&at lt nl,:U ha; a xroCrtarlnrl !.trt
to a glwn Et otr ddll a.lt q.l,e. In ilrrlfdas rtruoElr tt rttb
atad largt rrrtfegrhil tH.r c{ta{.a rtl.] b. bili c na,rnlr
!frrd!.0 to grtut rote dlne3r. It rdll thl br D{.al o tb
&saotclrttca d th. largcrt crthquatc to b. qlstd nr tb
ulttaato loai daractclrtlot d th. rfuohr!.
Ar r perlt of t&i.s ctr$r, titr prmt rltcr Drll.rrr tlat
thr ilcrtgn d rrmrcfirlr ou br Drr.n o thr ryltffi d lc|lr
doactet^rtLor of trho wrt pulrcl of o crrth8nfe, .Fr tr ctr
to dlcd.gn qgalaat Lw qch tlrtJ.glrr ilngr, tht &llrtf6 of tfr
carthqgnh.. Iartng tb. tasth cf trh ccthnrlr tc lc Crr$ra
-1ZJtt rhoul,A bc Doilfbb to lletllry cltcte |a tclr of e
ilcrL8B irrtlllty taotc rt{d tlll D. e fluotlc of thr dtlrrt
rtileth olraractcrtrtlor of thr rtrrstrso '#lttr Fql.e0.i bdr,
ar{bnetlo td.s oaa br dl'cnf
aDA *il6 rlU rprdfr rrhr rdn
+gotlrlt,
to trb. Dl.aorr
rhrr tbr clrrtqiLartlo c*ihgrakc lrrtg a ntl,dtacG*V rt of
erltr:l.r rurlA b A, thr qlllhdr of wtt Dufn to De frr{fpri
qtrrrrrt; tD, tb. Frl.f, of tH.r prllrS td P tht lhrgtlfff
thrtil. tbr rhfd tbr risuohcr rut br rbd,g!.io ffti' r$frrtlq3
r, tht DcfoA of thr rlrrrturr tb an8frp &uff br abil'c to
drtadr a rotlrfectey Yaht of $, tbt ultt!8t lcl,rilo ocllffoid
tb. trhloh tbr rlructraa rrrt tc Acrdgml.
rcplotttlg tb rcrulte !h ta llesr t.t to &tt + at I
fi.wtto of F tu lll,fllFro0 / t ttr nlwt rclta' hs! Duuam.A
a iledgn &att r !ts ff8rn 7.1 - Tlrlch €qU b. nraA |a oo5urtlA
Dy
rlth tb eltctra autprtcil sbotr.
IE ailc to qrgr tlbrro qlFpr tdth lsrody u.d i.d.gn drtl,
tb vafurcr d A sd !O gl.orpoiltns to ltr rrt lnlra cf l,ha f$O
El ecafirro ll{ - as umlt by Fcnd.u (tg6 A) -ffi(darclrt tc fauen
thc cnru elpn ln f,lgrc 7.2. Alo rba t.a ff5tgr 7.2 err cnrFnl
ad, thr Fopqtri llrl
orrc*odllg to ter S|6 rcocdltbr
Zcaled, edl - afilllc lGall - ttr l.oan frot*r & 1rl| aA ,.O trrlf,otttqt"tr. rt la rtocr*t tc qtpllr loeA frotem to tb olr raltrr
bcqausc thoy rc!,otc to tlerlgn loedr liyr Et ulttnatr lo.fi er OO
dtoG& ltetrr 7.2 thilt tbt tbt crrot dc{rdl {lto fr radrr
poostblo traaalot qtltuifc enorJlrlr a'c of tb rc osd6 ar tb.
-l?lf€cgd,y
Alryl,od elr ral,um sA dor thr tc tldr,
ll8rr. 7', fulr br rLccdr drylEg cillllotr thr ldtn ilff
bil.C a tb dqld crr
lhn aH q^u a ttn:trn A ,P d
n fi.r
9^ .
qlr
lb
t lb
E
rlmdy
thr
iat'.|' T|lir
ulryrl rgrtl
fb rdqtr d q- &m Gt rr{rgrr tU tb rtngl of
mdilgrt. loF llrc vd.ucr 6rf n d,p , X,. qpp.arr to ta
!.Iattu'rlt ldl*oib ot P tlt iU h||!r rtn ! d n d,P fi
Egpoarra tb&t tbr nlurl of 9n Cn ngt to c b frr al!. ro
dth eA of trb roet I p mlar*L rd o & Eth dlr |l
trbr atl.r oi tb F !r[gp - looo qunf 7A : ,1. h rnriltt
rrrr Ht obtalnrat ta dllelot datdl to Grhfr tb rr!,etind1
bdrc f rd ?^ to bt dlrm srmh*t.
Arrrltf fb th. rffbd cf e |rod,tf6 n8f6 wr rt d'tr0pl
ln aulitblrat dlrt+rl to a&[o oczsqldll FFrl b Dr iLs t
aasiat fon thfu G?c€t. Eorww, tbr tb |l,nralm fn fr
nrrrtnn ebaptc, lt qrpese thrt tbE tbr lnftonr of 6rd8n *b
.frf.st oa br tgcl|.
Ilth tt .. dlrtr tb ltEll|l3 Ld,!r pctnr ailUf b. n .l
ttr tb. Ld.gn of elnglr aaltcr of tlrrb frrchrrr - ll+8r lnrH'
pdrlrn rttruotrror.
(l) frtluto pcloil, rlma &q{.t3 s.oio, trur[tln tbctc,
ed iMflltu ftttr rf rllrtcfrr to br frdg*
(a) oranr c qlllbib all tc'iol rf & lrllsn c*tfgf tdr.
ql22:
(f) nc ffsn
7.1
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fstc eud d.C rttb tbr actual, &nttllty lbatc cf th. rtsu&Drr
tf tha s8fc-Gt lr rcamd,,e, thr a6d,gl tt rltllthat*? er fu u
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mld' bc lnrlblc to &{w lrsh &ar*g tlrl . Et chdrr rlnly
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ctdail to ryrto cf nrr ilqlrocr of thalr.
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of tho tn atorlcr itqorlr a glcert iloal c rrb urtr|lstln d rctrlc
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FIGURET.g.EFFECToFvtscousDAMP|NGoNTHE
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beslGN -cuRvEs
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t:
o
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tq!ilE. lalrrryl
tb 1nt!.d rtt{y nt srltrr brr brn oaildf
that lf tbl ceproroh fuclbrit hrdl lr tr lm trtr Drrir cf r
natlaal ryproroh to 1gEthqrsb prt|td d.dar ftn nrthc rrrc|.h
1r rrqdrcif ta tb tUDrrt.tl8 tqlil!.t
(t) e d$rtlcil rprqetlon of tho radlr DarrlDl. lDud.d
rcqrcle of tb tD dtrof of eub ryd.! rot r*tmdn .tr tb
efmoee t6l dartqlarttc rtrusttr.r havlal sl lry.r d nrabr
(e) A. &tudnrtils of tb .f?cct of terlm o tb l&
;naalbLc trsrd,ot rctps- * t-T"-trLeL rtnottrr.
(f) e $at!.rtlool ctdy d 8rtuD! rotln to rc lt lt tt
gorrliblr to pdlrt dtb ay oc'tat3ty trhr &rrrtatt;tt,fl af t'L|
urt Inrl'm ln u rsthfiusb.
(A) f ah{y of tb ult1rrtc rtrrgth dradrr{rtlor of $tnd,
rtartrrpa rdr I ttr ryube of aftclatlat la.iflgb Uattl tEr
ll dtoc, a retLorf rtbl' of rad,astL Ld.SD tt ct of th' grrflol
Ar a r.aflt of
'
-128i
gEg,J
@
I! Ht tltpc'tclf f rrEllt/ o llhr tI, bl.ydl cf llnrhrd
e*rorc to th, ffill hili Godctoc c efi$Srhr rlgl-+clngn
Bolnc (lf6!) rebm thr rtetcatt r0ar d thr r|r1 of ltfrp !fiuf
iboufd b to irtcrdnc htr df,Dtr r rqpcar1a|e'tlc d tb rilanftrr
twltr.
oaa br lsaa "it etlll han trhr oqn$atlnr Jdttn rd!|l|rf
lta frcarnil llilJtfg$to rcfrcrot! e tm$D.lb al5ag tbrr ll'rln.
I
In tH.r tarurtlgatta th. al'ta' br rftdlcd I pl*|.ctlr
rattrattoal.'fec$r of etartqlartl,o rtagb &gn of $'rqh
ryutor r$Jto! to dnudial adtainn, *Ld bf Dc! id]ud
t'l| rltd hrt attqttol'
al tbr rarlrrr porrlbil.o tffidat qiltdr.
lo tbl tbt tldr gelttcrlr rueffty ra rsdnrftr b as'th{narr
odmqllag r$trd - tutt Er 1r16fllr oilttt ap nrdAsntl tc
lb rLtc bl
c8ltro;! b Jt rdy rtatc vlbrtlc fc*l'rq
ltlFttL8$.a tbr dlfbot qt6 tEr pvpcty of vlrmr dl?l[3 4f
e trurttto rcgla bctrcra trhc clsdi's si $artdn ftrtoi'
!h! ;littr hag a&o lbrn that tb mcuacft m br aDFt|tA to
tD Atrrr. of Srrilc clgtelrrtlr ryrtrr rtth rrulnffbl nnrltr'
ftr Ettc brlllna lt sy 8p ill rqy tnacfu udrll8 U fnslrr
rctrc !y norooblu.th (tf6!) tn b ltrf,i ls tb l,$s'oibct"ln to
bLa roportrrrc annctrr of tb DtDqr. C c**hg1al rcrlrtd aLd.t1t
cnrtnlgt|onauitregulatlartoth!Hr{r*lnoonftrorclr'thp
qrah. t[t il€f,tlS th.,tl flr a&L, thr pqor of t!'nly ffi|rl ryrtc
-l29o
dl|tf lr|r.f of errlc hrr D.a Ur*tatrlf crrrl to ih0r,
hrt thru lr r rct&d rynqrtatr to th. |errg of ryrto rftb
rrrwel lrgrocr oC tlrcibl lt t nt prd$r, b rrt m1 b
lrdl€t ft0b r rgr Dctls cf tb. rnnr of lr.trrtnn rfbrrsr
hrv|.n8 a
dll br aDrsrDql fa cly o rE tn defic of Orcb cf r rtl#l
c rlll be dftelly AlrHluilc0 l,n itr lffitrra. I
hww, tb orfpir drslbd ln tEr rrtDc't glrn n l$pa$r
of trbr ilstllff fttto. tc b. urrA b ilrl|1b tb ryil of vlror
a4ilgr tb lraurltio fllts, c *rt atctln {lrltlnr ffif rrh
t llil. to old,rratr tbg qgr$tLtto, th. parltr of tblr rct ril
rhat d a Srcat Dry lthr. fntrUgrtcr la tb. fLlA of fnfrrnill
loErolrr, rlll Dc of llttb tastioaf ur tt r*,srte cd*r.
-llD-
IE@,
lnilo, tr.
ifc,ffre |Ibrtlct of &.rfl|ll3 Etnrob.to'
Foordfasr ef ih. gcd letd Oodtn n bthgnrhr
lW
Udnrcfng, te6na, 1t60. 1p. l$!-10€0.
Ec.t, e.
Y.
t96f 'nrfforr
niltlrt*f timeEu to E&n!n.r
nooatagr of trb blrcl 8oCr6r d 6lll hCrc+tr
bX. 87r l|o. rc, fprff 196r e tD. ld6o
otr
Ecg, O. Y. ad Dr Dq6n, D. A,
19f!- iDyano Anfydl o6f flertrpfrtfo
gffi1.r
Aucrffl8t of tL laerlou Scdrty d AfdI &g|rcr,
frl. 86, b. J2, rF{l l*} E, T}J',L.
EGS; O. V.
'|fi
d lDrrrrl'l, S. 8.
llncgt ooqlt{o ty Stnrturu fa fillaC Dttm lrt&p
qnhr.i
arorCtltr of tb
hdlrrtlg,
Elot,
Sroqn
ktf hfbla
a Dr$nrlr
ilugan, t960,
I. l.
l9r, "lhryt d llart|o 8y*re V]lb.rtfug rlibr lrnrl,ct
f*ufn rlth all rgpllcatto to lctheab hroof hdl!![9r.f,
nnoc€tar d th. flttnal rorlrf cf 8otaa, bl. ft,
W, 2&-268'
-'l ,{ -
gful J. A.
1*jB i8lnntrrat
,
,
.
'r1
1fi
la tcthqgrb lcrlrtd Hgn r
Poocltngr of th. ^0lrcdoo Soolrty d Otdf bdrctr
, 4, to. S, tr{y 1*}4 Pqrr i6g5, tF a
'A Becm l,cgr t.&rt.pr lb tb la*hqo*r Drrljl
nrtbS of 8tnrfurr lr tb l!illsr0lo bn!t.'
Etocdllag!
'
r
Dgnodor
d tb t d lutt Hbm
d
I lrthnubr
hglnrclag, tqrat, 19&, tp. l05l-l08r.
Btlntt,
e. tr.
f96 (A) nilt lofrr f4n.rrntettl d httqur}lr.i
tb rs!.u lod.tf .f qtrll h3lacl,
Yol. 86, Ifo. 12, AFlf 1*, lEl. td6.
(I, '|rnrognl cqutc lcro,qrr fn rrd,rio DrdSl.i
EtcrUrgr of, thl tcsil Hf Auf!,cl I f**bqprll
eCnrclEg, JEru, 1fi, IE . 65t 6?1.
(O) rnoli, Ofebor-.att tl lultLd*y trrtdt Drd.g!,i
Euflst|n of thl gO.rbefoaf ftddy of rrloq
Yol. !0r Io. $r Oct9bc tt$, W. ,n-r&,.
BJrcmtrt, O. I, &r1il{r, I. J. o.f km, & t.
1rtt, rBlstrloel roalgua b EeethEr.f. E l,i glnctre."
hlooanas! of tb &clcaa Aod.ily cf gft[ DgHe,
Tol. Stit Io. E, Os0obc 1l5l9t Dg. &t-61.
eroocittagr of
- Itll
!. lL
1960 (A) "Stnrrtildl hg|,trtlo
o
Ong[ryr
of, a
tyrtr rtth Hltarc
lyrtffill.i
Jq*ul of ffpff.e Hador, fr:I. /1, Io* T, Drodr
It&, 1;D. 4O'6f).
(e) turi Ord,ffetrar of, a Sd,rtntldtr IlA Ut{t&g
tral ttllner [grtandr.r
tard. of rpfkallroholore To1. ll,bo f, Dccdc
19ff, pD. 5154;13.
(e) rhb Edtrttm of a grrGr dth D[fllro Sr$G,lrb,r
tcld of $pff.A leohuls, Vol. Ilt lor- f, DrSc
tt$' Y9. 6\J.8i2,
frha, 4r la'qr, L. t., rr.lrfrrrrqr tr. l.
lr-tj "fmOrh lotil.c oC 8brr. fd,fffag. rndl|tu
"frdldtt
ad E"mr Dqil1go'
ero*logr cf $. r:cl,oc g.d.tt d qrv$ &glpr,
Ef. Bl, thgeatr
Pa lrrhg, J.
rtp
trc. 626, ff'ff
19EE,.
P.
t|ioei YrFuttI.
rtrtb
osfrf ll'9qr ed gcdd
DqilDg.r
ftJ'€lffof lrg16r, tcf.a 7, Vol'. 9r lo. n, W
l9Fr t. &{'s'17.
D[ fag$o,
f
!. tr.
t58 Etldo nrdqlfrrt|.s bq nr of nl|fA ]bc..r
hocrffq3r of tf,r .bl,cre hdrty oE 0ivll $fnlr,
Yol. 8f, Iol I!, tuft f9t4
- tlll c
\
tbgr B 0. ed 3artfr, l. Y.
1fi2 "8hcd nsDr!. ef a trrlLnra Syrtqr
Joraul of ffBffd trrdmr.gl; H. 29, &. tr 8cx*dc
1962, gP.
115ffi'.
J. !', lolAEfi?' J. !. ad S€cr D. I'
rr5b "ltrr 8;lgpcro of grqllc hll"nac Eptu to r lafi
Dtrhrtoos of, tho Bgl"tbqur&t ly]t.t
&rtlcttn of tb SGinfedcel Sodc'E rf frfmt lof,. !l'
Io. f , hbrn*7 l$l" Darc z65476.
Gloldbcg,
Goto,
E. oi
Islta, I.
1fr
ilnalgrdr
dth a APPll,eetll to ft trlo
DodS |il) Erllp
Plcl."
t.mr lg}tr &utlrcoa I lrrsnnrDl
hefrclas, Eqnn ifi, ra. ltlgrrl5!.
fuunc, O. f.
19# '!fdt Dtd.g1 of, Strrrtlrrl tc fflrt tstrtfqqlbri
frroccNfner d tb fc'tf Outtnuc I lrth|ne
tut.ra{nS, Eutotrt0l'r CrfUUaia t 19-55, tqrr 5.
1fi il1hr Elotiln lattrrc of, lrur DudnS lrtthqnnb.r
rlllccilner
otr
tLr
FaooccA|lg!oftbSomAH,tOofFaootrr!trglllr
fu|lc*{rtg, il4na, 1fi, Do 9filrl072'1g6j irca*tc! &naryr ih IIr rnr$rrr cd) ttrushnl
Bcqll|t."
Prqrtrt frr rH$a Hd Sdcw
trcl ZagLad, 196!'
ol larthereb
&tllilt!8
-ltbr
Ennc, G. [. ed ilontgrr P. O.
f 96L {Cccrtlm of lrtl|lldaf larthgntrll.r
of tb. Anertcan 8od'rty cf gtill hglrclt
Toi[. 90, tro. f'f , ltrElarlr lgSr !ry. l't!'l$.
Drrocedlags
Irm, f.
D.
rt6r
D|,Ug ffiortto gtrntr.f
!h.D,'l!h.fifr, Oaf $M.a tutltftr cG Er&rhtf , 1*1.
l94
nAn
'
'mr ornrlo nr*rnr
of,
ll,cotrrfal Aoalsen rU
Stda hta|afg buld
Dqflagrrl
l[rclrenf Ec*ntor,
fr10.
Vof.
ib.r
Io. 8, frgurt
f
t6fb
2J2-2i$.
Seobra, L. 8.
'1910 rgtcefrr fb*roai Yltsrtta ar laillcnil ty Dqtla8.'
Iranastlsr o? tb. Ftos toddt cf hohmfod
Udmcru, lH.'fr-I|, 19]1!.
lfrz q$nilfo Sohaylfilv d Sfrptflci Etnsturrr {l t tb
Fofnt of OrflrSrr.i
koooffryr of thc quryodtr I farafignbr ad lf.rt |llllailr
c
Etarstrure, trot r'.gnlcrl Oaflltrdao 1fr2, 19'.
ffit1,
fofigl, P. €.
,?6, "Bcqrogc of $ryf. llct lr8 Stmrturrl te lrr$ger
qpltrelsa.n
&ltthta of Sa'duCl4grr lt6!.
f 96b ilEcfritso &*am of a Ocall tlnlfi-g Sffitsl.i
frocedragr d tb leloo So€d.ty d Ofvll lnFrlfr
Yd. 9Or !o. tr2, rylf l96tlr ED, 111-165.
th,'Do !hod,r, Ed.!,rbral,a
-1fif,l$all, A, !.
r9b't rlH,slln edl Dqrllg ll vt}:etln.r
lrrnrdlot of tb .Gfaa barty ef lrdd,ol Dalrcl'
Vol. 6r, gD. A5ldlr, t*1.
fotcl, ?. ad llarl, &
1160 ngtrdt otr Enrtatlosry l|lEatln of Drdtilf ltru$h!..r
frooeaUf etr'tb Erood lt€c,!.a 6bre
o es&ql&
\fErehg, Japn, lfit tE. lOSj-1iO+.
Iclrrnrc,
E.
1951-19lP,, rQ'qthLrdr rnafgrnr
vsltt llt ibr ldriabilli
&*t{o.n
l*rdrcfr& rlrrrrntugs 1t!l-1)t2r Act&
fcu*t, F. I.
1%2 "OqEtatta of Uyad,o Slrr,rotrnrl nr+omr b fr h[!l
GInrl
A14uoad[g tal.lrtrt.i
froooAl4r of thr Syqnelu I rctUqnrlr oA Ufrrt
efihctr o Etrutrurc , Ia lngptm, Oslltbd.a, 1992,
DP' l14-129'
Peod,ct, tr.
1960
(A) Onrfo bqorc of trlrrtcplartb hm.'
procsillnet d tb rnslm Sod,Gtt cf Olrtl Lglrcr,
Yol. 85, f,o. 8ll,7r JuLy r9S t t?. 61-ffr
(f) |!0.artqrlaltto Scqlorc of tlrdllcif Erftbt*? ltrucesr
fubJoct d b e $trog Xotlo l$tbgu*r.'
nrooc nagr cf thr Ssif llrf'il 0dbu
a Ftbryrlr
rnsflGaflg, Jryu 1fi, W. 7yrl7&.
-l!6nqanr firffc Od.ttm.
ilcllrcs Scrioro rrd,yct cf fgpUortla tc Xcithp
qnnk lrrl.ltnt Dllilgl.r
!u.ti Cdblc I lrrtbqnrb
nneOrcall8e cf tbt ld
Uffacctnf, 8qlal 1fr. DD. 6bt#8.
broblu.th, l.
1g6t i0mnl Etrls"t - tt- lY. fcthgnt hrta$ Drdgr,
1960
Arn$uoHa rai bgulrtlmr.t
tUil h1l^o Onfbla r erthurb fnCnctf
f,; lrelrd, 1#.
I.
bro$Luetbr I. ad lcrq
t96b '0n r xtd of $*crttc Datrbg.r
kocffngr d tb hcrLoan Sedott of 0[rll D5lnl,
biL. 90, loi S., frgurt lt5|, *. 9fi8.
PrrEnfrt rU
mAO Olmrtt o
1962 rt|fitlaccr Rorporo lrarfyrU cf ![lf &dlltl8r tr 3tru
196t fcrtl+rafar mi Ltr lplilloeti'o to Dndo Dfilg.r
r9$ Uagtmtl3 furedr ladlffir, Htsd.ttr cf t!hl.
Xq*tr lc. I rd Io. 2, 1fi2, Epct ilo. l,
Bspct
!a!^oba*t,
fo.
&r
rg6!l
r4
B.
19fi n8ttd.sl a tbr lonlloaar llbrti.nr of SeugEU
e$ffird to Drrtrrrgttrr Eartlrgnaba.r
Ertoocoafaet of tht hsffi Oodmn c frr|tss
lnelnlaS, Dr.lrky, OsU*blltr) 1916r larc 6.
-lr7r
f9€0 lilallnar lrrdd
BDratiln oe llnrtlrr.r
flllflnsr cf fr tcod rdf Hlnrr o tctbgn&r
d't ctrlg, fqna, tt&, gry, 1t214218.
ltaorbedL, l. ad f,mrfa, f.
f 162 'tb tb ncfrttm Dc'tn tb E .trl.a8 lbc Obrotltr3lr
of ltarchru .nr thr DrttilD d frrthnertc eild ldEr.r
fnoolffaer of tf,r ilqtnrcn letilnil hllgrr r lcultmrbr
Udmta8, Iloh/o, ilaSpg, ft6e.
lbaebuhi., L, Eob*{., !. ed l&ta, f,,
f 9tl rOD tb ;nffru llbrttc of rdlilllr tf lllo|nil
l*tbgnft.r
ttlccA$fr ct tb llh itqnn lattrnal hgrrr *b rgn!,|rf
Ir$mfar' ltt[,
ttroefam, 9. 8"
t95b "Ilathqu*r Ecqlour of gfrtry dth DfUccc {yrtrtillrr'
etoociltngr of tb fn|o6 lrdrtt d 6rft rndru,
Yo[. lor tror 8BL, rlrgnrt tr65, tDr tt!415.
lXtlnl
l. t!.
rhqklqr Orytc ttr flUrc ffi- r$h gltGdf.r
tameil, of tlDllci fr*qri,.ts tlo q,, 1#i, lpr Ll-[%
r9O rtbod SP.Elsa cf e latlm. !;ltr.r
Jfiilrt of A1lpUtt lr&srdsr, frr tl2 ht !, tqrt-a
1#o D?. 9P.|d-fl*.
lffl
-ltO?t[ll;lr l. t. d lil*tl
Ir I.
rtO ,tlftd cf l,il,rdfr lrbila n tb ,Drr d frtlf
!'rtr. to btinrrb lotlrrrr
'
*or*rr ff b ftd hl|tGdH *fFtfnt
D[rrcrl3, &trn, ItOr t]. dplfi?'.
F.Elilry, G. S.,
rt5r
trtrlrgl, l. A. rd tdtED
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rstc dsaclbodl ln tlrls tlrrd,e ras ocrrtccl qrt at {tp g€bool
otr F.ngtncc{rg undcr ths g{la.nfclqr of hrollasg l[. A. IotbsJrt
Thc
Dcputlat of clvll Eagt$c**a8, to ;bo I olr grrtaf[l
tha*s fs ldr brtrp ad uarca8oat.
Hcaa of, thc
nrsnke arc alao dhro to the fblto*lng pcdplc rho
thrut& itlaorrrtocr
ard orrospoaitaoc, ootrlbrrtcll urch to ry g6.scot r6iLrftry'r|.rtg of
both tho partLoular toplc
rds
',it gcacal ft ld of ethhofcssoll 0. l[. Scgcdtnr Hcan of thl
ahr(y Edl
oglacclnsr- Arod.ato
Dqra*nont of fbm.cttorl aad Appllcit |lechades; lfr P. T. fqillet
scnis Leatrse ln crvll Enefagclngl rr R. r. Thqlem, 9ole
teotr.so tn Stnstrrcs at tb Sohool of Arohltcotuct Ir B. ShCtH,
Scnlc l,eoturc tn Clyll fvreheclns at thc thlvrclF of errtsatsyl
Prpfcsscg D. E. ftdpn of thc Ca[fu.11fa Instltrrtc of, fcohtologr;
anal lE O. R. Iarttn aftA Xr B. A. $pmoc, fclJ.st eraihnto etullate,
sd. othc nabers of thr EarthqraXc &rglrctng Bceoarclr Eu1l.
I thsnk qy rlfc fu tgllag tH.s tharlsr ud oilo Prortrcurd
omectc (F.2.) Lta. fe thc urc of thc|l off;lc oqullnmt.
Dslne the oursG of th6 'rork thl Ettcc tla! qgpatcil by a
qualcc
Jrmtor Resardl Feltovatdp fsntod, by tho Unlrord'ty of
lu'il'rad.