USC - Faster Freight

USC
UNIVERSITY
OF SOUTHERN
The Goods Movement
CALIFORNIA
& Human Health
Ed Avol
Professor, Dept of Preventive
Medicine
Keck School of Medicine
USC
UNIVERSITY
OF SOUTHERN
CALIFORNIA
Where we’re headed…
- What We Breathe…
- What Health Research Shows…
- What to Do With What We Know…
SCAG Presentation on Traffic & Health,
1Sep05, E Avol (USC)
1
USC
UNIVERSITY
OF SOUTHERN
CALIFORNIA
Goods Movement & Health:
Conclusions
• Both gases & particles in transportation exhaust
• Small combustion particles of special concern
• Particle health effects in several organ systems
–
–
–
–
Respiratory effects
Cardiovascular effects
Birth effects
Increased Cancer
USC
UNIVERSITY
OF SOUTHERN
CALIFORNIA
•
•
•
•
Goods Movement & Health:
Conclusions (cont’d)
Goods movement is regional
Traffic issues are regional
Air quality is regional
Health outcomes are regional
• Solutions must be regional
SCAG Presentation on Traffic & Health,
1Sep05, E Avol (USC)
2
USC
UNIVERSITY
OF SOUTHERN
What Is It About Local Exposures?
CALIFORNIA
USC
UNIVERSITY
OF SOUTHERN
CALIFORNIA
SCAG Presentation on Traffic & Health,
1Sep05, E Avol (USC)
…engine exhaust contains
lots of particles & gases…
3
USC
UNIVERSITY
OF SOUTHERN
CALIFORNIA
USC
UNIVERSITY
OF SOUTHERN
CALIFORNIA
What is it about particles?
• Physically
–Size
–Mass
–Number Count
–Surface Area
SCAG Presentation on Traffic & Health,
1Sep05, E Avol (USC)
•Chemically
–Composition
–Sources
4
USC
UNIVERSITY
OF SOUTHERN
CALIFORNIA
Particle Pollution
Size and Composition
Fine
Coarse
Ultra Fine
Combustion Products
Fugitive Dust
Sulfates
Nitrates
Ammonia
Carbon
Lead (HM)
Organics
0.1 um
USC
UNIVERSITY
OF SOUTHERN
CALIFORNIA
Soil
Dust
Silica
Salts
Pollen
Tire Rubber
1 um
2.5 um
10 um
Diesel Emissions
…what are they?
SCAG Presentation on Traffic & Health,
1Sep05, E Avol (USC)
5
USC
UNIVERSITY
OF SOUTHERN
How small is 0.1 um?
CALIFORNIA
Hair cross section (60 µm)
Human Hair
(~60 µm diameter)
PM10
(10 µm)
PM2.5
PM0.1
(2.5 µm)
(0.1 µm)
USC
UNIVERSITY
OF SOUTHERN
CALIFORNIA
fine
ultra-fines
respirable
sub-micron
coarse
PM10
…Why
does
particle
size
matter?
PM2.5
PM1.0
SCAG Presentation on Traffic & Health,
1Sep05, E Avol (USC)
6
USC Small Particle Implications
(<0.1um)
UNIVERSITY
OF SOUTHERN
CALIFORNIA
– Airborne for several days’ duration
– Potential for lung deposition
– Cross over the air/blood barrier
– Large surface area (“kitchen sponge”)
– Entry vehicle for other gases & particles
through adsorption, particle
interactions
USC
UNIVERSITY
OF SOUTHERN
CALIFORNIA
Diesel named a “Toxic Air Contaminant”
by State of California (1998)
SCAG Presentation on Traffic & Health,
1Sep05, E Avol (USC)
7
USC
Nov. 2004, Environmental Health Perspectives
UNIVERSITY
OF SOUTHERN
CALIFORNIA
USC
UNIVERSITY
OF SOUTHERN
CALIFORNIA
1)
2)
3)
4)
Four Main Properties
of Diesel Particles
High proportion of Elemental Carbon (EC)
Large surface area (a carbon core)
Enriched in PAHs
Most diesel particles (50-90%) are small
(often called ultra-fine, ~.005 to 0.05um,
averaging ~ 0.02um)
USEPA , EPA/600/8-90/057F/May2002
SCAG Presentation on Traffic & Health,
1Sep05, E Avol (USC)
8
USC “Being close” is important for
ultrafine particle exposure…
UNIVERSITY
OF SOUTHERN
CALIFORNIA
(Zhu et al, 2002)
USC
Air Pollution makes Asthma Worse
UNIVERSITY
OF SOUTHERN
CALIFORNIA
McConnell et al 1999
SCAG Presentation on Traffic & Health,
1Sep05, E Avol (USC)
9
USC
UNIVERSITY
OF SOUTHERN
Asthma Odds Ratio
CALIFORNIA
More asthma within 150 m of a major road
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
<75
75-150
150-300
>300
Distance to Major Road (meters)
McConnell et. al 2005
USC Lower Lung Function by Age 18
UNIVERSITY
OF SOUTHERN
CALIFORNIA
Gauderman et al 2004
SCAG Presentation on Traffic & Health,
1Sep05, E Avol (USC)
10
USC
Living within 300m of major
roadways affects lung function
UNIVERSITY
OF SOUTHERN
CALIFORNIA
2.1
2.08
2.06
FEV1
(l)
2.04
2.02
2
1.98
1.96
5000
7000
9000
11000
13000
15000
17000
19000
Number of Heavy Duty Vehicles Per Working Day
Brunekreef et al 1997
USC
UNIVERSITY
OF SOUTHERN
CALIFORNIA
PM2.5 affects artery wall thickness
(CIMT) in women, age 60yrs+
Künzli et al 2005
SCAG Presentation on Traffic & Health,
1Sep05, E Avol (USC)
11
USC
UNIVERSITY
OF SOUTHERN
CALIFORNIA
Proximity to Freeway Truck Traffic
and Preterm & LBW babies
Infants born between 19971997-2000 in Los Angeles County
Number of Freeway trucks passing
Odds Ratio
within 750ft (~225m) of home per day
(95% CI)
> 13,290 trucks
1.23 (1.06-1.43)
> 8,684 HD diesel trucks
1.18 (1.02-1.37)
Ritz et al, 2002
USC
UNIVERSITY
OF SOUTHERN
CALIFORNIA
Increased Oropharyngeal Cancer
(mouth and throat)
Downwind of Port & I-710
SCAG Presentation on Traffic & Health,
1Sep05, E Avol (USC)
12
USC Other Health Effects of PM
UNIVERSITY
OF SOUTHERN
CALIFORNIA
• Increased asthma attacks
Harvard 6-Cities Studies
• Slowed lung growth in kids
Gauderman et al 2000,2002 CHS
• Contributes to premature deaths
Pope et al 2002 ACS Study
USC
UNIVERSITY
OF SOUTHERN
CALIFORNIA
Other “Troubling” Effects of PM
• Ultrafines lodge in mitochondria (cell energyproduction center) & disrupt/destroy cell function
So Cal PM Center
• Ultrafines found in brain, heart,…
Oberdorster et al 2004
• Ambient ultrafines found to be most toxic,
(highest biological activity) compared to larger
sized PM
So Cal PM Center
SCAG Presentation on Traffic & Health,
1Sep05, E Avol (USC)
13
USC
UNIVERSITY
OF SOUTHERN
CALIFORNIA
Are PM Health Effects
in Children “Permanent”?
• We don’t know for sure, but:
–During adolescence, changes in air
quality (for better or worse) can
affect rates of lung function growth!
Avol et al 2001
USC
UNIVERSITY
OF SOUTHERN
CALIFORNIA
Goods are a
REGIONAL
Issue
SCAG Presentation on Traffic & Health,
1Sep05, E Avol (USC)
14
USC
Port Growth
UNIVERSITY
OF SOUTHERN
• Container throughput is expected
to triple in the next 15 to 20 yrs…
CALIFORNIA
Projected Container Growth, San Pedro Bay
Original Est.
(Millions of TEUs)
Revised Est.
44.7
36.0
44% US Import Market Share
25% US Export Market Share
23.4
(Source: POLA, POLB and ACTA)
18.3
13.2
9.5
6.9
1999
USC
UNIVERSITY
OF SOUTHERN
12.3
9.0
2005
2010
2020
2030
Regional Transport Issues
CALIFORNIA
SCAG Presentation on Traffic & Health,
1Sep05, E Avol (USC)
15
USC Potential Community Impacts
UNIVERSITY
OF SOUTHERN
CALIFORNIA
(Truck on I-710)
USC
UNIVERSITY
OF SOUTHERN
South Coast Rail Lines
CALIFORNIA
SCAG Presentation on Traffic & Health,
1Sep05, E Avol (USC)
16
USC
UNIVERSITY
OF SOUTHERN
Community Impacts:
Urban Land Use Policy
CALIFORNIA
Traffic
Quality of Life
Pollution
Health
Safety
Noise
Buffers
USC Goods Movement,Traffic,& Health:
Conclusions
UNIVERSITY
OF SOUTHERN
CALIFORNIA
• Both gases & particles in transportation exhaust
• Very small (ultrafine) particles of special concern
• Particle health effects in several organ systems
–
–
–
–
Lung function, symptoms (respiratory effects)
Arterial thickening (cardiovascular effects)
Low birth weights (birth effects)
Increased cancers
SCAG Presentation on Traffic & Health,
1Sep05, E Avol (USC)
17
USC Goods Movement,Traffic & Health:
Conclusions (cont’d)
UNIVERSITY
OF SOUTHERN
CALIFORNIA
•
•
•
•
Goods movement is regional
Traffic issues are regional
Air quality is regional
Health outcomes are regional
• Solutions must be regional
SCAG Presentation on Traffic & Health,
1Sep05, E Avol (USC)
18