Conference AFROMONT Ndzedzeka Rosex

PLAN OF WORK
INTRODUCTION
PROBLEM STATEMENT
METHODOLOGY
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
CONCLUSION AND PERSPECTIVES
TOPIC : USAGE CONFLICTS AND THE DEGRADATION
OF THE ENVIRONMENT: THE CASE OF THE
UNSUSTAINABLE EXPLOITATION OF Carapa
grandiflora “ebvin” IN THE KILUM MOUNTAIN FOREST ,
NORTH WEST REGION, CAMEROON
Presented by Ndzedzeka Rose
INTRODUCTION
CONTEXT OF STUDY
• THE Rio Conference has awakened the conscience of the Worlds states
on the importance of degradation of the worlds natural resources.
• This awakening of conscience has forced the World countries to sign the
millennium objectives for sustainable development based on the
principle of better environmental quality.
• The preservation of natural species within enclosed milieu is one of the
stated decisions.
• Since the rate and scale of environmental changes brought about by
human activities have increased to a point where a great number of
species may not have sufficient time or space in which to migrate or
adapt.
• Then the necessity to protect relictual natural patrimony by creating
reserves like that of Kilum.
Problem statement
Before the coming of the KMFP in 1987 conservation efforts long
existed to safe guard the KMF. Many of them has enrolled the
local population in the process but up till then , they have been
unsuccessful .
The forest has continue to suffer from degradation due to
selective extraction and unsustainable exploitation techniques.
Today the main concern is the abusive exploitation of a plant
species by the surrounding population notably the former
project staff who have been formed as conservationist.
Research questions
Main question
What explains the over exploitation and threat of endemic species in
Mountainous forest reserves despite the education on the
importance of conservation disseminated to the surrounding
communities.
Main Objective
It will contribute to the sustainable exploitation of forest resources in
Cameroon.
Main Hypotheses
The over exploitation of Carapa grandiflora is associated to the closure
of the KMFP and the absence of alternatives.
Localisation map of the study area
Kilum is located
between 6° 3’
and 6°16’ of
latitude North
and 10° 24’ and
10°33 of
longitude East. It
is situated at the
North of
Babessi in the
Ndop plain
borded in the
East by Kumbo.
Data collection and analysis
Table: Sample area
Villages
Number of households
sample
households
Ngashie
1467
20
Keyon
1414
28
Manchock
2115
40
Ngvenkei II
189
05
Elak
423
07
Total
5608
100
Number of questionnaires administered in each
village
•The data collection has been at two
phases .
• The primary data was collected on field
, on 2% of the population of household.
The questionnaire used for this purpose
Was distributed among 5 villages
dispersed around the forest ,as shown in
table 1 .
• secondly the collection of secondary data
has been at : Central Library of Dschang
University
•“Centre de Recherche sur les Hautes
Terres de L’ouest”(CEREHT)
• Salle de lecture AIRESUD
• The Kumbo Council library
•Asanga’s library ( the Former Manager
Kilum)
•The Oku council library and the Internet.
•Analysis of data and preparation of
graphics was done automatically through
excel software, and the maps drawn with
the software Arcgis
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
The Carapa grandiflora in the Kilum Mountain forest: state and
actors of its exploitation
Altitude
Big tree
Medium tree
Small tree
2040-2450
604957
471511
23307
2450-2650
117299
0
0
Total
722256
471511
23307
This population was spatially distributed at 8.2% for the high altitude
and 91.8% in the lower altitude between 2040-2450 m
The present state of Carapa grandiflora in Kilum
Forest
39,11 %
42,35 %
18,52 %
Exploited
Destroyed
Not yet exploited
Percentage of Carapa grandiflora between
2040 and 2650 m in the Kilum reserve
Altitudinal representation of Carapa grandiflora in the
Kilum Mountain forest
Today the presence of Carapa grandiflora in the forest gives a total population of 378097 with
308038 on foot tree (This is the exploited and not yet exploited) .At the low altitude from 2130 to
2200m the plant is degraded due to bad agricultural practices, and the spatial extension of settlement
area. Above 2200 to 2450m the spatial density of Carapa trees is more important. From 2450 to
2669m the plant is only dotted and id indicated by the white colour.
organisation of actors into age
groups
Sex of actors
males
19%
11%
10-15
21%
15-20
20-25
17%
female
25-30
30-35
81%
35-40
23%
Above 40
13%
6%
9%
20%
Level of education
40
Polygamy
54
%
FSLC, 39
GCE OL, 30
Monogamy
Illiteracy, 26
Percentage
30
20
Single
26
%
10
GCE AL, 3 CAP, 2
1 Degree, 0
0
FSLC
GCE OL GCE AL
CAP
1 Degree Illiteracy
Following the Socio-demographic
parameters of individual exploitation it is a
biomodial curve.
The first mode runs from 10-15 years that is youths
representing 41%
The second represents 44% and are those older than
40years. Between the two modes we find 14% of
which are from 25 to 40years.
Therefore the low literate class with the first school
leaving certificate are the highest rate of exploiters.
Indicating that most of them are youths.
Result 2: methods techniques and strategies
of Carapa grandiflora-meleaceae exploitation
The presentation of the main approach of
exploitation. They are two main types of
exploitation in relation to the parenability of
accessibility.
The pseudo or false sustainable: Exploitation
that takes place at the same state that will
also benefit future generation.
THE PSEUDO EXPLOITATION
Picking method
Pruning
act of removing
dead branches or
abandoned logs in the
forest and putting into
use
method
To prune is to cut off
branches from a bush
or a plant so that it will
It is the
grow better in future..
Peeling is the stripping of barks of a
plant.
The Pseudo sustainable exploitation
• Different types of pseudo exploitation
Pseudo exploitation of Carapa grandiflora
Methods
Percentage of respondents
picking
24
Partial peeling
33
Pruning
43
picking
pruning
peeling
The unsustainable felling of Carapa grandiflora
Exploitation of Immature Carapa
The complete peeling method
Method and tools
Method
Percentage
Use of salt and nail
34
Nail only
43
Others
23
The tools of exploitation are:
23%
34%
-chain saws (6%)
use of salt and nail
-cutlasses (78 %)
Nail only
others
-axes(16%)
43%
Figure 1: spatial organisation
of exploiters
Figure 2: Zone of origin of Carapa
grandiflora exploiters
From the diagrams it appears that the distance from the zone of settlement is the main
determinant factor In the exploitation of the species . exploiters are located within 5km
represent 57% and 43% within 3km. In the northern part of the reserve the quantity exploited
by communities differs from one to the other but the major exploitation is by villages situated at
5 km far from the reserve that is those closed to urbanised area.The main means of
transportation of the Carapa products as seen on the field: 87% on the head, wheel barrow 8%,
trucks 2%, bycicles3%.
Therefore the main villages harvesting are located either close to the
remaining forest or in the area that was enclosed in the former forest.
The quantities and type of product harvested do not reflect the closeness of
the forest.
Today they are some human settlements like Manchock that are farther from
the relectual forest that harvest higher quantity of products than others that
are more close to the actual forest.
The main social destination of products is fuel wood and used by almost all
the villages. But the difference in quantity harvested depends on the
secondary destination of the product.
Strategic villages noted in the field survey are those that concentrate in the
commercialisation of fuel wood and other Carapa products. Hence quantity
harvest is more important. This is the case of Manchock and Elak and other
activities follow the Scenarior.
100000
Date
1921
1925
Male
Female
659
679
1358
1312
Total
1338
2670
Density Km²
5.2
population
80000
60000
40000
11.5
20000
1969
11952
14956
26908
115.9
0
1976
15184
17804
32988
142.2
1921
1925
1969
1976
1987
1996
2000
2010
date
1987
23324
25209
45833
197.2
1996
65143
65143
281
2000
75158
75158
323.8
2010
87720
87720
378
Figure 15: Tendency of the population
The population density
around is very dynamic with
geometric tendency. In 48
years from 1921 to 1976 it
has multiplied by 20 and
from this date to the present
it has doubled
population
aware of the
existing laws
16%
84%
population
that is not
aware of the
existing laws
There exist good legislative texts on forestry in
Cameroon but it is rather unfortunate that some
loopholes still exist in their implementation, depending
on the environment where they are found. Under
section 4(1) on forestry exploitation, any national
person or corporate body wishing to carry out forest
exploitation activities shall be granted approval under
conditions fixed by decree.
In the Kilum area, 84% of the sampled
population is aware of the existing laws 16% ignorant
of it but they keep on with their illegal exploitation of
resources.
In most cases is the presence of the
traditional authorities that do not work in the real line
of the administration. No workers to make all day
patrol in the forest making management to be difficult.
The increase in population has accelerated the exploitation for building
materials especially for building poles and for the manufacture of doors
and also window frames.
It has given the chance for the local population to be highly engaged in
agriculture thereby destroying the forest and some endemic species for
the production of potatoes and maize inorder to earn a better standard of
living.
Today there-is no difference between a civil servant and people who do
odd jobs since all turn to the forest for a living. Thus an increase in the
number of those exploiting the Kilum Mountain forest made up of all
categories.
Important services provided by Carapa
to the adjacent population
45
40
Economic.
44%
Social. 38%
35
Percentage
30
25
Cultural.
15%
20
15
Multi-end
use. 3%
10
5
0
Economic
Cultural
services provided by Carapa grandiflora
Social
Multi-end
use
RESULTS 4
Preconditions for an integrated Management
and sustainable enhancement of Carapa and
the Kilum Mountain forest as a whole.
• The socio-cultural status of the plant.
• The representation of the forest by the
population.
• The real value of the plant in terms of
conservation of the milieu.
• The estimated
yearly revenue for the
exploiters.
Conclusion
• To conclude the witnessed in the former state of Carapa within
the period of 15years total about 8.2% in the high altitude and
about 91.8% in the low altitude between 2040-2450m. Then
the probable ebvin left in the forest represents 11.23% of the
former population. While 23% mostly youths represent the
highest exploiters
• Two methods of exploitation were the pseudo or the false
sustainable and the unsustainble methods.
• Therefore the sustainability of the resource will depend on
whether we take the roads towards a choatic future
characterised by over population and abused of this biological
resource or take opposite road towards maintaining or
exploiting the resource sustainably. Hence the future
Perspectives
The future conservation of this plant rely on
3main elements.
• The education of the population on the role of
conservation of the milieu.
• The education to the domestication or the Ex-situ
cultivation of the plant.
• Reinforcement of in-situ protection and
development of alternative resources like
eucalyptus.