MON15 Lindgren, Magnus

Transcription

ACCESS Project
Against Crime: Care for Elders Support
and Security
Dr Magnus Lindgren, Stiftelsen Tryggare Sverige (Moderator)
ZE4/AG/2010
SPECIFIC PROGRAMME
"CRIMINAL JUSTICE"
2007-2013
Against Crime: Care for Elders Support and Security
2012-06-19
OBJECTIVE
2012-06-19
•Describe the ACCESS Project Against Crime:
Care for Elders Support and Security
•Give a picture of the situation for elderly victims
in France, Slovenia, Sweden and Italy
• Outline what can be done to improve the
situation for elderly victims in a European
context
2012-06-19
PARTICIPANTS
2012-06-19
Prof. Anna Maria Giannini, Fondazione Santa Lucia (Italy)
Dr Emanuela Tizzani, Fondazione Santa Lucia (Italy)
Dr Pierre Avrillon, Ministry of the Interior (France)
Dr Tinkara Pavsic Mrevlje, University of Maribor (Slovenia)
BA Johanna Nivala, Stiftelsen Tryggare Sverige (Sweden)
Prof. Cecilia Guariglia, Fondazione Santa Lucia (Italy)
Dr Carlo Rossi (Regione Lazio, Italy)
Dr Roberto Sgalla (Scuola Superiore di Polizia, Italy)
Dr Maria Grazia Ruggerini (IMed, Italy)
Dr Francesca Baralla (Università del Molise, Italy)
2012-06-19
CONTENT
2012-06-19
Presentation of the ACCESS Project
Description of the situation for elderly victims in Europe
Dr Pierre Avrillon, Ministry of the Interior (France)
Dr Tinkara Pavsic Mrevlje, University of Maribor (Slovenia)
BA Johanna Nivala, Stiftelsen Tryggare Sverige (Sweden)
and Prof. Cecilia Guariglia, Fondazione Santa Lucia (Italy)
Discussion about what can be done to improve the situation
for elderly victims in a European context
2012-06-19
PRESENTATION OF
THE PROJECT
PROF. ANNA MARIA GIANNINI
2012-06-19
Applicant:
Fondazione Santa Lucia
Partners:
Regione Lazio (Italy)
IMed - Istituto per il Mediterraneo (Italy)
Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute - Università del Molise (Italy)
Laboratorio Italiano di Criminologia – Comune di Campobasso (Italy)
Scuola Superiore di Polizia, Ministero dell’Interno (Italy)
Direction Centrale de la Sécurité Publique - Ministère de l’Intérieur
(France)
Stiftelsen Tryggare Sverige (Sweden)
Faculty of Criminal Justice and Security, University of Maribor (Slovenia)
2012-06-19
Project Manager
Prof. Anna Maria Giannini
Scientific Steering Committee
Prof. Anna Maria Giannini, Prof. Cecilia Guariglia, Dr Carlo Rossi,
Prof. Marco Marchetti, Prof. Davide Barba, Dr Roberto Sgalla, Dr
Maria Grazia Ruggerini, Dr Magnus Lindgren, Dr Stéphanie
Boisnard, Dr Tinkara Pavsic Mrevlje.
Project Assistant
Dr Emanuela Tizzani
Monitoring Expert
Dr Fabrizio Paloni
2012-06-19
There is a growing awareness throughout the world that
some older people are victims of abuse, neglect
and/or mistreatment (Krug et al., 2011).
An important body of literature and research on elder
abuse is evidence of a gradual recognition of the
problem and of the need for a response.
Background
Over the last two decades increasing attention has
been paid to elder abuse both in research and policy.
On an international level policymakers, scholars and
field workers have united for better understanding of
elder abuse and the methods required for prevention.
2012-06-19
Elders in Europe
The World Health Organization (WHO, 2011), defines as
elder those persons having no less than 60 years.
The
European
demographic
framework
is
characterized by a general trend of exponential
growth of elder population.
2012-06-19
The growth trend of elder population in
Europe
A report by the United Nations (2009) shows relevant data
concerning the increase trend of elder population.
In 2009 elder population of Europe was about
158.503.000. An esteem for 2050 tells that the same
population will increase up to 236.426.000.
2012-06-19
Increasing number of strokes and, as a consequence,
increasing number of elders affected by aphasia
From Truelsen et al. (2006), European Journal of Neurology.
2012-06-19
The elder as victim of crime
2012-06-19
Definition of elder abuse
Elder abuse is a single, or repeated act, or lack of
appropriate action, occurring within any relationship
where there is an expectation of trust which causes
harm or distress to an older person.
Toronto Declaration on the Global Prevention
of Elder Abuse, 1995; OMS, 2002.
2012-06-19
The elderly as victims of crime: epidemiology
of the phenomenon
There are several epidemiological research carried out
in Europe, nonetheless we do not have an ultimate and
unambiguous result on prevalence rates of elder
abuse.
Causes of this problem are: the dark number
phenomenon, different definitions of elder abuse
applied in research, methodological differences
among studies.
2012-06-19
The elderly as victims of crime.
Epidemiology of the phenomenon
An epidemiological study carried out in Europe on an
over 60 sample, showed evidence of how, in UE
Countries:
2.7% (4.000.000) has suffered a physical abuse.
0.7% (1.000.000) has suffered a sexual abuse.
19.4% (29.000.000) has suffered a psychological
abuse.
3.8% (6.000.000) has been victim of financial abuse.
Sethi et al. (2011). European report on preventing elder maltreatment (WHO)
2012-06-19
Age class
Psychological
abuse
Financial
abuse
Physical
abuse
Sexual
abuse
60-64
1.124
2.9
3.3
0.7
65-69
19.6
2.8
2.1
0.9
70-74
961
4.5
2.6
0.7
75-79
749
4.0
2.4
0.6
80-84
545
6.4
3.2
0.5
Epidemiological data concerning the European Union based on
age of the victim / abuse typology (Soares, 2011).
2012-06-19
Risk factors
According with the WHO (2011), understanding which
factors are related to elder maltreatment is an essential
step in the public health approach to preventing it (Krug
et al., 2002).
No single factor explains why some individuals behave
violently toward others or why elder maltreatment is more
prevalent in some communities than in others. Elder
maltreatment is the result of the complex interaction of
individual, relationship, social, cultural and environmental
factors.
2012-06-19
Risk factors of the victim and abuser
relationship
A hard evidence coming from scientific research is
related to the abuser’s dependence on his victim.
Scientific literature provides evidence of risk factors
related to the relationship between elder victim and
abuser. Studies support empiric evidence of
dependence weight, even economic dependence, of
the abuse author on his victim.
2012-06-19
Accordingly with the emerging of a new
awareness about the problem from researchers
and operator, even the institutions at local,
national, european and world level as well,
started to put increasing attention on the issue.
It was stressed that different levels of policy
makers, field workers and social services should
work together on integrated policies to protect
the dignity of older people.
2012-06-19
ACCESS project is aimed at elaborating and
diffusing guidelines focused on informing
operators on how to deal with aged men and
women who may have bad effects of
victimization
on of
their
memories
and,
Outline
the
project
consequently, on testimonial processes.
ACCESS also provides general information on
the conditions of men and women victims,
defining frameworks of services and strategies
for recovering this target from victimization.
2012-06-19
ACCESS is strictly related to the priority 3 of
the call 2010 - Supporting victims of crime since it is aimed at defining standards,
addressed to those figures who deal with
aged men and women victims of crime.
2012-06-19
The Action will be carried out through three
main activities:
a) a first documental survey permits the identification of
data and information on victimization of aged men
and women;
b) the identification of relevant factors will permit the
elaboration of practical Guidelines addressed to
Police Forces academies, Lawyers, Judges, and other
practitioners, to improve competences;
c) communication and dissemination of the guidelines
to Police Academies of EU and member States,
Ministries, Public Authorities, NGOs.
2012-06-19
Overall objectives of the Action are:
contributing at supporting victims of crime over EU
Countries;
contributing at improving professionalism and
effectiveness of police officers, lawyers ad practitioners
in assisting elder people victims of violence;
contributing at improving professionalism and
effectiveness of police officers, lawyers and
practitioners in interviewing elder people victims of
violence;
contributing at improving security levels in European
Countries;
contributing at improving life quality for elder citizens,
men and women, in European Countries.
2012-06-19
Specific objective of the ACCESS Action is to
define standards for improving capacities of
Police Officers, Judges, Lawyers, practitioners
and other operators in dealing with elders, men
and women, victims of crime.
ACCESS project is aimed at informing operators
on how to deal with aged men and women
who may have bad effects of victimization, in
particular on their memories and, consequently,
on testimonial processes.
2012-06-19
The Action will be implemented in Italy, France,
Slovenia and Sweden as for the documental
investigation on aged men and women victims of
crime and for the elaboration of the guidelines.
In Italy for the psychological investigation on
testimonial performances and ageing effects on
memory; in all EU Countries and abroad for the
communication and dissemination of contents
and deliverables.
2012-06-19
THE SITUATION FOR ELDERLY
VICTIMS IN EUROPE
2012-06-19
Crimes against elderly people in France
Pierre Avrillon, Commandant
Ministry of Interior, France
2012-06-19
NaPUBLIC SECURITY
CENTRAL DIRECTORATEe
the most important as regard to the number of police
officers
to theand
impact
on property,
populationproviding
“Protecting
theand
people
their
assistance to the population and assuring public
peace and tranquillity while enforcing law and
order”
• VICTIM ASSISTANCE & CRIME PREVENTION DIVISION
2012-06-19
Statistical approach (1)
Proportion of aged population
Demographical change (whole France)
Number and distribution according to age bracket (%)
65 yo or more
2000
2010
9 571 659
10 761 917
%
15,8
16,6
Of which 75
yo or more
%
4 304 118 44,97
5 687 462 52,85
2012-06-19
Statistical approach (2)
Crime statistics
Crimes general trend
3 500 000
3 000 000
2 500 000
2 000 000
Victims
≥ 60 yo
1 500 000
Total all crimes
1 000 000
500 000
0
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2012-06-19
General trend
Total all
crimes
Victims
≥ 60 yo
Proportion of
crimes on
victims
≥ 60 yo
Proportion of
victims
≥ 60 yo
among the
population
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
3 082 139
3 004 323
2 909 569
2 775 951
2 763 632
2 550 208
2 561 251
363 562
356 576
349 914
327 915
331 502
307 143
323 483
11,8%
11,9%
12,0%
11,8%
12,0%
12,0%
12,6%
20,4%
20,4%
20,5%
20,7%
20,8%
21,2%
21,7%
Proportion
2002
Total all
crimes
3 082 139
2008
- 16,9 %
2002
Victims
≥ 60 yo
363 562
2 561 251
2008
-11,10%
323 483
2012-06-19
2012-06-19
2012-06-19
2012-06-19
2012-06-19
2012-06-19
Factors of vulnerability
•Inability to resist
•Difficulty identifying offenders
•Credulity
•Careless habits – lack of awareness
2012-06-19
Programmes and strategies (1)
•1/ « seniors’ tranquillity operation »
•Local diagnosis (municipal police and local welfare
services -- national police) the aim is to know who is
in situation of danger. People in situation of
vulnerability or weakness are to be reported by the
agents
•local information campaign (local media, leaflets,
public meetings, video footage)
•patrols in the district and contacts with the targeted
population (self declared or reported)
2012-06-19
•2/ Family protection squads (2009)
– Children
– Women
– Elderly
– Disabled people
2012-06-19
•3/ Psychologists in police stations (2006)
•4/ Social workers in police stations
(1999 - 2006)
•5/ NGOs for victim support on duty in
police stations
2012-06-19
•5/ The volunteers service (2008)
•6/ The civic service (2011):
2012-06-19
•7/ French version of the Neighbourhood watching :
“Citizen participation”
•8/ national phone number : 3977
2012-06-19
CONCLUSION
Thank you
for your attention!
2012-06-19
Crimes against elderly people in Slovenia
Tinkara Pavšič Mrevlje, univ. dipl. psih
University of Maribor, Slovenia
2012-06-19
SLOVENIA
POLICE DATA 2001 – 2010
% of elderly victims
2012-06-19
SLOVENIA
Gender difference in elderly victims of crime
2012-06-19
SLOVENIA
Occurence of injuries
2012-06-19
SLOVENIA
POLICE WORK
•Trainings of police “multiplicators” with state
prosecutor’s office, social services, police operation and
communication centre, NGO’s
•Preventive project “Let’s not forget about our safety”
2012-06-19
SLOVENIA
NON GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS
• Many offer help to victims of specific crimes
• general help to victims of crime:
- PAPILOT – no fundings from 2012
- WHITE CIRCLE
2012-06-19
SLOVENIA
RESEARCH
• a few papers about the elderly: on the specific of their
perception and testimony
THE COURTROOM AND THE ELDERY:
• A question of expert witnesses (clinical psychologists)
• December 2011 first expert witness for eyewitness
testimony
2012-06-19
Crimes against elderly people in Sweden
Johanna Nivala, BA
Stiftelsen Tryggare Sverige, Sweden
2012-06-19
The situation in Sweden
• Concern for crime victims has grown steadily in the past few
decades
– Elderly crime victims has not received a great deal of attention
in the public debate
– Much of the public debate and research in the field has been
focused on victimised women and children
• According to statistics, people aged 65 and over are the fastest
growing group
– 2010: 1,7 million people in this group
– The group is expected to have increased 30 percent in 2030
2012-06-19
PREVALENCE AND
STRUCTURE OF CRIMES
AGAINST ELDERLY PEOPLE
2012-06-19
Crime statistics
• The official Swedish crime statistics comprise:
– Reported crime
– Cleared-up crimes
– Crime suspects
– People charged
– Offenders serving prison or probation sentences
– Recidivists
– The victims’ age is only given as 18 or above – thus it is not
possible to make a survey of elderly people’s exposure to crime
on the basis of these statistics
2012-06-19
Victim surveys
• The Swedish Crime Survey (NTU) by the Swedish National Council for
Crime Prevention
– Purpose: Study the public’s exposure to crime, perceived security
and confidence in the criminal justice system
– Random sample of the population aged between 16 and 79
– About 4 percent of people over 65 years of age fell victim to
some form of crime in 2010
– 65-74 age group: the most common crime was fraud
– 75-79 age group: the most common crime was harassment
– About 20 percent of elderly people feel insecure.
2012-06-19
Victim surveys
• Living Conditions Survey (ULF) by Statistics Sweden
– Purpose: Study the living conditions among the Swedish
population.
– The Swedish population over the age 16
– Between 0.7 and 1.8 percent of the elderly respondents reported
that they had ever been subjected to violence or threat in the
past year
– Between 14.8 and 22.4 percent had refrained from going out at
night for fear of beeing attacked
2012-06-19
Special studies
• Violence against elderly women and men – a prevalence study in
Umeå municipality (2001)
– People aged between 65 and 80 residing in Umeå municipality.
– At least 16 percent of women and 13 percent of men had
suffered some form of violence or abuse after the age of 65
– The most common type of crime was neglect
• The golden years - A prevalence study in two suburbs in Gothenburg
(2004)
– 30 percent of women and 24 percent of men stated that they had
ever been subjected to some form of violence
– The most common form of abuse was neglect
2012-06-19
Data
Sample size
Sampling frame
National Security Survey (NTU) 2010
About 20 000
National random
selection of people
aged 16-79
4,5 (65-74 )
4,1 (75-79)
National Living Conditions Survey (ULF) 2010
About 8 000
Selection of the
population aged 1684.
1,8 (65-74)
1,3 (75-84)
0,7 (85 +)
Violence to Elderly Women and Men (Ofrid) 2000
About 1 500
Random selection of
people aged 65-80
år residing in Umeå
municipality
The golden years (Gothenburg) 2004
About 590
Care receivers in
three home help
districts
Percentage
subjected
to abuse
16
(women)
13 (men)
30 (women)
24 (men)
2012-06-19
CRIME PREVENTION WORK
FOCUSED ON ELDERLY
PEOPLE
2012-06-19
What has been done to prevent crimes against elderly
people?
• Neighborhood watch (Halland)
– Most appreciated by women and elderly people
– The crime rate in 2010 was 37 percent lower than in 2006, when
neighborhood watch was not introduced
• What does the police do?
– Uppsala, Söderort and the CIRCA group
• The Bag (Väskan)
2012-06-19
HELP AND SUPPORT TO
ELDERLY CRIME VICTIMS
2012-06-19
Where can the elderly turn to?
• The police
• National Association of Victim Support Centres
• Social Services
• National Centre for Knowledge on Men’s Violence to Women
• The Swedish Association of Women’s Shelters and Young Women’s
Empowerment Centres
2012-06-19
Crimes against elderly people in Italy
Prof. Anna Maria Giannini and Prof. Cecilia Guariglia
2012-06-19
Epidemiology of the phenomenon in Italy
An epidemiological study conducted in the
European Union Countries found that in Italy
the most frequent type of abuse was
psychological abuse (10.4%), followed by
financial abuse (2.7%), physical abuse (1%)
and, finally, sexual abuse (0.5%).
Abuse and Health in Europe, 2010.
2012-06-19
Epidemiological data for Italy related to
the gender of the victim / type of abuse
Psycological
Abuse
Financial
Abuse
Physical
Abuse
Sexual
Abuse
MEN
1932
(16.5%)
445
(3.8%)
187
(1.2%)
47
(0.4%)
WOMAN
1078
(6.9%)
312
(2.0%)
82
(0.7%)
94
(0.6%)
TOTAL
3010
757
269
141
Soares et al. (2010). Abuse and Health among Elderly in Europe.
2012-06-19
Crime statistics in Italy
3.000.000
2.500.000
2.000.000
1.500.000
Total number of crime
Crime with victims >65ho
1.000.000
500.000
0
2010
2011
Crime
2010
2011
Murder (theft or robbery)
45,45%
46,15%
Attempted murder (theft or robbery)
7,25%
7,14%
Robberies
10,14%
11,38%
Extortion
10,20%
9,73%
Usury
4,50%
8,71%
Fraud and swindle
14,84%
13,92%
Extortion
10,20
9,73
Bodily harm
6,15%
6,33%
Threats
7,41%
7,56%
Beating
6,67%
6,80%
Frequence of crimes with victims > 65 years on the total of crimes (years 2010-2011).
Territorial services
for elders victim of crime in Italy
2012-06-19
A model emerges from territorial networked
services for elders victim of crime in Italy.
1. The network is usually composed of private
bodies (involving partners such as volunteers,
elders’ associations, trade unions, consumers
associations, cooperatives, associations of
former
policemen)
and
public
bodies
(municipalities,
provinces,
regions,
health
agencies, police forces).
2012-06-19
2. The service often starts as a private initiative,
carried out in a small area or quarter beside
similar initiatives such as fight initiatives against
gender violence. After a smooth start, the
initiative enlarges, involving more and different
bodies and areas.
3. Public bodies can play different roles.
Sometimes they provide premises to host private
initiatives; in other cases they takes in charge the
financing; they can also actively lead and
organize territorial resources.
2012-06-19
4. Services usually integrate legal assistance,
psychological support, medical care and
welfare, accompaniment for filing complaints
and for refunding procedures, prevention.
5. Aims of territorial networked services are the
restoring of victims integrity in their social
context.
2012-06-19
6. Interventions are usually organized in different
phases: reception of calls and signaling of
crimes involving elders; first aid and first help on
medical
and
psychological
sides;
accompaniment for filing complaints and for
procedures of indemnifying in case of damages
received; social reinsertion planning and
implementation.
2012-06-19
How to collect reliable information
from elder people affected by
communication disorders?
2012-06-19
1° step
Percentage of relevant information recalled
100
90
80
70
60
50
spontaneous
40
interview
30
20
Comparing recall of
10
young (25-30 yrs old) people
0
elder
young
vs. old (65-80 yrs old) people
2012-06-19
Multiple choice procedure improves aphasic performance.
But significative effects are also presents in other groups
Old (65-80 yrs old) people
brain damaged patients
affected by aphasia
brain damaged patients
without aphasia
2012-06-19
DISCUSSION ABOUT THE SITUATION
FOR ELDERLY VICTIMS IN EUROPE
2012-06-19

MON15 Lindgren, Magnus

Transcription

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