30rkTitd 1..2 - ADC ArcheoProjecten

Transcription

GERMANIA
ANZEIGER
DER RÖMISCH - GERMANISCHEN KOMMISSION
DES DEUTSCHEN ARCHÄOLOGISCHEN INSTITUTS
JAHRGANG 88
2010
1. – 2. HALBBAND
PDF-Dokument des gedruckten Beitrags
Nico Roymans and Linda Verniers
Glass La Tène Bracelets in the Lower Rhine Region.
Typology, Chronology and social Interpretation
© 2013 Römisch-Germanische Kommission des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts
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SCHRIFTLEITUNG FRANKFURT A. M. PALMENGARTENSTRASSE 10 – 12
VERLAG PHILIPP VON ZABERN
MIT 208 TEXTABBILDUNGEN UND 15 TABELLEN
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ISBN 978-3-8053-4425-8
ISSN 0016-8874
© 2013 by Römisch-Germanische Kommission des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts Frankfurt a.M.
Verlag Philipp von Zabern, Darmstadt / Mainz
Verantwortliche Redakteure Julia K. Koch, Karl-Friedrich Rittershofer,
Römisch-Germanische Kommission
Graphische Betreuung Kirstine Ruppel, beide Römisch-Germanische Kommission
Formalredaktion ars Archäologie · Redaktion · Satz, Hofheim;
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Inhalt
Aufsätze
S c h u l z , Ha n s - P e t e r / H i r v a s , H e i k k i / Hu h t a , Pe k k a / M o i s a n e n , M a r kku / Ros te d t, Ta pa n i, A New Contribution to the Neanderthal Discussion
– Excavation Results from the Susiluola Cave Site in Western Finland . . . . .
Ra m m in ge r, Br itta , Otzberg-Habitzheim „Zimmerer Höhe“, Kr. Darmstadt-Dieburg – ein jüngerbandkeramischer Dechselproduktionsplatz in Südhessen . . . .
Kl im s c ha , F l ori an , Kupferne Flachbeile und Meißel mit angedeuteten Randleisten: Ihre Bedeutung für die Entstehung und Verbreitung technischer Innovationen in Europa und Vorderasien im 4. und 3. Jahrtausend v. Chr. . . . . . . . .
Ra s sm a nn , K nu t / W e inb ru c h, Ste p ha n , Frühbronzezeitlicher Ringschmuck
und Randleistenbeile im Vergleich. Untersuchungen zur chemischen Zusammensetzung mit der Hauptkomponentenanalyse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
D e fe n te , Vir ginie , Le réemploi de stèles anthropomorphes à la fin du Ier âge du
Fer en Allemagne du sud-ouest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Bou z e k, J a n, Neufunde griechischer Keramik aus Böhmen und die Anfänge der
Latène-Kunst . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ro ym a ns , N ic o / Ve rn ie rs , L in da , Glass Latène Bracelets in the Lower Rhine
Region. Typology, Chronology and Social Interpretation . . . . . . . . . . . .
J au c h, Ve re n a / V ol ke n , M ar qu ita , Ein Paar römische Schuhleisten aus dem
vicus Vitudurum – Oberwinterthur (Schweiz) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ra ge th , J ür g / Z a nie r , W e rn er , Crap Ses und Septimer: Archäologische Zeugnisse der römischen Alpeneroberung 16 / 15 v. Chr. aus Graubünden. Mit einem
Beitrag von Sa b ine K l e in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
D i e t z , K a r l h e i n z , tortores und muscularii. Schützen und Pioniere auf einer Ritzinschrift vom Septimerpass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Berg er , F rank / Bittmann, Felix / Geschwinde, M ichael / Lö nne, P etra /
M e ye r, M ic h ae l / M oos ba u e r, G ü nt he r , Die römisch-germanische Auseinandersetzung am Harzhorn, Lkr. Northeim, Niedersachsen . . . . . . . . . .
D ob a t, A n dr es S., Zwischen Mission und Markt – Ansgars Kirchen im Norden.
Eine interdisziplinäre Betrachtung der kontinentalen Mission im Skandinavien des
9. Jahrhunderts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
57
101
145
163
179
195
221
241
285
313
403
Besprechungen und Anzeigen
NIVEN, LAURA, The Palaeolithic Occupation of Vogelherd Cave (D o ris D öp pe s ) .
BABOVIĆ, LJUBINKA, Sanctuaries of Lepenski Vir (K l a us Sc h m idt ) . . . . . . . . .
GRONENBORN, DETLEF (Hrsg.), Klimaveränderung und Kulturwandel in neolithischen
Gesellschaften Mitteleuropas, 6700–2200 v. Chr. (L e nd e rt L ouw e -Ko oijm a nn s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
KÖRLIN, GABRIELE / WEISGERBER, GERD (Hrsg.), Stone Age – Mining Age (E r win
Cz ie s l a ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
441
442
444
447
REINGRUBER, AGATHA, Die Argissa-Magula II. Das frühe und beginnende mittlere
Neolithikum im Lichte transägäischer Beziehungen (E va A l ra m -S te r n) . . .
BUNJATJAN, KATERINA P. / KAISER, ELKE / NIKOLOVA, ALLA V., Bronzezeitliche Bestattungen aus dem unteren Dnepr-Gebiet (A l e xa n de r Hä us l e r) . . . . . . .
GIANNOPOULOS, THEODOROS G., Die letzte Elite der mykenischen Welt (I m m a
Kil i an -D i rl m e ie r) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
PODZUWEIT, CHRISTIAN (†), Studien zur spätmykenischen Keramik. – KILIAN, KLAUS
(†), Die handgemachte geglättete Keramik mykenischer Zeitstellung. – DEGERJALKOTZY, SIGRID / ZAVADIL, MICHAELA (Hrsg.), LH III C Chronology and Synchronisms II. (Ha r tm ut M a tth ä us ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
KIENLIN, TOBIAS L., Frühes Metall im nordalpinen Raum ( Pe t e r Ha m m e r ) . . .
MIELKE, DIRK PAUL, Die Keramik vom Westhang: Kuşaklı – Sarissa II ( To bia s
M üh l e nb ru c h) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
GASSMANN, GUNTRAM / HAUPTMANN, ANDREAS / HÜBNER, CHRISTIAN / RUTHART, THOMAS / YALÇIN, ÜNSAL, Forschungen zur keltischen Eisenerzverhüttung in Südwestdeutschland ( Ch ris top h Wi l l m s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
TREBSCHE, PETER / BALZER, INES / EGGL, CHRISTIANA / KOCH, JULIA K. / NORTMANN,
HANS / WIETHOLD, JULIAN (Hrsg.), Die unteren Zehntausend – auf der Suche nach
den Unterschichten der Eisenzeit ( M an u el Al be r to Fe r ná n de z G ötz ) . .
VERSE, FRANK, Archäologie auf Waldeshöhen. Eisenzeit, Mittelalter und Neuzeit auf
der „Kalteiche“ bei Haiger ( Cl a u dia N ic k e l ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
BEILKE-VOIGT, INES, Das Opfer im archäologischen Befund. Studien zu den sog.
Bauopfern, kultischen Niederlegungen und Bestattungen in ur- und frühgeschichtlichen Siedlungen in Norddeutschland und Dänemark (Ro se m a r ie
M ül l e r ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
KAISER, MARLENE SOPHIA, Das keltisch-römische Gräberfeld von Wederath-Belginum
(M a n ue l a St ru c k) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ABEGG, ANGELIKA / RAU, ANDREAS (Hrsg.), Aktuelle Forschungen zu Kriegsbeute,
Opfern und Fürstengräbern im Barbaricum (H an s- J örg N üs se ) . . . . . .
MARTENS, MARLEEN / DE BOE, GUY (Hrsg.), Roman Mithraism the Evidence of the
Small Finds (W ol f ga ng S pic k er m a nn ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
HAUPT, PETER / JUNG, PATRICK (Hrsg.) Alzey und Umgebung in römischer Zeit
(Be r nd P ä ffge n ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
BÖHLENDORF-ARSLAN, BEATE / OSMAN UYSAL, ALI / WITTE-ORR, JOHANNA (Hrsg.),
Çanak. Late Antique and Medieval Pottery and Tiles in Mediterranean Archaeological Contexts (S ve n C on ra d ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
CVJETIĆANIN, TATJANA, Late Roman glazed pottery (S ve n C on ra d ) . . . . . . .
FEDERHOFER, EMMY, Der Ziegelbrennofen von Essenbach, Lkr. Landshut, und römische Ziegelöfen in Raetien und Noricum ( Ul ric h Bra n dl ) . . . . . . . . .
BERTRAND, ISABELLE (Hrsg.), Le travail de l’os du bois du cerf et de la corne à l’époque
romaine ( W ol f- Rüd ige r Te e ge n) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
MICHEL, THORSTEN, Studien zur römischen Kaiserzeit und Völkerwanderungszeit in
Holstein ( Ha ns -U l ric h Vo ß) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
KEIM, STEPHANIE Kontakte zwischen dem alamannisch-bajuwarischen Raum und dem
langobardenzeitlichen Italien (G a br ie l e G rä n e rt ) . . . . . . . . . . . .
ANDRÁSSI, JULIA, The Bertier-de la Garde Collection of Crimean Jewellery in the
British Museum and related Material ( O rs ol ya He inr ic h- Ta m á sk a) . . .
450
454
457
460
468
472
476
481
484
488
492
496
500
505
508
512
515
517
521
527
531
NAGY, MARGIT, Tierdarstellungen und der germanische Tierstil I im Gebiet der mittleren Donau (3.–6. Jh. n. Chr.) (K ar e n Høil u nd N ie l se n ) . . . . . . . . .
PLEINEROVÁ, IVANA, Březno und germanische Siedlungen der jüngeren Völkerwanderungszeit in Böhmen ( Pe t er D on a t) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
DANNHEIMER, HERRMANN, Sandau. Archäologie im Areal eines altbaierischen Klosters
des frühen Mittelalters (Ba r ba ra Sc ho l km a nn ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
WESULS, MIKE, Repräsentative Bauwerke im westslawischen Gebiet vom 8.–13.
Jahrhundert n. Chr. ( Tor st e n Ke m pk e) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
BARAN, JAROSLAV, Slawische Siedlungsstrukturen (To rs te n Ke m pk e ) . . . . . . .
MEIER, UTA MARIA, Die früh- und hochmittelalterliche Siedlung bei Schuby, Kreis
Schleswig-Flensburg, LA 226 (To rs te n Ke m pk e ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
HEINRICH, DIRK U. A., Untersuchungen an Skelettresten von Tieren aus dem Hafen
von Haithabu ( No rb e rt Be ne c ke ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
KLÁPŠTE, JAN (Hrsg.), Water managment in medieval rural economy. Les usage de
léau en milieu rural Moyen Âge ( Ge r so n J e ut e ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
SCHEBEK, ADOLF, Deutsch-Tschechische archäologische Terminologie (Ba r ba r a
Ko wa l e ws ka ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
532
536
538
540
542
547
549
551
555
Hinweise für Publikationen der Römisch-Germanischen Kommission . . . . . . . . 559
Guidelines for Publications of the Roman-Germanic Commission . . . . . . . . . . 563
Die mit den Initialen gekennzeichneten Abstracts und Résumés wurden von Carola MurraySeegert (C. M.-S.) und Yves Gautier (Y. G.) übersetzt.
Table of Contents
Articles
S c h u l z , Ha n s - P e t e r / H i r v a s , H e i k k i / Hu h t a , Pe k k a / M o i s a n e n , M a r kku / R os te dt , T a pa n i, A New Contribution to the Neanderthal Discussion –
Excavation Results from the Susiluola Cave Site in Western Finland . . . . . . . .
Ra m m in ge r, Br itt a , Otzberg-Habitzheim “Zimmerer Höhe”, Darmstadt-Dieburg
District – a Later Bandkeramik Adze-Production Site in Southern Hesse . . . .
Kl im s c ha , F l or ia n, Copper Flat Axes and Chisels with Low Flanges: Their Significance for the Creation and Spread of Technical Innovations in Europe and
the Near East in the 4th and 3rd Millennia BC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ra s sm a nn , K nu t / W e inb ru c h, S te p ha n , A Comparison Between Early Bronze
Age Ring Jewellery and Flanged Axes. Studies of the Chemical Composition of
the Main Component Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
D e fe n te , Vir gini e, The Re-use of Anthropomorphic Stelae at the End of the First
Iron Age in Southwest Germany . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Bou z e k, J a n, New Finds of Greek Pottery from Bohemia and the Beginnings of
La Tène Art . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ro ym a ns , N i co / V e rn ie rs , Lin da , Glass La Tène Bracelets in the Lower Rhine
Region. Typology, Chronology and Social Interpretation . . . . . . . . . . . .
J au c h, V er e na / Vo l ke n, M a rq uit a , A Pair of Roman Shoe Lasts from the vicus
at Vitudurum - Oberwinterthur (Switzerland) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ra ge th , Jü rg / Za n ie r, W e rn e r, Crap Ses and Septimer: Archaeological Evidence
from Graubünden for the Roman Conquest of the Alps 16 / 15 BC. With a
contribution from Sa bi ne K l e in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
D i e t z , K a r l h e i n z , Tortores and muscularii. Artillerymen and Siege Specialists on an
Incised Inscription from the Septimer Pass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
M e ye r, Mic h a e l / M oo sb au e r, G ün th e r, The Roman-Germanic Confrontation at Harzhorn (Northeim District, Lower Saxony) . . . . . . . . . . .
D ob a t, An dr es S., Between Mission and Market – Ansgar’s Churches in the
North. An Interdisciplinary Examination of the Continental Mission in 9th Century Scandinavia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
57
101
145
163
179
195
221
241
285
313
403
Reviews and Comments
NIVEN, LAURA, The Palaeolithic Occupation of the Vogelherd Cave (D o ris D öp pe s )
BABOVIĆ, LJUBINKA, Sanctuaries of Lepenski Vir (K l a us Sc h m idt ) . . . . . . . . .
GRONENBORN, DETLEF (Ed.), Climate Change and Cultural Change in the Neolithic
Societies of Central Europe, 6700–2200 BC (L e nd e rt L ou we -Ko oijm a n ns )
KÖRLIN, GABRIELE / WEISGERBER, GERD (eds.), Stone Age – Mining Age (E r win
Cz ie s l a ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
441
442
444
447
REINGRUBER, AGATHA, The Argissa-Magula II. The Early and Incipient Middle
Neolithic From the Perspective of Trans-Aegean Relationships ( E va A l ra m St e rn ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
BUNJATJAN, KATERINA P. / KAISER, ELKE / NIKOLOVA, ALLA V., Bronze Age Burials
from the Lower Dnepr Region ( A l e xa nd er Hä u sl e r ) . . . . . . . . . . .
GIANNOPOULOS, THEODOROS G., The Last Elite of the Mycenaean World (I m m a
PODZUWEIT, CHRISTIAN (†), Studies of Late Mycenaean Pottery. – KILIAN, KLAUS (†),
The Hand-Thrown, Burnished Pottery of Mycenaean Manufacture. – DEGERJALKOTZY, SIGRID / ZAVADIL, MICHAELA (eds.), LH III C Chronology and Synchronisms II ( Ha rt m ut Ma t thä u s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
KIENLIN, TOBIAS L., Early Metal in the North Alpine Region (P e te r Ha m m e r) . .
MIELKE, DIRK PAUL, Pottery from the Western Slope: Kuşaklı – Sarissa II (To bia s
M üh l e nb ru c h) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
GASSMANN, GUNTRAM / HAUPTMANN, ANDREAS / HÜBNER, CHRISTIAN / RUTHART, THOMAS / YALÇIN, ÜNSAL, Studies of Celtic Iron Ore Smelting in Southwest Germany
(C hr is top h W il l m s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
TREBSCHE, PETER / BALZER, INES / EGGL, CHRISTIANA / KOCH, JULIA K. / NORTMANN,
HANS / WIETHOLD, JULIAN (eds.), The Lower Ten-Thousand – Looking For the
Lower Classes of the Iron Age ( M an u el Al be r to Fe r ná n de z G ötz ) . . . .
VERSE, FRANK, Archaeology on Waldeshöhen. Iron Age, Middle Age and Modern
Times on the “Kalteiche” near Haiger (C l a ud ia N ic ke l ) . . . . . . . . .
BEILKE-VOIGT, INES, The Victim in Archaeological Evidence. Studies of So-Called
Foundation Sacrifices, Ritual Executions and Burials in Pre- and Protohistoric
Settlements in Northern Germany and Denmark ( Ros e m a rie M ül l e r ) . . .
KAISER, MARLENE SOPHIA, The Celtic-Roman Cemetery of Wederath-Belginum
(M a n ue l a St ru c k) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ABEGG, ANGELIKA / RAU, ANDREAS (eds.), Current Studies of the Spoils of War,
Sacrifices, and Princely Graves in the Barbaricum (Ha n s- Jö rg N üs se ) . . . .
MARTENS, MARLEEN / DE BOE, GUY (eds.), Roman Mithraism – the Evidence of the
Small Finds (W ol f ga ng S pic k er m a nn ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
HAUPT, PETER / JUNG, PATRICK (eds.) Alzey and Its Surroundings in Roman Times
(Be r nd P ä ffge n ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
BÖHLENDORF-ARSLAN, BEATE / OSMAN UYSAL, ALI / WITTE-ORR, JOHANNA (eds.),
Çanak. Late Antique and Medieval Pottery and Tiles in Mediterranean Archaeological Contexts (S ve n C on ra d ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
CVJETIĆANIN, TATJANA, Late Roman glazed pottery (S ve n C on ra d ) . . . . . . .
FEDERHOFER, EMMY, The Brick Kiln from Essenbach, Landshut District, and Roman
Kilns in Raetia and Noricum (U l r ic h Br a nd l ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
BERTRAND, ISABELLE (ed.), Working Deer Antlers and Horn in the Roman Era
(W o l f-R üd ige r T e e ge n) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
MICHEL, THORSTEN, Studies of the Roman Imperial Period and Migration Period in
Holstein ( Ha ns -U l ric h Vo ß) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
KEIM, STEPHANIE, Contacts Between the Alemannic-Bajuwaric Territory and Langobard Italy (G a b rie l e G rä n e rt ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ANDRÁSSI, JULIA, The Bertier-de la Garde Collection of Crimean Jewellery in the
British Museum and Related Material ( O rs ol ya He in ric h -T a má s ka ) . . .
450
454
457
460
468
472
476
481
484
488
492
496
500
505
508
512
515
517
521
527
531
NAGY, MARGIT, Animal Images and the Germanic Animal Style I in the Middle
Danube Region (3rd –6th Centuries AD) ( Ka r en Hø il un d N ie l se n ) . . . . .
PLEINEROVÁ, IVANA, Březno and Germanic Settlements of the Later Migration Period
in Bohemia ( Pe t er D on a t) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
DANNHEIMER, HERRMANN, Sandau. Archaeology on the Grounds of an Early Bavarian
Cloister of the Early Middle Ages (Ba r ba ra Sc ho l km a nn ) . . . . . . . . . .
WESULS, MIKE, Representative Structures in the Western Slavic Area from 8th to the
13th Century AD ( Tor st en K em p ke ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
BARAN, JAROSLAV, Slavic Settlement Structures (To rs te n Ke m pk e ) . . . . . . . .
MEIER, UTA MARIA, The Early- and High Medieval Settlement Near Schuby, Schleswig-Flensburg District, LA 226 ( Tor st en K em p ke ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
HEINRICH, DIRK ET AL., Analyses of the Skeletal Remains of Animals from the Harbour at Haithabu ( N orb e rt Be ne c ke ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
KLÁPŠTE, JAN (Ed.), Water managment in medieval rural economy. Les usage de léau
en milieu rural Moyen Âge (G e rs on Je u te ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
SCHEBEK, ADOLF, German-Czech Archaeological Terminology (Ba rb a ra K owa l e ws ka ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
532
536
538
540
542
547
549
551
555
Guidelines for Publications of the Roman-Germanic Commission (German / English) 559
Abstracts marked with initials were translated by Carola Murray-Seegert (C. M.-S.) and
Yves Gautier (Y. G.).
Table des matières
Études
S c h u l z , Ha n s - P e t e r / H i r v a s , H e i k k i / Hu h t a , Pe k k a / M o i s a n e n , M a r kku / R os te dt , Ta p a ni, Nouvelle contribution à la discussion sur le Néandertalien - Résultats des fouilles de la grotte de Susiluola en Finlande occidentale . . . .
Ra m m in ge r, Brit ta , Otzberg-Habitzheim « Zimmerer Höhe », Kr. DarmstadtDieburg – Un site de production d’herminettes du Rubané récent en Hesse
méridionale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Kl im s c ha , Fl o ria n , Haches plates et ciseaux en cuivre à faibles rebords : leur signification pour l’émergence et la diffusion d’innovations techniques en Europe
et au Proche-Orient aux 4e et 3e millénaires av. J.-C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ra s sm a nn , K nu t / W e inb ru c h, Ste p ha n , Comparaison des bijoux annulaires
avec les haches à rebords du Bronze ancien. Examens de la composition chimique à l’aide de l’analyse des composants principaux . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Bou z e k, J a n, Nouvelles découvertes de céramique grecque en Bohème et les débuts de l’art laténien . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
D e fe n te , Vir ginie , Le réemploi de stèles anthropomorphes à la fin du Ier âge du
Fer en Allemagne du sud-ouest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ro ym a ns , N ic o / Ve r nie r s, Li nd a, Bracelets laténiens en verre du Rhin inférieur. Typologie, chronologie et interprétation sociale . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
J au c h, V e re n a / V ol ke n , Ma r qu ita , Une paire de formes de cordonnier romains du vicus de Vitudurum – Oberwinterthur (Suisse) . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ra ge th , Jü rg / Za n ie r, W e rn e r, Crap Ses et le Septimer: témoignages archéologiques aux Grisons de la conquête des Alpes par les Romains en 16 / 15 av. J.-C.
Avec une contribution de Sa bin e Kl ei n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
D i e t z , K a r l h e i n z , Tortores et muscularii. Tireurs et pionniers dans une inscription
du col du Septimer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
M e ye r, Mi ch a e l / M oo sb a ue r, G ün th e r, Le conflit entre Romains et Germains au Harzhorn (Ldkr. Northheim, Basse-Saxe) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
D ob a t, An dr e s S. , Entre mission et commerce – les églises d’Angars dans le Nord.
Regard interdisciplinaire sur la mission continentale en Scandinavie au 9e siècle .
1
57
101
145
163
179
195
221
241
285
313
403
Discussions et annonces
NIVEN, LAURA, L’occupation paléolithique de la grotte de Vogelherd ( D or is Dö ppe s ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441
BABOVIĆ, LJUBINKA, Sanctuaires de Lepenski Vir (Kl au s Sc hm id t) . . . . . . . . . 442
GRONENBORN, DETLEF (éd.), Le changement climatique et l’évolution culturelle dans
les sociétés néolithiques de l’Europe centrale (6700–2200 av. J.-C.) (L e n de rt
L ou we -K ooijm a n ns ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 444
KÖRLIN, GABRIELE / WEISGERBER, GERD (éd.), L’âge de la pierre – l’âge des mines
(E r win C zie s l a ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
REINGRUBER, AGATHA, Argissa-Magula II. Le Néolithique ancien et le début du Néolithique moyen à la lumière des contacts transégéens ( E va A l ra m - Ste r n) . .
BUNJATJAN, KATERINA P. / KAISER, ELKE / NIKOLOVA, ALLA V., Sépultures de l’âge du
Bronze dans la région du Dniepr inférieur ( Al e xa nd er Hä u sl e r ) . . . . . .
GIANNOPOULOS, THEODOROS G., La dernière élite du monde mycénien (I m m a
PODZUWEIT, CHRISTIAN (†), Études sur la céramique mycénienne tardive. – KILIAN,
KLAUS (†), La céramique lisse non tournée d’époque mycénienne – DEGER-JALKOTZY, SIGRID / ZAVADIL, MICHAELA (éd.), HR III C Chronologie et synchronismes II ( Ha rtm u t Ma t thä u s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
KIENLIN, TOBIAS L., Premier métal au nord des Alpes ( Pe t er Ha m m e r) . . . . .
MIELKE, DIRK PAUL, La céramique de la pente ouest: Kuşaklı – Sarissa II (To bia s
M üh l e nb ru c h) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
GASSMANN, GUNTRAM / HAUPTMANN, ANDREAS / HÜBNER, CHRISTIAN / RUTHART, THOMAS / YALÇIN, ÜNSAL, Recherches sur le traitement du minerai de fer chez les
Celtes du Sud-Ouest de l’Allemagne (C hr ist op h W il l m s ) . . . . . . . . .
TREBSCHE, PETER / BALZER, INES, EGGL, CHRISTIANA / KOCH, JULIA K. / NORTMANN,
HANS, WIETHOLD, JULIAN (éd.), Les dix mille plus bas – à la recherche des souscouches de l’âge du Fer (M a nu e l A l b er to F er ná n de z G öt z ) . . . . . . .
VERSE, FRANK, Archéologie sur les hauteurs boisées. Âge du Fer, Moyen Âge et
Époque moderne sur la « Kalteiche » près de Haiger (C l a ud ia N ic ke l ) . . .
BEILKE-VOIGT, INES, Le sacrifice en contexte archéologique. Études sur les sacrifices
dits de construction, les dépôts cultuels et les sépultures dans les habitats pré- et
protohistoriques du Nord de l’Allemagne et du Danemark (Ro se m a ri e
M ül l e r ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
KAISER, MARLENE SOPHIA, La nécropole celto-romaine de Wederath-Belginum
(M a n ue l a St ru c k) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ABEGG, ANGELIKA / RAU, ANDREAS (éd.), Recherches actuelles sur le butin de guerre,
les victimes et les tombes princières dans le monde barbare (Ha n s- Jö rg N üs se ) .
MARTENS, MARLEEN / DE BOE, GUY (éd.), Le mithraïsme romain – le témoignage
des trouvailles mineures ( W ol fga n g S pic ke r m a nn ) . . . . . . . . . . .
HAUPT, PETER / JUNG, PATRICK (éd.) Alzey et les environs à l’époque romaine
(Be r nd P ä ffge n ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
BÖHLENDORF-ARSLAN, BEATE / OSMAN UYSAL, ALI / WITTE-ORR, JOHANNA (éd.),
Çanak. Poterie et tuiles de l’Antiquité tardive et du Moyen Âge dans les contextes archéologiques méditerranéens ( Sve n Co nr a d) . . . . . . . . . . . . .
CVJETIĆANIN, TATJANA, La poterie glaçurée du Bas-Empire ( Sve n Co nr a d) . . . .
FEDERHOFER, EMMY, Le four à tuiles d’Essenbach, Lkr. Landshut, et les fours à tuiles
de Rhétie et du Norique ( Ul r ic h Bra n dl ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
BERTRAND, ISABELLE (éd.), Le travail de l’os, du bois du cerf et de la corne à l’époque
romaine ( W ol f- Rüd ige r Te e ge n) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
MICHEL, THORSTEN, Études sur l’époque romaine impériale et les Grandes Migrations au Holstein (Ha n s- Ul r ic h Voß ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
KEIM, STEPHANIE, Contacts entre l’Italie lombarde et les territoires alamans et bavarois (G a br ie l e G rä n er t) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
447
450
454
457
460
468
472
476
481
484
488
492
496
500
505
508
512
515
517
521
527
ANDRÁSSI, JULIA, La collection Berthier-Delagarde de bijoux criméens au British Museum et le matériel apparenté ( O rs ol ya He in ri ch -T a m ás ka ) . . . . . . . .
NAGY, MARGIT, Représentations d’animaux et le style animalier germanique I sur le
Danube moyen ( Ka r en Hø il un d N ie l se n ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
PLEINEROVÁ, IVANA, Březno et les habitats germaniques de la phase récente des Grandes Migrations en Bohème ( Pe t e r D o na t) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
DANNHEIMER, HERRMANN, Sandau. Archéologie dans le périmètre d’un monastère
bavarois du haut Moyen Âge ( Ba rb a ra S ch ol k m a nn ) . . . . . . . . . . . .
WESULS, MIKE, Monuments représentatifs chez les Slaves occidentaux du 8e au 13e
siècle ap. J.-C. (To rs te n Ke m pk e ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
BARAN, JAROSLAV, Structures d’habitats slaves (T or ste n K em p ke ) . . . . . . . . .
MEIER, UTA MARIA, L’habitat du haut Moyen Âge et du Moyen Âge central près de
Schuby, Kreis Schleswig-Flensburg, LA 226 ( To rs te n Ke m pk e) . . . . . . .
HEINRICH, DIRK ET AL., Analyses des restes de squelettes d’animaux du port de Haithabu ( N or be rt Be ne c k e) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
KLÁPŠTE, JAN (éd.), Water managment in medieval rural economy. L’ usage de léau en
milieu rural au Moyen Âge (G e rs on Je u te ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
SCHEBEK, ADOLF, Terminologie archéologique en allemand et tchèque ( Bar ba r a
Ko wa l e ws ka ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
531
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Recommandations pour les publications de la Römisch-Germanische Kommission . . 559
Glass La Tène Bracelets in the Lower Rhine Region
Typology, Chronology and social Interpretation
By Nico Roymans and Linda Verniers
Schlagwörter: Jüngere Eisenzeit / Amringe / Glas / Typologie / Chronologie / Identität
Keywords: Late Iron Age / bracelets / glass / typology / chronology / identity
Mots-clés: Deuxième âge du Fer / bracelets / verre / typologie / chronologie / identité
Introduction 1
For several decades now the Lower Rhine region has been conspicuous within the western
and central European La Tène cultural area for its high incidence of what we know as glass
La Tène bracelets (Fig. 1). The first inventory by Peddemors yielded over 300 fragments
for the Netherlands, while the next by Roymans and Rooijen came to more than 2,000
items2. A recent update by Verniers has brought the total to in excess of 4,000 items3. This
means that the Lower Rhine region – with the eastern part of the Dutch Rhine / Meuse
delta as its core – now has the greatest density of glass armring finds within all of western
Fig. 1. Fragments of glass La Tène bracelets from the Dutch river area. – No scale.
1
The authors wish to thank Jaap Fokkema and
Bert Brouwenstijn (VU University Amsterdam)
for their help in supplementing the database and
preparing the illustrations presented here. Our
GERMANIA 88, 2010
2
3
thanks also go to Annette Visser of Wellington
New Zealand for translating the Dutch text.
PEDDEMORS 1975; ROYMANS / VAN ROOIJEN 1993.
VERNIERS 2006.
196
Nico Roymans / Linda Verniers
and central Europe. This comes as even more of surprise when we consider that the region
is generally regarded as being on the periphery of the La Tène culture.
The astonishing concentration of glass bracelets in this region raises a host of questions.
What can account for such a dense pattern of distribution? What kind of archaeological
contexts are the bracelets found in? Were they imported from more southerly regions, or
produced for the most part in the region itself? If so, what evidence is there for this? What
do we know about the social use of these bracelets and their role as identity markers? And
how should we understand the abrupt halt to their circulation in the earliest Roman period? We will address all these questions below and will attempt to come up with answers
based on the evidence now available. But first we will present a brief description of the
dataset and its structure in terms of spatial distribution, typology and chronology. We will
then look at a number of social themes: the evidence for local production, the exchange of
bracelets and their role in identity construction. And lastly, the concluding discussion will
place the Lower Rhine material in a broader European context and will suggest avenues for
future research.
The evidence
Underpinning this study is a project launched in 1992 to inventorise glass bracelets in the
Netherlands. Each fragment was entered individually into a database that included information about type, colour, find spot, archaeological context and collection. The database
now contains 4,539 glass fragments4 and has been further supplemented with published
finds from neighbouring regions of Germany (544 items) and Belgium (137 items)5.
The vast bulk (more than 90 %) of the Dutch material is made up of stray surface finds
collected from fields by amateur archaeologists. Numerous private glass collections have
sprung up over the years and we have made an inventory of the largest of them6. Only a
small proportion of the finds come from archaeological excavations. The large ratio of stray
surface finds makes it difficult to ascertain the archaeological contexts in which the bracelets occur in the soil. However the excavated material comes mainly from settlements, and
we can assume that the same is true of most of the stray surface finds from amateur archaeologists. A strikingly small percentage originates from funerary contexts, but this is partly
due to the general scarcity of Late Iron Age cemeteries in our region (see below)7.
4
5
6
Not included are approx. 1000 armring fragments
from the Dutch river region that have not yet
been inventoried, which would bring the total to
more than 5000 pieces. This material is held in
private collections; see note 6.
For the German Lower Rhine region and Westphalia, see the recent inventories of SEIDEL 2005;
IDEM 2008; DEITERS 2008; JOACHIM 2005; WAGNER 2006. For Belgium, see COSYNS 2003.
We wish to thank the many amateur archaeologists who have cooperated willingly and enthusiastically with this study. In particular, we would like
to mention Hein Jansen (Wijchen), Piet de Poot
and Gerard Smits (Oss), Ben Elberse (Bunnik),
Marc Ruijters (Echt), Roel van Zeelst and Fredo
7
van Berkel (Ammerzoden). The large private collection (more than 2000 glass fragments) belonging to the late Hein Jansen from Wijchen has
since been purchased by the Valkhof Museum in
Nijmegen. Yet to be inventoried is the material
from Otto Uyttewaal’s collection (Houten), and
in part from Gerard Smits’ collection (Oss). We
would also like to thank Peter van den Broeke
(Archeologische Dienst Gemeente Nijmegen) and
Jan van Renswoude (ACVU-HBS) for information about armring fragments from excavations at
Oosterhout-Van Boetzelaerstraat and Geldermalsen-Hondsgemet.
Cf. ROYMANS 2007, 312 and fig. 1.
Glass La Tène Bracelets
197
The large numbers of glass bracelets found in the area are the result of several factors
and not just a direct reflection of intensive use by the region’s inhabitants. These factors
include a fairly high settlement density, especially in the eastern half of the Dutch river
delta, and the fact that find layers from the Late Iron Age often outcrop in this holocene
landscape, thereby creating favourable search conditions for amateur archaeologists. The
large-scale presence of bracelets is also related to their fragility and to what people did with
broken examples. These seem to have been discarded in large numbers as settlement waste;
there does not appear to have been a systematic practice of collecting and recycling glass.
General distribution pattern
Figure 2 presents a general picture of the distribution of La Tène glass fragments in the
Lower Rhine area. We see dense concentrations in the eastern part of the Dutch river delta,
the Meuse valley in Limburg and the lower Lippe in Germany. Set against these is the
marginal appearance of bracelets in the Dutch / Belgian coastal zone, the area north of the
Lower Rhine and the Lippe, as well as in northern France and the Trier area. Figure 3 plots
the find spots that have yielded more than 50 armring fragments. The core of the distribution area clearly corresponds to the holocene Dutch river delta of the Rhine and Meuse,
with 20 of the total 22 find spots located there.
We believe that Figures 2 and 3 together give a representative picture of the true glass
bracelet distribution. However, we think that the number of find spots in the sandy land-
Fig. 2. General distribution of glass La Tène bracelets in the Lower Rhine region.
GERMANIA 88, 2010
198
Fig. 3. Distribution of sites within the Lower Rhine area that produced large numbers (>50) of glass
armrings. The numbering of the sites corresponds to the numbering in tab. 2.
scapes of the southern Netherlands, northern Belgium and the German Lower Rhineland
is underrepresented because Late Iron Age settlements have often been covered over by
submodern plaggen soils, making them poorly accessible to field surveys. Nevertheless, because sites in these landscapes always yield small quantities of glass, we can expect this
picture of a circulation core in the Rhine / Meuse delta to remain unchanged.
Variation in type and colour
Table 1 and Figures 4 and 5 present a general overview of the variations among Lower
Rhine bracelets, based on Haevernick’s typology8. Three groups are distinguished in Figure 5. The first comprises several types that clearly dominate the spectrum: 1-ribbed bracelets with or without an applied zigzag trail of yellow glass paste and 5-ribbed bracelets with
no decoration (Haevernick types 3a / 3b and 7a respectively)9. Together they account for
almost 90 % of Lower Rhine bracelets! The second group is made up of types that are
weakly represented, with total numbers ranging from 40 to 175. These are the 2-ribbed
examples (type 7d), the 5-ribbed examples with applied zigzag trails (type 7b), the 3-ribbed
8
9
HAEVERNICK 1960.
The distinction between types 3a and 3b is of limited value for the Lower Rhine region as bracelets
of the latter group often have large zones with no
applied glass trail. We therefore assume that many
fragments of type 3a in fact belong to group 3b.
199
number of ribs
Haevernick type
number
1-ribbed (D-shaped cross-section), undecorated
idem, with applied zigzag trail
2-ribbed
3-ribbed, with broad midrib, undecorated
idem, with applied zigzag trail
idem, with 3 identical ribs
3-ribbed with an obliquely incised midrib
5-ribbed, undecorated
idem, with applied zigzag trails
7-ribbed
other
indeterminate
type
type
type
type
type
type
type
type
type
–
1281
1316
175
47
73
16
15
1303
141
62
42
66
29
29
4
1
2
0.5
0.5
29
3
1
1
4537
100 %
total
3a
3b
7d
6a
6b
6c
8a
7a
7b
%
Tab. 1. Overview of the main armring types in the Netherlands and their relative proportions.
examples with or without a zigzag trail (type 6a, b, c), and the 7-ribbed bracelets. This
latter variant was not yet known to Haevernick. Lastly, there is a third group of types that
are rare in the Lower Rhine region, each represented by fewer than 20 examples. These are
the 4-ribbed bracelets (type 7c) and those with an obliquely incised midrib (type 8a / 8c).
The bracelets came in a range of colours. Dark blue and purple predominate, while
brown and colourless glass armrings are relatively scarce. The ratio of blue to purple differs
significantly for each armring type. Whereas blue and purple are represented in roughly
equal numbers (52 % and 42 % respectively) among the 1-ribbed types 3a and 3b, blue is
by far the most prevalent colour for type 7a (76 %). Next is purple at 14 %, followed by
colourless glass at 9 %. Almost all the 7-ribbed bracelets are made of blue glass. Both blue
and purple are the dominant colours for 2-ribbed bracelets, but brown is also strongly
represented with 11 %.
This variation in type and colour is characteristic of the Lower Rhine region. Significant
differences emerge, however, when we compare individual find spots (Tab. 2). The ratio of
1-ribbed to 5-ribbed bracelets is interesting. In Beuningen-De Heuve, for example, the 5ribbed and 1-ribbed examples are represented in equal numbers, whereas the spectrum in
Fig. 4. Major armring types encountered in the Lower Rhine region. Typology after HAEVERNICK 1960.
GERMANIA 88, 2010
200
1-ribbed 2-ribbed 3-ribbed 4-ribbed 5-ribbed 7-ribbed indet. total
1. Houten-Loerik
2. WerkhovenDe Klaproos
3. Cothen-Kapelleweg
4. Cothen-De Dom
5. *GeldermalsenHondsgemet
6. IJzendoorn-Het Hof
7. *Oosterhout-Van
Boetzelaerstraat
8. Bruchem-Broekseweg
9. MaasbommelKattenheuvels
10. Hernen-Wijnakker
11. Ewijk-Ewijksche
Velden
12. Ewijk-Ooigraaf
13. Beuningen-De
Heuve
14. NijmegenBijsterhuizensestraat
15. Lith -Tussen de Stegen
16. Teeffelen-Rotsestraat
17. Teeffelen-De Honig
18. MacharenHarensche Broek
19. Oss-Elzenburg
20. Deursen-Pachtkamp
21. Born
22. Erkelenz-Lövenich
47
228
2
14
–
6
–
–
4
21
–
–
–
57
53
326
49
133
42
1
8
4
2
10
3
–
3
–
8
23
–
–
–
–
–
8
1
60
185
50
54
37
3
–
6
2
–
–
30
23
–
2
–
–
94
64
68
141
2
11
3
7
–
1
15
44
–
1
–
–
88
205
135
31
6
1
9
2
–
–
58
21
5
2
–
–
213
57
52
175
3
8
6
11
–
1
39
198
1
8
–
–
101
401
89
7
8
–
66
7
–
178
96
74
68
149
7
5
2
6
3
2
5
–
1
–
–
–
40
20
37
60
1
1
–
1
–
–
–
–
148
102
112
216
26
25
12
70
2
6
1
9
2
2
5
23
–
–
–
4
21
26
35
78
–
–
–
28
–
–
–
–
51
60
53
212
Table 2. Specification of glass bracelets from sites in the Lower Rhine region that produced more than
50 fragments. The site numbers refer to the distribution map in fig. 3. * = excavated settlement
Werkhoven-De Klaproos is completely dominated by the 1-ribbed examples, and the 5ribbed bracelets are of only marginal importance.
Figures 5 and 6 attempt to depict geographical differences within the Lower Rhine region. Five subregions are distinguished: the Kromme Rijn area, the eastern river region and
the Meuse region of Limburg in the Netherlands, the German Lower Rhine area east of
the Rhine, and Belgium. Figure 3 shows regional differences in typological distribution.
The Meuse region of Limburg and the German Rhine area present the same picture: The
vast majority of bracelets are of the 5-ribbed type, and only about a quarter are of the 1ribbed type. We see the reverse in the Dutch eastern river region, where 1-ribbed bracelets
are much more strongly represented than their 5-ribbed counterparts. This latter trend is
manifested to an extreme degree in the Kromme Rijn area, where about 80 % of the bracelets belong to this type. The typological variation corresponds to colour differences, particularly in the ratio of blue to purple (Fig. 6). While blue is the predominant colour in all
regions, this applies to a greater degree in the Meuse region of Limburg and the German
201
Fig. 5. Relative proportions of armring types in subregions within the Lower Rhine area. – 1 Kromme
Rijn area. – 2 Dutch eastern river area. – 3 Limburg Meuse area. – 4 German Lower Rhineland east of
the Rhine. – 5 Belgium.
Lower Rhine area east of the Rhine, where purple is only of marginal significance. The
eastern river and Kromme Rhine areas on the other hand are characterised by a significant
proportion (about 35 %) of purple bracelets. There appears to be a general geographical
tendency: the further northwest you go towards the Rhine / Meuse delta, the higher the
proportion of 1-ribbed bracelets and purple glass.
Chronology
As yet little is known about the relative and absolute chronologies of Lower Rhine bracelets. This is because the vast bulk of the material consists of stray surface finds, whereas
material from settlement excavations often yields no accurate datings. Although bracelets
from closed funerary contexts have much to tell us, there are still too few graves to establish
a solid chronological framework. Nevertheless, we are able to draw some interesting conclusions from the data now available (Fig. 7).
The general chronology of La Tène bracelets, developed for central Europe, gives us our
first lead, assuming that this is also relevant for the Lower Rhine region. The production
of armrings began in LT C1a (the second quarter of the 3rd century BC) and went on to
GERMANIA 88, 2010
202
Fig. 6. Colour variation of glass armrings in subregions within the Lower Rhine area. – 1 Kromme Rijn area.
– 2 Dutch eastern river area. – 3 Limburg Meuse area. – 4 German Lower Rhineland east of the Rhine.
span the entire LT C / D period. Broad, primarily 5-ribbed, bracelets (both decorated and
undecorated) were a relatively early phenomenon (LT C / D1). The simple 1-ribbed variants, although occurring in LT C, did not peak until LT D10. An important observation
can also be made about colour. Blue occurred in all phases, but reached a peak in LT C / D1,
Fig. 7. Chronology of the main armring types produced in the Lower Rhine region.
10
See HAEVERNICK 1960; GEBHARD 1989; VENC1990; KARWOWSKI 2004; WAGNER 2006.
LOVÁ
203
Fig. 8. Some rare armring fragments from the settlement Lent-Bemmelsedijk. Glass. – Scale 1 : 1.
whereas purple was scarce in LT C before jumping in popularity in LT D11. If we apply
these observations to the Lower Rhine region, this would mean that the bracelet database
for the Dutch river delta (and certainly the Kromme Rijn area), with its high proportion of
1-ribbed and purple bracelets, seems relatively young (LT D) in relation to that of the
Meuse region of Limburg, Belgium and the German Lower Rhine area.
An important test case is the dating data for bracelets from cremation burials in the
Lower Rhine region (Fig. 11). This information is summarised in appendix 1. The sample
is small but we can nevertheless make a few key observations:
a) 7- or sometimes 9-ribbed blue bracelets have a conspicuously early date: several 14C-datings place them in LT C1 and the beginning of C212.
b) 5-ribbed blue bracelets seem to be characteristic of LT C and the beginning of LT
D, in view of several 14C-datings and frequent associations with fibulae of Middle-La
Tène construction.
c) 1-ribbed bracelets occur from LT C2 onwards, but current grave finds do not allow
us to say much about their later role.
Also important for the Lower Rhine chronology is the recently excavated Late Iron Age
settlement at Geldermalsen-Hondsgemet in the Dutch eastern river region (Fig. 12). A
large quantity of settlement material has been collected there (including 11 fibulae of Middle La Tène type and 27 Nauheim fibulae), most of which belongs in the phase 150–50
BC13. This material includes 50 armring fragments, the vast majority of which (85 %) are
of the 1-ribbed type (with and without a zigzag trail). There is not a single 5-ribbed example! The colours represented are brown (6 %), blue (38 %) and purple (56 %). We obtain
a similar picture from the settlement of Eschweiler-Laurensberg in the hinterland of Cologne14. Thanks in part to metal finds, this settlement can be dated to the later 2nd century
11
12
GEBHARD 1989, 70–73; DEITERS 2008, 324.
Blue glass bracelets with seven ribs are known
from graves 778 and 1119 in the cemetery at
Nederweert-Rosveld (HIDDINK 2006, 128, 155).
Cremation remains from these burials provided
14
13
14
GERMANIA 88, 2010
g C-datings of 2185 +/– 40 and 2175 +/– 40 BP
respectively. See also appendix 1.
Cf. the contributions by Schuring (La Tène glass)
and Van Renswoude (fibulae) in VAN RENSWOUDE / VAN KERCKHOVE 2009.
JOACHIM 1980; cf. DEITERS 2008, 324.
204
Fig. 9. Distribution of Middle La Tène 7-ribbed glass bracelets. Large symbols: >5 examples. – 1 HernenWijnakker. – 2 Nijmegen-Bijsterhuizensestraat. – 3 Erkelenz-Lövenich.
BC (transition LT C / D). It yielded 14 armring fragments: eight of the 1-ribbed, two of
the 3-ribbed and only four of the 5-ribbed type. These figures confirm that 1-ribbed bracelets, especially the purple variant, represent a late development in our research region and
that 5-ribbed bracelets were clearly on the wane in LT D1.
Two things stand out in the above data. The first is the fairly early start to glass circulation in the Lower Rhine region (second half of the 3rd century), almost as early as in central
Europe. Although the glass spectrum in the Dutch river region is dominated in quantitative terms by ‘young’ types, the early variants are also well represented there (see Fig. 9).
Only in the Kromme Rijn area is there almost no evidence of this older horizon. The
second salient feature is the lack of evidence in graves so far for continuing use of glass
bracelets in the Early Roman period15. For the present, this argues against Van den
Broeke’s claim that glass La Tène bracelets circulated there until the Middle Roman era16.
15
The only exception is grave 803 at NederweertRosveld, which is dated to the early 1st century
AD on the basis of of a Belgic beaker sherd, Holwerda type 3 (HIDDINK 2006, 137). Unfortunately, the homogeneity of this grave is uncertain,
given that the finds come from two intersecting
16
pit fills. The Roman sherd comes from the youngest pit. Armring fragments do indeed occur regularly in native-Roman rural settlements, but
these may involve older material that has been
brought to the surface.
VAN DEN BROEKE 1978, 40.
205
Everything points to them going out of circulation during the Augustan period, and possibly earlier.
Evidence of glass production
The mass circulation of glass bracelets in the Lower Rhine region raises the question of
production – to what extent were they also produced there? We can answer this question
in methodological terms by a) looking for direct evidence of glass production in the form
of production waste, furnace debris and semi-manufactured items, b) conducting chemical
studies of the origin of the raw materials and pigments used in the bracelets, and c) tracing
region-specific armring variants by analysing distribution patterns. No direct evidence of
glass workshops has been found to date17, nor have there been any systematic chemical
studies. This makes the results of distribution pattern analyses all the more important. On
the basis of the current data, we can make a reasonable case for the production of different
types in the Lower Rhine area, most notably the 7-ribbed, the 5-ribbed without decoration, the 1-ribbed and the 2-ribbed bracelets.
Glass production in the Lower Rhine began with broad 7-ribbed bracelets in an advanced phase of LT C1. Although they constitute a fairly small group, their distribution is
almost solely confined to the Lower Rhine region (Fig. 9). It is interesting to note the
presence of a series of unique variants18, which shows that artisans were experimenting with
new types and techniques in the initial phase, while also continuing to produce existing
central European types.
It seems that 5-ribbed bracelets were also produced in our region in LT C and the
transition to LT D. By far the most predominant type is the undecorated variant (Haevernick 7a) (Tab. 1). Although it also occurs in more southerly parts, the high proportion of
this type (over 1,300 fragments, or more than a quarter of the total Lower Rhine database!)
certainly suggests that it was produced locally. A further argument is that 18 % of the
5-ribbed bracelets are purple, a combination that rarely occurs in other areas19.
Similar arguments concerning local production can be made for 1-ribbed bracelets with
a D-shaped cross-section. The undecorated variant (Haevernick 3a) is also found in other
regions and is regarded as an almost universal type20, but the numbers from those areas are
limited. The 1-ribbed decorated bracelets (type 3b) occur primarily in the Lower Rhine
area and it is on these grounds that Peddemors and Deiters assume a local production
base21.
For the relatively small group of 2-ribbed bracelets (175 items) there can be almost no
doubt that they were produced locally as they are virtually unknown outside the Lower
17
18
JOACHIM (2005, 67) assumes a local production
base for bracelets at Erkelenz-Lövenich, thanks
in part to several glass drop finds. However, these
could just as easily have originated from cremation graves that were disturbed by ploughing, as
has been observed in the southern Netherlands.
These are a 7-ribbed example of colourless glass
with yellow foil on the inside from a cremation
grave in Lomm and a settlement at Lent-Bemmelse Dijk, a blue glass example from Dodewaard with a sinuous S-shaped decoration on the
midrib (cf. Haevernick type 16), a blue glass ex-
GERMANIA 88, 2010
19
20
21
ample with incised midrib from Erkelenz-Lövenich and a blue glass piece from Deest with three
ribs decorated with applied trails of yellow glass
paste.
Cf. WAGNER 2006, 86; 90; 99 maps 15; 22; 37.
Cf. VENCLOVÁ 1990, 152–153, who regards
Mandeure and Stradonice / Bohemia as production sites.
PEDDEMORS 1975; DEITERS 2008. We should be
aware that many type 3a items in the Lower Rhine
region actually belong to type 3b (see note 9).
206
Fig. 10. Distribution of 2-ribbed glass bracelets, type Haevernick 7d. Large symbol: >10 examples. – 1 Werkhoven-De Klaproos. – 2 Maasbommel-Kattenheuvels.
Rhine region (Fig. 10). Like the 1-ribbed bracelets about half are purple, the dominant
colour during LT D, and they belong to the youngest phase of Lower Rhine glass production.
The fact that bracelets were produced locally does not mean that the raw glass was also
manufactured there. Semi-manufactured products in the form of glass bars may have been
imported from elsewhere and then processed into finished products in secondary workshops.22 The nearest glass production centre was probably Bad Nauheim in the eastern
Middle Rhine area (Fig. 14)23. Future chemical research into bracelets from various glassproducing regions will undoubtedly shed new light on this matter.
In what kind of settlements were the Lower Rhine bracelets produced? Although no
glass workshops have yet been found in central Europe, it is assumed that there glass production was localised in central settlements in the form of open settlements and oppida,
including Manching, Stradonice and Nages (Fig. 13)24. It is still too early to say whether
this centralised production model also applies to the Lower Rhine lowlands25. An alterna22
The first fragment of a purple glass bar was recently found in a settlement at Odijk in the
Kromme Rijn area, but it is not clear whether
this was produced locally or imported from elsewhere. Cf. SCHURING 2007.
23
24
25
SEIDEL 2005, 11 ff.
VENCLOVÁ 1985, GEHARD 1989; KARWOWSKI
2004, 146–148; SEIDEL 2005.
We have confirmed the presence at Kessel / Lith
of an important Late Iron Age settlement with
207
Fig. 11. Distribution of glass bracelets from Late Iron Age cremation burials in the Lower Rhine region.
– 1 Weert-Molenakkerdreef. – 2 Nederweert-Wessemerdijk. – 3 Nederweert-Rosveld. – 4 Mierlo-Hout,
Brandevoort. – 5 Someren-Waterdael. 6 – Panningen-Stokx. – 7 Wessem. – 8 Lomm. – 9 ValkenburgVroenhof. – 10 Blerick-Zaarderheike. – 11 Maaseik. – 12 Neerharen-Rekem. – 13 Haldern-Sommersberg.
– 14 Haldern-Colettenberg. – 15 Haldern-Banningsberg. – 16 Haldern-Düne Jaumann. – 17 HaldernDüne Bongardt. – 18 Haldern-Spelmannsberg. – 19 Haldern-Ebersberg. – 20 Haffen-Mehr, Lange Renne.
– 21 Bislich-Düne Günz. – 22 Borken-Hoxfeld. – 23 Alpen-Veen. – 24 Wesseling. – 25 Lage-Müssen.
– 26 Someren-Ter Hofstadlaan.
tive model is a further possibility for this region, one that presupposes decentralised production at several open settlements. Potential production sites would then be the find spots
with high volumes of La Tène glass, such as Beuningen-De Heuve (401 pieces) and Werkhoven-De Klaproos (326 pieces) (Fig. 3 and Tab. 2).
Based on the current figure of more than 5,000 finds of armring fragments, we can
make a rough estimate of the scale of Lower Rhine glass production. If we assume that the
vast majority were locally produced and that 2 % of them are known to us, this means that
250,000 bracelets were produced over a period of more than 150 years. Although this is
no more than a rough estimation, we are clearly dealing here with mass production.
centre functions at a strategic location at the confluence of the rivers Rhine / Waal and Meuse.
Cf. ROYMANS 2004, ch. 7. Unfortunately, this
settlement has been thoroughly disturbed by rivGERMANIA 88, 2010
er erosion and modern dredging work, making it
impossible to establish whether it functioned as a
production centre for glass bracelets.
208
Fig. 12. Distribution of La Tène armrings in phase 1 (150–50 BC) of the settlement at GeldermalsenHondsgemet (prov. of Gelderland). A armring fragment. B houseplan. C granery. D open water.
Armrings and the construction of identities
The multi-vocality of material culture is a mainspring of post-processual archaeology. Jewellery worn on the body can have several meanings and can play a role in the symbolic
construction of an individual’s multiple, partially overlapping identities.26 This fundamental
principle is relevant for the social interpretation of glass La Tène bracelets. The key questions relate to the kind of identity constructions in which bracelets were used and the kind
of meaning associations that these objects had.
The functional use of glass La Tène bracelets as arm decorations for women is commonly accepted in Europe. This is based primarily on the diameter of complete examples
and on their presence in LT C inhumation graves in central Europe, which shows that they
were worn on the arm.27 Until recently, we had almost no information on individual wearers of such jewellery in the Lower Rhine region. This changed, however, with the publication of a number of cemeteries yielding numerous graves with bracelets in combination
with data on the age and sex of the deceased.
We now know, firstly, that bracelets played no role – at least not in the Lower Rhine
region – in the symbolic expression of social hierarchies28. We can infer this from their
widespread occurrence: They were mass-produced items that were present in every local
community, in every household even, and were therefore not associated with an elite identity. A case in point is the above-mentioned excavation at Geldermalsen (Fig. 12), where
26
27
COHEN 1985; HODDER 1982.
HAEVERNICK 1960, 72 ff.
28
In contrast to VENCLOVÁ 1990, 157.
209
Fig. 13. The average numbers of necklaces worn by women of different ages in two Masai tribes.
more than 50 armring fragments were unearthed in the immediate vicinity of five farmsteads from the period 150–50 BC. This amounts to an average of 10 bracelets per farmstead29.
Secondly, we know that glass bracelets are also typical of women’s attire in the Lower
Rhine area and are therefore clear markers of gender identity. This is illustrated in the table
showing sex determinations of individuals in graves with bracelets (appendix 1). Conclusions about gender can be made in 22 cases, based on physical-anthropological studies of
cremation remains and / or associations with gender-specific grave goods (bone needles,
spindle whorls, several fibulae). In all but one case, these involved women.
As a further dimension of their gender association, we wish to highlight an important
intrinsic feature of glass bracelets, namely their fragility. Unlike metal jewellery, they break
easily, which means they have a relatively short life. It is significant in this regard that not
a single complete armring is noted from the Netherlands. If we assume that glass arm jewellery was not intended to be passed on as heirlooms to successive generations but was
inextricably linked to the individual female body30, this provided the option of turning
broken bracelets into pendants rather than simply throwing them away. While this secondary use may be rare, it has nevertheless been demonstrated repeatedly (Fig. 1). Converting
29
Cf. VAN RENSWOUDE / VAN KERCKHOVE 2009,
90 ff. The true number of bracelets used per
farmstead will have been higher, given that intact
bracelets will have been deposited in women’s
graves; examples of such graves have yet to be
found in Geldermalsen.
GERMANIA 88, 2010
30
This is apparent from the fact that women were
often cremated and buried together with their
bracelets, which suggests that it was not customary to pass the glass bracelets belonging to the
deceased on to their next of kin.
210
Fig. 14. Certain or probable production centres (with dating) of La Tène glass armrings in Europe.
them into pendants required little specialist knowledge and appears to be have been carried
out locally.
Thirdly, it is likely that bracelets also marked an age class identity31. The key question
is: at what age did women start wearing them? Ethno-archaeological research tells us about
neckring-wearing practices among Masai groups in Kenya and the ages of the women concerned (Fig. 13)32. The patterns can vary per group, depending on social strategies. It is
significant, however, that in all instances this jewellery is first worn when girls are still
juveniles. According to our grave data summarised in table 3, bracelets were generally associated with adult women aged between 20 and 40, and sometimes older. However, there
are two instances of juvenile individuals, aged 5–15 and 12–16 years. For the time being
we think it likely that girls started wearing bracelets between their 12th and 15th year. We
suspect there was a link with the general life cycle of women and associated rites of passage
(see below)33. It is tempting to regard bracelets with a smaller diameter (5 to 6 cm) as ones
made especially for this youngest group.
31
32
Almost every society makes a fundamental distinction between four more or less institutionalised age groups – children, adolescents, adults
and the elderly. Cf. ERIKSEN 2001, 135–136.
HODDER 1982, 80 ff.
33
Ethnographic research shows that the wearing of
bracelets and neckrings by women is often associated with ideas about female fertility, or is believed to prevent ills which might damage a woman’s reproductive capacity. Cf. SCIAMA 1998,
15 ff.
211
sex
age
Panningen-Stokx, grave 13
Nederweert-Rosveld, grave 803
–
F??
5–15
12–16
Weert-Molenakkerdreef, grave 3
Someren-Ter Hofstadlaan, grave 308
–
F?
f
–
–
F?
f
F? / f
F
F/f
–
–
F? / f
F/f
F
–
F
–
15–40
15–40
15–40
>19
20–30
20–30
20–34
20–40
20–40
20–40
20–40
20–40
20–40
20–40
20–40
20–40
24–40
24–50
F? / f
–
f
F
30–60
30–60
30–60
43–52
Tab. 3. Specification of sex and age of Late Iron Age cremation graves with glass bracelets in the Lower
Rhine region. Based on the evidence presented in appendix 1.
Fourthly, bracelets were potentially significant as ethnic or cultural markers. For example, we know that beads, earrings and other women’s jewellery denoted tribal identities
among the Kenyan Masai and functioned as boundary markers for ethnic groups34. We can
confirm that certain societies in the Lower Rhine region distinguished themselves through
specific women’s attire involving bracelets, whereas neighbouring groups to the west and
north, in the coastal area and north of the Rhine, used almost no bracelets (Fig. 2). Bracelets may have played a role here in cultivating ethnic differences. In border settings in
particular, certain groups may also have used material culture to associate themselves with
the ideas and values of the southern La Tène culture and to profile themselves in relation
to groups seeking a highly inward-looking local identity35.
We can conclude that the possession of glass bracelets was highly significant at all levels
of society and was clearly associated with both individual and group identities.
34
HODDER 1982; KLUMP / KRATZ 1993. EICHER
(1998) reports that bead wearing among the Kalabari of Nigeria indicates clan identity.
GERMANIA 88, 2010
35
ROYMANS 2007, 323.
212
Armrings as exchange items
The above evidence shows that glass La Tène bracelets were mass-produced items that
must have been exchanged in large numbers. Nevertheless, this aspect of exchange has
barely featured in recent discussions, with researchers rarely going beyond simple interpretations in terms of ‘trade’. Recent, anthropologically inspired theories on exchange in premodern societies show that archaeologists underestimate the complexity of this phenomenon. These societies had complex, partly ritualised forms of exchange that gave expression to
leadership, the different stages in an individual’s life cycle and relations with the supernatural world36. Relevant here is Bloch and Parry’s model of the articulation of two types of
exchange, that of a short-term sphere aimed at individual gain and competition, and that
of a long-term sphere in which the reproduction of collective values, norms and cosmologies was paramount37.
We propose a model specifically for La Tène bracelets that distinguishes two stages in
exchange. The first comprises the primary distribution of bracelets from production sites to
local communities (consumption sites). This would have involved barter trade or commodity exchange in accordance with the down-the-line principle, that is diminishing use of
armrings the further away one gets from the production centre (or centres) in the Lower
Rhine area. We probably should envisage such exchange as part of a multi-centric economy
in which different, more or less mutually exclusive spheres of exchange operated38. Glass
bracelets may have featured among the more mundane exchange items from the subsistence sphere such as iron tools, fibulae, millstones and salt.
For the Lower Rhine region, there is nothing to suggest that the intense exchange of
bracelets was linked to the rise of markets and the beginnings of a monetarised economy.
The Dutch archaeologist Willems has suggested, however, that bracelets were used primarily as primitive money, as uniform, almost standardised value objects that functioned as
currency in intensified exchange relationships during the Late Iron Age39. He also believes
that bracelets were deliberately halved or quartered and used as a means of payment in this
form. Willems’ hypothesis comes up against major difficulties, however40. The fragility of
the bracelets severely compromised their potential as a means of payment. Significant too
is the lack of hoards containing whole bracelets or fragments. If they had been used intensively as a form of currency we could expect to encounter such hoards. The large numbers
of fragments found among ordinary settlement waste also suggests that they were not used
as primitive money.
The second stage in the chain of exchange was the secondary distribution of bracelets
within local communities. Reference to ethnographic parallels suggests that this would entail ritualised forms of gift exchange connected with the life cycle of women41. An attractive
hypothesis is the link suggested above to rites of passage for young women in which they
are given their first armring by relatives42. Other occasions when they might have received
bracelets were on marriage or after childbirth. The colour and type of armring may also
36
37
38
39
40
ERIKSEN 2001, 176 ff.; BAZELMANS 1999.
BLOCH / PARRY 1989, 24.
Cf. BOHANNAN’S (1955) study of exchange systems among the Tiv in pre-colonial Nigeria. For
archaeological applications, see ROYMANS 1996,
45–47; CREIGHTON 2005, 71–76.
WILLEMS 1983, 111.
ROYMANS / VAN ROOIJEN 1993, 9.
41
42
Cf. CAREY 1998, 89-90, on the use of beads in
Africa. ‘As a girl grows up, her beadwork will increase in quantity and change its nature as she
goes from one stage of life to the next.’ The first
beads come from her father, and once her first
child is born, she starts to wear other beads.
This may have been the female equivalent of
coming-of-age rituals for young men in Celto-
213
have had a specific significance43, although the current data gives us little to go on here.
What we do note is that the graves of adult women sometimes contain several bracelets of
different colours, although always of the same type44.
Discussion and conclusions
The circulation of glass bracelets began in the Lower Rhine region in LT C1, the time
when the production of armrings also started there. This will have been triggered by the
transfer of advanced technology – probably in the form of qualified craftsmen – from
southern areas to the Rhine / Meuse delta. Distribution maps for the earliest armring types
(the 7 and 5-ribbed variants) suggest that these artisans came from the south east, from the
Mittelgebirgsraum in Germany. They soon began experimenting with new types, thereby
imprinting their own stamp on Lower Rhine glass production. During LT C2 / D the
Rhine / Meuse delta evolved into a major production region for bracelets, with roughly the
present-day Netherlands, Belgium, the German Lower Rhineland and Westphalia as its
broader market (Fig. 14). The present distribution suggests an extensive bartering network
that operated in accordance with the down-the-line principle.
Through their exclusive status as women’s jewellery, bracelets were prominent markers
within the Lower Rhine region of gender and age class identities, and perhaps also ethnic
identity. As such, they illustrate a core principle of post-processual archaeology – the active
role of material culture in shaping social relations.
It is fascinating to observe the extreme popularity of glass bracelets in the Lower Rhine
region, where almost every woman seems to have worn one or more items. How should we
interpret this popularity within a European context? It is important to note that this region
was situated on the periphery of the European La Tène culture. A process of ‘latènisation’
of the material culture, which began fairly late, was occurring here45. It is precisely in cultural frontier zones that we often witness the strategic use of material culture to define cultural
boundaries. Lower Rhine groups felt a need for visible cultural markers to set themselves
apart from groups in the area between the Rhine and Weser rivers and in the BelgianDutch coastal zone. Archaeologists often explain these regional cultural distinctions in terms
of an opposition between Germans and Celts. However, we need to ask ourselves the precise meaning of these macro-ethnic labels in the pre-Roman period. It is interesting to note
that armring circulation in the Lower Rhine was clearly concentrated in the area inhabited
by the Eburones, whom Caesar at the time of his conquests explicitly labelled Germani46.
Another discussion relates to the rather abrupt disappearance of bracelets in the Lower
Rhine area. How can this be explained? Some researchers suggest a direct link to the Roman conquest, which destroyed existing artisan traditions and exchange networks47. Others,
in particular German scholars, see primarily a connection with the southward expansion,
or even migration, of Germanic groups to the Lower Rhine region during LT D. In their
view, these groups had a different material culture in which there was no place for La Tène
43
44
Germanic societies, when men were given their
first weapons by their father. Cf. ROYMANS /
AARTS 2006, 354 ff.; BAZELMANS 1999, 168–
172. See also Tacitus, Germania 13; Caesar, bell.
gall. 6.18.3.
HAEVERNICK 1960, 74.
Cf. appendix 1, Weert-Molenakker, grave 69 and
74; Nederweert-Rosveld, grave 706.
GERMANIA 88, 2010
45
46
47
For a recent synthesis, see ROYMANS 2007.
Caesar, bell. gall. 2.4.10, 6.32.1. Cf. ROYMANS
1990, 12 ff.
PEDDEMORS 1975, 108. We can think specifically
here of Caesar’s annihilation of the Eburones in
the years 53–51 BC.
214
bracelets48. It is clear that whichever explanation you support depends very much on the
terminus ante quem for the end of the Lower Rhine glass production. Was production
already on the wane before Caesar’s conquest and therefore entirely unconnected with it?
Or did this process not get underway until after the Roman conquest, which suggests a
link with the new social and cultural relationships in the early post-conquest period?
Lastly, we wish in brief to suggest possibilities for future research. There are three key
areas. Firstly, we have to try to pinpoint the production sites for glass bracelets in the
Dutch Rhine / Meuse delta. The focus should be on find spots that have yielded large
numbers of glass fragments. We need to look there for evidence of production waste. Secondly, we need to launch a systematic chemical analysis programme for Lower Rhine bracelets and glass from other regions. This should yield new understanding of both the production and exchange of glass or specific raw materials. Thirdly, we should press ahead
with research into the distribution of specific type and colour variants. The potential for
such studies as a tool in tracing local production sites is far from exhausted. Finally, we
need to vigorously pursue research into bracelets from funerary contexts. Cremation remains should be dated using the 14C-method and should be analysed to identify age and
sex. This will both refine the typochronology of La Tène bracelets, and provide more information about their individual users. We will then be in a position to test the above ideas
on the social use of bracelets and their symbolism.
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Appendix 1. Specification of date, sex and age of cremation graves with glass armrings in
the Lower Rhine region. The sex determinations are based on physical anthropological
studies of cremation remains. * = dating primarily based on 14C-dating of cremated bone.
Sex determinations on the basis of physical anthropological studies of cremation remains
(= F, M) and / or on the basis of associations with gender-specific grave goods (= f, m).
type armring
Weert-Molenakkerdreef,
grave 3
grave 23
grave 32
grave 57
grave 59
grave 66
grave 69
grave 74
grave 94
grave 99
grave 104
Nederweert-Rosveld,
grave 706
Nederweert-Rosveld,
grave 727
Nederweert-Rosveld,
grave 761
Nederweert-Rosveld,
grave 771
Nederweert-Rosveld,
grave 775
Nederweert-Rosveld,
grave 778
Nederweert-Rosveld,
grave 795
Nederweert-Rosveld,
grave 803
Nederweert-Rosveld,
grave 805
Nederweert-Rosveld,
grave 807
Nederweert-Rosveld,
grave 808
Nederweert-Rosveld,
grave 809
Nederweert-Rosveld,
grave 1119
Nederweert-Rosveld,
grave 1102
Someren-Ter Hofstadlaan, grave 308
GERMANIA 88, 2010
related finds
date
sex
age
reference
–
15–40
HIDDINK 2003, 285
F? / f
30–60
HIDDINK 2003, 301
LT C / D
F? / f
20–40
HIDDINK 2003, 307
LT C / D
F?
15–40
HIDDINK 2003, 328
2 × 5-ribbed, blue
5-ribbed, colourless
bone needle
iron needle, 3
bronze armrings
5-ribbed, blue
indet., blue
fibula fragm.
F
20–40
HIDDINK 2003, 330
1-ribbed, purple
fibula fragm.
–
30–60
HIDDINK 2003, 335
3 × 5-ribbed, blue,
purple, colourless
2 × 1-ribbed, blue,
purple
1-ribbed, purple
bone needle
LT C2 / D1*
f
15–40
HIDDINK 2003, 338
armband, bronze
fibula fragm.
bone needle,
armring, bronze
belt hook,
MLT fibula
fibula fragm.
LT C / D
F/f
20–40
HIDDINK 2003, 342
f
30–60
HIDDINK 2003, 357
F
24–40
HIDDINK 2003, 361
–
20–40
HIDDINK 2003, 365
–
20–40
HIDDINK 2006, 95
–
adult
HIDDINK 2006, 95
1-ribbed, purple
1-ribbed, brown
LT C2 / D1
2 x 1-ribbed, brown,
purple
1-ribbed, purple
indet., blue
bone needle
LT C*
F? / f
20–40
HIDDINK 2006, 120
5-ribbed, blue
2 iron
MLT fibulae
LT C1 /
early C2*
F/f
20–40
HIDDINK 2006, 125
F
20–40
HIDDINK 2006, 127
–
20–40
HIDDINK 2006, 128
–
20–30
HIDDINK 2006, 133–134
F??
12–16
HIDDINK 2006, 137
f
20–34
HIDDINK 2006, 138
F?
20–30
HIDDINK 2006, 140–141
5-ribbed, blue
–
24–50
HIDDINK 2006, 141
indet., blue
–
adult
HIDDINK 2006, 142
F
43–52
HIDDINK 2006, 155
1-ribbed, blue
–
adult
HIDDINK 2006, 146
5-ribbed, green?
–
>19
DE BOER / HIDDINK
2009, 128
5-ribbed, blue
7-ribbed, blue
LT C*
5-ribbed, blue
5-ribbed, blue
indet., blue
3 MLT fibulae
indet., blue
MLT fibula
belt hook
7-ribbed, blue
early 1st
century AD?
LT C1 /
early C2*
LT C1 /
early C2*
LT C1 /
early C2*
218
Mierlo Hout-Brandevoort, grave R-32
Mierlo Hout-Brandevoort, grave R-55
Panningen-Stokx,
grave 13
Panningen-Stokx,
grave 8
Maaseik, grave 53
Maaseik, grave 82
Maaseik, grave 86
Neerharen-Rekem,
grave 85–80
Haldern-Sommersberg,
grave 35
Haldern-Sommersberg,
grave 63
Haldern-Colettenberg,
grave 6
Haldern-Colettenberg,
grave 17
Haffen-Mehr
Lange Renne I
Haldern-Banningsberg,
grave 1
type armring
related finds
date
sex
age
reference
MLT fibula iron
LT C / D1
–
TOL 1993, 118
5-ribbed, blue
fragm. wire fibula,
iron
LT C / D
–
TOL 1993, 125
5-ribbed, blue
–
5–15
HIDDINK 2008, 66
5-ribbed, blue
M
20–35
HIDDINK 2008, 63
indet., purple
indet., colourless
indet., blue
indet., brown
3-ribbed, blue
5-ribbed, blue
5-ribbed, blue
1-ribbed, with
zigzag trail
5-ribbed, blue
2 × 5-ribbed,
colourless
indet., blue
wire fibula, iron
LT D
–
JANSSEN 1977, 15
wire fibula, iron
LT C / D
LT D
LT C1?*
JANSSEN 1977, 21
JANSSEN 1977, 21
TEMMERMAN 2007, 365
3 MLT fibulae,
iron
2 MLT fibulae,
iron
2 spindle whorls
LT C / D1
–
–
F
–
f
LT C / D1
f
REICHMANN 1979, 396
f
REICHMANN 1979, 403
MLT fibula, iron
LT C / D1
–
REICHMANN 1979, 404
2 fibulae fragm.,
bronze
2 bone needles
LT C / D
f
REICHMANN 1979, 425
f
REICHMANN 1979, 429
belt hook, iron
25–35
15 – 20
REICHMANN 1979, 392
Zusammenfassung: Latènezeitliche Glasarmringe vom Niederrhein. Typologie, Chronologie und soziale Interpretation
Innerhalb der europäischen Latène-Kultur fällt die Region des Niederrheins aufgrund ihrer
extrem dichten Vorkommens von Glasarmringen auf. Das erstaunlich reichhaltige Material
bringt eine Reihe an interessanten Fragen auf: Welche Faktoren bedingen die dichte Verbreitungsmuster? In welchem archäologischen Kontext werden diese Armringe hauptsächlich gefunden? Wurden sie aus südlichen Gebieten importiert oder weitgehend am Niederrhein selbst hergestellt? Was wissen wir über die soziale Funktion der Armringe und ihre
Rolle in der Konstruktion der Identiäten bezüglich sozialem Geschlecht, Alter und Ethnizität? In diesem Beitrag wird versucht, Antworten zu den aufgeworfenen Fragen zu finden.
Abstract: Glass La Tène Bracelets in the Lower Rhine Region. Typology, Chronology and
social Interpretation
Within the area of the European La Tène culture the Lower Rhine region attracts attention
because of its extremely intensive occurrence of glass La Tène bracelets. The amazing rich
evidence raises a series of interesting questions. Which factors have determined the dense
distribution pattern? What are the major archaeological contexts in which the armrings
have been found? Were they imported from southern regions, or largely produced in the
Lower Rhine region itself? What do we know about the social use of the arm-rings and
their role in the construction of identities related to gender, age class and ethnicity? In this
paper we will try to answer the above questions.
219
Résumé: Bracelets laténiens en verre du Rhin inférieur. Typologie, chronologie et interprétation sociale
La région du Rhin inférieur se distingue dans l’Europe laténienne par une concentration
élevée de bracelets en verre. Ce matériel étonnamment riche pose toute une série de questions intéressantes: Quels facteurs conditionnent cette concentration? Dans quels contextes
apparaissent généralement ces bracelets? Ont-ils été importés de contrées méridionales ou
fabriqués sur place? Que savons-nous de la fonction sociale des bracelets et de leur rôle
dans la construction des identités relatives à la catégorie sociale, l’âge et l’ethnicité? Cet
article tente d’apporter des réponses à ces questions.
Y. G.
Addresses of the authors:
Nico Roymans
VU University Amsterdam, Faculty of Arts
Research Institute CLUE
De Boelelaan 1105
NL–1081 HV Amsterdam
e-mail: [email protected]
Linda Verniers
ADC ArcheoProjecten
Nijverheidsweg-Noord 114
NL–3812 PN Amersfoort
e-mail: [email protected]
References of figures:
Fig. 1–7; 9–11; 14: by the authors. – Fig. 8: Bureau Archeologie en Monumenten, municipality of
Nijmegen. – Fig. 9: after ROYMANS 2007, fig. 10, with additions. – Fig. 12: after VAN RENSWOUDE /
VAN KERCKHOVE 2009, maps 1; 23. – Fig. 13: after HODDER 1982, fig. 41.
GERMANIA 88, 2010

30rkTitd 1..2 - ADC ArcheoProjecten

Transcription

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