Environmental and Climate Change Assessment

Transcription

BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA
Prepared for IFAD’s Country Strategic Opportunities
Programme 2013-2015
Main report
Document Date: December 12
ECCA No.
3214-BA
Near East, North Africa and Europe Division
Programme Management Department
Environment and Climate Division
Prepared by: Marco Pagliani
This report is a product of staff of the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) and the findings and conclusions
expressed herein do not necessarily reflect the views of its Member States or their representatives to its Executive Board. IFAD
does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The designations employed and the presentation of material in
this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of IFAD concerning the legal status of any
country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The designations
“developed” and “developing” countries are intended for statistical convenience and do not necessarily express a judgement about
the stage reached by a particular country or area in the development process.
All rights reserved.
© 2010 by the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD)
Contents
Annexes
4
Abbreviations and acronyms
5
Executive Summary
6
Chapter 1: The National Sectoral Framework
10
1.1. Geography and Environment
10
1.2. The State of Natural Resources
11
1.3 Main Environmental Priorities
12
1.4 Climate Change and Adaptation Measures
13
1.5 Hydrometeorological services and Disaster Risk Reduction
14
1.6 The Agriculture Sector
15
1.7 Organic farming and Non-Timber Forest Products
15
1.8 Rural Tourism
16
1.9 The Institutional and Policy Frameworks
17
1.10 The EU integration process (*)
18
1.11 Poverty in Bosnia and Herzegovina
18
Chapter 2: Baseline, Objectives and Methodologies
19
2.1 The operations of IFAD in BIH and lessons learnt
19
2.2 Objectives and Priorities of the past COSOP
20
2.3 Objectives and Methodology of the SEA exercise
20
Chapter 3: Proposed Strategy and Options
21
3.1 Constraints and opportunities in ENRM and CC adaptation from the perspective of
smallholder farmers, PAs and SMEs
21
3.1.1. Agriculture, Climate Change Adaptation and Risk Mitigation ............................................. 21
3.1.2 Gender and ENRM ............................................................................................................... 22
3.1.3 Opportunities for enhancing ENRM sustainability throughout the IFAD Programme .......... 23
3.2 Areas for policy dialogue
25
3.3 Targeting
26
3.4 Partnerships and opportunities for synergies and upscaling
26
3.5 Proposed working lines for future programme development
27
3.6 Opportunities for transboundary work
37
3.7 Conclusions and Recommendations
37
3.8 Proposed set of Indicators
39
iii
Annexes
Annex 1:
Annex 2:
Annex 3:
Annex 4:
Annex 5:
Annex 6:
Annex 7:
List of meetings and interviews
Thematic maps for geographic targeting
Mainstreaming of environment, nature resource management and climate change
into on-going and future IFAD interventions
Analysis of national and international actors in the ERD scenario
Analysis of on-going environmental and climate adaptation work in BiH
Analysis of opportunities and challenges of EU alignment and integration
Bibliography
4
ARD
AFRD
BiH
CARDS
CC
CORINE
DAI
DRR
ENRM
ERD
EU
FBiH
FHMI
GDP
GNI
HD
IFOAM
IOAS
IMF
INC
IPA
IUCN
MAP
MDG
MW
NEAP
NMHS
NP
NTFP
N2K
OFID
OK
PA
PFI
PHARE
PRSP
RBDP
RHMS
RLDP
RS
SAA
SIDA
SME
ToT
UNCBD
UNCCC
UNCCD
USAID
WB
WFD
WMO
WTO
WWF
Agriculture and Rural Development
Agriculture Forestry and Rural Development
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Community Assistance to Reconstruction, Development and
Stabilisation (EU programme)
Climate Change
Coordination of Information on the Environment
Dinaric Arc Initiative
Disaster Risk Reduction
Environment and Natural Resource Management
Environment and Rural Development
European Union
Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Muslim-Croat)
Federal Hydrometeorological Institute (FBiH)
Gross Domestic Product
Gross National Income
Habitat Directive (EU)
International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements
International Organic Accreditation Services
International Monetary Fund
Initial National Communication (to UNCCC)
Instrument for pre-Accession (EU)
International Union for Nature Conservation
Medicinal and Aromatic Plants
Millennium Development Goals
Mega Watts
National Environmental Action Plan
National Meteo-Hydrological Institute
National Park
Non Timber Forest Products
Natura 2000 (EU)
OPEC Fund for International Development
Organska Kontrola
Producers’ Association
Participating Financial Institution
Poland and Hungary: Assistance for Restructuring their
Economies (EU programme)
Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper
Rural Business Development Project (IFAD)
Republic Hydrometeorological Institute (RS)
Rural Livelihoods Development Project (IFAD)
Republika Srpska
Stabilisation and Association Agreement (EU)
Swedish International Development Agency
Small and Medium-sized Enterprise
Training of Trainers
United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity
United Nations Convention on Climate Change
United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification
United States International Development Agency
World Bank
Water Framework Directive (EU)
World Meteorological Organisation
World Tourism Organisation
World Wildlife Fund
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Executive Summary
Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) is situated in South Eastern Europe, in the central part of the
Balkan Peninsula. The land is mainly hilly to mountainous with an average altitude of 500
meters and access to the River Sava and the Adriatic Sea.
BiH has a complex governance structure that was established in accordance with the Dayton
Peace Agreement in 1995. It consists of a state-level Government and two Entities: the
Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (FBiH) and the Republika Srpska (SR), plus the selfgoverning Brcko District. The country participates in the Stabilisation and Association Process
(SAP) and is committed to engage in reforms leading to progressively closer relationships with
EU and to the potential future accession, including the need to harmonize its legislation to those
of the EU.
BIH has been experiencing, particularly since the 1990s, serious incidences of both droughts
and flooding, with severe economic consequences. The Initial National Communication of BiH
to UNCCC points out that climate change is likely to have a considerable impact on key
economic sectors such as agriculture, forestry, and energy, thus threatening current
development efforts and the livelihoods of the rural households and communities. The
agriculture sector will be increasingly vulnerable, mainly due to higher frequency and intensity of
extreme weather events and pronounced water scarcity during the summer, leading to higher
economic risks for smallholder farmers and SMEs. Moreover, heat weaves and forest fires may
put at risk complementary sources of revenues for poor-asset farmers and increase the risk of
soil runoff erosion, water and soil pollution, while magnifying the impact of floods affecting
agriculture production and taking heavy tolls on infrastructures and lives. Rural smallholders are
among the most potentially vulnerable groups, thus it is important to support the adoption of
agriculture systems and technologies that can increase their capacity to achieve food
sufficiency and initiate new economic activities based on diversification and on climate-resilient
value chains that can pave the way to new market opportunities.
IFAD’s involvement in Bosnia and Herzegovina dates from 1996. Currently, IFAD’s operations
include the Rural Livelihoods Development Project (RLDP) and the upcoming Rural Business
Development Project (RBDP). Building on the lessons of past interventions, IFAD is currently
engaged in the preparation of a new RB-COSOP, which will drive investments in the period
2013-2015.
This Strategic Environmental Assessment was developed over the period October-December
2012, through a preliminary desktop review and scoping exercise, and a field mission to meet
local relevant stakeholders and visit past/ongoing IFAD interventions. The SEA was supported
by a GIS exercise, which delivered a map highlighting priority geographic areas for future IFAD
intervention in the field of ENRM and CC, resulting from the overlapping the following layers of
information: (1) Vulnerability to CC impact based on available data and projections; (2) Spatial
distribution of poverty; (3) Degree of biological diversity, based on data produced in the
framework of alignment to EU’s Habitat Directive/Natura2000.
As the SEA exercise found out, there is considerable room for increased mainstreaming of
environmental work, and especially for sustainable natural resource management, climate
change adaptation and disaster risk reduction, in current and future IFAD projects. IFAD should
pay increased attention to key issues such as: i) investing in the set up of short value chains
linked to green agriculture and sustainable productions, through the provision of state-of-the-art
technology, equipment and materials and through the construction of infrastructures and
facilities that can serve producers’ associations, cooperatives and SMEs; (ii) encouraging
income diversification and off-farm business initiatives with a specific environmental profile, that
can boost rural employment, especially among women and youth in poor, biodiversity rich rural
areas with high landscape value and tourism potential; (iii) promoting sustainable agricultural
approaches and encourage the adoption of conservation agriculture, organic farming and agroforestry practices as ways to enhance the livelihoods of smallholders in rural areas and promote
BiH as a high-profile supplier of quality agriculture goods and products in the European market;
(iv) building specific capacity and skills for ENRM and CC adaptation among all key
stakeholders, from decision makers to grassroots beneficiaries; (v) supporting the
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mainstreaming of environment, agriculture, and sustainable resource management through
policy dialogue in view of achieving a more conductive national framework for ENRM and CC
adaptation; (vi) integrating agriculture work and the sustainable management of forests, water,
or biological diversity with a special focus on CC adaptation and disaster risk reduction.
On-going and future IFAD projects such as RLDP and RBDP provide an excellent baseline and
opportunity to mainstream ENRM and CC through specific actions and measures targeting all
the existing levels of work:
At the agriculture production level:
 Provide investment to enable the creation of new, short, high-value added value chains on
organic processed fruits, MAP, and other NTFP in the project intervention areas, as a way to
diversify income sources and create employment opportunities for the poor (households with
only one employed member), with a special focus on women who tend to be more involved in
NTFP production (management of plant nurseries, processing and marketing NTFPs).
 Support the development of sustainable value chains in the livestock and dairy sector,
encouraging the use of traditional breeds of cattle and other domestic animals, and supporting
the production of existing, high-quality products such as typical brands of cheese. These
interventions could be coupled with measures to secure an adequate and stable supply of
fodder at reasonable prices, and to facilitate the access of farmers to national and regional
markets through South-east Europe.
 Promote sustainable agricultural approaches including the introduction of new varieties of
crops and breeds, changes in rotational systems to enhance winter crops, improved water
management (small scale irrigation, farm ponds, wastewater treatment), improved
management of organic waste from agriculture and forestry, and improved energy efficiency.
Test and adapt new technologies for CA/OA farming systems through on-farm demonstration
trials. Support agro-forestry through the restoration/expansion of shelterbelts and windbreaks,
and the promotion of mixed exploitation systems integrating permanent and annual crops, and
grazing.
 Assess opportunities to link intervention areas with neighbouring high value natural and
cultural sites through agro-tourism schemes (food, handicraft, board & lodging and guiding
services) and support poor farmers – focusing on unemployed young - to establish links with
this sector and access related funding schemes.
 Enhance the capacity of public administrations in weather forecasting and in the timely transfer
of information incorporating CC-risk to farmers, and build the capacity of farmers to make the
best use of this information. Channel investment in improving infrastructures (i.e.
meteorological and hydrological observation and telecommunication systems) that are
outdated or were destroyed during the war.
 Develop extension and applied research programmes using the Field Farm Schools (FFS)
approach together with a Training of Trainers (ToT) programme for extension agents,
researchers, public servants and RLDP/RBDP implementation teams, based on the
widespread experience of IFAD in other countries.
 Organize learning tours to successful cases and best practices in Europe on sustainable
agriculture systems and technologies, environmental-friendly agriculture production, NTFP and
bioenergy.
 Promote the participation of beneficiaries to international fairs on CA/OA/certified forest
products in neighbouring and EU countries.
 Support participatory rural planning processes, assessing local vulnerability to CC-related risks
and identifying adaptation measures, uses and management systems at local and territorial i.e.
watershed level).
 Strengthen cooperation with international agencies that support forestry, bio-energy, and agrotourism and other sustainable development schemes in BiH.
At the Farmers’ Association and SME level:
 Invest in the provision of equipment, technology and materials to farmer associations and SME
to facilitate the shift to new farming systems and improve traditional value chains (i.e. the
processing of imperishable and value-added products to overcome annual environmental
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constraints and increase the possibility to stock and access to markets in a longer period/new
markets) and new complementary value chains (NTFPs cropping, processing and marketing,
high quality meat and dairy products, honey, berries and fruits – especially plums and
walnuts).
 Invest in the introduction, testing and dissemination of state-of-the-art equipment for CA
among FAs and SMEs.
 Support/promote associations for CA/OA (i.e. foster creation of RS and FBiH farmers
federations for CA or OA) and promote networking among RS/FBiH farmer associations and
CA/OA farmer associations from neighbouring countries and EU to exchange experiences and
knowhow.
 Identify and support farm leaders among poor farmers to develop good demonstration cases
on CA/OA and sustainable rural business that can trigger larger interest among farmers.
At the Infrastructures level:
 Invest in the set up of multi-purpose plants in support to new value chains, including nurseries
for the production of seedlings, saplings, and mother plants for high-quality cuttings,
greenhouses, experimental plots, irrigation systems, plants for the cleaning, drying and
processing of medicinal and aromatic plants, distillation plants (possibly with biomass-fed
boilers), freezing and refrigeration facilities for berries and fruits, plants for the processing of
honey and other bee products, and other transformation and storage facilities, serving
producers’ associations, or cooperatives from one or more municipalities.
 Invest in infrastructure for improved water management, including small-scale irrigation
schemes, farm ponds, stone and wooden dams etc.
 Promote the adequate land uses that can be coupled with infrastructure development in highrisk areas i.e. clearing of roadsides by supporting grazing activities in sensitive areas, support
the creation of clearance belts in forest areas where fodder or herbs can be grown, or where
beekeeping facilities can be installed.
 Invest in the set up of small-scale fish farms for the sustainable production of local species of
freshwater fish, possibly linking to local agricultural production for the provision of fodder, and
support short value chains for fresh fish serving local and regional markets.
 Support participatory planning processes to identify and GIS-map high-risk areas in territorial
units – i.e. watersheds - and support decision-making about the most efficient landscape
pattern distribution of infrastructures to increase rural resilience while supporting development
activities.
 Incorporate CC-risk criteria in the environmental impact assessment of all infrastructures.
 Build capacity of public administrations (especially municipalities) and national/local civil works
enterprises about the incorporation of CC-risks and DRR.
 Organize learning tours to neighbouring/EU countries to visit successful best practices in
infrastructure development and management.
 Support the revision of national/local policies and regulations on infrastructure development to
mainstream CC-related risk assessment.
At the Rural Finance Level:
 Raise awareness and inform the business sector about CC-related risks affecting food
security, and provide guidance to incorporate adequate sustainability criteria in the
applications for loans.
 Support the revision of governmental rural development policies to incorporate CC-risks in the
provision of subsidies and selection of eligible measures/equipment.
 Raise awareness and inform the insurance sector about opportunities for CC-risk incorporation
in insurance premiums.
IFAD should explore additional financing sources for the development of new projects that,
while building on the core programme, have a specific ENRM and CC adaptation profile.
Potential sources include the Global Environment Facility (GEF), the Special Climate Change
Fund (SCCF), and Adaptation Fund. IFAD could also become engaged in dialogue with private
foundations working on ENRM and CC at the global or regional level. Finally, IFAD grants could
become more relevant and supportive to the IFAD Programme in BIH.
8
The SEA identified the following five priority lines of work that articulate environmentally
sustainable and climate-resilient development pathways and interventions to address issues of
poverty, vulnerability to climate change and natural disasters, and sustainable resource
management in BiH:
1. Short, sustainable green value chains for high quality agriculture, meat, and dairy products,
certified organic food, and NTFP, including shift from collection to cultivation;
2. Introduction of adaptation and risk reduction measures at the watersheds level with the
active involvements of smallholders and rural communities;
3. Support to off-farm business and rural revenue diversification with a special focus on rural
tourism and service sector in and around protected areas;
4. Promote sustainable agriculture approaches and agro-forestry;
5. Climate change mainstreaming in ENRM and ARD policies, capacity building for
meteorological, hydrological and climate services to support disaster risk reduction and
early warning systems.
IFAD should broaden the scope of its partnerships in BiH, and develop strategic frameworks of
collaboration with actors the including Ministries of Environment and Tourism, Water Agencies,
Forestry Institutes, Hydrometeorological Institutes, universities and research institutes, NGOs,
and stakeholders in the areas of organic farming, conservation agriculture and NTFP
production.
The SEA also recommends the development of a coherent system of agri-environmental
indicators to capture the main positive and negative effects of agriculture on the environment
and provide valuable information for assessing agriculture policy in terms of its contribution to
the preservation of environmental resources on which the future of agriculture and society at
large depend.
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Chapter 1: The National Sectoral Framework
1.1. Geography and Environment
Bosnia and Herzegovina is situated in South Eastern Europe, in the central part of the Balkan
2
Peninsula and has a total land area of 51,129 km . To the north, BiH has access to the River
Sava, and to the south to the Adriatic Sea, at Neum. The land is mainly hilly to mountainous
with an average altitude of 500 meters. Of the total land area, 5% are lowlands, 24% hills, 42%
mountains and 29% Karst area. Most of the western part of Dinaric Alps is situated within the
country, descending gradually in the northern direction and suddenly in the southern direction.
The climate of BiH is temperate, but shows often extremes and high diversity level. The lowest
temperature characterizes highest mountain peaks. While the average temperature in January
O
O
on Bjelašnica Mt. is barely -7,2 C, in the city of Neum, on the Adriatic coast, it reaches +6,5 C.
Annual precipitation in the country is unevenly distributed, increasing from the South towards
the Dinaric massifs, and declining again towards the peri-pannonian margin. Snow occurs
regularly in winter, covering mountain peaks up to 6 months a year.
2
With its high average annual precipitation - 1250 l/m compared with the European average of
2
1000 l/m - BiH possesses significant water resources. There are seven river basins - Una,
Vrbas, Bosna, Drina, Sava, Neretva with Trebišnjica and Cetina - of which 75.7% belong to the
Black Sea catchment and 24.3% to the Adriatic Sea catchment. The country has plenty of
underground water collection, which occurs in lose depositions, around large riverbeds, karst
fissures, trenches and caves. BiH has an access to the Adriatic Sea with a 22 km long
coastline.
Forests and forestland occupy almost half of the territory of BiH - among the highest forest
coverage in Europe. Bosnian forests mainly regenerate naturally and show marked diversity.
Forested areas have been shrinking rapidly due to illegal logging and mining, forest fires, and
land conversion. Approximately 10% of the forest cover has been declared as mined.
Karst fields are unique geological phenomena with a special, mainly underground, water
circulation related to the abundance of soluble rocks (limestone, dolomite, tuff). BiH is probably
the most karstic country in Europe. Karst fields tend to follow the extension direction of the
Dinaric Alps, and are key endemic centres of flora and fauna. The largest karst field is Livanjsko
Polje, with a size of 40,000 ha and a total length of approx. 65 km.
The rich biological diversity of BiH is the result of the ecological heterogeneity of the territory, its
geomorphologic, hydrological and climatic diversity, specific geological past and eco-climate
diversity. The 3882 species and 5,134 taxa of higher plants identified so far place BiH among
the most floristic rich countries Europe, with a great deal of paleo and neo-endemic species,
tertiary and glacial relicts maintained in refugial habitats, such as cliffs, canyons and mountain
cirques. Most of endemic forms are recognized within the flora of higher plants, which at current
state of knowledge is estimated to have 450 endemic taxa.
The fauna is characterized by the occurrence of refugia and development centres, and by the
most unique fauna of karst sources, mountain torrents and canyons. Fish are relatively well
investigated, with 119 species in total. The highest diversity is recognized within the family
Cyprinidae (26 genera and 51 species) and Salmonidae (5/8). Birds diversity numbers 326
species belonging to 60 families. Most of them are stationary, while migratory ones are fund
mainly in wetlands such as Buško Blato, Hutovo Blato, Bardača, and the Drina and Sava rivers.
The persistence of extensive agriculture and the relative isolation of most of the territory have
favoured the conservation of a high diversity of local breeds of domestic animals, including
horses (Bosanski brdski), cattle (Buša i Gatačko), sheep (Pramenka), goats (Balkanska rogata),
pigs (Šiška), dogs (Bosanski tornjak) and pigeons, and many local cultivars of fruit trees,
especially cherries (Prunus avium: alice, ašlame, hašlamuše, hrušovi, crnice, bjelice); plums
(Prunus domesticus: bijele, prskulje, mrkulje, savke); pears (Pyrus sp.: jecmenke, krivocke,
mednjace, takiše, bijeli karamut, crni karamut, krupnjace, jeribasme); apples (Malus sp.:
petrovace, golubace, šarenike, zelenike, senabije, šahmanuše, krompiruše, crvenike etc.).
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1.2. The State of Natural Resources
The substantial water resources of BiH entail an important economic potential, although
insufficient attention has been paid in the past to the protection of this key commodity - serious
infrastructure damage of water infrastructure was caused by war activities adds up to the lack of
adequate maintenance. BiH is contained within the Black Sea catchment (75.7%) and the
Adriatic Sea catchment (24.3%).
According to the constitution, the State of In Bosnia and Herzegovina has no competence on
water management. Both Entities have Water Laws, which were passed in 2006/2007, and
came into force in 2008. The Water Laws were designed to comply with international and EU
principles and standards, especially the EU WFD. Two River Basin Agencies have been
established in each Entity - one for the Sava/Danube Basin (Sarajevo/FBiH and Bijeljina/RS),
and another for the Adriatic Basin (Mostar/FBiH and Trebinje/RS).
Water pollution is a problem in areas of BiH due to the direct disposal of waste into rivers or
very close to watercourses. Approximately 90% of wastewater is released in the ecosystems
directly, without treatment. At present, the wastewater load of industrial origin is still
considerably lower than before the war. A national plan to address pollution reduction from
agriculture sources would contribute to further reduce the level of water contamination. On this
direction, the development of actions plan for the implementation of the Nitrogen Directive of the
EU has been identified as a high strategic priority.
The total hydropower potential of BiH has been calculated at 6,1000 MW, mostly within the
Drina, Neretva, and Trebisnjica basins. About 39% of this is utilized, and meets approximately
40% of the total electricity production. The expansion of hydropower is a much-debated topic in
the country, and especially in the Neretva, Trebisnjica, and Livanjsko Polje basins. Several civil
society organisations oppose the expansion of existing schemes or the construction of new
ones, on the ground that this would lead to a substantial drop in the water table, decreasing
availability for local agriculture and water consumption, as well as causing major negative
impact on the species and habitats that depend on the water table.
Floods control became a high priority in BiH after the disastrous floods that ravaged the country
in 2010, causing enormous damage and forcing the authorities to declare a state of emergency
and evacuating thousands of people from their homes. In spite of this, no mapping of floodvulnerable area is available at the moment, and no watershed management plan has been
produced so far, although several initiatives are in the pipeline for the Sava and Drina rivers.
Support for the production of flood management plans that entail collaboration between both
Entities and build the capacity of Water Agencies are a high priority for all interviewed
stakeholders.
Forested areas suffered extensive war damages, and have been shrinking over the past
decades, mainly as a result of clear felling, ore mining, construction of reservoirs, and forest
fires, as confirmed by the latest satellite survey carried out through the CORINE Programme
funded by the EU, which showed that about 40% percent of BiH (approx. 20,000 km2) is
forested, which is 10% less indicated in previous figures. The first inventory of BiH forests since
the sixties was recently produced through a forestry development and conservation project
implemented by the World Bank, but the data have not yet been published by the Entities.
It is calculated that 10% of forested lands are inaccessible because of landmines, which is
significant not only in the context of exploitation of timber and other forest products, but also for
the protection of forests from biologically harmful agents. Sustainable and appropriate forest
management in BiH would benefit from a sound forestry development strategy; resolution of
forest land property issues; control of illegal felling; improved capacity and level of equipment of
the forestry institutions. Currently, there is no ongoing programme openly pursuing CC
adaptation of forests and the forestry sector, although the Forestry Faculty of the University of
Sarajevo is in the process of finalising a study on this subject.
11
The PRSP for Bosnia and Herzegovina (2004-2007) identified the following priorities to boost
forest development in the country: (i) improve the forestry management system; (ii) conduct
forestry rehabilitation programmes; (iii) improve forest protection; and (iv) improve capacities for
the sustainable exploitation of forests. Entity laws on forests and forestland, and other
accompanying legislation regulate forest management and forestry strategy in BiH. In the FBiH,
a reorganisation of forestry is ongoing, pursuant to the new Law on Forests. Forest
management is a shared responsibility of the public enterprise “Bosanskohercegovacke šume”
(BiH Forests) and the cantonal forestry authorities are being established, with responsibility for
the preservation and protection of forests. In the RS, forestry is integrated within the single
public enterprise, “Srpske šume”.
The network of protected areas in BiH is highly inadequate compared to the rich diversity of
species, ecosystems and landscapes of the country: only approximately 1 percent of land is set
aside as protected areas, the lowest level in Europe. Furthermore, existing protected areas
suffer from the absence of adequate management plans and a serious lack of resources.
National and nature parks are managed by public institutions, which are established by
competent entity ministries. Some national parks are financed entirely or in part from the state
budget, whereas others are funded from the revenues generated as part of their own sources
and through national or international development projects.
The National Environmental Action Plan, the Spatial Plan of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the
Medium-Term Development Strategy all recommend the enlargement of the territories of
protected areas. The set up of an extended and representative network of protected areas is
also needed for the alignment of BiH to the HD and N2K legislation framework, a requirement
for the EU accession, Currently there are three national parks in BiH: Kozara and Sutjeska NP
in the territory of the Republika Srpska, and the recently established Una NP in the Federation
of Bosnia and Herzegovina. FBIH hosts two Nature Parks - Blidinje and Hutovo Blato. The latter
is one of the three international protected areas in the country under the Ramsar Convention,
together with the wetlands of Bardača and Livanjsko Polje. Legislation in FBiH provides for
opportunities to develop the system of PA at a Cantonal level. Significant progress in this
direction has been made by Sarajevo Canton since 2008, with the set up of three protected
areas – Bijambare, Skakovac and Vrelo Bosne. The Directorate for Protected Areas of the
Canton provides management for these areas, based on individual laws and corresponding
plans. Significant investment has been made in developing the infrastructure of the sites,
including awareness and education programmes. Entrance fees were introduced in Bijambare,
while new jobs have been created in Vrelo Bosne. The experience of Canton Sarajevo has
been recommended as best practice in the management of protected areas and for further
dissemination within FBiH and to SR, by the United Nations Commission for Europe.
1.3 Main Environmental Priorities
The National Environmental Action Plan (NEAP) released by the Government of BiH in 2003
identified the following eight priority areas of action: (1) Water resources and wastewater; (2)
Sustainable development of rural areas; (3) Environmental management (information systems,
integral planning, education); (4) Protection of biological and landscape diversity; (5) Waste and
waste management; (6) Economy and sustainable development; (7) Public health, and (8)
Demining.
Among the most urgent measures for practice implementation, NEAP mentions: (i) the need for
the establishment of a river basin management system and a spatially balanced and
sustainable development of rural areas; (ii) implementation of programmes for food production
based on organic principles; (iii) preparation of a programme for long-term development of
sustainable forestry; (iv) introduction of comprehensive environmental monitoring, integral
spatial planning, and development of environmental education programmes; (v) increase the
network of protected areas to cover 15-20% of the national territory; (vi) reduction of village to
city migrations through the support to productive activities in rural settlements; (vii) development
of potentials for eco-tourism catering for both national and international users.
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1.4 Climate Change and Adaptation Measures
Bosnia and Herzegovina has been experiencing, particularly since the 1990s, serious
incidences of both droughts and flooding, with severe economic consequences. According to
the Initial National Communication (INC) of BiH under the UNFCC (2009), and using the
EH5OM global model, the temperature in BiH is projected to increase from 0.7 to 1.6°C per 1°C
of global increase for the period 2031-2060. The average forecasted rise in temperature is
between 1 and 2°C along the coast, and between 2 and 3°C inland. The largest increases
would occur in summer, and in inland areas. When it comes to precipitation, the EH5OM global
model foresees noticeably drier summers in Southern Europe. Like the rest of the
Mediterranean basin, the Balkans are expected to witness a decrease in summertime
precipitation and a small decrease or no change in the other seasons during the period 20312060. The increase in dry days is likely to be lower along the coast but higher inland. It is also
expected that the incidence of torrential flooding and the intensity of land erosion will increase
over the next century.
Based on available data and the currently available climate change scenarios projections, the
INC draws the conclusion that exposure to threats from climate change will be considerable in
BiH. Always according to the INC report, climate change is likely to have a considerable impact
on key economic sectors such as agriculture, forestry, and energy (hydropower), thus
threatening current development efforts and the livelihoods of the rural households and
communities. BiH is highly vulnerable to the threats posed by climate change also because of
the important economic role of “climate-sensitive” sectors, such as agriculture and forestry - and
the role of hydropower in the energy sector to a lesser extent - with significant secondary
impacts.
According to the NEAP, the following ecosystems are the most exposed to strong pressure from
changing climatic conditions:
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
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High-mountainous ecosystems (higher than 1600m above sea level);
Mountain ecosystems (from 900 to 1600m above sea level);
Ecosystems of highlands (from 600 to 900m above sea level)
Sub-Mediterranean forests and scrublands (from 300 to 80m above sea level);
Karst caves, basins and abysses;
Ecosystems of Peripannonian area (from 200 to 600m above sea level);
Pannonian ecosystems (until 200 m. above sea level).
As far as the agriculture sector is concerned, although there no specific study is available on the
expected impact of climate change in BiH, a regional analysis (Bruci, 2007) indicates the
following general impacts in Southeastern Europe:

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

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Increased the development rate of winter crops such as wheat, with consequent, higher
vulnerability to extreme events and a higher probability of crop failure from frost damage.
More hot days and a decline in rainfall or irrigation could also reduce yields.
Reduced total growing season for some crops. A lack of cold days could reduce
vernalisation effects and consequently lengthen the first part of the growing season for the
winter cereals.
Yield reduction for stone fruits crops that require winter chilling.
Livestock would be adversely affected by greater heat stress.
Shortened cycle and reduced time to assimilate supply and grain-filling periods for summer
crops, leading to decreasing crop yields.
The INC identifies several climate change-related factors that will likely impact the health and
distribution of forests. It is estimated that fires currently destroy 3000 ha of forests every year,
and higher risk of forest fires due to increased temperatures and changes in precipitation
patterns is expected in parts of BiH. Moreover, ecosystems with a very narrow ecological niche,
such as fir-tree forests, might face decline or extinction. In terms of forest biodiversity, the
changes in precipitation and water availability may have negative effects on the trophic chain
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and increase forest vulnerability to pathogens such as certain insects or fungi.
The INC recognises that the adoption of proactive, systematic and integrated adaptation
measures is hampered by the very limited capacity of BiH to address climate risks. The main
capacity constraints include the complicated governance structures, a lack of key strategic
documents and supporting regulations, limited human resource capacity, and financial
constraints.
A second communication to UNCCC is currently being finalised with the support of UNDP, and
should be released in early 2013. The report will provide climate models and vulnerability
assessments, based on documented changes in temperature and precipitation, and it provide
recommendations on adaptation measures in the fields of agriculture, water management,
forestry, and human health. UNDP is also preparing a study on agriculture crops and
adaptation, with a focus on wheat, corn and potatoes. The study is crossing crop productivity
and climate change since the sixties, and will provide recommendations for adaptation, and it
should be released by mid-2013.
1.5 Hydrometeorological services and Disaster Risk Reduction
Floods are the most frequent major natural hazards related to weather and climate in BiH. In
2004, flooding affected over 300,000 people in 48 municipalities, destroyed 20,000 ha of
farmland, washed away several bridges, and contaminated drinking water. In 2010, BiH
experienced the largest amount of precipitation recorded in the last 100 years, which resulted in
massive floods on the entire territory. Other major natural hazards causing significant
consequences are drought, landslides, extreme temperature, storm and fires. All these are
caused directly or partially by extreme weather conditions. The occurrence of landslides in the
mountainous areas of BiH is very common due to the presence of underground water flows.
The number of landslides has increased considerably over the last 15 years due to several
reasons, including overexploitation of forests and minerals, unplanned use of forest land. The
agricultural sector is also highly vulnerable to drought, in particular in the north-eastern and
south-western parts of BIH.
The national policy of BiH towards Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) does not exist as a formal
document but rather within the established system of decentralized responsibilities and
capacities at all levels. The Ministry of Security has coordinated the development of the National
Platform for DRR. At the national level, the framework is set by the Law on the Protection and
Rescue of People and Material Assets from Natural and Other Disasters, which was passed in
2008 and calls for the creation of a programme that includes the development of mechanisms
for DRR. In the FBiH, institutions involved in DDR are: Civil Protection Administration; Federal
Hydro Meteorological Institute; Agency for Watershed of Adriatic Sea; Agency for Watershed of
Sava River. In the RS, the agencies are: Civil Protection Administration; Republic Hydrometeorological Institute of Republic of Srpska; Water Agency for Sava river district; and Water
Agency for Trebisnjica river district. The hydro-meteorological sector is also divided into two
entities: the Federal Hydro Meteorological Institute (FHMI) in Sarajevo and the Republic
Hydrometeorological Service of Republic of Srpska (RHMS RS), in Banja Luka.
A recent assessment of the WMO on the DRR institutional framework and the technical
capacities of the NMHS of BiH to support DRR highlight that:
 As there are no national level hydrometeorological services, it is necessary to promote the
cooperation between the hydrometeorological services of the two entities (FHMI, RHMS
RS) and with the aviation weather services as well;
 There are needs to promote the DRR management and clarify the roles and mandates of
different sectors and technical organizations, especially the hydrometeorological services.
 The technical, human and financial capacities of the NHMSs are not adequate to produce
sufficient services and support to the DRM;
 There are urgent needs to establish a hydrometeorological database at the national level.
 It is necessary to enhance investments in climate modelling and forecasting and analysis to
support strategic and sectoral planning for at-risk sectors and investment plans of industry
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in order to promote economic development.
Development of Risk Assessment could also benefit from regional coordination and
cooperation, leveraging expertise, resources and information across the region among IPA
beneficiaries and with various regional centres in Europe.
1.6 The Agriculture Sector
BIH is relatively poor in agriculture resources: large parts of the country are mountainous (66%
of territory is considered mountainous or hilly), and only 20% (approx.1.0 million ha) is suitable
for intensive farming. The structural of agriculture is sector is characterised by small sized family
farms, which to large extent produce for home consumption – over 50% of agriculture holdings
are estimated to be less than 2 ha. Agriculture is dominated by crop production, with livestock
production representing less than one third of the total output. The economically most important
sub-sectors are vegetables, fresh cow milk, maize and potatoes. About 80% of Bosnian farmers
are smallholders constrained by the small and fragmented nature of production, lack of access
to markets, lack of access to financial and insurance services and infrastructure in rural areas.
Their situation is increasingly difficult as the country is transforming itself from a centrally
planned to a market based economy that needs to meet EU accession requirements and
compete globally.
The share of the agricultural sector in the overall GDP stands around 10% and is decreasing,
however agriculture remains still a key economic, providing food security for a significant part of
rural population. Taking into account that rural population accounts for 60% of the total, the
agriculture sector allows generating a basic income for a major part of rural population and
provides a ground for a political and economic stability. On the Entity level, agriculture is more
important for the economy of RS, when it is estimated to be around 13% of the GDP (2005),
than for the FBiH where it stands stable at 6%. The food processing industry is recovering after
a long period of under-investment over the last decade and its share in the GDP is increasing
(8% in 2005).
The EU and FAO have recently released a sector analysis for five strategic agriculture sectors:
cereals, dairy and meat, wine, fruit and vegetables, and diversification (including NTFP, rural
tourism and beekeeping). According to this analysis, and to most stakeholders, experts and
donors, the agriculture sector is facing the following, main challenges:

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
Quantitative and qualitative improvement of the production geared to the local market and
reduction of the current dependency from food imports, which amount to approx. 75% of the
total country needs, for a total of over 1 billion EUR/year.
Improvement of the preconditions and standards that can enable the agriculture sector to
trade with neighbours – including both EU and neighbouring countries of SEE. Alignment to
EU legislation and requirements, especially in view of the forthcoming integration of Croatia,
a major importer of BiH agricultural products, into the EU.
Develop value chains for high quality products that can be competitive and gain a profitable
market niche in Europe.
1.7 Organic farming and Non-Timber Forest Products
There is widespread agreement that the sector of organic farming has a high potential for
growth in BiH. Important progress was also achieved in this domain with the recent creation of
Organska Kontrola (OK), the first organic certification agency created in SEE. OK is accredited
by IOAS according to IFOAM accreditation criteria. OK also holds accreditation against ISO/IEC
Guide 65 (EN45011) that is obligatory requirement in accordance to EU regulation on organic
agriculture. OK was assessed in 2009 as EU equivalent body by IOAS and subsequently
recognised as a Control Body for the purpose of equivalence to EU standards. In the absence
of a National Law on organic agriculture, OK has developed private standards for organic
certification and a conformity assessment has been done for both OK standards as well as for
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certification program of OK.
In 2011, 2,3 M EUR of OK-certified goods were exported from the country, although no figures
are available on the global export of organic products labelled under foreign certification
schemes. According to OK, the highest potential for the export of organic certified products lies
with small fruits (raspberry, blueberry, blackberry etc), MAP, medical and cosmetic oils, and
walnuts. The cost of certification can be a problem for smallholders, although OK has been
trying to keep tariffs low by applying for grants from donors such as USAID and SIDA.
According to several interviewed stakeholders priorities in the sector of OA include the set up of
a transparent system of subsidies and a State-level law and action plan for OA. Currently, only
RS has a Law on Organic Agriculture.
A growing potential in the agriculture sector is offered by Non Timber Forest Products (NTFP,
mainly berries, mushrooms, and medicinal, edible, and aromatic plants). Southeast Europe is
among the most important exporting regions in the world for these products, and it is estimated
that about 8% of globally exported medicinal and aromatic plants originate from the Balkans.
BiH has over 700 species of medicinal and aromatic plants, of which around 200 are exploited.
This list includes several threatened species that are amongst the most traded ones. BiH is
mainly a producer/exporter of raw or lightly processed material. Even nowadays, the harvesting
of wild plants is still one of the major human activities and an important economic factor in rural
areas. People mainly collect raw materials at land areas owned by the state, where they have
free access. Currently there are about 50 small and medium enterprises operating in the sector
of NTFP in the country. Most of the exported produce is traded to central Europe - Germany,
Austria, and Switzerland, as well as neighbouring Croatia - while secondary markets for berries
are Italy and France. Although the bulk of the current produce is still harvested in the wild, an
increasing number of export & import companies are considering/supporting the cultivation of
NTFP - either on their private farms or by contracting farmers. This tendency is further
strengthened by the increasing difficulty that processors face, for obtaining raw materials from
the wild.
While the demand for MAP and NTFP is growing and wild collection is on a decreasing trend,
the growth of these commodities is still lagging behind the market potential, because of the
production and financial risks and constraints faced by small scale producers. Currently, the
main foreign-led investment to support sustainable NTFP production in BiH is FARMA
(Fostering Agricultural Markets Activity), an agri-business development programme funded by
USAID and SIDA with a global investment of US$ 13.6 million so far. MAP and honey are one of
the three priorities for investment, together with dairy and fruits and vegetables. The objective of
FARMA is rapid, sustainable and broad-based economic growth through demand-driven
assistance aimed at improving competitiveness of agricultural producers and agricultural
businesses in BiH.
1.8 Rural Tourism
Tourism is a fast growing sector, which makes an increasingly important contribution to the
economy of BiH. The country has been a top performer in recent years in terms of tourism
development. Tourist arrivals have grown by an average of 24% annually from 1995 to 2000,
and in 2011 the country had 686,148 tourists and 1,504,205 overnight stays - a 6,2% increase
from 2010. Foreign tourism accounts for 52,7% of the business: the major sending countries in
2011 were Croatia (15,6%), Serbia (13,7%), Slovenia (8,4%), Poland (7,9%), Italy (6,5%) and
Turkey (6%). According to an estimate of the WTO, BiH will have the third highest tourism
growth rate in the world between 1995 and 2020. Although the figures are encouraging, the vast
majority of tourism is currently concentrated in the urban areas and in Medjugorje in
Herzegovina (religious tourism). In spite of the considerable potential, rural and environmental
tourism are still at their infancy, and receive little or no support from the authorities. In FBiH, for
instance, a new Law on tourism and hospitality is about to be adopted, which lacks specific
recommendations, measures, and action plan for rural tourism. According to the Federal
Ministry of Environment and Tourism, a top priority in this sector would be to channel
investments on the ground, empowering grassroots entrepreneurs through equipment,
infrastructure, and capacity building. Other important measures would be to build capacity in
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both Entities to tap EU funds, especially IPA, and the development of by-laws on rural tourism.
A few, interesting examples of rural tourism are slowly emerging through the private sector,
especially in the region of Bjelaznica/Boracko Jezero (“eco-village” Lukomir) and Bijambare
Nature Reserve (“eco-village” Begovo Selo), but these are still small-scale, isolated initiatives.
The “Forest and mountain protected areas” GEF project implemented by the WB has helped
produce management plans that provide guidance and recommendations for the development
of rural and nature tourism in/around the protected areas of the country.
1.9 The Institutional and Policy Frameworks
Bosnia and Herzegovina consists of a complex governance structure that was established in
accordance with the Dayton Peace Agreement in 1995. It consists of a state-level Government
and two Entities: the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (FBiH) and the Republika Srpska
(RS), plus the self-governing Brcko District. With a per capita Gross National Income (GNI) of
US$ 4,700 in 2011, BiH ranks as an upper middle-income country. However, the 1992-95
conflict caused almost complete destruction of the economy, infrastructure, livelihoods and
social fabric of rural life. There is estimated to be an increase in both the unemployment and
poverty rates as a result of the adverse economic situation and the increase in food prices
beginning in 2008.
Based on the country’s constitution, agriculture management is not institutionalised at the State
level, but rather at the Entity level. The responsible ministries are the Ministry of Agriculture,
Water Management and Forestry in the FBiH and the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and
Water Resources in the RS. In Brcko District the agricultural policy is a direct responsibility of
the Government through its sector for agriculture and forestry. Rural farmer organisations
include: (i) Cooperatives that are for-profit organisations operating under the Law of
Cooperatives passed in 2003; (ii) Producers’ Associations (PA) established as non-profit
organisations, created under the provisions of the law on associations to provide farmers with
improved bargaining power for inputs and marketing along the value chain.
The current mid-term strategy of Agricultural Sector in FBiH (2006-2010) includes, amongst
others, the following priorities: (i) return of refugees and displaced people to domicile residences
through agricultural and other employment; (ii) sustainable development of natural resources
(land, water, forests, environment) and measures to improve efficiencies, profitability and
competitiveness; (iii) strengthen cooperatives, enterprises, and other production organisations
of primary agriculture and link them with the food industry; and (iv) align the agricultural sector
to European laws. The “Strategy for Agriculture Development of the Republika Srpska by 2015”
includes the following objectives: (i) sustainable development of natural resources and
protection of the environment; (ii) balanced integrated rural development, strengthening
competitiveness and productiveness, and (iii) improvement of institutional, technical, and
technological capacities of agriculture for the inclusion of RS and BIH into the regional,
European and world level integration processes.
As for agriculture, environmental management is a responsibility of Entities. The responsible
Ministries are the Ministry of Environment and Tourism in the FBiH and Ministry of Physical
Planning, Civil Engineering and Ecology in the RS. In Brcko District the environmental
protection policy is a direct responsibility of the Government through its sector for agriculture
and forestry and the sector for communal issues. Throughout the past decade, both Entities and
the Cantons of FBiH have developed a comprehensive legislation framework on environmental
protection and the sustainable management of natural resources, in fields such as biological
diversity, landscape protection, freshwater management, forests, wetlands etc. Most of these
laws have been designed in compliance with the environmental legislation framework of the EU,
especially Water Framework Directive, Habitat and Bird Directive, and Natura 2000.
Recommendations and strategic priorities in these sectors are formulated in the National
Environmental Action Plan (NEAP, 2003), the 2010 Biodiversity Targets National Assessments
of Bosnia and Herzegovina’s Fourth Report to the UNCBD, the Initial Communication INC) of
Bosnia and Herzegovina under the UNFCCC (2009), the UN MDG Update Report for Bosnia
and Herzegovina (2004), the International Development Association and International Finance
17
Corporation Country Partnership Strategy for BiH of the WB for 2012-2015 (2011), and the IMF
BiH Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper Mid-Term Development Strategy (2004).
At the international level, BiH is a signatory to, or has completed the ratification processes of
several International agreements concerned with environmental and natural resources
protection, including UNCBD, UNCCD, UNFCCC, Ramsar Convention on Wetland Protection,
Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention),
Barcelona Convention for the protection of the Mediterranean Sea against pollution, and
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES).
Since 1997, BiH has benefited of many regional and international programmes supporting
sustainable development and natural resources management, including the EU’s PHARE and
CARDS programmes, the Global Environmental Facility, the Regional Environment
Reconstruction Programme for South Eastern Europe (REREP, a Stability Pact programme), as
well as other regional programmes, such as the Mediterranean and Danube basin plans under
the auspices of the Mediterranean Action Plan (MAP), the International Commission of
Protection of the Danube River (ICPDR) and the Danube-Black Sea (DABLAS) programmes
under the auspices of the Danube Convention and the Black Sea Convention.
1.10 The EU integration process (*)
Bosnia and Herzegovina participates in the Stabilisation and Association Process (SAP) and is
committed to engage necessary political, economic and social reforms leading to progressively
closer relationships with EU and to the potential future accession, including the need to
harmonize its legislation to those of the EU. The negotiations on a Stabilisation and Association
Agreement (SAA) were launched in 2005, and the SAA was signed in 2008. Since then, several
technical regulations transposing related EU regulations/directives were adopted in all fields –
including agriculture and environmental protection - although enforcement remains weak. BiH is
still at the early stages of alignment with the EU acquis, and the quality and regulatory
infrastructure is still being developed to meet EU requirements.
In the environmental domain, alignment has mainly focused on the WFD and HD, including
Natura 2000. WWF Mediterranean Programme Office, with the financial support of the
Government of Norway, recently implemented two projects aimed at promoting alignment with
both directives. Among the outputs, innovative work on Integrated River Basin Management
was carried out in the Neretva river basin, and a first mapping for a Natura 2000 network was
produced, including a draft biodiversity database.
(*) A more detailed analysis of the opportunities and challenges of EU alignment and
integration, with a special focus on WFD, is included in Annex 6 to this document.
1.11 Poverty in Bosnia and Herzegovina
The 1992-1995 war transformed Bosnia-Herzegovina from a medium-income country within the
former Federal Republic of Yugoslavia into a poor country, and caused the loss of 100,000250,000 lives and displaced nearly half the country's pre-war population of 4.4 million. War
damage is estimated at more than US$100 billion. The collapse of the former socialist system
and the war that followed led to physical and socio-economic devastation and loss of
employment. Rural people fled to urban areas for security and survival. When the war ended
many returned to the countryside and to subsistence farming to escape poverty. However, the
lack of employment opportunities in rural areas is hindering economic revival and could lead to
another exodus to urban areas.
Poverty in BiH is characteristically a rural phenomenon. Despite the overall decreasing trend of
the national poverty level, the country has witnessed an uneven progress between urban and
rural development. This discrepancy results from the slow growth in the agricultural and nonfarm rural sectors against the rapid growth in the higher-wage sectors in urban areas. Many of
the poor households have a high dependency ratio, lower levels of education attainment, and
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limited access to a regular source of cash income from formal employment, pension or
remittances. During the past recent years, poverty in BiH dropped from 17.7% to 14% in 2007,
with poverty at 17.8% in rural areas, and 8.2% in urban areas. However, these achievements
remain highly vulnerable to external shocks. material deprivation and 20-30% are at risk of
falling into material deprivation.
During the war, farmers lost 50 to 60% of their assets and 90% of their livestock. Buildings were
ruined and water and electrical power facilities destroyed. Immediate reconstruction efforts after
the war focused largely on urban areas. Nowadays, the issue of returnees, refugees, and
internally displaced is high on the political agenda. Substantial amounts of funds have been
allocated to the building of infrastructure, however most donors agree that not enough attention
is being paid to invest on the creation of economic measures that can guarantee a viable future
and acceptable perspectives for the returnees.
Poverty also has a gender dimension: women have been particularly affected by the breakdown
of social cohesion and the downward spiral into poverty. Since the war, the number of
households headed by women has increased to one in four. These households are at greater
risk of poverty. Women tend to lack access to land, skills training, finances and equipment.
Women make up only 35 of employed Bosnians, and women who are employed face
discrimination and receive lower wages.
According to the INC, rural poor and smallholder farmers are the category of the population that
is most threatened by the impact of climate change. The inhabitants of the mountain regions
karst systems of the central part of BiH, and those who live close to areas with a high risk of
flood are particularly vulnerable to the extreme events caused by CC, while small farmers and
cattle raisers are highly exposed to CC-related threats such as the increased price of
commodities (i.e. fodder), or by the increased incidence of pests and plant diseases.
Chapter 2: Baseline, Objectives and Methodologies
2.1 The operations of IFAD in BIH and lessons learnt
IFAD involvement in Bosnia and Herzegovina dates from 1996. The two first generations of
projects reflected the need for emergency assistance and they were characterised by quick
disbursing, short duration and a strong relief and rehabilitation focus. The second generation of
projects, between 2001 and 2005, was shaped on a refocused country strategy that moved from
emergency aid to long-term development, shifting the emphasis on assisting with the
institutional development process, and fostering the development of new market linkages to
support transition process and take production beyond subsistence needs. The Livestock and
Rural Finance Development Project (LRFDP) aimed at developing a replicable model of
sustainable, small-scale commercial livestock production, and strengthened market linkage
along the dairy supply chain.
The third generation of IFAD project started in 2005 and has being going on until today. It was
born of recognition that in BiH agriculture alone is not the sole vehicle for rural revival, and that
IFAD’s intervention need be increasingly linked to the wider rural economy. The new strategy
also recognised that agriculture’s contribution can be markedly increased if production is
upgraded from the subsistence to the commercial level, and focused on the need to stimulate
growth, build the markets needed for poverty reduction, and reduce the trend of migration from
rural areas to the cities and abroad. The Rural Enterprise Enhancement Project (REEP)
became effective in 2007 and succeeded the LRFDP with a broader scope, expanding to new
Municipalities, and covering fruit crops and SMEs.
Currently, IFAD’s operations in BiH include the recently started Rural Livelihoods Development
Project (RLDP) and the Rural Business Development Project (RBDP), which should take off
soon. An environmental assessment of these two projects is featured in Chapter 3 of this report.
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Overall, the portfolio of IFAD in BiH includes so far six projects and twelve grants, with a total
cost of USD 173.7 million and total IFAD funding of USD 71.5 million. The main lessons IFAD
has drawn from its country experience indicate that: (i) efforts to increase agricultural production
and productivity, while essential, are not sufficient to reduce rural poverty unless there is an
accessible market in which farmers can dispose of increased production at remunerative prices;
(ii) credit is needed to finance agricultural investment and value addition; (iii) interventions
should be forward-looking, in support of an economy aiming to enter the EU; (iv) support to the
wider rural economy, including un-related rural business, facilitates the creation of employment
locally and offers some of the best opportunities for stimulating growth and building the markets
needed for poverty reduction.
2.2 Objectives and Priorities of the past COSOP
The past Country Strategic Opportunities Paper (COSOP) was released by IFAD in 2005. The
document was intended to define IFAD’s medium-term strategic framework to support income
diversification and rural livelihoods in the dual context of economic transformation in postconflict situations and EU accession. The document derived from dialogue with prospective
beneficiaries, Government and development community, including a workshop held in Sarajevo
in March 2004.
The COSOP focused on the support to the wider rural economy – including small- and mediumscale agro-processors, agricultural service providers and other types of agriculture-related and
unrelated rural business – facilitating the creation of non-farm employment locally and
stimulating growth while building the markets needed for poverty reduction. In this context, IFAD
chose to support, inter alia, the commercialisation of smallholders’ production and various other
types of commercially viable rural business and off-farm income generating activities.
The supply-chain approach was identified as the best opportunity for developing enhanced
commercial linkages between small-scale producers and private markets. Given the importance
of the livestock sector to the livelihoods of rural people in Bosnia and Herzegovina, the COSOP
chose to initially focus on dairy/meat and feed/fodder production, with a view to expand and
include other commodities, such as livestock feed and horticulture. Moreover, the COSOP
identified as programme goal to assist the government of Bosnia and Herzegovina with efforts
to achieve the MDGs, specifically in terms of MDG1 (Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger),
MDG3 (Promote gender equality and the empowerment of women), and MDG7 (Ensure
environmental sustainability) through a country programme for enhancement and diversification
of rural livelihoods.
Building on the achievements and lessons of past interventions, IFAD is currently engaged in
the preparation of a new RB-COSOP, which will drive investments in the period 2013-2015. The
SEA will gather information and provide analysis and recommendations that will feed into the
COSOP development process and shall ensure integration of environmental issues and criteria,
including climate change adaptation, into the strategic objectives and priorities of the new
document.
2.3 Objectives and Methodology of the SEA exercise
The SEA aims to provide analytical underpinning for environmental sustainability through the
identification and analysis of options relevant to RB-COSOP development and decision-making
process. Its objectives are to: (i) detail the key environmental and CC challenges and
opportunities influencing the ARD sector in BiH, with a special emphasis on the rural poor and
marginalised groups; (ii) assess policies, programmes and plans in responding to challenges
and opportunities related to environment and CC with a view to aligning IFAD interventions with
country frameworks and IFAD’s own ENRM, CC and disaster risk reduction policies; iii) identify
gaps and priorities in existing climate change and environment policy, programme and planning
frameworks related to ARD for defining areas of policy dialogue IFAD should engage with; and
iv) articulate environmentally sustainable and climate-resilient development pathways and
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interventions to address issues of poverty, and vulnerability to climate change and natural
disasters.
The SEA is inspired by, and aligned with IFAD’s Environment and Nature Resource
Management (ENRM) and Climate Change (CC) Strategies. The ERNM strategy underlines that
“while some projects specifically target ENRM, it is relevant to all projects”, and that a priority of
RB-COSOP will be to support national priorities on ENRM as reflected in poverty reduction
strategy papers, relevant international guidelines, codes of conduct and relevant national
strategic frameworks. According to the CC strategy, potential questions to be addressed in
COSOP design are: (i) what are the latest available estimates of climate impacts on poor rural
people; (ii) how could national poverty and climate change plans guide the choice of
investments; (iii) are there any overall estimates on climate-related risk to the existing and
planned portfolio; (v) what has been IFAD’s past experience, comparative advantage and valueadded on climate-related work in the country and what is its potential for scaling up; and (vi)
what climate-related activities could be incorporated into IFAD-supported projects and policy
advice.
The SEA featured in this report was developed over the period October-December 2012, and
was implemented in three stages: (1) preliminary desktop review, screening of relevant
documents, and scoping exercise to identify the issues to be addressed, including sector and
wider institutional and legislative framework in which the country programme is to be
implemented; (2) field mission to Bosnia and Herzegovina to better understand on-the-ground
challenges and corresponding community responses through meetings with local relevant
stakeholders, and visits past/ongoing IFAD intervention to identify lesson learnt, strengths and
weaknesses. The mission took place between 11 and 28 November 2012, and included
meetings and interviews in Sarajevo and Banja Luka, as well as field visits to IFAD projects. A
list of the meetings is featured in Annex 1 to this document; (3) drafting of the SEA report and
circulation for comments; (4) delivery of the final SEA report.
The SEA exercise was carried out by a team composed of a senior international consultants
(Mission Leader) and two local consultants, who took care of (i) the preparation of sectoral
papers on the main national and international actors and on-going work in the ERD and climate
adaptation fields, and an analysis of the framework and status of the process of accession to
the EU of Bosnia and Herzegovina; and (ii) the production of GIS maps of BiH featuring
foreseen vulnerability and exposure to CC-induced impacts; spatial distribution of CC sensitivity,
and degree of biological diversity. These layers were overlapped to produce a final map
highlighting priority areas for geographic targeting.
Chapter 3: Proposed Strategy and Options
3.1 Constraints and opportunities in ENRM and CC adaptation from the perspective of
smallholder farmers, PAs and SMEs
3.1.1. Agriculture, Climate Change Adaptation and Risk Mitigation
The agriculture sector in BiH will be increasingly vulnerable to CC impacts, mainly due to higher
frequency and intensity of extreme weather events (heavy rainfall, storms, hail, floods, drought,
heat weaves and frost), and pronounced water scarcity during the summer (reduction of
water/snow precipitations and changes in the seasonal distribution of precipitations affecting the
flowering and maturity periods). As a result of these changes, the following can be expected:



Water constraints for rain-fed crops, irrigation and livestock will become higher, especially in
the southern part of the country.
In mountain areas and along river valleys, agriculture soils will become more vulnerable to
runoff erosion, fertility loss and lower water holding capacity.
Water quality will be reduced, with less oxygen and higher concentration of pollutants.
21

Higher incidence of forest fires caused by prolonged summer drought.
Unstable weather conditions and reduced water availability will cause increased inter-annual
variability of crop yields, leading to higher economic risks for smallholder farmers and SMEs.
Spatial conflicts might occur in land planning, i.e. on whether to use areas as agriculture land or
for flood protection. Moreover, heat weaves and forest fires – a growing threat with recent
devastating consequences for the forests and wetlands of BiH – may put at risk complementary
sources of revenues for poor-asset farmers – wood and Non Timber Forest Products (NTFP) –
and increase the risk of soil runoff erosion, water and soil pollution, while magnifying the impact
of floods and landslides affecting agriculture production and taking heavy tolls on infrastructures
and lives.
Numerous regional and national assessments of climate change impacts and adaptation
options recommend a shift from conventional agriculture to more environmental-friendly and
resilient practices based on water saving, minimal soil disturbance and reduced use of
agrochemicals, and the adoption of better adapted crop types/varieties and livestock breeds.
Another important adaptation measure is land use diversification and the introduction of
sustainable agriculture approaches that increase the resilience of the rural economy – i.e. highquality and traditional productions, cultivation of medicinal and aromatic plants (MAP) and other
NTFPs (berries or certain types of nuts), the extraction of wood to increase resilience of forests
to fire and its use for bio-energy, the promotion of grazing in high fire risk areas, or the
increased production of fodder to support the dairy sector in drought years. These measures
mitigate territorial vulnerability to CC while increasing food security – reducing dependence to
one single asset and diversifying sources of income and employment opportunities for
smallholder farmers.
The first INC (2009) recommends the enhancement and introduction of sustainable agricultural
approaches including: (i) the promotion of drought-resistant crop varieties and livestock breeds,
and the enhancement of winter crops as a measure to increase resilience to summer drought
conditions; (ii) increase water availability and improve water balance in agriculture, through
measures such as drainage of heavy soils, small-scale irrigation, farm ponds, and waste water
recycling; (iii) the introduction of agro-forestry measures, such as restoration/expansion of
shelter belts and wind breaks, and the promotion of mixed systems that integrate wood cultures,
annual crops, and grazing; (iv) improved use of organic waste from agriculture and forestry
practices, through the promotion of small-scale bio-fuel plants and its used as alternative
fodder. In certain parts of BiH, Conservation Agriculture (CA) could represent an interesting
opportunity to increase the resilience of agro-ecosystems and reduce CC-induced risks. CA
includes a set of management principles such as minimal/no tillage, permanent soil surface
cover with mulching and cover crops, and crop rotation. These measures offer a higher
adaptability to climate change because of: (i) a more effective water infiltration and greater soil
moisture-holding capacity, that help minimise the impact of extreme weather events such as
water stress during drought, run off erosion and flooding during torrential rain events; (ii) the
reduction of surface soil extreme temperatures and fluctuations help minimise the effect of
frequent and intense heat weaves and frost periods; (iii) crop rotation and diversification have a
positive effect on food security; (iv) the reduced use of fossil fuel and the increase of soil carbon
has an important CC mitigation effect. The combination of organic and conservation agriculture
principles can further enhance resilience, by helping minimize the use and environmental
impact of agrochemicals. Additionally, any improvement in agriculture land management will
help protect underground carbon stores, contributing to climate change mitigation.
Rural smallholders are among the most potentially vulnerable groups to CC-induced risk in BiH.
The adoption of environmental-friendly agriculture systems and technologies will increase their
capacity to achieve sustainable food sufficiency and initiate new value chains based on climateadapted, higher value crops and animal production systems that can pave the way to new
market opportunities. Moreover, it can help decrease the demand of labour and financial inputs,
allowing farmers to become engaged in off-farm activities and pursue other livelihood options.
3.1.2 Gender and ENRM
22
As widely demonstrated in other countries with comparable social conditions, the promotion of
the production, cultivation, processing and marketing of NTFP/MAP, including berries, nuts,
mushrooms, and prepared products such as oils, liquors, jam, honey, cosmetics etc – as
complementary agriculture activities can multiply employment opportunities for rural women.
Women tend to be more open minded, eager and capable than men in sectors such as
tree/plant nurseries, production of plants/seedlings, and management of MAP/NTFP. The
adoption of sustainable agriculture practices and the diversification of revenues will allow a
more efficient use of time and labour, creating good opportunities for households with more than
one adult employed, which basically implies opening the labour market to more women and
youth.
Off-farm and complementary income-generation activities, such as agro-tourism, small bioenergy plants, or small fish farms, can also multiply job opportunities for the young population –
i.e. as tour guides, workers in the bioenergy plant or fish farmers – and for women – i.e. as
managers of rural guest houses and restaurants producers and marketers of NTFPs, and
workers in bioenergy plants.
3.1.3 Opportunities for enhancing ENRM sustainability throughout the IFAD Programme
During its past interventions in BiH, IFAD has handled environmental issues mainly by ensuring
the integration of environmental concerns and considerations into the planning and evaluation
of its investments, and by monitoring the environmental compliance of its beneficiaries,
especially at the level of municipalities, producers’ associations and cooperatives. However,
there is considerable room for increased mainstreaming of environmental work, and especially
for climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction, in current and future IFAD projects.
This chapter presents concise recommendations to enhance ENRM and CC sustainability
throughout the main axes of the IFAD programme, namely in the sectors of agriculture
production, farmers’ associations and SMEs, infrastructures, and rural finance.
A more detailed environmental assessment of present IFAD projects and concrete
recommendations for mainstreaming of environment, nature resource management and climate
change into on-going and future IFAD interventions are included in Annex 3 to this document.
At the agriculture production level:
 Provide investment to enable the creation of new, short, high-value added value chains on
organic processed fruits, MAP, and other NTFP in the project intervention areas, as a way to
diversify income sources and create employment opportunities for the poor (households with
only one employed member), with a special focus on women who tend to be more involved in
NTFP production (management of plant nurseries, processing and marketing NTFPs).
 Support the development of sustainable value chains in the livestock raising and dairy sector,
encouraging the use of traditional breeds of cattle and other domestic animals, and supporting
a quantitative increase in the production of existing, high-quality products such as typical
brands of cheese. These interventions could be coupled with measures to secure an adequate
and stable supply of fodder at reasonable prices, and to facilitate the access of farmers to
national and regional markets through South-east Europe.
 Promote sustainable agricultural approaches including introduction of new varieties of crops
and breeds, changes in rotational systems to enhance winter crops, improved water
management (small scale irrigation, farm ponds, wastewater treatment), improved
management of waste from agriculture and forestry, and improved energy efficiency. Test and
adapt new technologies for CA/OA farming systems through on-farm demonstration trials as
part of RLDP and RBDP interventions. Support agro-forestry through the restoration/expansion
of shelterbelts and windbreaks, and the promotion of mixed exploitation systems integrating
permanent and annual crops, and grazing.
 Assess opportunities to link intervention areas with neighbouring high value natural and
cultural sites through agro-tourism schemes (food, handicraft, board & lodging and guiding
services) and support poor farmers – focusing on unemployed young - to establish links with
this sector and access related funding schemes.
23
 Enhance the capacity of public administrations in weather forecasting and in the timely transfer
of relevant info incorporating CC-risk to farmers, and build the capacity of farmers to make the
best use of this information. Channel investment in improving/enhancing infrastructures
(including meteorological and hydrological observation and telecommunication systems) that
are outdated or were destroyed during the war.
 Develop “learning-by-doing” extension and applied research programmes using the and Field
Farm Schools (FFS) approach together with a Training of Trainers (ToT) programme for
extension agents, researchers, public servants and RLDP/RBDP implementation teams, based
on the widespread experience of IFAD in other countries.
 Organize learning tours to successful cases and best practices in Europe on sustainable
agriculture systems and technologies, environmental-friendly agriculture production, NTFP and
bioenergy.
 Promote the participation of beneficiaries to international fairs on CA/OA/certified forest
products in neighbouring and EU countries.
 Support participatory rural planning processes, assessing local vulnerability to CC-related risks
and identifying adaptation measures, uses and management systems at local and territorial i.e.
watershed level).
 Strengthen cooperation with international agencies that support forestry, bio-energy, and agrotourism and other sustainable development schemes in BiH.
At the Farmers’ Association and SME level:
 Investment in the provision of equipment, technology and materials to farmer associations and
SME to facilitate the shift to new farming systems and improve traditional value chains (i.e. the
processing of imperishable and value-added products to overcome annual environmental
constraints and increase the possibility to stock and access to markets in a longer period/new
markets) and new complementary value chains (NTFPs cropping, processing and marketing,
high quality meat and dairy products, honey, berries and fruits – especially plums and
walnuts).
 Invest in the introduction, testing and dissemination of state-of-the-art equipment for CA
among FAs and SMEs.
 Support/promote associations for CA/OA (i.e. foster creation of RS and FBiH farmers
federations for CA or OA).
 Identify and support farm leaders among poor farmers to develop good demonstration cases
on CA/OA and sustainable rural business that can trigger larger interest among farmers.
 Promote networking among RS/FBiH farmer associations and CA/OA farmer associations from
neighbouring countries and EU to exchange experiences and knowhow.
At the Infrastructures level:
 Invest in the set up of multi-purpose plants in support to new value chains, including nurseries
for the production of seedlings, saplings, and mother plants for high-quality cuttings,
greenhouses, experimental plots, irrigation systems, plants for the cleaning, drying and
processing of medicinal and aromatic plants, distillation plants (possibly with biomass-fed
boilers), freezing and refrigeration facilities for berries and fruits, plants for the processing of
honey and other bee products, and other transformation and storage facilities, serving
producers’ associations, or cooperatives from one or more municipalities.
 Invest in infrastructure for improved water management, including small scale irrigation
schemes, farm ponds, stone and wooden dams etc.
 Promote the adequate land uses that can be coupled with infrastructure development in highrisk areas i.e. clearing of roadsides by supporting grazing activities in sensitive areas, support
the creation of clearance belts in forest areas where fodder or herbs can be grown, or where
beekeeping facilities can be installed.
 Invest in the set up of small-scale fish farms for the sustainable production of local species of
freshwater fish, possibly linking to local agricultural production for the provision of fodder, and
support short value chains for fresh fish serving local and regional markets.
 Support participatory planning processes to identify and GIS-map high-risk areas in territorial
units – i.e. watersheds - and support decision-making about the most efficient landscape
24
pattern distribution of infrastructures to increase rural resilience while supporting development
activities.
 Incorporate CC-risk criteria in the environmental impact assessment of all infrastructures.
 Build capacity of public administrations (especially municipalities) and national/local civil works
enterprises about the incorporation of CC-risks and DRR.
 Organize learning tours to neighbouring/EU countries to visit successful best practices in
infrastructure development and management.
 Support the revision of national/local policies and regulations on infrastructure development to
mainstream CC-related risk assessment.
At the Rural Finance Level:
 Raise awareness and inform the business sector about CC-related risks affecting food
security, and provide guidance to incorporate adequate sustainability criteria in the
applications for loans.
 Support the revision of governmental rural development policies to incorporate CC-risks in the
provision of subsidies and selection of eligible measures/equipment.
 Raise awareness and inform the insurance sector about opportunities for CC-risk incorporation
in insurance premiums.
3.2 Areas for policy dialogue
Adequate institutional support and policies can greatly help speed up the adoption of CC
adaptation measures in agriculture, mainly by removing existing constraints and providing
farmers with the required services, incentives and credit programmes for sustainable agriculture
technologies and investments.
IFAD can play an important role in supporting the improvement of current policies and
regulations, so they can facilitate the adoption of sustainable agriculture and rural development
options. The stakeholders interviewed during the SEA missions identified the following gaps and
priority areas to improve the ENRM policy framework:






Formulate and approve State and Entity (FBiH) laws on OA and CA;
Amend existing laws on tourism and introduce bylaws in support to rural tourism and other
off-farm business in rural areas;
Further align national legislation to facilitate the application of EU frameworks such as WFD
or HD;
Improve forestry laws to facilitate CC adaptation and fire risk reduction in forest
management;
Improve legislation framework for the management of protected areas;
Introduce specific incentives for enhancing the sustainability and climate proofing of rural
economy and infrastructures, and to boost organic certification and rural entrepreneurship
based on the sustainable use of natural assets.
The policy revision will not only look at specific legal rules supporting agriculture development,
farming and forestry approaches, but also at the coherence with existing legislation on crosscutting policy issues such as climate change (adaptation of sectoral policies to climate
scenarios and predicted changes), water (water use efficiency, water pricing, floods, droughts),
land degradation, pollution (sewage treatment, use of herbicides, pesticides or other chemicals),
energy (use of wood and agriculture waste for bio-energy), land tenure, forestry, nature
protection, transport, etc. Agriculture and agro-forestry related incentives or subsidies and credit
lines should be screened and evaluated, to ensure that they do not jeopardize the farmers’
ability to adopt sustainable agriculture and sustainable non-farming complementary activities.
An important policy instrument is the alignment with EU policy frameworks – i.e. Water
Framework Directive (WFD), Floods Directive, Common Agriculture Policy (CAP) and
agriculture directives, Habitat Directive/Natura2000. It should also look at co-ordination
mechanisms across entities, ministries, governmental agencies and departments to address
mainstreaming and cross-compliance, and reduce the likelihood of conflicts in the
implementation of measures. The adoption of broad consultation processes in order to gather
25
the input and feedback of the civil society, the private sector and all concerned stakeholder is
highly recommended.
3.3 Targeting
The target groups for enhanced work in ENRM and CC should be (i) smallholder farmers, both
men and women willing to adopt agriculture practices and value chains for OA, CA and NTFPs
(ii) Producer Associations and Agriculture Cooperatives with an outreach to smallholder famers
as members and co-operants (iii) women and unemployed youth interested in non-farm wage
employment and enterprise development based on the sustainable use of the country’s natural
assets (iv) institutions, decision-makers, and practitioners in the field of agriculture, forestry,
nature resource use, and biodiversity conservation.
The targeting approach will include:

Geographic targeting. Geographic priority should be given to those municipalities and
territories that combine high poverty, high vulnerability and risk to climate change impacts,
and high levels of biological diversity. The SEA carried out a thorough geographic targeting
exercise based on a GIS analysis combining the following layers: rural poverty at the level
of municipalities; biological diversity, based on available information from the N2K alignment
process, and vulnerability to the impacts of CC (floods, fires, drought). This component of
the work is featured in Annex 2 to this document.

Poverty and Gender Targeting. The selection of individuals, rural households and
participating institutions will be based on criteria that ensures the inclusion of the vulnerable
households and pro-poor institutions.

Self-targeting. Interest in participating in ENRM/CC adaptation and sustainable agriculture
project financed activities will be a pre-requisite for participation in the programme.
3.4 Partnerships and opportunities for synergies and upscaling
The current scenario offers IFAD plenty of opportunities to build strategic partnerships with
actors that have not, or have marginally been involved in previous phases of the programme,
and to further strengthen existing collaboration, for the enhancement of ENRM and CC work in
BiH. The following table describes some of the most interesting opportunity at this respect.
Partner
World Bank
UNDP
USAID
Water Agencies
Forestry Institutes
Opportunities
Build on, or explore co-financing opportunities with WB-led
projects, including Neretva and Trebisnjica management
project; mountain and forest protected areas project, irrigation
project.
Build on, or explore co-financing opportunities with UNDP-led
projects like biodiversity protection in Livanjsko Polje,
renewable energies and bio-fuel. UNDP supports the
production of the second INC to UNCCC and can be a
valuable ally in CC adaptation projects.
Build on patrimony of experience, information, and contacts of
the FARMA project in the design and development of projects
on OA/CA, NTFP. Upscaling of FARMA work at the local level.
Collaboration on CB for producers and rural entrepreneurs.
Support the work of the WAs in both Entities and build
partnerships for water management, watershed, CC
adaptation and DDR; help build capacity and encourage
cross-boundary collaboration between Entities and with
neighbouring countries.
Build partnerships for projects addressing sustainable forestry
and forest management, CC mitigation for forests, NTFP value
chains; help build capacity and encourage cross-boundary
26
Ministries of the Environment
Hydro-meteorological
institutes
Authorities in charge of PA
management
Tourism authorities
Trade Chamber of BiH
Organska Kontrola
NGOs/CSOs
Faculties of Agriculture and
Forestry
collaboration between Entities and with neighbouring
countries.
Build partnerships on ENRM projects; support mainstreaming
of environmental issues in agriculture, water, forestry, and
tourism; help build capacity of ministries and protected areas
agencies.
Help build capacity in terms of equipment and skills;
encourage partnerships with agriculture, water, forestry, and
environment sectors; facilitate collaboration between entities
and set up of national database; improve mechanisms for
transfer of data and information to users.
Build partnership to promote/encourage small rural business
based on the natural and cultural values of PAs;
mainstreaming of nature protection into agriculture and rural
development policies; cross-boundary work.
Build partnerships on pilot rural tourism projects; CB of rural
population to undertake off-farm business; support integration
of rural and agro-tourism in national tourism policies and
strategies; build capacity to access development funds (IPA)
Establish strategic partnerships for the set up of value chains
on OA/CA/NTFP, especially to establish links between
producers and buyers, and build capacity of producers on
marketing, business and export.
Develop partnership on OA/CA/NTFP projects, support policy
dialogue to remove obstacles, build capacity, and raise
awareness on certification among decision makers and rural
entrepreneurs (producers’ associations, SMEs, cooperatives).
Help build capacity of NGOs and develop partnership for
education, awareness raising and communication campaigns
addressing the rural population and the national society at
large.
Build partnerships to encourage/support research work and
knowledge generation in the fields of ENRM, CC adaptation
and DRR.
3.5 Proposed working lines for future programme development
Beyond the allocation of approximately USD 13.376 million according to the Performance
Based Allocation System (PBAS) cycles 2013-2015 and the not yet determined allocation for
the cycle 2016-2018, the IFAD country programme should explore additional financing sources
available through schemes such as the Global Environment Facility, the Special Climate
Change Fund, the Special Adaptation Funds and others, for the development and
implementation of projects that, while building on the core IFAD programme and projects, have
a specific ENRM and CC adaptation focus. The SEA identified the following five priority lines of
work that articulate environmentally sustainable and climate-resilient development pathways
and interventions to address issues of poverty, vulnerability to climate change and natural
disasters, and sustainable resource management in BiH:
1. Short, sustainable green value chains, including high quality agriculture, meat, and
dairy products, certified organic food, and NTFP, including shift from collection to
cultivation;
2. Introduction of adaptation and risk reduction measures at the watersheds level with the
active involvement of smallholders and rural communities;
3. Support to off-farm business and rural revenue diversification with a special focus on
rural tourism and service sector in and around protected areas (PAs as engines for rural
development);
4. Promote sustainable agriculture approaches and agro-forestry;
27
5. Climate change mainstreaming in ENRM and ARD policies, capacity building for
meteorological, hydrological and climate services to support disaster risk reduction and
early warning systems.
A short description of these lines of work, together with an analysis of existing opportunities and
constraints and recommendation on suggested approach for project development are provided
in the following table.
28
Priority Working
Line
1.
Short,
sustainable green
value
chains,
including
high
quality agriculture,
meat, and dairy
products, certified
organic food, and
NTFP,
including
shift from collection
to cultivation
Opportunities








A priority for MOFTER and
Ministries of Agriculture in
both Entities is to position
BiH as a net exporter of high
quality, value added goods
to EU and other SEE
countries;
Marked tendency to shift
from collection to plantation
of NTFP, because of
decreasing stocks of wild
plants;
High demand for NTFP
especially
organic
from
markets in D, A, CH, HR, I,
F, US;
The first organic certification
agencies in East Europe,
Organska Kontrola (OK)
was
recently
up.
OK
certification is recognised by
EU and CH;
In 2011 2,3 M EUR of OKcertified
goods
were
exported in BiH, and much
more was exported with
other certification systems;
Strong tradition of NTFP
production and export since
former Yugoslavia times;
Small but growing number
of cooperatives in the field
of OA, in both Entities;
Growing interest of private
Constraints





No Law on OA at the state level and
in FBiH, only RS has one;
No specific subsidies for OA are
available in BiH;
Low awareness and capacity of
farmers,
producers
associations,
SMEs and cooperatives;
The cost of organic certification is too
high for single farmers and no
subsidies are currently available for
certification;
Weak links between offer and
demand in this sector, especially for
export.
Suggested Approach









29
Establish strategic partnership with donors active in the
sector, especially USAID and SIDA (FARMA), the BiH
certification agency OK, and the Foreign Trade Chamber;
Remove obstacles and bottlenecks at State and Entities
level to encourage green productions, especially
OA/NTFP production (i.e. laws on organic farming,
incentives);
Mainstream available (RLDP, RBDP) and new
investments for the set up of multi-purpose plants for the
set up of the value chains (nurseries, drying, processing,
distillation, storage and refrigeration facilities etc) and for
the purchase of state o the art equipment, materials and
technology;
Build capacity of unions of cooperatives and producers’
associations to provide qualified TA to their members in
these sectors;
Encourage set up of producers’ associations,
cooperatives and SMEs for OA and NTFP production and
export;
Focus on poorest and CC vulnerable rural areas, so as to
help reverse the trend of migration to the cities, where
employment is also scarce;
Focus on rural women and youth;
Map current and potential foreign buyers, with the help of
donor agencies, embassies, trade chambers;
Operate link between producers and buyers so as to
maximise guarantees for smallholders and achieve
adequate quantitative and qualitative production
standards (build on IFAD experiences such as
PAPAFPA).







Priority Working
Line
business sector for NTFP
production and export;
Synergies
with
other
international donors;
Build on the experience and
capacity
built
through
FARMA
USAID/SIDA
project;
Growing focus on providing
employment
opportunities
for
returnees/internally
displaced (Annex 7 Dayton
Agreement);
Sector analysis for five
strategic agriculture sectors
including
NTFP,
rural
tourism and beekeeping)
released by EU/FAO;
Together
with
second
communication to UNCCC,
UNDP will release national
adaptation strategy largely
based
on
agriculture
including
concrete
recommendations
on
measures;
Likely available funds from
the EU in the future (IPA);
Build on existing and
forthcoming IFAD projects
(RLDP, RBDP) and on
successful IFAD projects
elsewhere (i.e. PAPAFPA in
STP)
Opportunities
Constraints
30
Suggested Approach
2. Introduction of
adaptation and risk
reduction measures
at the watershed
level with the active
involvement
of
smallholders
and
rural communities








Alignment to EU WFD is a
priority
policy
for
the
authorities of BiH;
Four Water Agencies in
place in the two Entities;
Preliminary work carried out
through previous projects on
IRBM and Ecological Flow;
The production of flood
protection
management
plans is a high priority for
the Water Agencies, as it
must be completed by 2017,
but the work is proceeding
slowly due to lack of funds;
The fires occurred in
summer
2010
have
increased awareness on the
importance of protecting
forests and on adaption to
extreme climate events;
UNDP produced documents
on the potential for biomass
use in BiH, and fostered the
creation of an association of
biomass producers in BiH
that is still active;
Informal
collaboration
happens locally, at a
watershed level, between
forest
and
water
management, leading to
effective
but
informal
protection of watershed
forests;
Awareness on need for





No mapping of vulnerable riverine
areas and basins has been carried
out so far;
No national experience on the
development of IRBM and watershed
plans;
No existing action plan to address
pollution reduction from agriculture
sources and adapt to EU legislation
(i.e. Nitrogen Directive);
Entities are working separately on
existing projects i.e. Sava river water
management plan;
Weak collaboration between forest
and water managers, agriculture,
research
institutions,
hydrometeorological bodies.









31
Facilitate the participation of small farmers and rural
communities in watershed-level land planning to ensure
that their needs are integrated in, and compatible with the
new land and resources management plans and
measures;
Support the creation of associations of water users at the
watershed level and introduce new water harvesting and
irrigation technologies, including small-scale irrigation
schemes and reservoirs, and the re-use of treated
wastewater for agriculture;
Improve sewage treatment in rural areas, promoting
natural systems such as green filters;
Put in place measures to control erosion, including stone
and wooden dams, and restore vegetation cover in
sensitive areas, favouring the creation of shelterbelts and
the use of economically valuable agro-forestry species;
Provide investments and facilitate access to credits and
subsidies to introduce adaptation and risk reduction
measures into smallholders agriculture;
Facilitate collaboration between Water Agencies in both
Entities by supporting the completion of required flood
management plans and through joint CB programmes;
Promote integration between water and agriculture
sectors within the Ministries of Agriculture in both entities,
in order to ensure coherence between agriculture and
water management, and mainstream water, agriculture
and forestry policies;
Increase awareness at grassroots and decision makers
levels on the need for integrated, climate-resilient
management and development
Build capacity of concerned actors at the level of
municipalities and local communities



Priority Working
Line
3. Support to offfarm business and
rural
revenue
diversification with
a special focus on
rural tourism and
service sector in
and
around
protected areas



flood protection is increasing
among decision makers and
the wider society;
Synergies with existing and
forthcoming projects and
schemes (notably WB) on
irrigation,
wastewater
management, river basin
management
plans,
irrigation;
Opportunities
for
cofinancing with WB: irrigation
development
project;
Neretva and Trebisnjica
Management Project; water
management in the Drina
Basin;
(RLDP, RBDP)
Opportunities
In the framework of EU
accession and alignment to
HD/N2K, the authorities of
BiH are under pressure to
expand
and
strengthen
network of PAs;
Authorities are willing to
increase social acceptance
of PAs and solve current
financial
constraints
of
existing parks;
Rural tourism development
is a high priority for both
Entities;
Constraints





Entities lack specific action plans or
by-laws addressing rural tourism and
its needs;
Very low capacity at all levels to
access and manage available funding
lines, i.e. IPA;
Weak
experience
on
off-farm
business based on natural values and
resources in the country;
Complex governance system and
inefficient funding of protected areas;
Lack of dialogue and synergies
between environment, tourism, and
agriculture sectors.
32
Suggested Approach



Mainstream available (RLDP, RBDP) and new
investments in rural areas to set up small-scale
sustainable business in/around protected areas, based
on the results of the management and physical plans
produced by the WB project, i.e. support women and
youth in the development and management of tourismrelated services (board and lodging, guiding, handicrafts
and high quality productions);
Promote the shift to sustainable energy through
investments in small-scale bio-fuel plants using
agriculture waste and wood, which can generate
employment while covering community energy needs and
abating the cost of new off-farm business initiatives.
Make
available
equipment,
technology
and






Priority Working
Line
4.
Promote
sustainable
agriculture
approaches
and
agro-forestry


Build on achievements of
the WB-GEF Forest and
mountain protected area
project, finalising in 2013,
which
will
deliver
management plans for Una,
Blidinje,
Hutovo
Blato,
Sutieska, Kozara, and a
tourism master plan for Una;
Synergies with the Dinarides
project of WWF, DAI, and
other nature conservation
initiatives;
The private sector is slowly
developing
new
agrotourism business, especially
in FBiH;
Plenty of best practices and
examples
in
EU
and
neighbouring countries;
Strong interest of Cantonal
authorities of Sarajevo to
join a project along these
lines;
(RLDP, RBDP)
Opportunities

Sustainable agriculture and
agro-forestry are a priority at
the policy level (INC, NEAP
etc);
Good practices examples
available within and outside
IFAD
programme
in


Poor access and infrastructure in
many rural areas;
Several mountain and rural regions in
BiH are unfit for rural tourism because
of land mines.






Constraints


No specific legislation on CA exists in
BiH, no OA laws at the state level and
in FBiH, only RS has one;
No specific subsidies/incentives for
CA/OA or sustainable agriculture
practices are available in BiH;
Low awareness and capacity of
33
infrastructures to support rural business diversification.
Promote integration between tourism, rural development,
agriculture, and nature conservation sectors in both
Entities;
Enhance skills and know-how of entrepreneurs and foster
the set up of associations of service providers;
Build national capacity to access IPA and other funds
available for rural development and tourism;
Develop strategic alliance with other organisations
interested in promoting sustainable rural development in
key biodiversity areas, such as WWF or IUCN;
Build on positive experience of Canton Sarajevo and
collaborate with the cantonal PA Unit for pilot agrotourism work;
Support cross-boundary collaborations between BiH, SR,
HR, MN (Una/Plitvice; Sutjeska/Tara/ Durmitor; Hutovo
Blato/Neretva Delta; Livanjsko Polje/Sinjsko Polje).
Suggested Approach


Identify and map improved land management systems,
practices and technologies within BiH and in
neighbouring countries, building on the track record of
IFAD and other agencies;
Test new land management practices and technologies
and
produce
adapted
guidelines
for
the
promotion/expansion of sustainable agriculture and agro-




neighbouring countries;
(RLDP, RBDP)
Upcoming
projects
and
opportunities
for
cofinancing (WB, UNDP, EU);
Agro-forestry measures are
already well established and
known in the country;
Low levels of pollutions and
acceptable quality of the
environment
provide
excellent
baseline
for
sustainable agriculture

farmers,
producers
associations,
SMEs
and
cooperatives
on
sustainable agriculture;
Weak links between agriculture,
forestry and environment sectors of
the administration.







Priority Working
Line
Climate
change
mainstreaming
in
ENRM and ARD
policies,
capacity
Opportunities

Most concerned institutional
actors at all levels are aware
of
the
need
for
environmental
Constraints

Substantial lack of collaboration and
integration within Entity (agriculture,
environment, resource management)
and among Entities at the moment;
34
forestry, including conservation agriculture, pastures
improvement through seeding-rotating-resting, and tree
planting in crop/pasture land and establishment of
shelterbelts;
Technical assistance for analysis of water use and
distribution at landscape level in light of changing rainfall
patterns to inform the design of efficient water
management systems;
Promote know-how and support smallholder investments
on water harvesting techniques, such as low-cost
groundwater recharge methods and small to mediumsize reservoirs to compensate summer water scarcity;
Promote know-how and adoption of soil water storage
management techniques, such as the use of mulching
and the cutting of stubble at different heights to trap snow
enhancing spring moisture;
on water-use efficient irrigation systems;
Promote seed collection and creation of seed banks to
make available high-quality plant material from larger
number of crop species and varieties well-adapted to
changes in climate;
on crop rotating systems based on well-adapted and
diverse crops;
Promote adjustment of cropping systems and crop
varieties to the seasonal changes caused by CC.
Suggested Approach

Encourage mainstreaming of climate change in
environment and agriculture, and the creation of
institutionalised
procedures
and
protocols
for
coordination and collaboration between MoAs and MoEs;
building
for
meteorological,
hydrological
and
climate services to
support
disaster
risk reduction and
early
warning
systems.





mainstreaming
and
the
development
of
crosssectoral
strategic
environmental assessments
(SEA) across many sectors;
CB on SEA among the
members
of
the
administration, is a priority
for
the
Ministries
of
Environment
in
both
Entities;
The second national report
to UNCCC due to be
released in early 2013
identifies main problems
and suggest adaptation
measures on agriculture,
water
management,
forestry, and human health,
including
policy
mainstreaming;
Opportunities
to
build
synergies
with
other
international actors including
EU, WB, UNDP, USAID etc;
EU alignment and the
adoption of legislation such
as WFD and HB require
high cooperation between
institutional
actors
and
environmental
mainstreaming in ARD and
NRM;
IFAD is well positions to
catalyse the process and
can build on successful




Weak link between research sector
(universities) and institutions in
charge
of
policy development,
planning, and implementation;
Lack of effective examples of
mainstreaming and win-win situations
in the country.
No harmonisation of the information
systems and poor data sharing
among institutions concerned with
climate and weather within Entities
and among Entities;
Limited capacity and technical means
in the Hydro-meteorological institutes
of both Entities.








35
Foster set up of intra- and inter-Entity working groups to
boost communication between MoA and MoE, and create
working group for the development of national Disaster
Risk Reduction strategy;
Facilitate the harmonisation of the information systems of
weather forecast and hydro-meteorological data in both
Entities and the integration the information systems of
different institutions concerned with climate and weather
within Entities;
Create a national hydro-meteorological database;
Enhance investment in climate modelling and
forecasting, and support climate change downscaling;
Build the technical and human capacity of Hydrometeorological institutions in both Entities and promote
collaboration through joint training;
Bridge knowledge gaps on CC and DRR by improving
transfer of data/information to farmers and rural people,
by forging partnerships between concerned institutions,
NGOs, and the media;
Mapping of experts and specialists involved in the
sectors in BiH and the region and foster the creation of
informal networks;
Create small research funds, i.e. for PhD thesis on
climate change adaptation and knowledge generation
and management in the hydro-meteorological field.


experiences
within
its
programme elsewhere in the
world;
BiH joined the United
Nations
Framework
on
Climate Change in 2010;
BIH can significantly benefit
from the new South East
European Virtual Climate
Change
Centre
(SEEVCCC), which was
established in 2008 within
the
Serbian
National
Hydrometeorological
Service.
36
3.6 Opportunities for transboundary work
The following opportunities for transboundary work with Croatia, Montenegro and Serbia have been
identified:
 Development of transboundary initiatives for joint promotion, management, and rural development
initiatives (especially tourism) between Una and Plitvice National Parks (BiH/HR), Sutjeska and
Durmitor National Parks (BiH/MN), Livanjsko Polje/Sinjsko Polje (BiH/HR), and Hutovo
Blato/Delta of Neretva (BiH/HR);
 Policy and capacity building collaboration with neighbouring countries in the framework of the
South East European Virtual Climate Change Centre (SEEVCCC) led by Serbian National
Hydrometeorological Service, especially on enhancement of the hydro-meteorological services,
and coordination on weather forecasting and DRR;
 Partnership between the Forestry Institutes of FBiH and RS with Hrvatske šume and the Serbian
Forestry Service;
 Partnerships for joint planning and implementation of Integrated River Basin Management
initiatives in transboundary river basins, especially Neretva, Una, Sava (HR) and Drina (SR);
 Establish strategic links with OA actors and partners in Serbia and Montenegro through the
Bosnian certification agency Organska Kontrola that is increasingly active in those countries;
 Identify best practices in the fields of sustainable agriculture, off-far rural business, management
of natural resources and protected areas, and CC adaptation and risk mitigation from
neighbouring countries, in view of CB programmes and for the organisation of learning visits.
3.7 Conclusions and Recommendations

So far, IFAD has handled environmental issues mainly by ensuring the integration of
environmental concerns into the planning and evaluation of its investments, and by monitoring the
environmental compliance of its beneficiaries and partners. However, there is considerable room
for increased mainstreaming of environmental work, and especially for sustainable natural
resource management, climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction, in current and
future IFAD projects.

IFAD should pay more attention to key issues such as: (i) investing in the set up of short value
chains linked to green agriculture and sustainable productions, through the provision of state-ofthe-art technology, equipment and materials and through the construction of multi-purpose value
chain infrastructures and facilities that can serve producers’ associations, cooperatives and
SMEs; (ii) encouraging income diversification and off-farm business initiatives with a specific
environmental profile, that can boost rural employment, especially among women and youth in
poor, biodiversity rich rural areas with high landscape value and tourism potential; (iii) promoting
sustainable agricultural approaches, including conservation agriculture, organic farming and agroforestry as a way to enhance the livelihoods of smallholders in rural areas and promote BiH as a
high-profile supplier of quality agriculture goods and products in the European market; (iv)
building specific capacity and skills for ENRM and CC adaptation among all key stakeholders,
from decision makers to grassroots beneficiaries; (v) supporting the mainstreaming of
environment, agriculture, and sustainable resource management through policy dialogue in view
of achieving a more conductive national framework for ENRM and CC adaptation; (vi) integrating
agriculture work and the sustainable management of resources such as forests, water, or
biological diversity with a special focus on climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction.
The on-going and future projects covered by the allocations according to the Performance Based
Allocation System, such as RLDP and RBDP, provide an excellent baseline and opportunity to
mainstream ENRM and CC through specific actions and measures targeting all the existing levels
of work: agriculture production, Farmers’ Association and SMEs, infrastructures, and rural
finance.


IFAD should explore additional financing sources for the development of new projects that, while
building on the core IFAD programme, have a specific ENRM and CC adaptation profile. Potential
sources include the Global Environment Facility (GEF), the Special Climate Change Fund
37
(SCCF), and Adaptation Fund. IFAD could also become engaged in dialogue with private
foundations working on ENRM and CC at the global or regional level. Finally, IFAD grants could
become more relevant and supportive to the IFAD Programme in BIH.

IFAD should broaden the scope of its partnerships in BiH, and develop strategic frameworks of
collaboration with actors involved in ENRM and CC adaptation, including Ministries of
Environment and Tourism, Water Agencies, Forestry Institutes, Hydrometeorological Institutes,
Universities and research institutes, and stakeholders in the areas of organic farming,
conservation agriculture and NTFP production.

A stronger dialogue should also be developed with national and local NGOs, which can become
useful partners, especially in the implementation of awareness raising, education and extension
work. IFAD should look at ways of using its means and work to help strengthen, and build the
capacity of the civil society in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Priority should be granted to fostering transboundary collaboration between Entities, and between
BiH and neighbouring countries, through the implementation of projects addressing
transboundary areas (i.e. shared watersheds, neighbouring protected areas etc), and through
joint capacity building and knowledge generation/management initiatives.

While scaling up its work in ERNM and CC, IFAD can, and should build on existing best practices
and successful examples within and outside its worldwide programme. Strategic partnerships
should also be sought or strengthened with international actors active in ENRM and CC, including
other UN agencies, donors, or international NGOs.
38
3.8 Proposed set of Indicators
It is recommended that the monitoring system for the IFAD programme in BiH integrate agrienvironmental indicators to: (i) provide information on changes in the conditions of the farmed
environment at local and watershed level; (ii) track the impact of the agriculture supported measures
and policy reforms on the environment; (iii) inform agriculture and environmental policy decisions, and
(iv) illustrate agri-environmental relationships to the broader public. A coherent system of agrienvironmental indicators should be able to capture the main positive and negative effects of
agriculture on the environment and to reflect regional differences in economic structures and natural
conditions. By doing so, it will provide valuable information for assessing agriculture policy in terms of
its contribution to the preservation of environmental resources on which the future of agriculture and
society at large depend.
The following table provides examples of possible agri-environmental indicators:
Domain
Policy
Value chain
responses
Indicator
Agri-environmental
commitments
Economic incentives
CA/OA production,
technology and skills
Example
Nº of new regulations supporting climateresilient agriculture measures
Nº of subsidy schemes supporting CA/OA
Nº of loans supporting the acquisition of CA/OA
technologies and the set up of infrastructures
and plants for the new value chains;
Nº of hectares under green productions,
including CA, OA and agro-forestry;
Nº of hectares of new NTFP value chains (shift
from collection to cultivation);
Nº of extension organizations providing CA/OA
services;
Nº of research centres with applied research
trials on CA/OA
Nº of SME involved in climate-resilient
processing and marketing;
Production per each type of imperishable
processed product;
Nº of organic products exported
Nº of certified products and certification licenses
released by local certification bodies.
Nº of water waste treatment plants in the project
intervention zone;
Nº of farms re-using treated water
Average erosion rate per ha in the project
intervention zone as from the baseline
Processing and
diversification
Pressure
Market signals and
attitudes
Pollution reduction
Land degradation
reduction
Efficient input use
Poverty alleviation
responses
Amount of changes from the baseline of mineral
fertiliser consumption;
Amount of changes from the baseline of
consumption of pesticides;
Amount of changes from the baseline of fossil
fuel consumption in agriculture production;
Volume of water savings in irrigation as
compared with baseline consumption.
Nº of household employees working on climateresilient productive activities (high quality
Employment rate
39
productions, OA/CA, MAP and other NTFP; bioenergy; agro-tourism; etc);
Nº of women employed in climate-resilient
productive activities;
Nº of previously unemployed beneficiaries who
are employed in climate-resilient productive
activities.
Nº of farmers’ with increased income from
climate-resilient productive activities
Nº of ha of protective vegetation belts and
pasture land restored;
Rate of increase in soil carbon in CA/OA farm
plots;
Rate of increase in water soil content in CA/OA
farm plots
Increase of species richness in restored land.
Income rate
State
Natural resources
Biodiversity
Landscape
Nº of multipurpose infrastructures responding to
CC-risk reduction in the programme intervention
zone;
Nº of vulnerable areas in the agro-landscape –
watershed – with reduced CC-risk
Outcome indicators will report on results such as numbers of people benefiting from membership in
farmer organizations, training, market infrastructure, rural financial services and the increase in
production and sales of rural products and related employment. Milestone indicators will document
immediate outputs such as the number of organizations established, people trained, number and
types of infrastructure constructed and number active borrowers. Output and outcome data could
also be disaggregated by gender. The annual reviews could be used as an opportunity to update the
log-frame based on any modifications in projects under implementation.
40
41
Prepared for IFAD’s Country Strategic Opportunities
Programme 2013-2015
Annexes
Document Date: December 12
ECCA No.
3214-BA
Near East, North Africa and Europe Division
Programme Management Department
Environment and Climate Division
Prepared by: Marco Pagliani
This report is a product of staff of the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) and the findings and conclusions
expressed herein do not necessarily reflect the views of its Member States or their representatives to its Executive Board. IFAD
does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The designations employed and the presentation of material in
this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of IFAD concerning the legal status of any
country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The designations
“developed” and “developing” countries are intended for statistical convenience and do not necessarily express a judgement about
the stage reached by a particular country or area in the development process.
All rights reserved.
© 2010 by the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD)
Annexes
4
Annex 1: List of Meetings and Interviews
6
Annex 2: GIS analysis for geographic targeting
8
Annex 3: Mainstreaming of environment, nature resource management and climate change into on-going
and future IFAD interventions
15
Annex 4: Analysis of on-going environmental and climate adaptation work in BiH
20
Annex 5 – Bibliography
24
3
ARD
AFRD
BiH
CARDS
CC
CORINE
DAI
DRR
ENRM
ERD
EU
FBiH
FHMI
GDP
GNI
HD
IFOAM
IOAS
IMF
INC
IPA
IUCN
MAP
MDG
MW
NEAP
NMHS
NP
NTFP
N2K
OFID
OK
PA
PFI
PHARE
PRSP
RBDP
RHMS
RLDP
RS
SAA
SIDA
SME
ToT
UNCBD
UNCCC
UNCCD
USAID
WB
Agriculture and Rural Development
Agriculture Forestry and Rural Development
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Community Assistance to Reconstruction, Development and
Stabilisation (EU programme)
Climate Change
Coordination of Information on the Environment
Dinaric Arc Initiative
Disaster Risk Reduction
Environment and Natural Resource Management
Environment and Rural Development
European Union
Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Muslim-Croat)
Federal Hydrometeorological Institute (FBiH)
Gross Domestic Product
Gross National Income
Habitat Directive (EU)
International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements
International Organic Accreditation Services
International Monetary Fund
Initial National Communication (to UNCCC)
Instrument for pre-Accession (EU)
Medicinal and Aromatic Plants
Millennium Development Goals
Mega Watts
National Environmental Action Plan
National Meteo-Hydrological Institute
National Park
Non Timber Forest Products
Natura 2000 (EU)
OPEC Fund for International Development
Organska Kontrola
Producers’ Association
Participating Financial Institution
Poland and Hungary: Assistance for Restructuring their
Economies (EU programme)
Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper
Rural Business Development Project (IFAD)
Republic Hydrometeorological Institute (RS)
Rural Livelihoods Development Project (IFAD)
Republika Srpska
Stabilisation and Association Agreement (EU)
Swedish International Development Agency
Small and Medium-sized Enterprise
Training of Trainers
United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity
United Nations Convention on Climate Change
United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification
United States International Development Agency
World Bank
4
WFD
WMO
WTO
WWF
Water Framework Directive (EU)
World Meteorological Organisation
World Tourism Organisation
World Wildlife Fund
5
Annex 1: List of Meetings and Interviews
Date
12/11
Person
Institution
Halil OMANOVIC
Director, IFAD Project Coordination Unit,
Sarajevo
MOFTER – State Ministry of Foreign Trade
and Economic Relations
Zoran NESKOVIC
13/11
Enes ALAGIC, Head of Water
Management Sector
Ruvejda ALIEFENDIC, Finance and
Private
Sector
Development
Specialist
Esma
KRESO,
Environment
Specialist
Mjriana
KARAHASANOVIC,
Operation Officer
Benjamin TORIC, Chief of Party
Bruce BROWER, Chief of Party
Sava River Watershed Agency
Zahira VIRANI, Deputy Resident
Representative
Amira
VEJZAGIC-RAMHORST,
Deputy
Economic
Development
Office Director
Steven MAJORS
Sanela PASANOVIC
Aleksandra NIKOLIC
Timea MAKRA
Jelena MILOS
UNDP
Zravko MARINKOVIC, Director,
Zvonimir PAPOCI, Secretary for
Agriculture and Food Processing
Industry
Ognjenka LALOVIC, Advisor for
Multilateral Relations
Tijana SLAGALO, Project Manager
for Agriculture and Food Processing
Industry
Mehmed CERO, Assistant Minister,
Environment
Nedeljko BABIC, Assistant Minister,
Tourism
Mersida MUSABEGOVIC, Director
Foreign Trade Chamber BiH
Osman DELIC, Director
Ahmet SEJDIC, Director
Zeljko MAJSTOROVIC, Director
Sabina HODZIC, Assistant Director
for Applied Meteorology
Esena
KUPUSOVIC,
Chief
of
Hydrology Department
Igor
PALANDZIC,
National
Protected Areas Unit, Canton Sarajevo
FBiH Forests Institute
Hydro-meteorological Institute of FBiH
World Bank
World Bank
World Bank
FARMA Project –USAID/SIDA
FARMA Project –USAID/SIDA
14/11
USAID
USAID
USAID
Faculty of Agriculture University of Sarajevo
EU Delegation
EU Delegation
15/11
Federal Ministry of the Environment and
Tourism
Federal Ministry of Environment and Tourism
Organska Kontrola
16/11
6
UNDP
Programme Coordinator, Democratic
Economic Governance and Water
Sector
17/11
NGO/CSO Consultation Workshop
Rijad TIKVESA, EKOTIM
Nusret DRESKOVIC, Greenway
Mato GOTOVAC, WWF
Safet DAUT, ODRAZ (Foundation for
Sustainable Development)
Lejla HUSKIC, Melnisa BEGOVIC, LOK
microcredit
organization
Semra
FEJZIBEGOVIC,
CESD
Centre
for
Environment and Sustainable Development
Radenko JEFTIC, Director
IFAD/RS Agriculture Project Coordination
Unit
Union of Cooperatives, RS
Union of Cooperatives, RS
Ministry
of
Physical
Planning,
Civil
Engineering and Ecology, RS
19/11
Rajko KULAGA, President
Nikolina DRAGISIC, Secretary
Milos JOKIC, Assistant Minister,
Project
Coordination
and
Development
20/11
Raduska KUPAC Project Manager,
Climate Change
UNDP
Milan
MATARUGA,
Associate
Professor
Goran ZUBIC, Minister Assistant,
Forests and Hunting
Radenko
LAKETIC,
Executive
Production Manager
Boris ERG, Director
Forestry Faculty, University of Banja Luka
Field visit, Kotor Varos Municipality
Dalibor VUCANOVIC (Mayor)
Dukic MILENKO (member of Bee Keepers
PA)
Silvana
STDANVIC
(President
Fruit
Producers PA)
Vladamir
DRAGOLJEVIC
(Municipality
Agronomist)
Sasa VISNJIC (Municipality Agronomist)
Milanka
JOVANOVIC,
Senior
Associate, Department of Forestry
and Hunting
Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Water
Resources, RS
Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Water
Resources, RS
RS Forest Institute
(IUCN), South East Europe
21/11
22/11
7
Annex 2: GIS analysis for geographic targeting
As part of the SEA exercise, IFAD contracted a local expert to produce a GIS study aimed at
identifying priority geographic areas for future work in Bosnia and Herzegovina, overlapping the
following layers of information: (1) Spatial distribution of poverty; (2) Degree of biological diversity; (3)
Vulnerability to climate change impact based on current data and available projections. The study
consisted of a preliminary research exercise to identify and contact sources and providers of data and
maps on the relevant topics. These included the Ministry of Physical Planning, Civil Engineering and
Ecology of RS, the Ministry of Environment and Tourism of FBIH, and other governmental and nongovernmental agencies working on rural development, environmental protection and poverty
alleviation. Once data had been gathered, the study used GIS technology and software to produce
three preliminary thematic maps.
1. Spatial distribution of poverty. Map 1 highlights the spatial distribution of poverty in BiH, based on
the most recent data on GDP per capita in all the municipalities of the country. Since the end of the
war, Poverty in BiH has been investigated by different projects, most of which were based on
measurements of living standard at the household level („Living Standards Measurement Survey“).
The basic parameters used in most standard analyses are: demography, housing, education,
employment, migration, health care, privatization, credit, welfare, consumption, non-agricultural
business, and independent agricultural business. More recently, GDP per capita on the municipal level
has been used for the determination of the state of poverty in BIH, based on the data of the Statistic
Institutes at the entity level for the year 2010. According to these data, the mean GDP per capita for
the 142 municipalities of BiH is 4,700 USD. The deviations of the mean are broad: the lowest GDP per
capita is in the municipality of Sapna (Tuzla Canton) that scores just 1,005 USD, while the highest
GDP per capita is in Sarajevo–Centre with a score of 26,240 USD. The mean deviation is also distinct,
with a value of 3,000 USD. This study has clustered three «poverty groups» on the basis of the
analysis of data on GDP per capita. According to this study, the first group consists of seven
municipalities with a GDP/capita over 9,000 USD, and a mean of 13,630 USD. The second group
consists of sixty municipalities (or 42.3% of the total) with a GDP/capita in the rage of 4,500- 9,000
US. The third and poorest group consists of 75 municipalities (52.8% of the total) with GDP/capita of
1,005 to 4,500 USD. The mean GDP per capita in this group is 2890 USD, with the deviation approx.
815 USD.
2. Degree of biological diversity. Map 2 highlights the biodiversity values of the different ecosystems
found in BiH, based on recent data gathered in the framework of a study implemented by WWF and
sponsored by the Norwegian Government, aimed at promoting the alignment of BIH to the EU Habitat
Directive and Natura 2000 (N2K) framework. The project was implemented between 2008 and 2012
and focused on the identification and mapping of the habitat types and species according to the lists of
the habitat types from Annex I and Annex II, IV and V of European Habitat and Species Directive –
N2K. According to this study, the territory of BiH hosts 66 N2K habitat and species types, with a total
2
area of 22,345 km or approx. 43.7% of the country. The number of the priority habitat types is 16 with
2
a total area of approx. 760 km (3.4% of the total area of the all habitats). These habitat types have
extreme floristic diversity: the mean number of the present floristic taxa per habitat is often over 25.
BiH has 109 species included in the Annex II, IV and V of N2K: (i) vertebrates, 66 species (17
mammals, 5 reptiles, 5 amphibians, 39 fish); (ii) invertebrates, 24 species (2 crustaceans, 19 insects, 3
molluscs); (iii) plants, 19 species (12 monocots, 3 ferns, 4 moss).
Taking into account that the greatest number of the mentioned species lives in one or more habitat
types, this study has classified the biodiversity value of the habitats of BiH according to 3 categories.
Category 1 includes priority habitat types characterised by high biodiversity and very limited special
distribution. Category 2 is composed of habitat types comprised within just one or two biogeographical regions and with small total surface. Category 3 includes habitats extended on a large
area (72.3% of the land) and spanning over all three bio-geographical regions of BiH (thus, with lower
protection priority).
3. Climate vulnerability. Map 3 features areas of highest to lowest climate vulnerability, based on the
overlapping of climate hazard maps for the principle CC-related risks in BIH: (i) Areas most exposed to
forest fires; (ii) Areas most exposed to floods; (iii) Areas most exposed to drought. Vulnerability
estimates to CC impact have been based on the calculation of the increase of the mean annual
temperature from 0.7 to 1 °C at the continental area, and 2 °C at the Mediterranean area of the
8
country. According to the data available from the past 125 years, a positive trend of the average
annual temperatures of 0.8 °C has been calculated for BiH. The projected changes in the annual
precipitation vary depending on the geographical region and climatic season. The projected annual
precipitation is positive – approx. 5% in mountain areas, while a decreasing trend of 5-7% is calculated
for the Mediterranean, North-eastern and Northern regions of the country.
Experts tend to agree that the most important indicators of the impact of CC in BiH are drought, floods,
soil erosion and forest fires. Map 3 has clustered three basic categories of moisture deficit for the
reference period of the study:
1. Strong to catastrophic drought – the moisture deficit in the soil varies from 201 to
> 400 mm. It
includes Mediterranean macro-region and sub-regions of North-eastern BiH. The mean monthly
day frequency varies from 8 to 15 days. The spatial representatives are the cities of Mostar and
Bijeljina.
2. Very mild, to mild drought – the moisture deficit in the soil varies from 51 to 200 mm. It includes the
macro-region of the high Karst and Posavina-lower Vrbas-lower Bosnian sub-region. The spatial
representatives are the cities of Tuzla, Banja Luka and Livno.
3. No drought – the moisture deficit varies from 0 to 50 mm. It includes the mountain macro-region
and Una-Sana sub-region. The mean frequency of the day number without the drought is > 12. The
spatial representatives are the cities of Bihać and Sarajevo.
Spatial-temporal flood dynamics directly correlates with plain terrain and late fall or early spring
precipitation maximum. The lowland areas next to the river Sava and its major tributaries (Una/Sana,
Vrbas, Bosna and Drina) have been identified as the areas with the highest risk of flood. Potential
flood zones include the central segments of the mentioned rivers. In the Mediterranean macro-region
the main flood area is the delta of the Neretva, upstream of the border to Čapljina, including the
wetland of Hutovo Blato.
Forest fires are mostly a consequence of the combined increase of average and maximum daily
temperatures and the very low precipitation during the climatologic summer season. Their spatial
range varies from few tens to several hundred hectares of forest ecosystem. In Map 3, forest fires are
classified in the following, three categories:
1. Large forest fires with a mean frequency of over 10 per season, and with a duration longer than 7
days. This category includes the Mediterranean and high Karst macro-region where the projected
increase of the summer temperatures is up to 2 °C and summer precipitations are extremely low
and rare.
2. Forest fires with a frequency from 5 to 9 per season and with a mean duration of 4 to 6 days. This
category spatially includes North and North-eastern part of the Peripannonic macro-region of BiH
with the projected increase of the summer temperatures from 1 to 1.5 °C and with a marked,
decreasing trend of the precipitations.
3. Forest fires with a frequency of up to 3 big fires per season and a duration up to 4 days. These are
found in valleys and depressions of BiH, and in the North-western part of the Peripannonic macroregion, where the projected trend of the increase of the summer temperatures is the lowest – up to
1 °C with stagnant seasonal precipitation.
The three layers described above have been used in this study to produce a «final map» that
classifies Bosnia and Herzegovina according to three levels of priority for future IFAD intervention in
the field of ENRM and CC adaptation, with the highest priority given to areas combining high foreseen
vulnerability from climate change, high rural poverty and higher degrees of biological diversity. The
spatial level of differentiation has been done on the municipal level.
1. The «priority one» category for future IFAD interventions includes the municipalities characterised
by the highest degree of poverty (GDP per capita under 4500 USD). In these areas, most of the
income is generated through different forms of agriculture. More than half of the population of
these areas live under the poverty line defined as 2,200 USD/year. When it comes to biological
diversity, this category includes municipalities with the priority habitat types of the first and second
9
category of N2K, requiring a specific protection regime. From the CC point of view, this category
includes municipalities with the strongest CC impact regarding floods, drought and forest fires.
Most municipalities in this category are found in the Peripannonic and Mediterranean regions of
Bosnia and Herzegovina.
2. The «priority two» category for future IFAD intervention includes municipalities with the mean GDP
per capita which varies from 4500 to 8000 USD. The general economic profile and level of the
economic development and living standard of the population in these municipalities is very similar
to those of the municipalities in the previous category, except for a larger presence of industrial
production mostly based on the exploitation of mineral resources. Tertiary activities, especially
services, are a significant part in the economy of these areas, therefore the profile of the
population has a more prominent urban features. As in the previous category, N2K habitats of the
second category requiring the protection are included in this category. Municipalities with high
climate change impact from floods and drought and lower danger of forest fires are included in this
category.
3. The «priority three» category for future IFAD intervention includes the 15 municipalities with the
highest GDP per capita in Bosnia and Herzegovina (over 8000 USD and mean GDP per capita of
10,580 USD). The economy of these municipalities is based on industry, energy and services,
especially in the fields of schooling, health care and banking. Most of these municipalities are
placed in the zone with lowest CC impact according to all analysed aspects, with the only
exception of the municipality of Ugljevik that belongs to the sub-region of the North-eastern Bosnia
identified in the first drought category. There are no priority habitat types requiring special N2K
protection regime in this category.
10
Map 1. Geographical distribution of poverty in Bosnia and Herzegovina
11
Map 2. Biodiversity value of habitat types of Natura 2000 in Bosnia and Herzegovina
12
Map 3. Vulnerability to climate change impact in Bosnia and Herzegovina
13
Map 4. Geographic distribution of priority target areas for IFAD intervention, based on poverty,
biological diversity and vulnerability to climate change
14
Annex 3: Mainstreaming of environment, nature resource management and climate change into on-going and future IFAD
interventions
1. Rural Livelihoods Development Project (RLDP)
Goal: Sustained improvement in the livelihoods, particularly the income and employment, of project area rural communities.
Components:




Agricultural Production and Farmer Organisation: (i) Improvement of Agricultural Productivity and Efficiency; (ii) Farmer Cooperatives and Associations
Support
Rural Enterprise Development: (i) Agribusiness and Rural SME Support; (ii) Market Linking Infrastructure
Rural Finance: (i) Agriculture and Enterprise Investments; (ii) Support to Rural Finance Services Provision
Project Coordination and Management: (i) Project Direction, Administration and Financial Control, (ii) Monitoring, Evaluation and Knowledge
Management.
2. Rural Business Development Project (RBDP)
Goal: rural poverty reduction by raising the target groups’ incomes and strengthening their resilience by building profitable farm and off-farm enterprises in
BiH.
Components:




Rural business support - Increase in productivity and enterprise through strengthened business and advisory services.
Rural business investments - Increase access to sustainable financial services.
Rural market infrastructure: Increased access to market and business opportunities
Project management and coordination: efficient, cost-effective and equitable use of project and resources.
15
Type of
intervention
Improve quantity
and quality of
agricultural
production
Environmental Risks
Risks for Smallholders
Mitigation Measures
Opportunities
 Changes in hydrologic
regime
–higher
concentration of rainfall
in short heavy events,
leading to increased
risk of floods and soil
erosion, causing soil
fertility loss and heavy
negative impact on
rural
livelihoods,
agriculture production
and infrastructures.
 Higher
temperatures
and heat waves can
multiply the risk of
forest fires, enhancing
the impact of floods
(erosion and siltation
due to water runoff)
and widespread crop
failure.
 Lower precipitation and
more
intense
and
frequent
drought
periods
in
the
Mediterranean part of
BiH
can
cause
widespread crop and
livestock failure, and
exacerbate
water
pollution problems due
to
higher
water
temperature
and
concentration
of
 Poor-asset
households
are often dependent on
one single source of
revenue that can collapse
due to CC-risks (i.e. loss
of annual crop production
increased price of fodder).
 Poor-asset farmers often
produce
raw
and
perishable products, with
a very limited marginal
gain
and
limited
bargaining due to shorttime available to market
the products.
 Unsustainable
and/or
conventional
agriculture
and grazing management
practices can exacerbate
CC-risks and contribute to
soil erosion and fertility
loss in farmland. CCinduced
disturbances
such as frequent and
intense torrential rainfall,
extreme temperature and
lower precipitation under
conventional
ploughing
conditions
increase
environmental risks such
as soil erosion, soil fertility
loss and water retention
capacity.
 Inappropriate
 Promotion of sustainable agriculture systems
and technologies (conservation agriculture/CA
and organic agriculture/OA). CA/OA help
increase the resilience of soils, crops and
livestock to CC-related risks through: (i) a more
effective water infiltration and greater soil
moisture-holding capacity that compensates
water scarcity due to drought and rainfall
reduction, and prevents runoff erosion during
torrential rain events; (ii) the reduction of surface
soil extreme temperatures and fluctuations that
help minimise the effect of frequent and intense
heat weaves and frost periods; (iii) crop rotation
and diversification; (iv) reduced use of fossil fuel
and the increase of soil carbon that have an
important mitigation effect while decreasing input
costs for poor farmers; (v) Less mechanization in
CA/OA implies more time for farmers to
complementary income generation activities.
 Diversification of sources of revenues in (i)
agriculture – wider range of crops, including wild
fruits and MAP cropping, processing and
marketing and (ii) non-agriculture – bioenergy
from wood and agriculture waste; woodcutter
and carpentry/handcraft; plant nurseries; agrotourism; small-scale fish farms; community
based hunting reserves. Diversification increases
peoples’ resilience, helping them withstand and
compensate eventual crop production loss in
unfavourable years.
 Increase the number of imperishable processed
food products – i.e. dry/frozen fruits and
mushrooms; dry herbs and essences; dairy
products; liquors, jam, honey – these products
 Support the weather forecasting
capacity of the administrations and the
timely transfer of relevant info
incorporating CC-risk to farmers.
 Test and adapt new technologies for
CA/OA farming systems through onfarm demonstration trials as part of
RLDP and RBDP interventions;
 Develop
a
“learning-by-doing”
extension and applied research
programme using the FFS approach
together with a ToT programme for
extension agents, researchers, public
servants
and
RLDP/RBDP
implementation teams.
 Assess market opportunities for
exports (EU focus) and support the
creation of new value chains on
organic processed fruits, berries,
walnuts, MAP, and other NTFP, as a
way to diversify income sources and
create employment opportunities for
the poor, with special focus on women
who are mostly involved in NTFP value
chains
(management
of
plant
nurseries, processing and marketing
NTFPs).
 Organize learning tours to best
practices in Europe on sustainable
agriculture systems and technologies,
and environmental-friendly production
in agriculture, NTFP and bioenergy.
 Promote
the
participation
of
beneficiaries to international fairs
16
pollutants.
 Changes
in
agroclimate conditions can
lead to shifts of optimal
conditions
for
wild
species and crops,
causing the loss of
economically valuable
plant/fauna
species
populations – NTFP;
pastures;
freshwater
fish – and crop failure.
 Expected increase in
fossil fuel costs and the
need to reduce carbon
emissions will have an
impact on the input
costs for small poor
farmers and reduce
they capacity to be
competitive.
Support creation
of farmers and
producers
associations,
and
local
enterprises
(SME)
management of potentially
risky agriculture practices
(i.e.
uncontrolled
expansion of goats) can
produce
environmental
damage that can magnify
CC-induced risks.
 Uncontrolled harvesting of
NTFP can exacerbate the
risk
of
natural
resources/biodiversity
degradation and cause
the loss of complementary
sources of revenues for
poor rural smallholders.
 The lack of integration of
CC risk and alert systems
in
weather
forecast
services
to
farmers
systems will increase risk
of productivity loss and
lead to higher poverty.
last beyond the crop year, and enhance the
resilience of small farmers to market fluctuations.
Focus on high environmental value niche
products: these products are linked to
sustainable agronomic practices that reduce CCassociated risks. Small and medium farm
enterprises in rural areas can have competitive
advantage vis-à-vis large companies in this
niche market, and through association they have
a good chance of accessing new markets – i.e.
EU countries – for organic products.
 The cultivation of NTFPs reduces pressure on
the natural populations and prevent habitat
degradation, while ensuring a constant annual
production, and facilitating market links.
 Non-agriculture economic activities – i.e. small
bio-energy production plants from neighbouring
wood resources to supply domestic and food
processing energy needs in rural communities
can create employment opportunities for poor
farmers, reduce input costs, diversify income
sources, and increase resilience to CC-risks (i.e.
reduce forest density through thinning and
pruning in high fire-risk areas).
 Producers associations, if
not aware of CC-related
environmental risks, may
take
inappropriate
decisions
about
technologies, agriculture
systems, and land uses.
 Producers associations, if
not aware of CC-related
environmental risks, may
 Increase the capacity of PAs, FAs, and SME to
incorporate CC-risks and weather forecast in
decision-making for planning and implementing
farming operations.
 Increase awareness and knowledge of PAs, FAs
and SME about the benefits of sustainable
agriculture systems and technologies to reduce
the risk of crop failures, reduce input and labour
costs, and increase food security.
 Increase awareness and knowledge of PAs, FAs
17
CA/OA/certified forest products in
neighbouring and EU countries (i.e.
Biofach).
 Assess
opportunities
to
link
intervention areas with neighbouring
high value natural and cultural sites
through agro-tourism (food, handicraft,
board & lodging and guiding services)
and support poor farmers – focusing on
unemployed youth - to access to this
development sector.
 Support participatory rural planning
processes, assessing local vulnerability
to CC-related risks and identifying
adaptation measures (uses and
management systems at local and
territorial level i.e. watershed).
 Develop
synergies
with
other
international
agencies
supporting
forestry, bio-energy, and agro-tourism
local development activities in BiH.
 Collaborate with MoA and universities
to establish gene and seed banks;
develop
locally-relevant
adaptive
management practices for soil and
water; monitor yields against CC.
 Provide extension support to FAs, PAs
and SME on new farming systems and
technologies to improve traditional
value chains (i.e. the processing of
imperishable products to overcome
annual environmental constraints and
increase the possibility to stock and
access to markets in a longer
period/new
markets)
and
new
complementary value chains (NTFPs
Small
scale
infrastructures
(roads, bridges,
livestock water
points, sewage
and
water
systems)
not
be
able
to
demand/lobby
for
adequate
rural
development
policies,
measures and subsidies,
or for the construction of
adequate infrastructure.
and SME about the opportunities to increase and
diversify income sources from strategic value
chains such as NTFP and organic products, as
well as non-agriculture activities.
cropping, processing and marketing);
 Promote associations on CA/OA (i.e.
RS and FBiH farmers federations for
CA or OA).
 Identify and support farm leaders
among poor farmers to develop good
demonstration cases on CA/OA that
can trigger wider interest among
farmers.
 Promote networking among RS/FBiH
farmer associations and CA/OA farmer
associations
from
neighbouring
countries and EU to exchange
experiences and know-how.
 Infrastructures that are
built without taking into
account considering CCinduced risks at an
adequate scale (territorial
planning at watershed or
landscape level) can have
a negative impact on
markets
and
local
livelihoods (i.e. predicted
increase
in
torrential
rainfall/floods can damage
infrastructures and lead to
higher
erosion
and
negative impact on rural
areas and livelihoods).
 Adequate planning of infrastructures at the
landscape level – i.e. watersheds – help reduce
vulnerability to CC-related disturbances, such as
forest fires, soil erosion and floods while
improving farming systems (i.e. establishing
water points in high risk areas over large
territories with the double objective of livestock
beverage and fire fighting will increase resilience
to disturbances while supporting pastoral
development needs).
 The integration of environmental criteria in
infrastructure
development
can
increase
resilience to CC-related risk while creating new
income generation and job opportunities for poor
farmers (i.e. women-run nurseries for producing
freshwater plant species that will be used as
green filters for low cost waste water treatment in
neighbouring towns and villages, for the
restoration of river banks to reduce flood risk,
etc; construction of multipurpose water ponds;
construction of small roads to access high-risk
 Support
participatory
planning
processes to identify and map (GIS)
vulnerable or high-risk areas in
territorial units – i.e. watersheds - and
support climate-sensitive distribution of
infrastructures at the landscape level,
to increase rural resilience while
supporting development activities.
 Incorporate CC-risk criteria in the
environmental impact assessment of
all infrastructures.
 Build capacity of public administration s
and
national/local
civil
works
enterprises about the incorporation of
CC-risks.
 Promote adequate land uses that are
linked to infrastructure development in
high-risk areas (i.e. clearing of road
sides by supporting grazing activities in
sensitive areas).
 Organize
learning
tours
to
18
areas and facilitate the harvesting of wood for
bio-energy while reducing fire risk along the road
network).
Rural Finance
 Conditions for credits or
agriculture
insurance
provision that do not
incorporate
local
vulnerability to CC-related
risk
may
finance
inadequate
equipment/investments,
and may result in nonrealistic and unaffordable
insurance conditions.
 Government subsidies for
rural development that do
not incorporate CC-related
risks
might
promote
maladaptive practices and
hamper the successful
and
sustainable
rural
development.
 Incorporate CC-risk reduction in the design of
agriculture subsidies.
 Incorporate CC-risk in the design of conditions
for crediting operations supported by IFAD,
favouring loans for equipment and investments
that have demonstrated sustainability.
 Support the development of agriculture
insurance incorporating CC-related risks.
19
neighbouring/EU countries to visit
successful
examples
and
best
practices.
 Support the revision of national/local
policies
and
regulations
on
infrastructure
development
to
mainstream
CC-related
risk
assessment.
 Raise awareness and inform the
business sector about CC-related risks
affecting food security, and provide
guidance to incorporate adequate
sustainability criteria in the applications
for loans.
 Support the revision of governmental
rural
development
policies
to
incorporate CC-risks in the provision of
subsidies and selection of eligible
measures/infrastructure/equipment.
 Raise awareness and inform the
insurance sector about opportunities
for CC-risk incorporation in insurance
premiums.
Annex 4: Analysis of on-going environmental and climate adaptation work in
BiH
Most environmental and CC adaptation work in BiH is carried out through international projects, and
the investments of the international donor community are on a decreasing trend in BiH since 2009. In
2010, ongoing or new projects in the fields of agriculture, food, forestry and rural development in BiH
totalled an approximate amount of approx. 65 million EUR, either as non returnable international
assistance (grants), loans (World Bank, IFAD) or national funds.
Financial support to individuals or companies involved in ARD is provided also by microcredit
organizations and banks. Although the Federal Investment Bank and the Investment Development
Bank of the RS have special credit lines aimed at supporting the rural population, the lack of effective
rural credit schemes are one of the causes that hamper the competitiveness of farmers and the agroprocessing industry in BiH.
When analysing the financial support to ARD in the RS and FBiH during the last years, it is evident
that priority measures and eligibility criteria are different. In the RS a particular attention was paid to
the registration of farms and rural infrastructure development. In FbiH, the highest share of the budget
for ARD has been dedicated to increase the average size of farms, investments less favourable areas,
investments in farms, rural infrastructure development and land arrangement. In 2011, the agricultural
budget in RS significantly decreased of more than 20 million BAM, while in BD it remained at the same
levels as 2010. The 2011 budget for FBiH is not comparable due to missing of data for the Cantons. In
general, the Entities did not increase their overall support for ARD, but a larger proportion of this
support was allocated to rural development measures.
20
Main projects (other than IFAD's) dealing with agriculture, food, forestry, rural development and environment in BiH
Title of the project
Funding/
Implementation
Sweden/SIDA,
USA/USAID (Grant)
Budget
Duration
Objectives
11.50
Million Euro
2009 - 2014
Fostering Agricultural Markets
Activity - FARMA
Sweden/SIDA
USA/USAID (Grant)
10.00
Million Euro
2010 - 2014
Confidence Building through
Agricultural and Rural
Enterprise
Development in
Srebrenica Municipality
Agriculture and Rural
development Program in BiH
Japan/JICA (Grant)
1.1 Million
Euro
September 2008−
September 2013
Support sustainable economic growth, employment expansion, and
increased household incomes in Bosnia and Herzegovina. FIRMA’s
overall goal is to help BiH improve “the capacity to cope with
competitive pressure and market forces within the European Union”, a
critical component of the Copenhagen Economic Criteria for EU
accession. FIRMA works with three sectors of the BiH economy: wood
processing, tourism, and light manufacturing.
Agri-business development program in BiH. The objective of FARMA is
rapid, sustainable and broad-based economic growth through demanddriven assistance aimed at improving competitiveness of BiH
agricultural producers and agricultural businesses. FARMA seeks to
expand environmentally sustainable production, processing, domestic
sales, export sales, and the production of value added agricultural and
food products.
Confidence among the targeted population is built through
strengthening the capacity to manage agricultural and rural
development joint activities.
WB (loan)
US$
36.19
on
2007 - 2013
milli
Neretva and Trebisnjica River
Basin Management Project
WB /GEF grant
US$
21.27
on
milli
Fostering Interventions for
Rapid Market Advancements–
FIRMA
2008 - 2013
Assist BiH inn the strengthening of the capacity of its State-level and
Entity-level institutions to deliver more efficient and effective agricultural
services and support programs as well as to make a substantial
contribution to an acceleration of BiH's eligibility to access support
under the European Union Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance for
Rural Development (IPARD). Component A: Agricultural Information and
Institutional Capacity Building; Component B: Enhanced Agriculture and
Rural Development Support Program; and Component C: Project
Coordination, Administration and Monitoring
Provide mechanisms for the efficient and equitable water allocation
amongst the users of the Neretva and Trebisnjica river basin (NTRB) at
the transboundary level, and for enhancing the basin ecosystems and
biodiversity through improved water resources management.
Strengthen the institutional capacity for the comprehensive
management of the NTRB's water resources and environment through
21
Real Estate Registration
Project
WB
US$
34.10
on
2012 - 2018
Second solid waste
management project –
Regional sanitary landfills
IDA / IBRD
US$ 43.5
million
2008 - 2014
Water Quality Protection
Project
Forest and Mountain
Protected Areas Project
WB/GEF / SIDA,
IPA
WB /GEF
(grant funds)
11,000.000,
EUR
3,400.000,
USD
2005 - 2013
milli
2008 - 2013
institution and capacity building; measurement, monitoring and
information management and preparation of a river basin management
planning. Maintain and conserve water dependent ecosystems and their
associated biodiversity in the NTRB, according to requirements of the
EU Water Framework Directive (WFD) through improved operation of
reservoirs, hydropower plants and dams and rehabilitation of smallscale water management infrastructure. Reduce water pollution to the
NTRB through high priority investments in low cost, appropriate
wastewater technology improvements in three municipalities and two
industrial sector investments in BiH through municipal wastewater
treatment improvements, industrial pollution control and strengthening
of water quality monitoring laboratories. Increase civil society
participation in the decision making process for water resource
management and establish an incentive mechanism for responsible,
local level resource management.
Support development of a sustainable real estate registration system
with harmonized land register and cadastre records in urban areas of
both FBiH and RS. Support land register and cadastre data
harmonization on land, buildings and rights based on the actual
situation in the field. Continue Land Registration Project (LRP) work in
improving working conditions and infrastructure in the cadastre offices
across the country. Policy and institutional development, and project
management component will support policy and legal development in
support of reaching the project objective.
Improve solid waste services in priority areas. Increase administrative
and technical capacity for solid waste management at the local and
entity level, improving cost recovery, encouraging private sector
involvement, addressing environmental problems, and reducing health
hazards caused by inadequate waste collection and disposal systems.
Reduction of ground-based pollution from municipal sources into the
Neretva and Bosnia rivers.
Support implementation of the proposed National Biodiversity Strategy
and Action Plan (NBSAP). Create conditions for sustainable and
balanced economic development and promote poverty alleviation
through improved use of PAs for local livelihoods and tourism: Support
the Government in meeting EU nature and biodiversity policy (Natura
2000) requirements. Preparation and implementation of communitybased initiatives to build technical skills for activities eligible for funding
by EU accession instruments.
22
Employment and safe energy
supply using biomass within
the Srebrenica region.
UNDP
2,588,950U
SD
under
implementation
Mainstreaming Karst
Peatlands Conservation
Concerns into Key Economic
Sectors – KARST project
GEF-UNDP
2,520, 000,
USD
($
950,000
GEF grant)
2008 - 2013
Municipal programme for solid
waste management
SIDA
10 mil EUR
2010 - 2014
Install biomass boilers in elementary schools in Bratunac, Milići and
Srebrenica municipality and implementation of 17 infrastructure and
construction projects for improved living conditions, education and
employment opportunities to 6,100 people in the municipalities of
Srebrenica, Bratunac and Milići.
Promote conservation and sustainable management practices for
maintaining the Karst Peatlands in Livanjsko Polje. Preparation of a
Cantonal spatial plan. Trigger biodiversity-friendly local spatial panning
at all karst-lying cantons and municipalities in BiH. Introduce municipallevel regulations for karst field biodiversity use by local population and
strengthen enforcement capacity of municipal and cantonal officers and
inspectors. Develop by-laws and methodological guidance on
ecologically safe peat mining, and test it at 750 hectares of karst
peatlands. Promote an international (HR/BiH) formal agreement and
plan for cross-border water management plan.
Provide support to the development of a functional solid waste
management system in BiH to reduce impact on environment and
health. The project is implemented at the municipality level and the
municipalities have been supported to improve human resources and
technical capacities.
23
Annex 5 – Bibliography
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Bosnia and Herzegovina Fourth Report to the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity 2010 Biodiversity Targets National Assessments
CEEC AGRIPOLICY – Study on Rural Vitality – First Report for Bosnia and Herzegovina (2005)
Cooperazione Italiana - Ministero degli Affari Esteri. Development of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants
(MAP) Sector in the Federation BIH - Red Book-Phase I (2012)
Dragana Pecanac - Conceptions of sustainability in the Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Sector in
Bosnia and Herzegovina. International Master Programme at Swedish Biodiversity Centre (2007)
European Commission – Agriculture and Development – Bosnia and Herzegovina: Agriculture and
Enlargement (2009)
Federal Ministry of Environment and Tourism - Bosnia and Herzegovina – Land of Diversity, First
national Report of Bosnia and Herzegovina for the Convention on Biodiversity (2008)
Federal Ministry of Environment and Tourism - State of the Environment in the FBiH (2010)
Foreign Trade Chamber of Bosnia and Herzegovina - Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Mushrooms,
Wild Forest Products (2006)
GYZ/SIPPO - Medicinal and Aromatic Plants. Manual for collectors based on Principles of Organic
Production, Bosnia and Herzegovina (2003)
Government of Bosnia and Herzegovina – NEAP - National Environment Action Plan (2003)
IFAD - Country Strategic Opportunity Paper (COSOP) – Bosnia and Herzegovina (2205)
IFAD – Rural Livelihoods Development Project – Main Report and Working Papers (2008)
IFAD – Rural Business Development Project – Main Report and Working Papers (2011)
IFAD – Climate Change Policy (2010)
IFAD – Environmental and Resource Management (ENRM) Policy (2012)
IFAD - Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) of RB-COSOP in Azerbaijan 2010-2015
IFAD – Terms of Reference - Environment and Climate Change Assessment (ECCA) for the
Cambodia COSOP Design
IFAD – Évaluation Environnementale Stratégique pour Madagascar (2012)
IFAD – Évaluation Environnementale Stratégique - Niger (2012)
IFAD – Working Paper – Climate Change Analysis and adaptation Responses – prepared for
informing IFAD’s COSOP for Vietnam (2012-2017)
IMF - Bosnia and Herzegovina: Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper – Mid-Term Development Strategy
(2004)
Initial National Communication of Bosnia and Herzegovina under the United Nations Framework
Convention on Climate Change (2009)
MOFTER BiH - Boosting the creation of Green Jobs to reduce sources of pollution in Bosnia and
Herzegovina (2012)
Oxfam/WWF/Italian Aid Agency – prepared by Gavin Bell – Economic Evaluation and
Recommendations for Development in Hutovo Blato Natural Park (2011)
UN – Economic Commission for Europe - Committee on Environmental Policy Environmental
Performance Reviews Bosnia and Herzegovina (2004)
UNDP – MDG Update Report for Bosnia and Herzegovina – PRSP, Europe and Beyond (2004)
UNDP – Ecotourism in Livanjsko Polje and surroundings (2012)
UNDP - Project Document - GEF Medium-Size PIMS3306 “Mainstreaming Karst Peatlands
Conservation into Key Economic Sectors” (2010)
UNDP – Report: review of best international experience on sustainable livelihoods opportunities
(Mainstreaming Karst Peatlands Conservation in Key Economic Sectors Project) (2010)
UNDP - Report: recommendations for alternative income and sectoral employment opportunities
(Mainstreaming Karst Peatlands Conservation in Key Economic Sectors Project) (2010)
UNDP – Report – Concrete entry points for consideration and integration of gender perspectives
within livelihoods opportunities (2010)
24
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UNDP/COAST – Green Business: rural development based on the preservation and sustainable use
of natural and cultural heritage (2010)
UNECE – Environmental Performance Reviews – Bosnia and Herzegovina – Second Review (2011)
USAID/SIDA/FARMA Project - EU Market Access and Constraints (2010)
USAID/SIDA/FARMA Project - Moving the land Market Forward in Bosnia and Herzegovina (2011)
USAID/SIDA/FARMA Project – Milk Production and Purchasing (2010)
USAID/SIDA/FARMA Project - Medicinal and Aromatic Plants in Bosnia and Herzegovina (2010)
WHO – Bosnia and Herzegovina - Flood Hazard Distribution Map (2010)
WHO – Bosnia and Herzegovina - Land Hazard Distribution Map (2010)
WMO - Strengthening Multi-Hazard Early Warning Systems and Risk Assessment in the Western
Balkans and Turkey: Assessment of Capacities, Gaps and Needs – Chapter 3 – Bosnia and
Herzegovina
Wolfgang Kathe, Susanne Honnef & Andreas Heym - Medicinal and Aromatic Plants in Albania,
Bosnia Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia and Romania. (WWF Deutschland / TRAFFIC EuropeGermany). (2003)
World Bank - Bosnia and Herzegovina Poverty Assessment – Volume 1: Main Report (2003)
World Bank - Bosnia and Herzegovina Forest and Mountain Protected Area Project (2010)
World Bank – Country Partnership Strategy for Bosnia and Herzegovina for the Period FY12-FY14
(2011)
World Bank - Integrating Environment into Agriculture and Forestry Progress and Prospects in
Eastern Europe and Central Asia - Volume II Bosnia and Herzegovina Country Review (2007)
www.agromap.net
www.boletus.nu
www.finvest.hr
www.ifad.org
www.organskakontrola.ba
www.fmoit.gov.ba
www.komorabih.ba
www.worldbank.ba
www.bosniafarma.ba
www.sippo.ch
www.undp.ba
www.usaid.gov
www.sida.se
www.giz.de
www.panda.org/mediterranean
http://www.imo.ch
http://www.ifoam-eu.org
http://www.krav.se
http://www.bhepa.ba
25

Environmental and Climate Change Assessment

Transcription

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