Antenne planari altamente direttive per investigazioni in spazio
Transcription
Antenne planari altamente direttive per investigazioni in spazio
Antenne planari altamente direttive per investigazioni in spazio aperto e in scenari extraterrestri P. Baccarelli, V. Ferrara, F. Frezza, P. Simeoni, N. Tedeschi Primo Workshop Nazionale "La Componentistica Nazionale per lo Spazio: Stato dell’arte, Sviluppi e Prospettive", ASI Roma, Sala Auditorium, 18-20 gennaio 2016 Electromagnetic Fields 2 Group People and Research topics Electromagnetic Fields 2 Lab. website: http://labcem2.diet.uniroma1.it Prof. Fabrizio Frezza website: http://labcem2.diet.uniroma1.it/fabriziofrezza People (1) The Team Fabrizio Frezza, PhD Roberto Laurita, PhD Emiliano Sassolini Full Professor NTT DATA Company PhD Student Patrizio Simeoni Vincenzo Ferrara Marco Tannino, PhD Associate Professor Vatican Radio Simone Chicarella Technician Nicola Tedeschi, PhD Research Associate Fabio Mangini, PhD Research Associate Marco Muzi, PhD Research Associate CEM2Group Muhammad Khalid PhD Student Carlo Santini PhD Student PhD Student Endri Stoja, PhD Epoka University Assistant Professor Pietro Paolo Di Gregorio PhD Student Enrico Lia Fabrizio Timpani PhD Student PhD Student Santo Prontera PhD Student 18/01/2016 Maria Denise Astorino PhD Student Pagina 3 People (2) The Others Vincenzo Schena Alessandro Palombo, PhD Research Associate PhD Student Thales Alenia Space Felice Maria Vanin, PhD Giuseppe Cotignola ESA-ESTEC PhD Student NeCS-Servizi Fabrizio De Paolis, PhD Badrul Alam ESA-ECSAT PhD Student Vincenzo Pascale PhD Student Space Engineering Andrea Veroli Lorenzo Dinia Laura Rivaroli PhD Student PhD Student Restorer Fabio Pelorossi Antonella De Ninno PhD Student ESA-ESOC ENEA - Frascati Danilo Saccoccioni Marco C. DISF - SISRI Web Master CEM2Group 18/01/2016 Pagina 4 EM-Fields Laboratory Available facilities (1) Hardware •Radar GPR GSSI (Geophysical Survey Systems, Inc.) SIR 2000 with an antenna Radar Team SUB-ECHO HBD 300. •Indoor and outdoor experimental facilities for underground measurements (at Cisterna di Latina site). •Shielded anechoic chamber Emerson&Cuming with automatic positioning system for antenna measurements. •PNA Agilent E8363B (10 MHz-40 GHz), with time-domain option (010), calibration kit for rectangular waveguide WR-90 (8.2-12.4 GHz) Agilent X11644A, electronic calibration kit Agilent N4691B (3.5 mm, 300 kHz - 26.5 GHz). •Vector network analyzer, model HP8530A, suitable for antennas measurements. •Portable field meters PMM 8053A (with probes EP330, EP33M, EHP50C) and Wandel & Goltermann EMR 300 (with probe Type 18), covering the whole band 5 Hz - 3 GHz. •Mixed analog-digital oscilloscope Tektronics MSO 2012. Software •Agilent 85071E, software for measuring the dielectric properties of materials. •Comsol Multiphysics, with RF and AC/DC modules. •Mathematica Personal Grid. •Intel Visual Fortran with IMSL Numerical Library. •Ansys HFSS, Designer, etc… . •CST Studio Suite. •FEKO. •LabVIEW. CEM2Group 18/01/2016 Pagina 6 EM-Fields Laboratory Available facilities (2) CEM2Group 18/01/2016 Pagina 7 Research topics Scattering by 2D/3D buried objects in lossy media Metamaterials Leaky-Wave Antennas CEM2Group 18/01/2016 Pagina 8 Scattering by Buried Objects Cylindrical Structures (1) N cylinders ⇔ N reference systems Dissipative media Wave Decomposition: • Incident • Reflected •Transmitted • Scattered The representation of these fields requires the plane-wave spectrum of cylindrical functions. CEM2Group ? e ik ⋅r = +∞ ∑J m = −∞ +∞ ∑c m = −∞ mn imθ n ( ρ ) e n n H m(1) ( ρ n )ei mθn • Scattered-Reflected • Scattered-Transmitted 18/01/2016 Pagina 9 Scattering by Buried Objects Spherical Structures (1) The shape is different, the procedure is the same. Incident and scattered fields can be represented with the spherical-wave vector functions: q ∞ (1) (1) Ei ∑ ∑ a pq M pq (r ) + bpq N pq (r ) q =1 p = − q (3) c M (3) pq ( r ) + d pq N pq ( r ) ∑ ∑ pq q =1 p = − q ∞ Es M (1) pq M (3) pq q (1) = N r = j ρ m θ , ϕ ( ) q ( ) pq ( ) pq ( r ) jq ( ρ ) 1 ∂ jq ( ρ ) p pq (θ , ϕ ) + n pq (θ , ϕ ) ∂ρ ρ ρ ∂ hq(1) ( ρ ) hq(1) ( ρ ) (1) 1 (3) ϕ) ( r ) = hq ( ρ ) m pq (θ ,= N pq ( r ) p pq (θ , ϕ ) + n pq (θ , ϕ ) ∂ρ ρ ρ m pq (θ , ϕ ) , n pq (θ , ϕ ) , p pq (θ , ϕ ) are the Tesseral Vector Functions. They are strongly connected with the Tesseral Scalar Function: CEM2Group 18/01/2016 They are orthogonal to one another!! Ypq (θ , ϕ ) = Pqp ( cos θ ) eipϕ Pagina 12 Metamaterials Structures that possess a spatial periodicity. They can be 2D or 3D structures, with 1D, 2D, or 3D periodicity. Surfaces (FSS) Bulk Substrates (EBG & PBG) Analysis techniques: • Method of Moments with the Floquet analysis • Finite-Difference Time-Domain Method CEM2Group 18/01/2016 Pagina 16 CellTer – Italian Space Agency (ASI) research project 3D evaluation techniques of cellular growth and morphology in microgravity conditions through electromagnetic diffraction 1 Particles homogenization 2 Mixture homogenization 4 Estimation of the biomass and morphology Measure Post-processing (inversion 1,2) 3 Measurement of permittivity with a coaxial probe CEM2Group Biomass Morphology 18/01/2016 Pagina 15 On COST Action TU1208 “Civil Engineering Applications of Ground Penetrating Radar” COST Action TU1208: Basic Information Chair of the Action Vice-Chair of the Action Lara Pajewski (IT) Andreas Loizos (EL) “Roma Tre” University National Technical University of Athens [email protected] Science & Administrative Officers Thierry Goger & Carmencita Malimban (BE) COST Office Start date – End date 4th April 2013 – 3rd April 2017 You can still join the Action !! Website of COST Action TU1208: www.GPRadar.eu Download the MoU at www.cost.eu/domains_actions/tud/Actions/TU1208 COST & NNC Participants 20 COST Countries • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Austria Belgium Croatia Czech Republic Finland France Germany Greece Italy Latvia Malta Macedonia The Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Spain Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom 1 Near Neighbour Country • Armenia Non-COST Participants • • • • Australia Hong Kong Japan U.S.A. Working Group 1 WG1 Novel GPR Instrumentation Chair Guido Manacorda (IT) IDS Ingegneria dei Sistemi Vice-Chair Luca Gamma (CH) Scuola Universitaria Professionale della Svizzera Italiana Project 1.1 Design, realization and optimization of innovative GPR equipment for the monitoring of critical transport infrastructures (pavements, bridges and tunnels) Project 1.2 Development and definition of advanced testing, calibration and stability procedures and protocols, for GPR equipment Working Group 2 Chair Christina Plati (EL) National Technical University Athens Vice-Chair Xavier Derobert (FR) IFSTTAR WG2 GPR Surveying of Pavements, Bridges, Tunnels, Buildings – Utility and Void Sensing Innovative inspection procedures for effective GPR surveying of … Project 2.1 …critical transport infrastructures (pavements, bridges and tunnels) Project 2.2 …buildings Project 2.3 …underground utilities and voids, with a focus to urban areas Project 2.4 …construction materials and structures Project 2.5 Determination, by using GPR, of the volumetric water content in structures, sub-structures, foundations and soil Working Group 3 WG3 EM Methods for Near Field Scattering Problems – Data Processing Techniques Chair Antonis Giannopoulos (UK) University of Edinburgh Project 3.1 Development of new methods for the solution of forward electromagnetic scattering problems by buried structures Project 3.2 Development of new methods for the solution of inverse electromagnetic scattering problems by buried structures Project 3.3 Development of intrinsic models for describing near-field antenna effects, including antenna-medium coupling, for improved radar data processing using full-wave inversion Project 3.4 Shape-reconstruction and quantitative estimation of electromagnetic and physical properties from GPR data Project 3.5 Development of advanced data processing techniques Leaky-Wave Antennas The electric field of a plane wave ik⋅r E = E0 e , In a lossless medium holds: with: k= β + iα α =0 (homogeneous waves) β ⋅α = 0 (inhomogeneous waves) In open waveguides, Leaky modes are related to radiation losses. α β surface wave (proper) β α leaky wave (improper) CEM2Group 18/01/2016 Pagina 26 Leaky-Wave Antennas Microwave frequencies FDTD method applied to study Leaky-Wave Antennas ∞ c a' b w TE1,0 a d P.E.C. y z x CEM2Group 18/01/2016 Pagina 28 Leaky-Wave Antennas Optical frequencies CEM2Group 18/01/2016 Pagina 29 European School of Antennas (ESoA) course on: Leaky waves and periodic structures for antenna applications www.esoa-web.org 4th Edition of the Course: Rome, April 14-17, 2014 CEM2Group 18/01/2016 Pagina 30 WSN and/or Remote Sensing for monitoring of a scenario WSN – Smart Objects Each node includes: • one or more sensors • a microcontroller • a power source • a communication device. Remote sensing Moisture Sensor Temperature Sensor Level and pressure detectors with energy harvesting Microcontroller PIC and Transceiver Image sensor for target detection GPS navigation data CEM2Group 18/01/2016 Pagina 34 Input interface of Information System GIS Principal collaborations • Department of Engineering (at Roma Tre University) • Department of Radio Science and Engineering (at Aalto University, Finland) • Humanitarian Demining Laboratory (at “La Sapienza” University) CEM2Group 18/01/2016 Pagina 37 Non-uniform wave propagation in lossy media Homogeneous plane waves y • First medium is lossless, second medium is dissipative βt ξt ξi αt • Homogeneous incident wave x βi ε1 • Incident angle ξi • The transmitted wave is attenuated in a direction perpendicular to the interface ε 2 = ε 2ʹ′ − jε 2ʹ′ʹ′ Inhomogeneous plane waves What if the incident wave is inhomogeneous? (i.e. Leaky wave) y • The incident wave presents attenuation perpendicular to the phase (energy) propagation direction βt ξt α t ζt ξi αi ε1 x βi ε 2 = ε 2ʹ′ − jε 2ʹ′ʹ′ • The transmitted wave presents attenuation in a direction not perpendicular to the interface • The transmitted angles and magnitudes can be computed analytically. Total transmission in lossy media If the first medium is dissipative, the incident wave is characterized, as seen before, by two independent angles The conditions on such angles to obtain the total transmission are: where and are the principal arguments of the complex numbers and , respectively Total transmission in lossy media If the first medium is dissipative, the incident wave is characterized, as seen before, by two independent angles The conditions on such angles to obtain the total transmission are: where and are the principal arguments of the complex numbers and , respectively The conditions are of extreme interest because they reduce to the well known total transmission condition when the two media become lossless Total transmission in lossy media If the first medium is lossless, the incident wave is characterized just by the magnitude of the phase vector and the incident angle (this is because the angle between the constant- phase and constant-amplitude planes is fixed by the dispersion equation) y The conditions in this case assume the following form: βt ξt ξi αi where is the complex number ε1 αt x βi ε 2 = ε 2ʹ′ − jε 2ʹ′ʹ′ Results A 2D view of the magnetic field (perpendicular to the plane of incidence) Total transmission between two lossless dielectric (no reflected wave) Maximum transmission between a lossless and a lossy medium Total transmission between a lossless and a lossy medium Results Comparisons: homogeneous vs. inhomogeneous incident wave (Solid line) (Dashed line) Seawater – Wet Sand interface Air - Seawater Research objectives The experimental verification of the theory requires to generate a leaky wave with the appropriate characteristics. We are analyzing purpose. different technologies in order to find the most suitable for our Microstrip LWA -‐ Design • Results for this antenna are still under analysis Leaky Wave antenna Modulo del campo elettrico normalizzato Rispetto al valore all’interfaccia. 1,6 1,4 1,2 1 0,8 0,6 0,4 0,2 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52 55 58 61 64 67 70 73 76 79 82 85 88 91 94 97 100 103 106 109 112 115 118 121 124 0 sigma=0 sigma=0.03 sigma=0.05 sigma=0.08 Horn antenna Modulo del campo elettrico normalizzato Rispetto al valore all’interfaccia. 1,2 1 0,8 0,6 0,4 0,2 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52 55 58 61 64 67 70 73 76 79 82 85 88 91 94 97 100 103 106 109 112 115 118 121 0 sigma=0 sigma=0.03 sigma=0.05 sigma=0.08 Dipole antenna Modulo del campo elettrico normalizzato Rispetto al valore all’interfaccia. 1,2 1 0,8 0,6 0,4 0,2 1 5 9 13 17 21 25 29 33 37 41 45 49 53 57 61 65 69 73 77 81 85 89 93 97 101 105 109 113 117 121 125 129 0 sigma=0 sigma=0.03 sigma=0.05 sigma=0.08 Lossy Prism -‐ Description • Using the conservation of the tangential component properties it is possible to turn a homogeneous into a non-‐homogenous plane wave. 1. σ=0 σ>0 α2 β3 β2 α1 β1 σ=0 Wave coming from medium 1 (non-‐lossy) is supposed to have no attenuation. 2. Attenuation in the lossy medium 2 has to exist and it must be normal to the separation surface. 3. Attenuation out of the medium 2 and back in the medium 1 can only be normal to the separation surface or null. The lossy prism must be realised so that attenuation and phase vector are normal! Design and realization of a cheap GPR prototype @ 2.45 GHz Radar system design options Block diagram of FMCW radar Bill of Material Unit price Quantity Total price € 13.23 2 € 26.46 € 1.48 2 € 2.96 Model Number OP467 LM2940CT-‐5.0-‐ND € 9.20 1 € 9.20 AD5932YRUZ € 9.12 5 € 45.60 901-‐9889-‐RFX € € 46.20 14.34 1 1 € € 46.20 14.34 ZX95-‐2536C+ VAT-‐3+ € € € € € 41.06 35.93 47.74 6.12 11.26 2 1 1 4 3 € 82.12 € € € € € € € € € 35.93 47.74 24.48 33.78 4.00 8.00 380.81 87.59 468.40 Subtotal Tax TOTAL 23% ZX60-‐272LN-‐S+ ZX10-‐2-‐42+ ZX05-‐43MH-‐S+ SM-‐SM50+ 086-‐12SM+ Description Factory OP467 low-‐noise q uad opamp -‐ sostituisce M AX414CPD+ Analog Device 5V low dropout regulator Texas Instruments Function G enerator Chip AD5932YRUZ, TSSOP 16 p in Analog Device sostituisce X R2206P-‐F Function G enerator Chip SMA bulkhead F s older cup Coaxial Connectors BLHD JCK S/CUP Ni -‐ AMPHENOL RF 9 01-‐9889-‐RFX 2315-‐2536 M C VCO,+6 d Bm Out FXD SS Attenuator BROADBAND AMPL G ain 1 4 d B, NF=1.2 dB, IP1= 1 8.5 dBm PWR SPLTR CMBD 1 900-‐4200 M c, 0 .1dB insertion loss DBL BAL M IX 13 d Bm LO, RF to LO loss 6 .1 d B, IP1 9 dBm ADAPTER SMA-‐SMA M-‐M b arrel HFLEX BL CA SM/SM 12" SMA-‐SMA M-‐M 6 " cable Capacitors Resistors and Trimmers …+ price of antennas Mouser Mini-‐Circuits Mini-‐Circuits Mini-‐Circuits Mini-‐Circuits Mini-‐Circuits Mini-‐Circuits Mini-‐Circuits 1.5 GHz antenna CST-‐modelled geometry Thank you for your attention