strategi pencegahan dan pengendalian kebakaran hutan dan lahan

Activities for preventing peatlands fire
in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia
Aswin Usup
Head of Research Center for Forest Fire and Land
Rehabilitation of Palangka Raya University
Email: [email protected]
Contents
• Briefly about Peatland fire behavior
and fire dynamics
• Activities for preventing peatlands
fire
• Introduce Unpar and villages Fire
Fighting Team in Central
Kalimantan
What is Peatlands fire?
Crown fire
Brands
Surface fire
Spotting
Peat fire
Peatland fires
Surface fire
Peat fire
Crown fire
Type of peat fire
50
1. Surface peat fire
Depth (cm)
Depth (cm)
20
0
10
Ash
30
Fire front
Peat soil
40 cm
Fire front
Ash
200 cm
20
Overhanging
15
150
0
2. Subsurface peat fire
0
100
Peat fire spreading rate
-1
Peat fire front
Mean
Peat fire spreading speed (cm h )
Max imum Minimum
SD
N
Surface peat fire
3.83
6.49
1.73
1.41
20
Subsurface peat fire
1.29
2.50
0.50
0.64
20
6.49 cm/h x 24 hours = 156 cm/day
2.50 cm/h x 24 hours = 60 cm/day
Peat Moisture
0
Smoldering Zone
Ash
5
10
100 cm
24%
52%
42%
5
31%
62%
63%
10
61%
68%
70%
15cm
Peat soil
5
Smoldering zone
10cm
Temperature in peat layer during a fire event
Peat fire damage
Change of micro topography
Initial peat surface
Depth (cm)
0
20
Peat surface
after burning
40
60
Peat soil
80
0
10
20
30
Canal
Peat loss by fire:
Maximum
= 80 cm
Averages
= 56 cm
Measured at 1 m interval
A part of measurement area
40m
Scheme of tropical peat fire dynamics
Initial fuels
Crown
: 7%
Surface :10%
Ground :73%
Ground fuels
composition 0-50 cm
Grass root :18%
Woody peat: 5%
Fine peat : 25%
Coarse peat: 52%
Peat moisture
GWL
< 40
% (db)
70-80 cm depth
Volatile matter
17 - 52%
Surface fire >600oC
Ignition point
Surface
peat fire
Peat soil
Initial
stage
Front Temperature
275oC
Flaming and
Glowing
temperature
300-400oC
Peat soil
Spread rate
Calorific value
42-155 cm/day
19 kJ/g
Subsurface Penetrated
Fire
peat fire
penetration
50-60 cm
Degradation rate Potential fuel
Flaming
and
1.1-3.9 mg/min for
next fire
Glowing
season
temperature
300-400oC
Volatile matter
< 20%
Mass loss
8.27 kg/m2
Calorific value
18 kJ/g
Peat ignition
• Bush
• Secondary peatland
• Often by wildfire
• Ignition: 255-277oC
• In crack and woody
Heavy
damage
Spread rate
12-60 cm/day
Degradation rate
0.5-1.4 mg/min
Fire prevention activities in
Central Kalimantan
Regular Fire patrol and Early
action
Peatland Areas
Fire prevention
activities
Information dissemination at village
level: Radio community, TV, poster,
etc
Development of network of
meteorological station, GWL,
and Hotspots monitoring
EWS: Production of fire risk map,
Rainfall map, and GWL map
Equipments and operational
funding for community-base fire
fighting
Establishment of deep wells and
water pond in high risk areas to
support fighting
Setting up regulation at village
and Regency level
Improving structure of peatland
degradation, with blocking canal
and reforestation
Education and training
Local People
Community based
fire management
Income Generation
Community based
Plant management
Difficulty
1.
2.
3.
Rainfall ------> Forecasting of rainfall for
1-4 months
Hotspot ------> Provided in wide area,
and quite difficult to
download website.
Ground Patrol-----> Accessibility
Ground Water Level in Palangka Raya
20
0
GWL, cm
-20
Mean
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
-40
-60
-80
Critical depth
of GWL
Surface fire
-100
J
F
M
Fire hazard
A
M
J
Peat fire
J
Month
A
S
O
N
D
Rubber plantation of local community in Gohong village
UNIVERSITAS PALANGKA RAYA
FIRE FIGHTING TEAM OF PALANGKA RAYA UNIVERSITY
A vision, mission, activity and strategy
Unpar Fire Fighting Team
43 members
2. Network of the Unpar Fire Fighting Team
Government of Central
Kalimantan
University of
Palangka Raya
Unpar’s Fire
Fighting Team
Training & Education
Village’s Fire
Fighting Team
Prevention and
suppression
Village’s Fire
Fighting Team
The area of Unpar
Campus
Village’s Fire
Fighting Team
Villages Area
Villages Area
Villages Area
Prevention and
suppression
Strategy for peatland fire control in Central Kalimantan
If an area of the
village is not burn
Rewards
Fire season
Activity
Fire Patrols
Fire Prevention
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Fire Prevention
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Surface fire
Income generation
Incentive
Peat fire
Income generation
Unpar’s fire crew in Pulang Pisau
3 September 2005
Central Kalimantan map with show of 25 villages with Fire
Fighting Team (CKPP Project)
Photos training of the village fire Team
(Community based fire management)
Grandong di Maliku
Photos training of Farmer
(Community based Plant management)
The sources of fire in Central Kalimantan
Arson 5%
Others 5%
Cooking ,
15%
Cigarettes
Cigarettes
20%
20%
Land
Land
Clearing,clearing 55%
55%
Control
75% wildfire will be reduced
Settlement
Fire as a tool for Land Clearing
Fire as a tool for Land Clearing
Land clearing
Fire as a tool for Land Clearing
Logging
The factors Controlling the peatland fire
CLIMATE
S. Radiation
Humidity
Wind
Temperature
GROUND
Litter
Wood debris
Woody peat
Peat Matrix
G. Water
PEATLAND
FIRE
Land clearing
Canal
Farmland
Settlement
Deforestation
HUMAN IMPACTS
Grass
Forest
Plant
VEGETATION
Rainfall