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The Behaviour of Steel in Building Fires
Konicek, L.
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Bibliography, 30, p. 42, 1973-08-01
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THE BEHAVIOOR OF STEEL IN BUILDING FIRES
I
An Annotated Bibliography
Compiled by
L. KONICEK
Steel Industries Fellow, Division of Building Research
(Second holder of an industrial fellow ship e stablished
by The Steel Induetry of Canada at the National qesearch
C ouncil)
I
PART I
MATERIAL PROPERTIES
PART ff
FIELE RESISTANCE
PART III
FIRE EXPERIENCE
Revised August, 1973
(Entries in the April 1965 edition of this Bibliography
by W. We Stanzak are included in this edition)
DIVISION OF BUILDING RESEARCH
NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL
OTTAWA, CANADA
Copies of articleslisted in this Bibliography may be obtained, in general, through the photocopyingservice of the National Science Library of Canada.
The cost of copies prepared by the Xerox method is $0.10 per sheet with a minimum charge of $1.00. Microfilms (35mm) ore also available on request; the
rote for this service is $0.1 5 for 10 exposures or fraction thereof with a minimum charge of $1.00. Requests for copies of articles should be addressed to the
lnterlibrory Loan and Photocopying Servlce, National Science Library, National Research Council of Conada, Ottawa, Canada, K I A 052. Requesters ore asked
not to submit payment with orders; invoices will be sent at regular intervals. Remittances in the form o f cheques or money orders must be made payable to
the Receiver General of Canada credit National Research Council. I f preferred, a deposit account may be arranged, by submission of a cheque or money order
/
,-
PREFACE
This edition of Bibliography No. 30 lists references about
fire protection of steel constructions published until 1973. The
references were obtained by reviewing technical journals and the
references cited in relevant papers. The entries in the April 1965
edition of this Bibliography compiled by W.W. Stanzak a r e included.
The material has been arranged by subject into three parts:
I. Material Properties
11. F i r e Resistance
F i r e Experience
.
Most of the entries include a brief summary., Others, whose title
explain the subject sufficiently o r which were not available for
review, a r e merely listed.
F i r e resistance ratings a r e not included in this bibliography,
Performance ratings can be found in such publications a s Supplement
No. 2 to the National Building Code of Canada, National Board of
F i r e Underwriters Listings, and the Building Materials List of
Underwriter s y Laboratories,
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The author wishes to thank W. W. Stanzak, the f i r st holder of
the Steel Industries Fellowship, for all his help and valuable comments.
PART I
- MATERIAL PROPERTIES
The publications presented in this section contain information
leading to an understanding of the deflection and collapse of steel
structures at elevated temperatures, In addition, some references
on behaviour of fire protective materials a r e listed.
PART II
- FIRE
RESISTANCE
Most of the available publications dealing with fire and
steel a r e included in this part, They summarize present knowledge
of fire protection of steel elements of structures, and practical
application of that knowledge. They also indicate the course of
future research activities.
PART III
- FLRE EXPERlENCE
This part presents some analysis of fire development,
analysis of fires in steel buildings and results of several full-~scale
tests.
(ii)
THE BEHAVIOUR OF STEEL IN BUILDING FIRES
C
PART I
- MATERIAL
PROPERTIES
ELASTIZIT~T UND FESTIGKEIT VON SPEZIAL S T ~ H L E NBEI
HOHEN TEMPERATUREN (Elasticity and Strength of Special
Steels a t Elevated Temperatures). G. Welter, Forschungsarbeiten
auf dem Gebiet d e s Ingenieurwesens, Nr. 230, Verein deutscher
Ingenieure , Berlin, 1921.
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH AND DEFORMATION OF STRUCTURAL
STEEL AND CAST IRON SHAPES AT TEMPERATURES
U P TO 950°C (1742°F). S.H. Ingberg and P.D. Sale. P r o c . ,
American Society for Testing and Materials, Vol. 26, 1926,
p. 33.
The author presents the results of almost 100 compression t e s t s
c a r r i e d out on structural steel I beams, channels and angles.
A hollow round cast-iron shape was also investigated. The
paper i s a useful part of the literature in that i t attempts
t o throw light on the structural performance of building m a t e r i a l s
under f i r e test.
COMPRESSION TESTS OF STRUCTURAL STEEL AT ELEVATED
TEMPERATURES. P.D. Sale. National Bureau of Standards,
Journal of Research, Vol. 13, R P 741, Washington, Nov. 1934.
PROPERTIES OF METALS AT ELEVATED TEMPERATURES.
G. V. Smith. Metallurgy and Metallurgical Engineering Series.
McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1950.
This book deals, in general, with plastic deformation, creep,
and fracture of metals. The work i s particularly notable for
its extensive bibliography comprising 488 references
.
THE ROLE OF ANELASTICITY IN CREEP, TENSION AND
RELAXATION BEHAVIOUR. J. D. Lubahn. Trans. , Am. Soc.
Metals, Vol. 45, 1953, p. 787-838.
THE STRENGTH OF CARBON STEELS FOR ELEVATED
TEMPERATURE APPLICATIONS. R. F. M i l l e r , P r o c . ,
American Society f o r Testing and M a t e r i a l s , Vol. 54, 1954,
p. 964.
VERM.1CULITE AS FIRE PROTECTION FOR STRUCTURAL STEEL.
L.A. Ashton. Civil Engineering (London), Vol. 50, No. 586,
April 1955, p. 403-405.
ELEVATED-TEMPERATURE PROPERTIES O F CARBON STEELS.
ASTM Special Technical Publication No. 180, 1955. 63p.
C R E E P OF ENGINEERING MATERIALS.
McGraw-Hill, 1959.
I. Finnie and W. R. Heller.
COMPRESSION AND BUCKLING CHARACTERISTICS OF ANNEALED
AND AGED INCONEL 718 NICKEL-CHROMIUM ALLOY AT
TEMPERATURES UP TO 1400°F. J. Dubuc and G. Welter.
ASTM Special Technical Publication No. 303, 1961.
Buckling t e s t s a t room and elevated t e m p e r a t u r e s w e r e c a r r i e d
out on columns in a special fixture developed at Ecole Polytechnique (Montreal), using pin-ended supports. Experimental
buckling s t r e s s e s a r e compared with those calculated by
E u l e r ' s formula using the tangent modulus determined f r o m the
experimental compression s t r e s s - s t r a i n diagrams.
KRIECHFESTIGKEIT METALLISCHER WERKSTOFFE ( C r e e p
Strength of Metallic M a t e r i a l s ) . F. K. G. Odgvist and J. Hult.
Verlag Springer, Berlin, 1962.
This book d e a l s with the following subjects: mathematical physical theory; s t r e s s and deformation during creep; rods,
f r a m e s , plates, sheets; s t r e s s relaxation; t h e r m a l s t r e s s e s ;
and stability problems during creep. A large n m b e r of
bibliographical r e f e r e n c e s a r e included.
BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF ASBESTOS. Annuals of the New York
Academy of Sciences, Vol. 132, Art. 1, p. 1-766. Editor
H, E . Whipple, December 31, 1965.
THE BEHAVIOUR O F STRUCTURAL STEEL IN FIRE.
Journal, 1966, No. 73, p. 379-85.
F.P.A.
Critical temperature and corresponding strength and rigidity
a r e introduced f o r mild steel. Brief descriptions of t e s t s which
were c a r r i e d out t o get m o r e p r e c i s e t e m p e r a t u r e s attained by
s t e e l in f i r e s of different intensity a r e given. Results of
f i r e t e s t s and furnace t e s t s a r e reported.
ELEVATED TEMPERATURE TENSILE CREEP AND RUPTURE
PROPERTIES OF VARIOUS CARBON STEELS, Tr\T "HIGH
TEMPERATURE PROPERTIES O F STEELS. J. Glen,
R. F. Johnson, M. J. May, D. Sweetman. Proceedings of
the joint conference organized by the British Iron and Steel
R e s e a r c h Association and the Iron and Steel Institute, Eastbourne,
1966, p. 159.
"
A COMPREHENSIVE CREEP MODEL. T. Z. Harmathy, Trans. ,
A.S.M.E., Journal of Basic Engineering, Vol. 89, S e r i e s D.,
No. 3, Sept. 1967, p. 496-502.
Based on Dornls c r e e p theory, a comprehensive c r e e p model
has been developed that i s applicable t o the calculation p r o c e s s
a t steadily increasing t e m p e r a t u r e s and slowly varying load.
BEHAVIOUR OF STRUCTURAL STEEL IN FIRE. Ministry of
Technology and F i r e Officest Committee. Joint F i r e R e s e a r c h
Organization. Symposium No. 2. P r o c . , Symposium held a t
the F i r e R e s e a r c h Station, Borehamwood, Herts. , January 1967.
London, 1968. H e r Majesty's Stationery Office. pp. 135,60s Od.
BEHAVIOUR OF STRUCTURAL STEEL IN FIRE. 0. P i e r m a r i n i .
Ministry of Technology and F i r e Offices1 Committee. Joint
F i r e R e s e a r c h Organization. Symposium No. 2. Bekraviour
of Structural Steel in F i r e . P a p e r 11, p. 124-126. London, 1968.
H.M. Stationery Office. 135 p, 60s Od.
E F F E C T OF CARBON CONTENT ON THE REDUCTION OF YIELD
POINT OF STEEL AT HIGH TEMPERATURES. K. Takano,
F i r e Prevention Society of Japan, s i x monthly conference, May 20
and 21, 1969, p. 9-11.
PREDICTION OF CREEP EQUATION OF STATE FROM
ISOTHERMAL TESTS. D. Knight. D.H. Skinner, M. G. May.
Melbourne Re s e a r c h Laboratories, Clayton, Vic. , Australia,
1969. The Broken Hill P r o p r i e t a r y Company Limited,
Australia.
BAULICHER BRANDSCHUTZ -BAUSTOFFE-SOUNDERBAUTEILE.
H. Seekamp, H. Bub. Sonderheft zur Zeitschrift Bau.
E r i c k Schmidt Verlag, Berlin, 1970.
"Creep" of prestressing steel and elevated temperature properties
of structural steels a r e presented. Also, f i r e spread a t
exterior wall (floor to floor) i s discussed.
ELEVATED-TEMPERATURE TENSILE AND CREEP PROPERTIES
OF SOME STRUCTURAL AND PRESTRESSING STEELS.
T. Z. Harmathy, W. W. Stanzak. American Society for Testing
and Materials, Special Technical Publication 464, 1970, p. 186.
The tensile and creep characteristics of two structural steels
(ASTM A36 and CSA G-40.12) and/or prestressing steel
(ASTM A421) have been investigated.
ON THERMAL STRESSES IN BEAMS. B.A. Boley. Cornell
University, Department of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics.
Technical Report No. 5, New York, May 1971, 21 p.
MEASUREMENT O F THE DYNAMICS OF STRUCTURAL STEEL.
S. J. Wiersma, S. B. Martin. Annual report, U. S. Stanford
Research Institute. Menlo P a r k , California, August 1971,
49 p. and appendixe s
.
TENSILE DATA ON FOUR STRUCTURAL STEELS. A.G. Stevens,
R. C. Cornish, D. H. Skinner. Melbourne Research Laboratories,
Clayton, Vic., The Broken Hill P r o p r i e t a r y Company Limited,
Australia. November, 1971.
This report presents, in detail, the results of tensile testing
a t controlled strain r a t e s and at temperature range.
PART 11
-
FIRE RESISTANCE
THE FIREPROOFING OF STEEL BUILDINGS. J . K. Freitag.
John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1899.
FIRE PREVENTION AND FIRE PROTECTION.
New York, John Wiley & Sons, 1912.
3. K. Freitag.
This work is now mainly of historical value, but detailed
descriptions of the performance in m a j o r f i r e s of some "fireprooft*buildings a r e of interest. Also, many of the principles
of f i r e protection set forth a r e unchanged with time, and
still applicable.
FIRE TESTS OF BUILDING COLUMNS. S.H. Ingberg, H.K. Griffin,
W. C. Robinson, R. E. Wilson. U. S. Department of Commerce,
National Bureau of Standards, Technologic P a p e r s of the Bureau
of Standards, No. 184, 1921.
This test s e r i e s involves an extensive inve stigation into building
columns. The t e s t s on steel columns, in particular, a r e
notable for the: (1) large number of steel shapes and sections
(2) unprotected and partially protected columns
tested
(3) variety of protection covering materials
investigated.
Full details of f i r e t e s t data and supplementary test results a r e
included. F i r e tests were carried out in accordance with the now
standard requirements of ASTM E l 19, although the standard had
not yet been developed a t the time.
REPORT OF A FIRE ENDURANCE TEST MADE UPON A STEEL
I
JOIST FLOOR. University of Columbia, Dept. of Civil
Engineering, May 1932.
A f i r e test on a floor supported by long-span steel joists ( 2 0 f t )
was carried out in a wood fired t e s t chamber. The results
report a f i r e exposure of 101.32 per cent in a test period of
over 2 1/2 hours.
FEUERSICHERHEIT VON STAHLSKELETTBAUTEN, ( F i r e Safety
of Steel Skeleton Structures). E. P e stalozzi. Schweizerische
Bauzeitung, Nr. 27, 1938.
MASCO FIREPROOF SPECZFICATION PLASTER. Munn and
Steele Inc. , New York, 1946.
This paper includes a report of a f i r e test conducted a t New York
when g i r d e r s , columns and floor joists were all incorporated
in a single t e s t assembly. The steel f r a m e was not loaded,
and only the temperature of the steel columns and g i r d e r s
was recorded. The floor on the joists, however, was subjected
to a live load.
LA PROTECTION DES CONSTRUCTIONS METALLIQUES CONTRE
LE FEU, (The Protection of Metallic Structures Against F i r e ) .
A.N. Balbchersky. Ossature Mgtallique, 1948, No. 4, p. 190.
FEUERSICHERHEIT VON STAHLKONSTRUKTIONEN, ( F i r e Safety
of Steel Structures). E. Pestalozzi. Zweite Internationale
Tagung d e r Stahlberatungs stellen, London, 1948.
DIE FEUERSICHERHEIT DER STAHLBAUTEN, ( F i r e Safety of Steel
Buildings).
F. ~ G h l e r . Stahlbau, Bericht Nr. 6, 1948.
FEUERSICHERHEIT DER STAHLKONSTRUKTIONEN, I. Teil,
( F i r e Safety of Steel Structures). E. Geilinger and C. F.
Kollbrunner. Mitteilungen d e r Technische Kommis sion de s
Verbandes Schweizerischer ~ r z c k e n b a u - u n dStahlhochbau
Unternehmungen, Nr. 3, Verlag Leernann, ~ G r i c h ,1950.
The authors develop their subject in a fundamental manner.
F i r e load, classification of buildings according t o hazard,
the performance of steel in f i r e , economic aspects of f i r e , and
insurance a r e considered.
DIE FEUERSICHERHEIT DER STAHLKONSTRUKTIONEN, (The F i r e
Safety of Steel Structures). E. Geilinger.
Bauzeitung, Nr. 49, Dec. 1950.
Schweizerische
This article presents a brief treatment of the subject m a t t e r
contained in FEUERSICHERHEIT DER STAHLKONSTRUKTIONEN,
I. Teil.
FIRE TESTS OF STEEL COLUMNS PROTECTED WITH SILICEOUS
AGGREGATE CONCRETE. N. D. Mitchell. U. S. Department
of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards, Building
Materials and Structures Report, BMS 124, Washington, 1951.
F o u r f i r e t e s t s a r e reported but the aggregates do not represent
normal concrete aggregates.
HOW TO FIREPROOF A LIGHT STEEL FRAME-AND KEEP IT LIGHT.
Architectural Forum, Vol. 96, Feb. 1952, p. 140.
Protection against f i r e of light steel f r a m e s i s discussed,
including economic aspects due to dead load. Contemporary
methods of column and ceiling protection a r e shown.
FIRE TESTS OF STEEL COLUMNS ENCASED WITH GYPSUM LATH
AND PLASTER. N. D. Mitchell and J . V. Ryan. U. S. Department
of Commerce , National Bureau of Standards, Building Mate r i a l s
and Structures Report BMS 135, Washington, April 1953.
The report comprises 16 f i r e t e s t s , 14 of which were c a r r i e d
out in accordance with the then relatively new alternate method
of t e s t , f i r s t appearing in ASTM E l 19-47.
FIRE TESTS OF COLUMNS PROTECTED WITH GYPSUM. N.D.
Mitchell. U.S. Department of Commerce, National Bureau of
Standards, Research Paper RP563, Journal of Research, Vol. 10,
Washington, June 1953.
This booklet contains the results of 6 f i r e t e s t s on steel columns
protected by gypsum block masonry.
INVESTIGATION ON BUILDING FIRES; PART V: FIVE TESTS ON
STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS. L.A. Ashton and N. Darcy.
National Building Studies, Re s e a r c h P a p e r No. 12, Her Majesty1s
Stationery Office, London, 1953.
This book contains f i r e test results f o r brick walls, solid
partitions, reinforced concrete walls, hollow partitions, filler
joist floors, reinforced concrete floors, hollow clay tile floors,
timber floors, protected steel columns, reinforced concrete
columns and protected steel beams.
FIRE ENDURANCE OF OPEN-WEB STEEL JOIST FLOORS WITH
CONCRETE SLABS AND GYPSUM CEILINGS. U. S. Department
of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards, Building Materials
and Structures Report BMS 141, Washington, August 1954.
This i s a report on 18 f i r e t e s t s of steel joist supported assemblies.
Various plaster thicknesses and supporting means were
investigated.
EXPLORATORY FIRE ENDURANCE TEST ON STEEL FLOOR UNITS
PROTECTED WITH VERMICULITE ACOUSTICAL PLASTIC.
Vermiculite Institute, Chicago, M a r c h 1956.
A small-scale f i r e test on a panel 3 f t by 3 1/2 f t i s described
in detail. Temperatures measured a t various locations in
the c r o s s -section of the specimen a r e plotted, t o show the
temperature distribution in a floor of this type.
AN ANALYSIS OF THE FIRE RESISTANCE OF STEEL FLOOR
CONSTRUCTIONS PROTECTED ON THEIR UNDERSIDE BY
DIRECTLY APPLIED VERMICULITE ACOUSTICAL PLASTIC.
Vermiculite Institute, Chicago, 1956.
FEUERSICHERHEIT DER STAHLKONSTRUKTIONEN, 11 Teil
( F i r e Safety of Steel Structures). E. Geilinger and W. Geilinger.
Verlag Schweizer Stahlbauverband, ~ g r i c h ,1956.
This booklet contains the results of small-scale t e s t s on
insulating protective materials for steel. The furnace had an
opening of 1 square m e t e r and was oil fired. A hose s t r e a m ,
generally not used in small-scale testing, was applied t o each
sample after test.
STUDIES OF TYPE 301 STAINLESS STEEL COLUMNS. J. Dubuc,
V. N. Krivobok and G. Welter. ASTM Special Technical Publication
No. 196, 1957.
The authors report on a study of the behaviour in compression of
type 301 austenitic stainless steel structural elements. The
beneficial effects of heat treatment a t relatively low temperatures
on the s t r e s s - s t r a i n relationship is revealed.
STAHLSTGTZEN
BRANDVERSUCHE MIT
IN ENGLAND, ( F i r e
Tests of Steel Columns in England). P. BouC. Fortschritte
und Forschungen im Bauwesen, Reihe D, Heft 27, Baulicher
Feuerschutz, 1957.
CONCRETE FILLED STANCHIONS. P. BouC.
No. 9, Sept. 1957, p. 351.
Acier -Stahl-Steel,
The structural design and f i r e -resistance of concrete filled
columns a r e examined. Results of 13 f i r e t e s t s on tubular
specimens, some unfilled, others filled, and several filled
and with an outer protective mantle, a r e tabulated. Tests
were carried out in accordance with German Specification
DIN 4102, except that the t e s t s were continued until structural
failure occurred (rather than the 350°C specified maximum
average steel temperature). It was shown that steam buildup
in closed cross-sections m a y cause premature structural
failure in the f i r e test.
FIRE -RESISTANT CONSTRUCTION IN MODERN STEEL-FRAMED
BUILDINGS. American Institute of Steel Construction, New York,
Sept. 1959.
Modern materials, floor assemblies, column protections and
membrane protections a r e mentioned. Tables for f i r e resistance
ratings of protected columns, beams, girders, t r u s s e s , floor
assemblies and roof systems a r e provided. A f i r e in a department
store having plaster membrane protection for structural m e m b e r s
i s examined. A description of f i r e protection to the steel
f r a m e of some modern buildings is also included.
DER F E U E R S C ~ U T Z IM STAHLHOCHBAU, INSBESONDERE VON
STAHLSTUTZEN, ( F i r e Protection in Steel High-Rise Buildings,
Particularly of Steel Columns). Berichte de s Deut scheyl
Ausschusses fr:
Stahlbau, Heft 21. Stahlbau-Verlag, Koln, 1959.
STEEL BUILDINGS AND FIRE PROTECTION IN EUROPE.
C. F. Kollbrunner. Proc. , American Society of Civil Engineers,
Journal of Structural Division, Vol. 85, No. ST9, Nov. 1959,
p . 125-149.
A general picture of steel frame construction in Europe i s
presented. The author examines f i r e loads and the corresponding
structural f i r e resistance required. Some non-standard f i r e
t e s t s a r e briefly described, on both interior and exterior columns.
The author concludes that carefully designed steel structures may
be unprotected with a f i r e load of up t o 25 kg/m2(5. 12 lb/ft2).
FEUERSICHERHEIT DER STAHLKONSTRUKTIONEN, 111 Teil:
FEUERVERSUCHE MIT BELASTETEN STAHLRAHMEN
( F i r e Safety of Steel Structures, P a r t LII: F i r e T e s t s with
Loaded Steel F r a m e s ) . C. F. Kollbrunner. Verlag Schweizer
Stahlbauverband, ~ G r i c h ,1959.
Three f i r e t e s t s on loaded welded steel f r a m e s a r e recorded.
One frame was unprotected, the other lightly protected (concrete
fill in the section profiles). The f i r e load in the wood fired
t e s t chamber was varied f r o m approximately 5 to 10 lb. p e r
sq. f t .
LIGHTWEIGHT FIRE PROTECTION AND THE STRUCTURAL ENGINEER.
A. R. Mackay. The Structural Engineer, Vol. XXXVIII, No. 1,
Jan. 1960, p. 20.
The paper suggests that use of massive dense concrete encasements for the f i r e protection of structural steel i s outdated and
uneconomical. The application of lightweight f i r e protection
in the form of vermiculite/gypsum plaster i s discussed and i t s
economics a r e examined. Several general recommendations
a r e introduced for the guidance of structural engineers and
designers.
BEWERTUNG DES FEUERSCHUTZES DER STAHLKONSTRUKTIONEN
NACH DEM PUNKTSYSTEM, (Determination of F i r e Resistance
in Steel Structures by the Point System). C F. Kollbrunner
and P. B o d . Schweizerische Bauzeitung, Vol. 78, No, 9,
M a r c h 1960.
.
A proposed point system f o r calculating the degree of protection
required by structural steel in a building i s described. The
point number i s determined primarily by the f i r e load, but
many other factors affecting f i r e hazard to a building a r e
accounted for. The method determines, depending on the number
of points accumulated, whether steelwork should be unprotected,
lightly protected, o r massively protected. Three hours i s the
maximum f i r e resistance requirement provided for.
BERECHNUNG DER FEUERSICHERHEIT DER STAHLKPNSTRUKTIONEN
IM HOCHBAU UND IHRE PRAKTISCHE DURCHFUHRUNG,
(Calculation of F i r e Safety in High-Rise Steel Structures and
i t s Practical Application). C. F. Kollbrunner and P. B o d .
Verlag Schweiaer Stahlbauverband, ~ G r i c h ,1960.
The purpose of this paper is to serve a s a basis of discussion
with European building officials. A method of evaluating the
protection (if any) required by structural s t e e l m e m b e r s if
described. Tables of thickness of protective cover required to
give the calculated f i r e resistance a r e included. (This publication
has also been issued in English and French).
FEUER UND STAHL, ( F i r e and Steel). W. Geilinger. Mitteilungen d e r
Teknische Kommission, Heft 21, Verlag Schweizer Stahlbauverband,
~ G r i c h ,July 1960.
SPONSORED FIRE-RESISTANCE TESTS ON STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS.
Joint F i r e Research Organization, Her Majesty's Stationery
Office, 1960.
This publication briefly gives t e s t results for the following
constructions: 1. load -bearing walls (including some steel
columns a s a p a r t of the wall); 2. non-loadbearing walls (including
sheet steel walls); 3. simply supported floors with attached
ceilings; 4, restrained floors with attached ceilings; 5. floors
with suspended ceilings; 6. protected steel columns.
FIREPROOFING STEEL HISTORY AND DESIGN METHODS IN THE
U. S. A. K. R. Woods and F.A. Thulin. Acier-Stahl-Steel,
No. 12, Dec. 1960, p. 513.
The w r i t e r s present a brief history of the ASTME-119 standard
f i r e test. Some examples of f i r e resistance ratings for beams
and joists a r e given. The formula for predicting f i r e resistance
ratings, outlined in Building Materials and Structure s Report
No. 92 of the NationalBureau of Standards have been extended by
the authors.
SULLA RESISTENZA DEI PILASTRI DI ACCLAIO ALLE ELEVATE
TEMPERATURE, (On the Resistance of Steel Columns t o
Elevated Temperature). Salvatore Cuomo. L'ingenere , N. 5,
Rome, 1960.
This report contains a theoretical study of steel columns based
on the mechanical properties of steel at elevated temperatures
and on the Euler and modified Euler equation.
SU ALUME PROVE AL FUORO DI STRUTTURE DI ACCIAIO
VERIAMENTE PROTETTE, ( T e s t s on the behaviour in f i r e
of steel structures with various types of insulation). Salvatore
Cuomo. Antincendio e protezione civile, N. 23 and 24,
Nov. and Dec. 1960, Rome.
PROTECTION OF STRUCTURAL STEEL AGAINST FIRE. G.I. Bird.
Joint F i r e Research Organization F i r e Note No. 2, London, 1961.
The protection of steel columns and beams, a s well a s protection
of structural steel by suspended ceilings i s briefly discussed.
PROTECTION OF STEEL IN BUILDINGS - SOME PRESENT TRENDS.
Joint F i r e Re s e a r c h Organization, International Council f o r
Building Re s e a r c h Studie s and Documentation. Working party
on f i r e research, 61/32 (U. K. ) 1961.
This short paper on protection o r lack of protection t o steel in
buildings mentions modern light f o r m s of encasements for
beams and columns, a s well as continuous ceiling (membrane)
protection.
FIRE PROTECTION IN STEEL FRAMED BUILDINGS. 0. Piermarini.
C. I. B. Working P a r t y on F i r e Research. 61/51 (I). 11 p.
This paper presents an opinion which differs somewhat f r o m
American practice. A %irtual f i r e load", rather than the
actual f i r e load, i s advocated. "Virtual f i r e load" i s
evaluated by a point system not described here.
FIRE PROTECTION THROUGH MODERN BUILDING CODES.
Iron and Steel Institute, New York, 1961.
American
FIRE TEST OF A STEEL COLUMN OF 8-INCH "H" SECTION,
PROTECTED WITH 4-INCH SOLID HAYDITE BLOCKS.
T. Z. Harmathy and J. A. C. Blanchard, National Research
Council, Division of Building Research, F i r e Study No. 6,
F e b r u a r y 1962, (NRC 6668).
FEUERSICHERHEIT DER STAHLKO,TSTRUKTIONEN, IV Teil:
FEUERSCHUTZ VON STALSTUTZEN, ( F i r e Safety of Steel
Structures, P a r t IV: F i r e Protection of Steel Columns).
W. Geilinger m d S. Bryl. Verlag Schweizer Stahlbauverband,
~ G r i c h ,1962.
This booklet contains the results of t e s t s c a r r i e d out by the
authors f r o m 1957 to 1959. The relationship between f i r e
load, f i r e development, and f i r e duration is s e t down. A
theoretical method of calculating the f i r e resistance of steel
columns engulfed in flames on a l l sides i s proposed, and i t s
practical application i s illustrated.
FIRE TESTS WITH EXTERIOR COLUMNS.
Stahlbau, Berlin, May 1963.
W. Bongard.
Der
This paper comprises a s e r i e s of f i r e t e s t s on unprotected and
partially protected exterior columns. These t e s t s constitute
an inf orrnative s e r i e s but the number of variables inve stigated
by only a few experiments was rather large. The columns were
not loaded during the tests. (Copies of this article in English
a r e available f r o m the American Iron and Steel Institute. )
THE THEORETICAL CALCULATION OF TEMPERATURE RISE OF
THERMALLY PROTECTED STEEL COLUMNS EXPOSED TO
FIRE. Seiichi Fujii. Building Research Institute, Japan.
Occasional Report No. 10, June 1963.
MODERN FIRE PROTECTION FOR STRUCTURAL STEELWORK.
British Constructional Steel Association, Pub. No. F P E , 1963.
Various types of protection for beams and columns a r e
illustrated, and their f i r e resistant classifications listed.
Membrane protection systems f o r floor beams a r e also
included. The protective materials a r e of a proprietary nature.
FIRE RESISTANCE OF ENCASED STEEL STANCHIONS. H. L.
Malhotra and R. F. Stevens. P r o c . , Institution of Civil Engineers,
Vol. 27, Jan. 1964, p. 77.
This paper describes f i r e t e s t s on columns designed a s cornbination columns in accordance with British Standard BS 449
(1959). An intereGstingcomparison with the results of e a r l i e r
f i r e t e s t s on concrete encased columns i s thus provided. Covers
ranging from 1 to 3 in. of stone aggregate concrete were
investigated.
FIRE ENDURANCE OF BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS. G. W. Shorter.
National Research Council, Division of Building Research,
Canadian Building Digest No. 53, Ottawa, May 1964.
TEN RULES OF FIRE RESISTANCE RATING. T.Z. Harmathy.
National Research Council, Division of Building Research,
Building Research Note No. 46, Ottawa, July 1964.
Ten fundamental rules of f i r e endurance rating a r e presented and
explained in this note. Several examples of their application in
practice a r e a l s o provided. The paper i s a useful contribution t o
the literature particularly in that it indicates means for correctly
assessing the effect of changes f r o m tested assemblies.
ERMITTLUNG DES EINFLUSSES DER QUERSCHNITTSGR~SSEVON
UMMANTELTEN
AUF DAS ERGEBNIS VON
BRANDVERSPJCHEN (Determining the Effect of C r o s s -Section Size
on the Results of F i r e T e s t s of Encased Steel Beams). T. Kristen
and H. J. Wierig. Baulicher Brandschutz, Berlin, 1964. Verlag
Wilhelm E r n s t und Sohn, Berlin.
STAHLTRXGERN
Five f i r e t e s t s on loaded beams of various cross-sections a r e
described. It was concluded that both the beam profile and
weight affect the results of f i r e t e s t s , but further work would
be required before quantitative information could be developed.
FIRE ENDURANCE OF PROTECTED STEEL COLUMNS AND BEAMS.
M. Galbreath and W, Stanzak. National Research Council, Division
of Building Research, Technical P a p e r No. 194, Ottawa, May 1965,
(NRC 8379).
This paper brings together the results of f i r e endurance t e s t s .
UNPROTECTED STEEL SUPPORTS. Firemen, Vol. 33, No. 2, 1966, p. 11.
The article warns of the possible collapse of the tank supporting
steel columns under intense fire.
FIRE RESISTANCE AND STEEL FRAMED BUILDINGS. H. L. Malhotra.
Building Materials, April 1966, p. 69 -72.
The article introduces the time requirements f o r f i r e resistance of
buildings with different height and use. The technical properties of
steel at high temperatures a r e discussed. Seine methods of application of light m a t e r i a l s as a f i r e protection of steel structural elements
a r e described.
E F F E C T OF STRUCTURAL RESTRAINT ON THE FIRE RESISTANCE
OF PROTECTED STEEL BEAM FLOOR AND ROOF ASSEMBLIES.
R. Bletzacher. (Sponsored by American Iron and Steel Institute).
U . S. Ohio State University. Engineering Experiment Station.
F i n a l Report EES 246/266. Columbus, Ohio, 1966, pp. 130.
FIRE TESTS ON WIDE-FLANGE STEEL BEAMS PROTECTED WITH
GYPSUM -SANDED PLASTER. W. W. Stanzak. National Research
Council, Division of Building Research, F i r e Study No. 16,
Ottawa, June 1967.
This r e p o r t d e s c r i b e s a s e r i e s of t h r e e f i r e t e s t s on wide-flange
s t e e l beams protected with gypsum-sanded plaster.
-
WATER-FILLED TUBULAR STEEL COLUMNS FIRE PROTECTION
WITHOUT COATING. L. G. Seigel, Civil Engineering, 1967
37(9) 65-7.
FIRE RESISTANCE O F STEEL DECK FLOOR ASSEMBLIES. H. Shaub,
S. L. H. Ingberg, U. S. Department of Commerce. National Bureau
of Standards. Building Science S e r i e s 11, Washington, Dec. 1967,
pp. 22.
FIRE TEST ON A WIDE-FLANGE STEEL BEAM PROTECTED WITH
A ONE-INCH GYPSUM-SANDED PLASTER SUSPENDED CEILING
MEMBRANE. W. W. Stanzak. National Re s e a r c h Council, Division
of Building Research, F i r e Study No. 19, Ottawa, December 1967.
T h i s r e p o r t d e s c r i b e s a f i r e t e s t on a wide-flange steel beam and
floor section protected by a suspended ceiling membrane of
gypsum-sanded plaster.
FIRE PROTECTION OF STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS BY
FILLING WITH WATER. A r e p o r t to Stewards and Lloyds Ltd.
appendixes.
W. S. Atkins & P a r t n e r s , Epsom, 1967. Printed. 27 p.
+
FIRE AND THE PROTECTION OF STRUCTURES. L.A. Ashton,
Structural Engineer, Vol. 46, No. 1, Jan. 1968, p. 5-12.
This paper h a s been prepared a s a f a i r l y detailed review of f i r e
protection of s t r u c t u r e s . Most attention is given t o f i r e r e s i s t a n c e ,
the f a c t o r s affecting t h i s property of s t r u c t u r e s , and the data
derived f r o m t e s t s f o r m a n y f o r m s of construction.
DER SCHUTZ VON STAHLBAUTEILEN GEGEN FEUER. J . Stanke.
~ r a n d v e r h E t z u nund
~ ~ r a n d b e k - ~ f u n ~Nr. 2, 1968. (In German).
Protection of s t e e l building elements against f i r e .
RESEARCH ON THE FIRE RESISTANCE OF STEEL BEAMS. H. Saito.
Japan, Ministry of Construction. Building R e s e a r c h Institute.
R e s e a r c h P a p e r 31, M a r c h 1968, pp. 24.
BRANDVERSUCHE AN UMMANTELTEN STAHLTR~GERN. C. Me y e r
Ottens. D e r Stahlbau, 37 Jahrg., Heft 6, Juni 1968, p. 4.
-
Description and r e s u l t s of f i r e t e s t s of protected s t e e l beams.
THE CIRCULATION O F WATER THROUGH STRUCTURES.
Acier-Stahl-Steel, No. 10, October 1968, p. 448-50.
J. Reverdy.
The a r t i c l e d e s c r i b e s the construction of a high-rise
building in F r a n c e . Water -filled tubular columns a r e linked
together a t the top and bottom and s e r v e a s a communicating
vessel. At a n outbreak of f i r e , the m e t a l temperature does
not r e a c h a dangerous level.
CONVENTION EUROPEEN DES ASSOCLATIONE DE LA CONSTRUGTIONE
METALLIQUE. Subcommittee 3.1. , Locarno 1968, p. 16.
(In French).
This is a r e s e a r c h r e p o r t on the f i r e resistance of m e t a l construction,
in 1967-68.
FEUERWIDERS~ANDSFXHIGKEIT
VON WASSERGEK~HLTEN
STAHLSTUTZEN. H. Ehm, W. Bongard. D e r Stahlbau,
37(1968), H.G., p. 161-64 (In German).
An a r t i c l e discussing the f i r e r e s i s t a n c e of water-cooled s t e e l columns.
BRANDSCHUTZ IM STAHLBAU, TEIL 1, C. Meyer-Ottens.
Stahlbau-Verlags G rn b H, ~ g l n ,1968 (In German).
-
P a r t 1 is concerned with f i r e protection of underfloor framework.
BRANDSCHUTZ IM STAHLBAU, TEIL 2. C. Meyer-Ottens.
Stahlbau - Verlags G m b H, Kgln, 1968 (In German).
-
P a r t 2 is concerned with f i r e protection of s t e e l columns and beams.
FURTHER EXPERIMENTS ON TEMPERATURES REACHED BY
STEEL IN BUILDINGS. E.G. Butcher, G.K. Bedford,
P. J. Terdell. Symposium No. 2. , Behaviour of Structural
Steel in F i r e , P a p e r No. 1, H.M. Stationery Office,
London 1968.
FIRE RESISTANCE OF STEEL DECK FLOOR ASSEMBLIES.
H. Shaub, S.H. Ingberg. p. 78-97Ministry of Technology
and F i r e Office s t Committee. Joint F i r e Re s e a r c h Organization.
Symposium No. 2. Behaviour of Structural Steel in F i r e .
P a p e r 7. London, 1968. H e r Majesty's Stationery Office.
pp. 135 60s Od.
FIRE TESTS ON PROTECTED STEEL GIRDERS. C. Meyer-Ottens,
p. 118-22. Ministry of Technology and F i r e Offices1 Committee.
Joint F i r e R e s e a r c h Organization. Symposium No. 2.
Behaviour of Structural Steel in F i r e . P a p e r 10. London,
1968. H e r Majesty's Stationery Office. pp. 135,60s Od.
BRANNBESKY TTELSE AV STALKONSTRUKSJONER. F. ~ b ~ r n a r k
Bygg, 1969, 17(10), p. 184-186 (In Swedish).
The a r t i c l e is concerned with f i r e protection of steel s t r u c t u r e s ,
classification of m a t e r i a l s and recommends m a t e r i a l s suitable
f o r protection of s t e e l elements.
STEEL PROPERTIES FOR FIRE RESISTANCE. R. Groenhaut,
D. C. Knight, D. H. Skinner. Melbourne R e s e a r c h Laboratories,
Clayton, Vic. The Broken Hill P r o p r i e t a r y Co. Ltd. ,
Australia, May 1969.
FIRE RESISTANCE O F PROTECTED STEEL COLUMNS.
Protection Review, May 1969, p. 236.
Fire
This technical information sheet i l l u s t r a t e s various f o r m s of
protected steel columns and beams which have been given a
f i r e r e s i s t a n c e grading.
DESIGN OF LIQUID -FILLED STRUCTURAL MEMBERS FOR FIRE
RESISTANCE. L. G. Seigel, Acier -Stahl-Steel, No. 6, June
1969, p. 262-66.
This paper presents the design procedure that was used t o
establish the f i r e resistance for the liquid-filled exterior
USS Cor -Ten high-strength low alloy steel columns of the
United States Steel Office Building being constructed in
Pittsburgh, Pa. , USA.
FIRE TESTS ON A WATER-COOLED STEEL COLUMN. (In
German) E. Knublauch, Stahlbau, 1969, 38 (6) 182-4.
-
SHEET STEEL AS A PROTECTIVE MEMBRANE FOR STEEL
BEAMS AND COLUMNS. W. W. Stanzak, National
Research Council, Division of Building Research, F i r e
Study No. 23, Mov. 1969. (NRC 10865).
A protective membrane separates the member t o be
protected from the f i r e , without coming into direct thermal
contact with the member. This report describes the results
of f i r e t e s t s on a steel beam and two columns.
BRANDVERSUCHE AN EINER WASSERGEK~LTEN S T A H L S T ~ T Z E N .
E. Knublauch, Der Stahlbau 38 (1969), H. C., p. 182-184.
The article describes f i r e testing of water -filled steel columns.
KVALIFICERAD BRANDTEKNISK DIMENSIONERING AV S T A L B ~ R V E R K
(Qualified Fire-Protection Design of Steel Structures).
I?
S.E. Magnusson, 0. Petterson. Byggmastaren, Vol. 48, 1969,
No. 9, p. 23-31. (In Swedish).
The article deals with specification of f i r e load and determination
of time -tempe rature curve. Some simplifying methods for
calculation of f i r e performance by relation of time-temperature
curve field t o load-bearing capacity of structure for each point
in time during a f i r e a r e presented.
WATER-FILLED STEEL COLUMNS FOR FIRE PROTECTION.
L. W. P o r t , J , J. Keough, R. W. Woollett. Civil
Engineering Transactions, Institution of Engineers
Australia, 1969, p. 162-4.
Water a s a coolant is used f o r a t e m p e r a t u r e reduction of
s t e e l columns.
THE CALCULATION O F THE FIRE RESISTANCE O F STEEL
CONSTRUCTIONS. Schweizerische Zentralstelle f g r Stahlbau,
Zurich, 1969. 42 p. Translated by W. W. Starrzak, (Issued
a s NRC Tech. Translation No. 1425).
The problems of f i r e protection of s t e e l construction have been
placed on a scientific b a s i s and the required f i r e r e s i s t a n c e
laid down. The calculation method presented herein p e r m i t s
prediction of f i r e resistance. It m a y be noted that the assumptions
and r e sult s w e r e thoroughly checked through evaluation of f i r e
tests.
BEREGNING AV KONSTRUKSJONERS B R A N N P ~ K J E N N ~ G ,
OPPVARMING OG ISOLASJON. J. Thrane. Bygg, 1969,
17(10), p. 176-83 (In Swedish).
WASSERK~HLUNG VON STAHLST~TZENIM FEUER. E. Knublauch,
~ r a n d v e r h ; t u n ~und Brandbekampfung, No. 1, 1970. (In German).
Water cooling of s t e e l columns in f i r e .
-
SOME DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS.
FIRE ENDURANCE
Engineering Digest, April 1970. (NRC 1 1465).
W. W. Stanzak,
The basic a i m of designing f o r f i r e endurance is t o i n c r e a s e
the stability of construction and t o d e c r e a s e the deformation
which m a y develop in individual components when exposed t o
fire
.
A METHOD OF CALCULATING THE FIRE RESISTANCE DURATION
O F STEEL STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS. (In German).
R. Rudolphi, E. Knublauch. F o r t s c h r . B e r . VDI-Z, 1970,
5(10), 41 -90.
SHEET STEEL AS A FIRE PROTECTIVE MEMBRANE. Canadian
Institute of Steel Construction, Case Histories No. 16, p, 8,
June 1970.
A sheet s t e e l functioning a s a f i r e protective membrane i s a
new concept of f i r e protection. Three f i r e t e s t s a r e reported
- one on a beam and two on columns. F i r e resistance c l a s s ification t i m e s ranged f r o m 314 hr. t o 2 h r . The work was
c a r r i e d out under the Steel Industries Fellowship P r o g r a m .
DESIGNING FOR FIRE SAFETY WITH EXPOSED STRUCTURAL
STEEL. L.G. Seigel. F i r e Technology, Vol. 6, No. 4,
Nov. 1970.
Two methods of protecting exposed s t r u c t u r a l steel f r o m f i r e
within a building a r e described. They are: liquid filled tubular
m e m b e r s and flame shields. The t e s t data on which the designs
a r e based is reviewed t o provide experimental support.
PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT AND FZRE PERFORMANCE. W. W.
Stanzak, National Research Council, Division of Building
Research, Building Research Note.No. 73, Ottawa, Feb. 1971,
6 P*
FIRE ENGINEERING DIMENSIONING OF INSULATED STEEL
STRUCTURES HAVING LOAD-BEARING OR SEPARATING
FUNCTIONS. S.E. Magnusson, 0. Pettersson. (Vag och
vottonbyggaren, 1969 (4) 197-213). I r o n and Steel Institute.
BISI 8641. London, Feb. 1971.
-
EVALUATION OF THE BEHAVIOUR OF STEELS IN FIRE.
D. C. Knight. BHP technical bulletin, Vol. 15, No. 2,
November 197 1.
Author d i s c u s s e s human safety, f i r e ratings, basic f a c t o r s
of f i r e severity and fuels. Other p a r t s of the article deal
with behaviour of steel under f i r e conditions and economy of
f i r e protection.
II-17
BRANDSCHUTZ VON S T A H L S T ~ T Z E NDURCH WASSERK~HLUNG.
Der Bauingenieur, 46 (1971), Heft 5. (In German).
Describes an on-site f i r e t e s t on a water-filled column in
Dus seldorf. The temperature i n the f i r e compartment reached
1000°C i n 90 minutes, but the t e m p e r a t u r e on the steel column
never exceeded 180°C.
CALCULATION OF THE FIRE RESISTANCE LIMIT VALUE TO BE
MADE ON THE BASIS OF FIRE LOADING IN RELATION TO
THE STRUCTURES OF RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS. K. Kovacs.
Hungary, Epitosugyi Monosegellenorzo Intezet. (EMT) Budapest,
1971, 14 p.
DESIGN OF FIRE-RESISTIVE ASSEMBLIES WITH STEEL JOINTS.
B.M. Cohn. Arlington, Va. (1971). 42 p. (Steel J o i s t Institute,
Technical Digest No. 4). Jointly by Gage-Babcock and Associates, Inc.
OPTIMUM FIRE RESISTANCE O F STRUCTURES. T. T. Lie. National
R e s e a r c h Council, Division of Building Re s e a r c h , Technical
P a p e r No. 356, Ottawa, J a n u a r y 1972. (NRC 12249).
COLUMN COVERS: A PRACTICAL APPLICATION OF SHEET STEEL
AS A PROTECTIVE MEMBRANE. W. W. Stanzak. National
Re s e a r c h Council, Division of Building Re s e a r c h , F i r e Study 27,
Feb. 1972, 26 p. (NRC 12483).
This is a description of two f i r e t e s t s on s t r u c t u r a l s t e e l columns
protected by standard gypsum wallboard held i n place with
sheet s t e e l column covers.
A NUMERICAL PROCEDURE T O CALCULATE
THE TEMPERATURE OF
PROTECTED STEEL COLUMNS EXPOSED TO FIRE. T.T. L i e ,
T. Z. Harmathy, National R e s e a r c h Council, Division of Building
Research. F i r e Study No. 28, Ottawa, M a r . 1972. (NRC 12535).
FIRE RESISTANCE DESIGN FOR STEEL STRUCTURES. H. Saito. Japan,
Ministry of Construction, Building R e s e a r c h Institute R e s e a r c h
P a p e r No. 53, Tokyo, May 1972, pp. 36.
DESIGN OF FIRE COVER ON S T E E L STRUCTURE. T. Wakamatsu.
Japan, Ministry of Construction, Building R e s e a r c h Institute
R e s e a r c h P a p e r No. 54, Tokyo, M a y 1972, pp. 36.
TESTING AND ASSESSMENT OF THE FIRE BEHAVIOUR OF
STEEL STANCHIONS. J . Stanke, ( P r o g r e s s Reports of VDI
Journal, S e r i e s 5, No. 10, Oct. 1970). Department of the
Environment. Building Research Station. Library
Translation No. 307, Borehamwood, July 1972. Typescript
32 p.
A METHOD OF CALCULATING THE FIRE RESISTANCE DURATION
OF STEEL STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS. R. Rudolphi,
E. Knublauch. ( P r o g r e s s Reports of VDI Journal, Series 5,
No. 10, Oct. 1. Department of the Environment. Building
Research Establishment. F i r e Research Station. Library
Translation No. 305. Borehamwood, July 1972. Typescript
32 p. and figs.
EXTREME VALUE THEORY AND FIRE RESISTANCE. G. Ramachandran,
Department of the Environment and F i r e Officesa Committee.
Joint F i r e Research Organization. F i r e Research Note 943
Borehamwood, August 1972.
FIRE AND BUILDINGS.
London, 1972.
T. T. Lie, Applied Science Publishers Ltd.
,
This book deals with various aspects of protection of buildings
against spread of f i r e and collapse. Descriptions a r e given
on the development process of f i r e and the estimation of the
expected temperature and duration of f i r e s in buildings.
Particular emphasis is placed on preventing the spread of
f i r e by compartmentation of a building with f i r e -resisting
constructions. Attention i s a l s o paid t o economic aspects of
fire.
SWITZERLAND. BRAND-VERH~JTTUNGSDIENT
GEWERBE. G.E. Blatt, /42/2372,
22 p. (in German).
,
F ~ INDUSTRIE
R
UND
Zurich, 1972. Printed,
FIRE TESTS ON PROTECTED STEEL COLUMNS WITH DIFFERENT
CROSS -SECTIONS. W. W. Stanzak, T. T. Lie. National Re s e a r c h
Council, Division of Building Research, F i r e Study 30, Ottawa,
Feb. 1973. (NRC 13072)
Seven f i r e t e s t s were conducted to provide experimental data
showing how column f i r e endurance varies with the size and shape
of the steel cross-section. All columns were protected with
the same thickness of insulating material. The results a r e
plotted to show how generalized f i r e endurance ratings can be
developed f o r a particular protective material.
HOW STEEL FITS IN WHEN FIRE PROTECTION I$ A MAJOR WORRY.
W. W, Stanzak. Board of Trade Journal, March 1973.
Toronto.
FIRE RESISTANCE OF UNPROTECTED STEEL COLUMNS.
W. W. Stanzak, T. T. Lie. ASCE, Journal of the Structural Division,
Vol. 99, No. ST5, May, 1973. p. 837-852The w r i t e r s have investigated the f i r e resistance of unprotected
steel columns by methods of numerical calculation and by
full-scale f i r e t e s t s in their laboratory, with a view t o developing
simple expressions f o r calcula3;ing the f i r e resistance of these
building elements
.
PART 111
-
FIRE EXPERIENCE
TESTS O F SEVERITY O F BUILDING FIRES. S. H. Ingberg
N. F. P. A. Quarterly, Vol. 22, No. 1, July 1928, p. 43.
Experiments in two f i r e - r e s i s t i v e t e s t buildings with
a c t u a l office and r e c o r d r o o m furnishings a r e described,
resulting i n the proposal of a n e m p i r i c a l method f o r
determining equivalent f i r e s e v e r i t y with r e s p e c t to the
standard f u r n a c e test.
FIRE TEST O F BRICK JOISTED BUILDINGS. N. F. P. A.
Quarterly, Vol. 22, No. 1, July 1928, p. 62.
DAS GROSSFEUER IN DEM STAHLSKELETTBAU DES
WARENHAUSES "ARAWIN PRAG (The G r e a t F i r e
i n the Steel Skeleton Construction of the Warehouse
"AraH i n Prague). E. Melan. Bauingenieur, Heft 27, 193 1.
FIRE IN BUILDINGS. E. L. B i r d and S. J. Docking.
Black Ltd., London, 1949.
A.and C.
A rational tr ealment of the subject of f i r e and f i r e
protection i n building construction is presented. Such
a s p e c t s as combustibility, f i r e load, f i r e growth, behaviour
of m a t e r i a l s in f i r e , and f i r e in s t e e l f r a m e d buildings a r e
considered.
F I R E GRADING O F BUILDINGS. Part I. G e n e r a l P r i n c i p l e s
and S t r u c t u r a l Precautions P o s t War Building Studies
London, 1946.
No. 20, H.M.S.O.,
.
SIZE AND BORDER CONDITIONS O F TEST SPECIMEN IN THEIR
RELATION TO RESULTS O F FIRE TESTS. S.H. Ingberg.
American Society f o r Testing Materials, 1949 Reprint,
ASTM 93.
S TAHLBAU UND FEUERPOLIZEI. (Steel Building and F i r e
Officials) E. Geilinger Mitteilungen d e r Technische
Komrnission d e s Verbandes Schweizerischer Bruckenbau
und Stahlhochbau Unternehmungen, Heft 8, E r s t e Schweiz e r i s c h e Stahlbautagung, Ziirich 1953, Verlag Leeman,
Ziirich, Dec. 1953.
.
.
-
FIRE BEHAVIOUR I N ROOMS. K. Kawagoe. Building
R e s e a r c h Institute, Minis t r y of Construction, Japan,
1958.
The author r e v e a l s a n extensive study of the behaviour
of f i r e i n rooms, including many m o d e l tests. Experimental
f i r e s in various constructions a r e described; two of t h e s e
w e r e in a lightweight s t e e l construction.
FEUERSICHERHEIT IM S TAHLHOCHBAU.
in High-Rise Steel Buildings).
( F i r e Safety
C. F. Kollbrunner. Beilage ((Technik)), Nr. 1316 und
1317 d e r Neue ZGrcher Zeitung 29 A p r i l 1959.
PROPOSED CRITERIA FOR DEFINING LOAD FAILURE O F
BEAMS, FLOORS AND ROOF CONSTRUCTIONS
J.V. Ryan and A. F. Robertson.
DURING F I R E TEST.
National Bureau of Standards, Journal of Research, 63C,
p. 121, J u l y 1959.
Deflection and r a t e of deflection a r e proposed as f a i l u r e
criteria.
GBER
VERSUCHE UND ERFAHRUNGEN
DIE FEUERSICHERHEIT VON STAHLHOCHBAUTEN. ( T e s t s and Experience
on the F i r e Safety of High-Rise S t e e l Buildings).
C. F. Kollbrunner. Inzenyr s k e Stavby s Vlozkou
Mechanizace, 9, Prague, 5 September 1959.
FEUERSICHERHEIT IM S TAHLHOCHBAU ( F i r e Safety i n
High-Rise S t e e l Buildings).
M. Gretener. Beilage ((Technik)), Nr. 3016 d e r
Neue Ziircher Zeitung, Oct. 1959.
MUSS DER MODERNE STAHLHOCHBAU DAS FEUER
FURCHTEN? (Need Present-Day High Steel
Buildings b e Afraid of F i r e ? )
C. F. Kollbrunner. Stahlbaubericht Nr.
Schweizer Stahlbauverband, Dec. 1959.
24,
(A similar a r t i c l e h a s been published in English
( s e e next item).
NEED PRESENT-DAY HIGH STEEL BUILDINGS BE AFRAID
O F FIRE?
C. F. Kollbrunner.
1960.
Building with Steel, Volume 1, No. 3,
FIRE AND THE DESIGN O F BUILDINGS. J. H. McGuire,
National R e s e a r c h Council, Division of Building Research,
Canadian Building Digest No. 11, Ottawa, Nov. 1960.
NORME DI SICUREZZA (Standard of Safety). P e r l a protezione
contro il fuoco d e i fabbricati a s t r u t t u r a i n acciaio destinati
a d uso civile. ( F o r protection against f i r e in buildings
with s t e e l - f r a m e s t r u c t u r e f o r public use). Minis t e r o
DelllInterno, Direzione Generale dei Servizi Antincendi.
Rome 1961.
F i r e h a z a r d s t o s t e e l buildings a r e evaluated by a point
s y s t e m and a degree of protection appropriate to the hazard
is specified i n tables. Although the hazard classification
is decided largely by the f i r e load, a reduction coefficient
determined by the point s y s t e m often reduces the hazard
classification considerably below the value determined by
use of the f i r e load concept alone. The standard is notable
i n that it provides a calculation method f o r determining the
d e g r e e of protection required f o r s t r u c t u r a l s t e e l in buildings.
DER MODERNE STAHLOCHBAU UND DAS FEUER.. (Modern
High-Rise Buildings and F i r e ) . C. F. Kollbrunner
Osterreichische Ingenieur-Archiv, Vol. 15, 1961, p. 109 114.
.
-
FIRE AND THE COMPARTMENTATION O F BUILDINGS. J. H.
McGuire. National R e s e a r c h Council. Division of Building
Research, Canadian Building Digest No. 33, Ottawa, Sept.
1962.
THE BUILDING OFFICIALS' VIEWPOINTS O F FIRE TESTS.
T. H. Carter. P r e s e n t e d a t the Fourth Pacific Area
National Meeting, American Society f o r Testing and Materials,
1 to 5 October, 1962, P a p e r No. 194.
Both f l a m e s p r e a d and f i r e r e s i s t a n c e t e s t s a r e discussed
i n this paper, with emphasis on E-119. It is suggested that
such items a s stiffness, slenderness (of columns), beam
width to depth ratios, etc, might b e considered a s c r i t e r i a
used in evaluating f i r e - r e s i s t i v e assemblies.
THE FIRE MARSHAL'S VIEWPOINT O F FIRE TESTS.
R.E. Carlson. Presented a t the Fourth Pacific Area
National Meeting, American Society f o r Testing and
Materials, 1 to 5 October 1962, P a p e r No. 195.
F i r e t e s t methods and procedures, a s well a s the
contents of t e s t r e p o r t s a r e critically appraised by
the author. He suggests some methods
or changes which might be considered to make f i r e
testing a m o r e exact science.
FLAME SPREAD. G. W. Shorter. National R e s e a r c h
Council, Division of Building Research, Canadian
Building Digest No. 45, Ottawa, Sept. 1963.
MODERN STEEL CONSTRUCTION IN EUROPE. Elsevier
Publishing Co., Amsterdam, 1963.
The m a j o r portion of this book concerns analysis of
recently erected European s t e e l buildings. One
section is devoted to the new I P E section profiles,
outlining their nature, and pointing out their advantages
over the old I- sections. Of particular i n t e r e s t f o r the
purpose of this bibliography is the section on llCalculation
of Fireproofness in Multi-Storey Buildings" by C. F.
Kollbrunner and P. B o d . This book m a y b e regarded
as a v e r y useful contribution to the l i t e r a t u r e on the
design of steel-f ramed buildings.
FEU E T ACIER ( F i r e and Steel). D. Sfintesco.
Paris, 1963.
Publimental,
In this brochure the author gives some particulars about
means of extinguishing a fire, the f i r e load and the
reduction coefficient, a s well a s protection of s t r u c t u r a l
s t e e l members.
FEUERSICHERHEIT VON S TAHLKONS TRUKTIONEN ( F i r e
Safety of Steel Structures). C. F. Kollbrunner. Schweizerische
Bauzeitung, No. 51, 17 Dec. 1964.
The author points out r e c e n t p r o g r e s s in the field and discusses
the c u r r e n t attitudes of building officials on unprotected and
lightly protected s t e e l structures.
111 -5ON THE FIRE PROTECTIVE PROPERTIES O F ALUMINUM
SASH. M. Hamada, Bulletin, F i r e Prevention Society
of Japan, Vol. 16, No. 1, 1966, p. 21-25 (In Japanese
with English summary).
Wire glass windows with aluminum s a s h a r e used a s
f i r e protective windows. The shape of a s a s h and i t s
n e c e s s a r y thickness were designed a f t e r completing
f i r e tests.
BEHAVIOUR O F END RESTRAINED STEEL MEMBERS UNDER
FIRE. H. Saito, Bulletin, F i r e Prevention Society of
Japan. Vol. 15, No. 1, 1966, p. 7-20 (In Japanese with
English summary).
When s t r u c t u r a l m e m b e r s with generally fixed ends a r e
exposed t o f i r e , the deformations a r e re,strained and
inner s t r e s s appears. In this paper, the behaviour of this
inner s t r e s s is discussed on simplified members.
FIRE IN THE THIRTEENTH STOREY.
1966, p. 16-19.
F i r e Journal, July
Comments on f i r e in high-rise f i r e - r esistive building.
Particular building was made of protected s t e e l framing,
brick and stone curtain walls and reinforced concrete
roof slab. The f i r e was spread upward via windows.
THE TEMPERATURE ATTAINED BY STEEL IN BUILDING FIRES.
E. G. Butcher, T. B. Chitti, L. A. Ashton. F i r e Technical
Paper No. 15, London, H.M.S.O.,
1966.
A s e r i e s of t e s t s were made jointly with the British Iron and
Steel Federation to provide information about the temperatures
attained in building f i r e s involving various f i r e loads and
degrees of ventilation. The range of f i r e loads was representative of hospital, domestic, and some office occupancies.
Steel columns and beams of various sections w e r e included
in f i r e tests.
U.S. STEEL HEADQUARTERS, WORLD'S SECOND LARGEST
OFFICE SPACE. J. G. Hotchkiss, Acier-Stahl-Steel, No. 9,
1967, p. 372-78.
The a r t i c l e presents a technical description of a high-rise
off ice building made of steel. Water -f illed exterior s t e e l
columns protected f r o m freezing w e r e used. In c a s e of fire,
a gravity circulation s y s t e m cools the s t e e l column.
DEFLECTION AND FAILURE O F STEEL-SUPPORTED
T. Z. Harmathy,
FLOORS AND BEAMS IN FIRE.
National R e s e a r c h Council, Division of Building Research.
R e s e a r c h paper No. 345. Ottawa, December 1967.
(NRC 9933)
LOAD AND FIRE TEST DATA ON STUD-SUPPORTED
FLOOR. N. S. P e a r c e , W. W. Stanaak, National R e s e a r c h
Council, Division of Building Research. R e s e a r c h P a p e r
No. 344, Ottawa. December 1967. (NRC 9932)
ESTIMATION O F FIRE TEMPERATURE- TIME CURVE
IN ROOMS. K. Kawagoe, Building R e s e a r c h Institute,
R e s e a r c h P a p e r No. 29, Tokyo, 1967.
This r e p o r t re-examines the b e s t balance equation and
p r e s e n t s m o r e p r e c i s e calculations using a n electronic
computer.
FIRE SAFETY WITH S T E E L CONSTRUCTION. D.C. Beam,
R. V. HGbert, Canadian Steel Industries Construction
Council, 19 67.
A manual on t h e u s e of s t e e l construction under the F i r e
Safety Requirements of the National Building Code of
Canada, 1965 edition, second printing.
FULLY - DEVELOPED COMPARTMENT FIRES; TWO KINDS
O F BEHAVIOUR. P. H. Thomas, A. J.M. Heselden, M.
Law, J F R O Technical P a p e r No. 18, H e r Majesty's Stationery
Office, London, 19 67.
STRUCTURAL F I R E PROTECTION. J. A. Bono, Actual
Specifying Engineering, 1967, p. 79-85.
An introduction to f i r e protection engineering. Definition
of basic t e r m s and application of basic r u l e s in s t r u c t u r a l
engineering practice.
THE MCCORMICK PLACE FIRE, CHICAGO, ILLINOIS
JANUARY 16, 1967. A m e r i c a n Iron and S t e e l Institute,
New York, 1967.
This is a presentation of available technical f a c t s about the
the f i r e of McCormick P l a c e Exhibition Center in Chicago.
It is based upon on-site inspections m a d e by the f i r e
protection and s t r u c t u r a l engineers of t h e Engineering
Division of American I r o n and Steel Institute.
THE SEVERITY O F FIRES IN STEEL-FRAME BUILDINGS.
L.G. Siegel, Engineering Journal, Vol. 4, No. 4, 1967.
A brief his tory of time-curve development. Comparison
of ASTM E l 19 Standard F i r e - Temperature Curve to
temperature in a n actual f i r e and to temperature attained
in the t e s t f i r e s . Some experiments with steel-frame buildings
indicate that both temperature and duration depend on the
amount of combustible m a t e r i a l to burn. A mathematical
statement of the b e s t balance f o r a f i r e in a building i s
presented.
FIRE IN HIGH BUILDINGS. M. Galbreath, National R e s e a r c h
Council, Division of Building Research, Fire Study No. 2 1
Ottawa, April 1968. (NRC 10081)
This is a study which was undertaken of r e p o r t s of f i r e s that
have occurred since 1.950 in high-rise buildings.
BLIND SPOTS IN BUILDING CODES. R.L.
Journal, Vol. C2, No. 4, July 1968.
Moulton, F i r e
The subject of this a r t i c l e is the I1blind spotst1of building
codes as: The life span of buildings, the r o l e of the f i r e
department, unlimited a r e a s , maintenance, the 'If ir e
limitst1fallacy, learning f r o m f i r e experience.
FLAMEPROOFING COATINGS FOR FERROUS METALS. Kurt
H e r b e r t s and Co. Vorm Otto Louis Herberts, German
Patent No. 1, 245, 519, July 27, 1967, Chem. Abstr. 1968,
68 (2) 4017.
Application of coatings as a f i r e protection of s t r u c t u r a l
elements.
E F F E C T O F DECK ON FAILURE TEMPERATURE O F STEEL
BEAMS. W. W. Stanzak, T. Z. Harmathy, F i r e Technology,
Vo1.4, No. 4, Nov. 1968, p. 265-70. (NRC 10523)
I t is generally believed that the heat sink c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of
decks have a significant effect on the temperature a t which
s t r u c t u r a l failure of s t e e l beams occurs in fire. However,
the r e s u l t s of a s e r i e s of f i r e t e s t s f a i l t o support this
contention.
111 -8STALBYGGANDE OCH BRANDSKYDD
L. Wallin, Brandforsvar No. 11, 1968 (In Swedish)
The a r t i c l e is concerned with f i r e protection of s t e e l
structures. Swedish f i r e protection code i s mentioned.
Application of insulating m a t e r i a l s a s gypsum-boards,
asbestos-board, and m i n e r a l wool, a s well a s sprinkler
s y s t e m s and f i r e a l a r m systems, i s discussed.
AIR SYSTEM INSTALLATIONS. N.B.
FIRE PROTECTION
Hutcheon, Heating, Piping and Air Conditioning, Vol. 40,
No. 12, December 1968, p. 102. (NRC 10545)
The safety of the occupants m u s t b e a s s u r e d within the
building over a substantial period of time following the
outbreak of a f i r e . The use of partitions and fire-walls
i s discussed. Smoke and smoke spread a r e treated as
separate problems. Several important c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of
stack effect in buildings a r e identified in relation to the
effect on smoke movement.
FIRE AND CAR-PARK BUILDINGS. E. G. Butcher, G. J.
Langdon- Thomas, J. K. Bedf ord, Minis t r y of Technology
and F i r e Offices' Committee, Joint F i r e Research Organization,
F i r e Note No. 10, London, H. M. S. O., 1968.
The experimental work done under actual storage conditions
confirms the f a c t that a n outbreak of fire, within a single
parked car, i s unlikely to r e s u l t in uncontrollable f i r e
spread in the c a r p a r k o r in serious damage to the s t r u c t u r e
of the building.
SOME ASPECTS WITH REGARD TO THE BEHAVIOUR AND THE
CALCULATION O F STEEL STRUCTURES IN FIRE. J. Witteveen.
Minis t r y of Technology and F i r e Offices' Committee. Joint
F i r e Research Organization. Symposium No. 2. Behaviour of
Structural Steel in F i r e . P a p e r 6. p. 66-75 London, 1968.
Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 135 p.
III -9THE FIRE PROTECTION O F METAL STRUCTURES. G.
Blanchard. Centre Technique Industria d e l a Construction
Metallique, Office Technique pour llUtilisation d e 1' Ac i e r
P a r i s 1968, p. 64. (In French).
.
An a r t i c l e dealing with f i r e protection of v e r y tall m e t a l
structures.
THE PROJECTION O F FLAMES FROM BURNING BUILDINGS.
L. G. Siegel, F i r e Technology, Vol. 5, No. 1, 1969,
p. 43-51.
The American Iron and Steel Institute sponsored a s e r i e s
of t e s t s by the Underwriters1 Laboratories Inc., to obtain
information about f l a m e s f r o m burning buildings that would be
useful in estimating f i r e severity outside openings in burning buildings.
BUILDING CONSTRUCTION AND SAFETY FROM FIRE.
L. A. Ashton, Build International, J a n u a r y / F e b r u a r y 1969.
The paper p r e s e n t s a brief general discussion of f i r e safety
Light casings f o r the protection
of s t e e l construction a r e examined and vermiculite plaster
in particular, is recommended.
in building construction.
FIRE TESTS IN THE STEINENSCHANZE CAR PARK, BASLE
SWITZERLAND. Basle, City of, April 24, 1969.
A s e r i e s of f i r e t e s t s on vehicles in a four-storey underground
c a r park is described. Various f i r e detection and f i r e fighting devices w e r e investigated.
S TRUC TURAL FIRE PROTECTION.
18, April 1969. London.
H. L. Malhotra, Building,
This a r t i c l e i s of particular interest t o architects. It shows
the basic r u l e s of f i r e protection of s t r u c t u r e s and application
of protective materials.
STEEL TEMPERATURE UNDER VARYING AMBIENT HEATING.
P. Groenhaut, D. C. Knight, D. H. Skinner. Melbourne
R e s e a r c h Laboratories, Clayton, Vic. The Broken Hill
P r o p r i e t a r y Company Limited, Australia, December, 1969.
A method of predicting the temperature distribution inside an
infinitely long rectangular unprotected s t e e l b a r placed in a
varying temperature atmosphere h a s been developed.
THIN- WALLED S T E E L STRUCTURES AND FIRE. H. L.
Malhotra, Symposium on Thin-walled Structures: Their
Design and U s e i n Building at University College of Swansea
School of Engineering, 11 14th Sept. 1967, p. 437 -47.
London, 1969. Crosby Lockwood and Sons, Ltd.
-
CHARTS FOR ESTIMATING THE EQUIVALENT FIRE
DURATION ON THE STANDARD TEMPERATURE CURVE.
K. Kawagoe, Japan R e s e a r c h Institute, BRI r e s e a r c h p a p e r
No. 45. Tokyo, J a n u a r y 1970. 10 p.
S T E E L CONSTRUCTION AND FIRE.
S t e e l No. 1, 1970.
D. Sfintesco, Acier -Stahl-
This is a description of the f i r e testing i n experimental
station at M a i z i k r e s -1es -Metz, France, which is sponsored
by the European Convention of S t r u c t u r a l Steelwork. The
f i r e c h a m b e r is a unique design to p e r m i t t e s t s on l a r g e r
s t r u c t u r e s than is possible in other i n s tallations
.
A REVIEW O F THE FIRE RISK O F UNPROTECTED S T E E L
FRAMED MULTI-STOREY BUILDINGS WITH SPECIAL
REFERENCE TO PARKING GARAGES. D. E. Dobson,
Construction in Southern Africa, Vol. 14, No. ll, February,
1970.
SURVEY O F FIRE-LOADS IN MODERN OFFICE BUILDINGS
SOME PRELIMINARY RESULTS. R, Baldwin, M. Law,
G. Allen, L. Griffith, Joint F i r e R e s e a r c h Organization,
F. R. Note 808, M a r c h 1970.
FIRE AND S T E E L COMPONENTS. K. L. Malhotra, Building
with Steel, No. 3, May, 1970. p. 18-20.
The a r t i c l e d e s c r i b e s the behaviour of stee1 applications in
buildings and i n p a r t i c u l a r decks, partitions and d o o r s
under f i r e conditions Some insulating m a t e r i a l s a r e
introduced and recommended. T h e r e is a l s o a discussion
about partition joints and their function.
.
-
STRUCTURAL STEEL AND FIRE. E. G. Butcher, G.M. E.
Cook, Building with Steel, No. 3, May 1970, p. 6-10.
In o r d e r to b e able to specify and design the f i r e protection
needed, knowledge in the following fields i s required:
(1) The f a c t o r s which control the severity of a fire.
(2) The behaviour of s t r u c t u r a l elements in f i r e s .
(3) The relation between the standard furnace t e s t
and actual f i r e conditions.
In the c o u r s e of this work, twenty-six f i r e t e s t s were
c a r r i e d out in a specially constructed building and fire-load
densities typical of buildings in the low fire-load c l a s s
(residential, office, hotel, hospital and schools) w e r e used.
The safe u s e of unprotected s t r u c t u r a l s t e e l and encased
s t r u c t u r a l s t e e l i s discussed.
FIRE LOAD, BURNING VELOCITY, ENERGY RELEASE AND
OCCURRENCES IN FIRE. E. Knublauch. ( P r o g r e s s
Reports of VDI Journal, S e r i e s 5, No. 10, October 1970).
Department of the Environment. Building Research
Establishment, F i r e Research Section. L i b r a r y Translation
No. 306, Borehamwood, July, 1972.
MODEL EXPERIMENT ON SMOKE TOWER, PART 2. Flow
of Smoke and Air in the Anteroom in the Case of Upper
Smoke Outlet and Lower Air Inlet Openings (In Japanese
with English summary).
T. Maeda, T. Terai, S. Yamaguchi,
Bulletin, F i r e Prevention Society of Japan, Vol. 20, No. 1,
August 1970.
This i s a r e p o r t of an experimental study on the flow of smoke
and a i r in the model anteroom in the c a s e of upper smoke
outlet and lower a i r inlet openings, and the compaiison of this
r e s u l t with the field experiment of similar openings. The
disagreement between the model and the field experiments
reported in p a r t I a r e discussed.
FIRE LOAD, BURNING RATE, ENERGY RELEASE AND FIRE
E. Knublauch, VDI-Z, 1970, 5(10), 5-40.(In German).
SMOKE TESTS IN THE PRESSURIZED STAIRS AND LOBBIES
IN A 26-STOREY O F F I C E BUILDING. T. K. Cottle, e t al.
J o i n t Fire R e s e a r c h Organization, Fire R e s e a r c h Note No.
850, November 1970.
F I R E AND CAR-PARK BUILDINGS.
Note 841/1970.
E. G. Butcher, F i r e R e s e a r c h
This note d e a l s with d a t a t o o v e r c o m e objections to e a r l i e r
conclusions that unprotected s t e e l m a y b e used in a n open
car p a r k building. The w r i t e r d e s c r i b e s t h e conditions
found i n 20 m u l t i - s t o r e y c a r p a r k s i n v a r i o u s p a r t s of
England.
F I R E LOAD, F I R E SEVERITY, AND F I R E ENDURANCE.
A. F. Roberts on, D. G r a s s , Special Technical Publication
464, A m e r i c a n Society f o r Testing and*.&Ibterials, Philadelphia.
1970.
P r e s e n t s a review of e a r l y NBS work by Ingberg. The influence
of ventilation p a r a m e t e r s , c o m p a r t m e n t g e o m e t r y and f u e l
a r r a n g e m e n t are discussed. Fire s e v e r i t y is admitted to b e
well defined. Authors emphasized need f o r f u r t h e r r e s e a r c h .
KRYPNACKING AV STALPERARE VID BRAND. S. Eggwertz,
Bygmastaren, 1970, 49 (lo), p. 23-32 (In Swedish)
The a r t i c l e is concerned with deformation of building s t e e l
columns taking into account a c r e e p under f i r e conditions.
MULTI-STOREY CAR PARKS. A COST COMPARISON: S T E E L
VERSUS CONCRETE. D. V. Maskell, J o i n t Fire R e s e a r c h
Organisation, F i r e R e s e a r c h Note 8341 197 0.
The author c o n s i d e r s two c o n c r e t e and f i v e s t e e l c a r p a r k s .
He concludes that the u s e of unprotected s t e e l f o r building
m u l t i - s t o r e y c a r p a r k s l e a d s t o a saving c o m p a r e d t o r e inforced c o n c r e t e construction.
RECENT DEVELOPMENT IN STRUCTURAL F I R E PROTECTION
H. L. Malhotra. Building Technology
FOR BUILDINGS.
and Management, October 1970.
A comprehensive g e n e r a l paper dealing with behaviour
of f i r e s , prediction of f i r e severity, f i r e r e s i s t a n c e and
developments i n building m a t e r i a l s .
REPORT O F FIRE AT ONE NEW YORK PLAZA, N.Y., N.Y.,
AUGUST 5, 1970.
R. W. Powers. New York Board of F i r e
Underwriters, 85 John Street, New York, 1970.
Detailed examination of the s t r u c t u r e occupancy and f i r e
protection.
STRUCTURAL S T E E L AND FIRE.
E. G. Butcher, G. M. E. Cook,
Conference on S t e e l i n Architecture. Nov. 24-26, 1969.
R e s e a r c h a n d Development Session 1, P a p e r 4. B r i t i s h
Constructional Steelwork As sociation, London, 1970.
P r i n t e d p. 12.
Discussion on behaviour of s t e e l s t r u c t u r a l elements under
f i r e , and their protection.
SOME STATISTICS O F DAMAGE TO BUILDINGS IN FIRES,
R. Baldwin, G. Allen, Joint F i r e R e s e a r c h Organization,
F i r e R e s e a r c h Note 805/1970.
An analysis based on d a t a f o r industrial and s t o r a g e buildings
f r o m one f i r e brigade in the y e a r s 1965-68. S t r u c t u r a l damage
b y heat t o walls, ceiling, roof o r floor is included in the
analysis. It does not include damage by smoke and water.
Analysis shows that probability of damage is about 14%
and chance of f a i l u r e of a s t r u c t u r a l element is about half
a percent. In about half the f i r e s the damage was r e s t r i c t e d
to l e s s than 10 m2 and in t h r e e q u a r t e r s of them t o l e s s than
20 m2.
SURVEY O F FIRE LOADS IN MODERN OFFICE BUILDINGS SOME PRELIMINARY RESULTS. R. Baldwin, M. Law
e t al. Joint F i r e R e s e a r c h Organization. F i r e R e s e a r c h
Note 808/1970.
A p r e l i m i n a r y a n a l y s i s of two buildings with 93 r o o m s in all.
-
TEMPERATURE
TIME CURVES O F COMPLETE PROCESS
O F FIRE DEVELOPMENT. S. E. Magnusson, S. Thelanderson,
Lund Ins titute of Technology, Division of S t r u c t u r a l Mechanics
and Concrete Construction - Bulletin 16, Lund, Sweden 1970.
TESTING AND EVALUATION O F THE FIRE BEHAVIOUR O F
S T E E L COLUMNS. (In German) J. Stanke, F o r t s c h r . Ber.
VDI-Z 5(10), 91-121. 1970.
THE NEW UNITED STATES S T E E L BUILDING IN PITTSBURGH.
(In German) H. H. Schneider, Stahlbau, 30, (I), 298-304. 1970.
FIRE TESTS WITH CARS PARKED IN AN ENCLOSED CAR-PARK
Zeitung
BUILDING. H. Burgh Schweizerische Feuerwehr
No. 1211970.
-
A s e r i e s of t e s t s c a r r i e d out in a building scheduled f o r
demolition is described. F i r e s p r e a d between c a r s did not
occur, nor did g a s tanks, which w e r e 213 full, explode.
Gas t e m p e r a t u r e s in the vicinity of the burning vehicles w e r e
not sufficiently high t o c a u s e s t r u c t u r a l damage.
IF FIRE STRIKES THESE BUILDINGS; CONVECTION WILL SAVE
THE FRAMES. Eng.
News-Record, 184,(2), 19-2 1. 197 0.
HORIZONTAL PROJECTIONS IN THE PREVENTION O F SPREAD
O F FIRE FROM STOREY TO STOREY. A. W. Moulen.
Australia Department of Works, Commonwealth Experimental
Building Station. TR 52/75/397, Jan. 1971, Neostyled, 7p.
and plates.
DESIGN DATA, F I R E RESISTANCE, FIRE, SOUND, STRUCTURAL.
Gypsum Association, 197 1-72 edition, Chicago, April 197 1,
100 p.
STABILITY O F WATER COOLED COLUMNS. A. Gjelvik, Journal,
Engineering Mechanic s Division, Pr oc A m e r i c a n Society of
Civil Engineers, Vol. 97, No, EM 4, August 197 1.
.
An analysis of a rectangular tubular column with a t e m p e r a t u r e
gradient a c r o s s the wall is presented. It is shown that the
buckling s t r e n g t h of tubular columns c a n b e significantly
reduced by p a r t i a l yielding caused by ternperatur e gradient
a c r o s s the wall of the column.
FIRE BEHAVIOUR O F BUILDING MATERIALS (2.3).
H. L. Malhotra, Build International, sept. / 0 c t . 1971.
Safety requirements f o r buildings a r e concerned p r i m a r i l y
with ensuring that occupants will not b e put i n danger when
a f i r e occurs and the choice of m a t e r i a l s is a n important
consideration. The c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s that influence their
performance a r e non-combus tibility, ignitability,
flammability, heat r e l e a s e and the evolution of smoke and
toxic p r oduc ts
.
BUILDING CONSTRUCTION FOR THE FIRE SERVICE.
F.L. Brannigan. N.F.P.A.,
Boston, Mass. 02110,
November 197 1.
FIRE PROTECTION THROUGH MODERN BUILDING CODES.
4th edition, U. S. A. American I r o n and Steel Institute,
New York, 1971.
THE PROJECTION O F FLAMES FROM BURNING BUILDINGS.
P. H. Thomas, M. Law, Joint F i r e R e s e a r c h Organization,
F i r e R e s e a r c h Note No. 921, January 1972.
Data on f l a m e projection f r o m the openings of burning
buildings obtained by Webster e t a1 and Seigel a r e compared
with the data of Yokoi f o r the flow of heat g a s e s f r o m openings.
A c ornrnon interpretation was sought. Seigel' s data apply
to n a r r o w windows where the flame does not l i e against the
wall above the window. Yokoil s correlations include wide
windows where the f l a m e s l i e against the wall above the
window. Although correlation exists, shortcomings of the
treatment a r e pointed out.
-
FAILURE RATE ANALYSIS A NEW TOOL IN FIRE PROTECTION.
B. M. Cohn. Adapted f r o m six presentations given a t a
conference on f i r e protection held F e b r u a r y 16, 1972, New
York City. (Sponsored by American I r o n and Steel Inst.,
i n cooperation with the E a s t e r n States Building Officials1
Federation and the New York Chapter of the Society of
F i r e Protection Engineers).
111 -16HIGH-RISE FIRE PROTECTION - THE G$A APPROACH.
A. F. Sampson. Adapted f r o m s i x presentations given a t
a conference on f i r e protection held F e b r u a r y 16, 1972,
New York City. (Sponsored by American I r o n and Steel
Inst., in cooperation with the E a s t e r n States Building
Officials' Federation and the New York Chapter of the
Society of F i r e Protection Engineers)
INNOVATIONS IN FIREPROOFING O F STRUCTURES. R. L, Tomasetti,
Fire Protection of Buildings, adapted f r o m s i x presentations given
a t a conference on f i r e protection, held F e b r u a r y 16, 1972,
New York City. (Sponsored by American Iron and Steel Inst.,
in cooperation with the E a s t e r n States Building Officials'
Federation and the New York Chapter of the Society of
F i r e Protection Engineers)
.
-
THE SAFE USE O F STEEL IN BUILDING CONSTRUCTION
STEEL INDUSTRY FIRE RESEARCH. R.M. Wildt,
adapted f r o m six presentations given a t a conference on
f i r e protection held F e b r u a r y 16, 1972, New York City.
(Sponsored by American Iron and Steel Inst., in cooperation
with the E a s t e r n States Building Officials' Federation and
the New York Chapter of the Society of F i r e Protection
Engineers)
THERMAL MEASUREMENTS ON UNPROTECTED S T E E L COLUMNS
EXPOSED TO WOOD AND PETROL FIRES. A. 5. M.
Heselden, C.R. Theobald, G.K. Bedford, F i r e R e s e a r c h
Station, Building R e s e a r c h Establishment of the Department
of the Environment. F i r e Prevention Science and Technology
No. 2, 1972.
The experiments described in this note w e r e c a r r i e d out to
give information on the t e m p e r a t u r e likely to be attained by a n
unprotected s t e e l column exposed t o a f i r e in the open or to a
localized f i r e i n a compartment.
A NEW LOOK AT COMPARTMENT FIRES, PART I AND PART II.
T. Z. Harmathy. F i r e Technology, Vol. 8, No. 3 and No. 4,
1972.
THE E F F E C T O F FIRE ON S T E E L STRUCTURES. D. C. Knight,
Melbourne R e s e a r c h Laboratories, Clayton, Vic., The
Broken Hill P r o p r i e t a r y Company Limited, Australia. May 1972.
The intention of this paper is t o s u m m a r i z e the s t r u c t u r a l
f i r e engineering r e s e a r c h which h a s been c a r r i e d out at M. R. L.
over the p a s t four y e a r s .
FULL-SCALE FIRE TEST O F S T E E L FRAME STRUCTURE,
H. Saito
PART I
T. Itzuka
PART 2
T. Ouchi
PART 3
-
Japan, F i r e R e s e a r c h Institute of Japan, P a p e r s presented at
the meeting held on 16-17 May, 1972, pp. 52-61.
-
STRUCTURAL FIRE PROTECTION
AN ENGINEERING APPROACH
W. W. Stanzak. P r e s e n t e d a t the Canadian S t r u c t u r a l Engineering
Conference, M a r c h 1972. (DBR Technical P a p e r No. 377,
NRC 12748)
Canadian p r a c t i c e in s t r u c t u r a l f i r e protection is explained
briefly and c r i t i c a l l y reviewed. Some m a j o r shortcomings
a r e pointed out and d i s c u s s e d i n the light of r e c e n t r e s e a r c h
and development i n the field.
FULLY - DEVELOPED FIRES IN SINGLE COMPARTMENTS.
P. H. Thomas, A. J. M. Heselden. Building R e s e a r c h
Establishment, F i r e R e s e a r c h Station, F i r e R e s e a r c h Note
No. 923. Borehamwood, 1972.
AUTOMOBILE BURN-OUT TEST IN AN OPEN-AIR PARKING
STRUCTURE.
Gage-Babcock and Associates, Inc., R e p o r t No.
7328, January, 1973.
A full s c a l e f i r e t e s t was conducted i n a modern, operating,
m u l t i - s t o r e y open-air parking s t r u c t u r e i n o r d e r to study
the effects of a n uncontrolled f i r e i n a n automobile on the
integrity of the exposed s t e e l f r a m e . Maximum t e m p e r a t u r e s
and deflection of the s t r u c t u r a l s t e e l remained f a r below
c r i t i c a l levels during the e n t i r e t i m e of the test. It is concluded
t h a t open-air parking s t r u c t u r e s r e p r e s e n t a n e x t r e m e l y low
f i r e hazard.
FIRE EXPERIENCE IN HIGH-RISE BUILDINGS. Australian
F i r e Protection Association Monthly Bulletin No. 137,
F e b r u a r y 1973.
This is a review of a n experience with high-rise buildings,
their f i r e protection and design, f r o m f i r e protection
aspects. An application of sprinkler s y s t e m s i~ discussed.
SUPER "GARAGES1' FOR JUMBO JETS REQUIRE SUPER FIRE
PROTECTION SYSTEMS.
Ch. F. Averrill, Fire Journal,
Vol. 99, No. ST5, May 1973.
The u s e of highly effective water -f oarn sprinkler s ys t e m s
f o r f i r e protection of a special s t r u c t u r e is described.
PROBLEMY S POZARNIMI DVERMI. V. Reichel, Pozemni Stavby,
No. 5, 1973, Sntl Praha, Czechaslovakia.
An a r t i c l e dealing with construction and properties of f i r e proof doors. System of testing is described and requirements
of Czechoslovakian Staadards a r e compared t o requirements
in other countries.
AN ENGINEERING APPROACH TO STRUCTURAL FIRE PROTECTION
W. W. Stanzak Consulting Engineer, July 1973.
A COST STUDY O F CONCRETE AND STEEL FRAMEWORKS
D. V. Maskell, F i r e R e s e a r c h Note No. 905. Joint
F i r e Res. Organization 1972.
This note considers the c o s t of f i r e r e s i s t a n c e requirements f o r
concrete and f o r s t e e l frameworks. Six categories of f i r e
r e s i s t a n c e a r e used ranging f r o m n i l to four hours. Methods
of protecting the columns w e r e taken f r o m the "deemed-tosatisfy"provisions of Regulation E6, of the Building Regulations.
This note a l s o provides c o s t data f o r both s tee1 and concrete
c olurnns
.
BRANDSCHUTZ IM STWLBAU. E. Ehrn, Baulicher Brandschutz,
Ins titut fiir Bautechnik, 1973, p. 63.
The a r t i c l e deals with behaviour of s t e e l elements, continuous
beams and f r a m e s under the f i r e .